PRACTICE 2

I. Choose the best answer.

1. Acute compartment syndrome results from traumatic injury and requires immediate
medical attention to minimize the risks of tissue damage resulting from decreased blood
supply.
A. hemophilia B. stroke C. ischemia D. varicose vein
2. The upper seven pairs, known as true ribs, are connected to the sternum by flexible
cartilage.
A. cranium B. spine C. breastbone D. tibia
3. The cells forming a sebaceous gland have extremely short lifespans, barely over a week.
A. life expectancy B. birth rate
C. death rate D. None is correct.
4. Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance which is called sebum.
A. Sweat B. Oil C. Pituitary D. Sudoriferous
5. Each lower limb contains the thigh bone called the femur, the patella, and two leg
bones, the tibia and fibula.
A. collarbone/ shoulder blade B. shoulder blade/ collarbone
C. kneecap/ shin bone D. shin bone/ kneecap
6. There are six types of movable joints: the hinge, pivot, gliding, ball-and-socket,
condyloid, and saddle joints.
A. ginglymus B. trochoid C. arthrodia D. enarthrosis
7. You can feel the zygomatic bone if you touch your face under your eye.
A. cheekbone B. humerus C. clavicle D. ischium
8. Smooth muscles are found principally in the visceral organs, the walls of arteries, the
walls of respiratory passages, and in the urinary and reproductive ducts.
A. Involuntary muscles B. Visceral muscles
C. Striated muscles D. Both A and B
9. Acute compartment syndrome results from traumatic injury and requires immediate
medical attention to minimize the risks of tissue damage resulting from decreased blood
supply.
A. hemophilia B. stroke C. ischemia D. varicose vein
10. Four main pairs of muscles are involved in mastication, and all are innervated by the
mandibular division of cranial nerve V, the trigeminal nerve.
A. squeezing B. chewing C. mixing D. swallowing

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II. Find the error.
1. Although calcium gives the bone matrix their strength, calcium is
A B
also necessary for proper function of muscles and nerves.
C D
2. The loss of sebum, which lubricates the skin, may be one of the reasons
A B
for the formation of wrinkles that accompanies old age.
C D
3. In the basal layer of the epidermis, specialized epithelial cells called
A B
melanocytes produces a dark pigment called melanin is called an albino.
C D
4. When we are incapacitated, as with a broken limb or bedridden with
A B
illness, bone is resorbed because of it is not needed to support the body.
C D
5. When combine with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation, immunotherapy
A B
may be most effective in early cancer stages.
C D
6. The bones in your legs supports the weight of your body so that you
A B C
can stand up.
D
7. We use muscles for all body movements, include walking, standing,
A B C
typing on a keyboard, and chewing food.
D
8. The sternocleidomastoid, the most prominent muscle in the neck
A
and the neck’s most important surface landmark, can best see and
B C
felt when your head is turned to the side.
D
9. Early identify and treatment with physical therapy are effective in resolving
A B C D
torticollis.

10. Polymyositis is a muscle disease characterize by the inflammation

A B
and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body at the same time.
C D

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III. Choose the best answer.
1. Abnormal hardening of bone is known as _________.
A. osteosclerosis B. arthrectomy C. osteoporosis D. osterrhaphy
2. An abnormal condition resulting in the diminished flow of perspiration is known as
_________.
A. hypohidrosis B. trichology C. scabies D. psoriasis
3. An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lower or lumbar spine is known
as _________.
A. kyphosis B. scoliosis C. spondylosis D. lordosis
4. Cardiac muscle makes up the mass of the heart and is responsible for the rhythmic
contractions of that vital pumping organ; it too is under _________ control.
A. voluntarily B. voluntary C. involuntary D. involuntarily
5. There are seven _________ in the ankle, five _________ in the
middle of each foot, two phalanges in each big toe, and three
phalanges in each other toe.
A. tarsal/ metatarsal B. tarsals/ metatarsals
C. metatarsal/ tarsal D. metatarsals/ tarsals
6. The condition in which the neck stays rotated to one side, keeping the head tilted in
that direction is called _________.
A. hernia B. torticollis C. atrophy D. strain
7. The plastic surgery procedure to change the shape or size of the nose is a/an _________.
A. rhinitis B. rhinoplasty C. rhytidectomy D. rhinology
8. A/An _________ is commonly known as a bruise.
A. scar B. cicatrix C. birthmark D. ecchymosis
9. A surgical incision or division of a rib or ribs is a/an _________.
A. osteitis B. costotomy C. vertebroplasty D. chondropathy
10. Swallowing begins when the tongue and _________ squeeze food
posteriorly along the roof of the mouth toward the pharynx.
A. trapezius B. buccinator muscles
C. gluteus maximus D. external oblique
IV. Read the following passage and complete the summary below.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Molecular biology is the branch of biology that deals with the molecular basis of biological
activity. This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics
and biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the
interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between the

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different types of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (Ribonucleic acid) and protein
biosynthesis as well as learning how these interactions are regulated.
Much of the work in molecular biology is quantitative (based on statistical research
methods), and recently a large amount of research has been conducted at the interface of
molecular biology and computer science in bioinformatics and computational biology.
Increasingly, many other areas of biology focus on molecules, either by directly studying
their interactions in their own right, such as in cell biology and developmental biology, or
by indirectly using the techniques of molecular biology to infer historical attributes of
populations or species, as in fields of evolutionary biology such as population genetics and
phylogenetics.
Researchers in molecular biology use specific techniques native to molecular biology, but
increasingly they combine these with techniques from genetics and biochemistry. This
means that there is not always a clearly defined line between these three academic
disciplines.
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living
organisms. It includes the chemical processes involved in the maintenance and
reproduction of body cells and the chemical reactions carried out inside cells that make up
the metabolism. Overall regulation of these chemical processes is a function of hormones,
whereas regulation of individual reactions is carried out by enzymes.
A constant interchange occurs between cell fluids and blood and urine. Biochemists can
therefore learn about the chemical changes occurring inside cells from measurements of
the various minerals, gases, enzymes and proteins in blood, urine and other body fluids.
Such tests are used to make diagnoses, to screen for a disease and to monitor its progress.
The most common biochemical tests are performed on blood, and they include liver
function tests and kidney function tests. However, biochemical tests can also be performed
on urine and other body fluids.
Genetics is the study of inheritance, the chemical basis by which characteristics are
determined, and the causes of the similarities and differences among individuals of a
species or between different species. Branches of human genetics include population
genetics, which studies the relative frequency of various genes in different races, molecular
genetics, which is concerned with the structure, function and copying of DNA, and clinical
genetics, which is concerned with the study and prevention of genetic disorders.
Since the late 1950s and early 1960s, molecular biologists have learned to
characterise, isolate and manipulate the molecular components of cells and organisms,
including DNA and RNA.
One of the most basic techniques of molecular biology, used to study protein
function, is expression cloning. In this technique, DNA coding for a protein of interest is
cloned, often using PCR (polymerase chain reaction), into a plasmid (a DNA molecule that
is separate from and able to replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA. It is also
known as an expression vector). The plasmid can be inserted into either bacterial or animal
cells. This allows the DNA coding for the protein of interest to be introduced into a cell
and the protein to be expressed at high levels. The protein can then be tested for enzymatic

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activity in a variety of situations, or, in the pharmaceutical industry, the activity of new
drugs against the protein can be studied.
PCR, mentioned above, is a versatile technique for copying single DNA sequences
(millions of times) so that they can be analysed or altered in predetermined ways.
PCR was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis. It is now a common and often
indispensable technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of
applications. These include DNA cloning for sequencing, DNA-based phylogeny (the
study of the evolutionary history and development of groups of organisms), the diagnosis
of hereditary diseases, the identification of genetic fingerprints (used in forensic sciences
and paternity testing) and the detection and diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Mullis summarised the PCR procedure as follows: “Beginning with a single
molecule of the genetic material DNA, the PCR can generate 100 billion similar molecules
in an afternoon. The reaction is easy to execute. It requires no more than a test tube, a few
simple reagents and a source of heat.”
Gel electrophoresis is one of the principal tools of molecular biology. The basic
principle is that DNA, RNA and proteins can all be separated by means of an electric field.
In agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA and RNA can be separated on the basis of size by
running the DNA through an agarose gel. This is a chemical compound extracted from
agar, a substance found in algae, which solidifies to produce a sticky gel. Proteins can be
separated on the basis of size by using an SDS-PAGE gel, or on the basis of size and their
electric charge by using what is known as a 2D gel electrophoresis.
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, or RT-PCR, is a variant of PCR
(polymerase chain reaction). RT-PCR is a laboratory technique commonly used in
molecular biology to generate many copies of a DNA sequence, a process called
‘amplification’. In RT-PCR, an RNA strand is first reverse transcribed into its DNA
complement (complementary DNA or cDNA) using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The
resulting cDNA is then amplified using traditional PCR.
The RT-PCR technique is widely used to diagnose genetic diseases and to study the
genomes of viruses whose genomes are composed of RNA, such as Influenza Virus A
(H1N1) and retroviruses like HIV.

Summary
Molecular biology is a field focusing on the molecular underpinnings of (1) __________
biological processes, including the interactions among DNA, RNA, and protein
biosynthesis in cells. It intersects with genetics and (2) __________ and employs
quantitative and statistical research methods. Recent advancements have integrated
molecular biology with (3) __________ and computational biology. Other biological
disciplines increasingly emphasize molecular aspects, either studying molecule
interactions (4) __________ or using molecular biology techniques for historical
inferences in (5) __________ biology. Biochemistry examines chemical substances and
(6) __________ in living organisms, regulating cell maintenance, reproduction, and
metabolism through hormones and enzymes. Genetics delves into inheritance, exploring

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the chemical basis of traits and genetic disorders. Molecular biologists manipulate and
study molecular components like DNA and (7) __________, enabling a deeper
understanding of cells and organisms.
Molecular biology focuses on understanding biological processes at the molecular level,
particularly (8) __________ among DNA, RNA, and proteins within cells. It encompasses
genetics, biochemistry, and bioinformatics, employing techniques like PCR and gel
electrophoresis for DNA and protein analysis. (9) __________, a key tool developed by
Kary Mullis in 1983, enables DNA amplification and is widely used in medical and
biological research. Gel electrophoresis separates molecules based on size and charge.
Additionally, RT-PCR amplifies RNA sequences, playing a vital role in diagnosing
(10) __________ diseases and studying RNA-based viral genomes like Influenza Virus A
and HIV.