Dr.

Nishtha Jain
Senior Resident
Department of Neurology
GMC, Kota.
 Refer to the continuous and simultaneous monitoring and
recording of various physiological and pathophysiological
parameters of sleep for six or more hours with physician
review, interpretation and report.

 Performed to diagnose a variety of sleep disorders and to

evaluate a patient's response to therapies such as nasal
continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP).
 Diagnostic categories include the following:
 sleep related breathing disorders,
 other respiratory disorders,
 narcolepsy,
 parasomnias,
 sleep related seizure disorders,
 restless legs syndrome,
 periodic limb movement sleep disorder.
Sleep related breathing disorders
 Abnormal breathing events commonly encountered in
sleep include snoring, apneas, hypopneas, and
respiratory effort related arousals (RERAs).
 The frequency of apneas and hypopneas per hour of
sleep is expressed as the “apnea-hypopnea index” or the
AHI.
 The respiratory disturbance index (RDI) includes the total
of apneas, hypopneas, and RERAs per hour of sleep.
 The total number of arousals per hour of sleep from
apneas, hypopneas, and RERAs is the respiratory
arousal index.
 OSA is defined as a PSG-determined obstructive
respiratory disturbance index (RDI) ≥ 5 events/h
associated with the typical symptoms of OSA (e.g.,
unrefreshing sleep, daytime sleepiness, fatigue or
insomnia, awakening with a gasping or choking
sensation, loud snoring, or witnessed apneas), or an
obstructive RDI ≥ 15 events/h (even in the absence of
symptoms).
 “gold” standard for evaluation of sleep and sleep related
breathing is the polysomnogram (PSG).

 Estimates of the sensitivity of one night of PSG to detect

an AHI > 5 in patients with OSA range between 75 to
88%.
AASM CRITERIA FOR OSA
SEVERITY AHI

Normal <5

Mild 5 -15

Moderate 15 - 30

Severe > 30
AASM Guidelines for SRBDs in adults
 Full-night PSG is recommended for the diagnosis of
SRBDs.

 For patients in the high-pretest-probability stratification

group, an attended cardiorespiratory (Type 3) sleep study
may be an acceptable alternative to full-night PSG,
provided that repeat testing with full-night PSG is
permitted for symptomatic patients who have a negative
cardiorespiratory sleep study.
 In patients where there is strong suspicion of OSA, if
other causes for symptoms have been excluded, a
second night of diagnostic PSG may be necessary to
diagnose the disorder.

 A full night of PSG with CPAP titration is recommended

for patients with a documented diagnosis of a SRBD for
whom PAP is warranted.
 PSG with CPAP titration is appropriate for patients with
any of the following results:

 a) An RDI of at least 15 per hour, regardless of the

patient’s symptoms.
 b) An RDI of at least 5 per hour in a patient with
excessive daytime sleepiness.
 A cardiorespiratory (Type 3) sleep study without EEG
recording is not recommended for CPAP titration.

 For CPAP titration, a split-night study (initial diagnostic

PSG followed by CPAP titration during PSG on the same
night) is an alternative to one full night of diagnostic PSG
followed by a second night of titration if the following four
criteria are met:
 An AHI of at least 40 is documented during a minimum of
2 hours of diagnostic PSG.

 CPAP titration is carried out for more than 3 hours.

 PSG documents that CPAP eliminates or nearly

eliminates the respiratory events during REM and non-
REM (NREM) sleep, including REM sleep with the patient
in the supine position.
 A preoperative clinical evaluation that includes
polysomnography or an attended cardiorespiratory (Type
3) sleep study is routinely indicated to evaluate for the
presence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients before
they undergo upper airway surgery for snoring or
obstructive sleep apnea.
 Follow-up polysomnography or an attended cardiorespiratory
(Type 3) sleep study is routinely indicated for the assessment
of treatment results in the following circumstances:

 1)After good clinical response to oral appliance treatment in

patients with moderate to severe OSA, to ensure therapeutic
benefit.
 2) After surgical treatment of patients with moderate to severe
OSA, to ensure satisfactory response.
 3) After surgical or dental treatment of patients with SRBDs
whose symptoms return despite a good initial response to
treatment.
 Follow-up polysomnography is routinely indicated for the
assessment of treatment results in the following
circumstances:

 1) After substantial weight loss (e.g., 10% of body weight)

has occurred in patients on CPAP for treatment of
SRBDs to ascertain whether CPAP is still needed at the
previously titrated pressure.
 2) After substantial weight gain (e.g., 10% of body
weight) has occurred in patients previously treated with
CPAP successfully, who are again symptomatic despite
the continued use of CPAP, to ascertain whether
pressure adjustments are needed.

 3) When clinical response is insufficient or when

symptoms return despite a good initial response to
treatment with CPAP.
 Follow-up polysomnography or a cardiorespiratory (Type
3) sleep study is not routinely indicated in patients treated
with CPAP whose symptoms continue to be resolved with
CPAP treatment.
Associated comorbid disease
 Patients with systolic or diastolic heart failure should
undergo polysomnography if they have nocturnal
symptoms suggestive of sleep related breathing
disorders (disturbed sleep, nocturnal dyspnea, snoring)
or if they remain symptomatic despite optimal medical
management of congestive heart failure.
 Patients with coronary artery disease should be evaluated for
symptoms and signs of sleep apnea.

 If there is suspicion of sleep apnea, the patients should

undergo a sleep study.

 Patients with history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks

should be evaluated for symptoms and signs of sleep apnea.

 If there is suspicion of sleep apnea, the patients should

undergo a sleep study.
 Patients referred for evaluation of significant
tachyarrhythmias or bradyarrhythmias should be
questioned about symptoms of sleep apnea.

 A sleep study is indicated if questioning results in a

reasonable suspicion that OSA or CSA are present.
 The use of polysomnography for evaluating sleep related
breathing disorders requires a minimum of the following
recordings: EEG, EOG, chin EMG, airflow, arterial
oxygen saturation, respiratory effort, and ECG or heart
rate.

 Anterior tibialis EMG is useful to assist in detecting

movement arousals and may have the added benefit of
assessing periodic limb movements, which coexist with
sleep related breathing disorders in many patients.
 A cardiorespiratory (Type 3) sleep study requires a
minimum of the following four channels: respiratory effort,
airflow, arterial oxygen saturation, and ECG or heart rate.

 An attended study requires the constant presence of a

trained individual who can monitor for technical
adequacy, patient compliance, and relevant patient
behaviour.
 Oximetry lacks the specificity and sensitivity to be used
as an alternative to polysomnography or an attended
cardiorespiratory (Type 3) sleep study for diagnosing
sleep related breathing disorders.
Other breathing disorders
 For patients with neuromuscular disorders and sleep
related symptoms, polysomnography is routinely
indicated to evaluate symptoms of sleep disorders that
are not adequately diagnosed by obtaining a sleep
history, assessing sleep hygiene, and reviewing sleep
diaries.

 Nocturnal hypoxemia in patients with chronic obstructive,

restrictive, or reactive lung disease is usually adequately
evaluated by oximetry and does not require PSG.
Narcolepsy
 Characterized predominantly by abnormalities of REM
sleep, some abnormalities of non-REM (NREM) sleep,
and the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness.

 The classic tetrad of narcolepsy symptoms includes

hypersomnolence, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and
hypnagogic hallucinations.

 30-50% of patients with narcolepsy do not have all of

these symptoms.
 Polysomnography and the multiple sleep latency or
maintenance of wakefulness test performed on patients with
narcolepsy typically reveal short sleep latencies.

 The polysomnogram may show an early sleep-onset REM

episode, i.e. short REM latency.

 The multiple sleep latency test typically shows at least two

sleep-onset REM periods.

 up to 15% of patients may not have two sleep-onset REM

periods in a given study.
Guidelines
 Polysomnography and a multiple sleep latency test
performed on the day after the polysomnographic
evaluation are routinely indicated in the evaluation of
suspected narcolepsy.

 The minimum channels required for the diagnosis of

narcolepsy include EEG, EOG, chin EMG, and ECG.
 Additional cardiorespiratory channels and anterior tibialis
recording is recommended because obstructive sleep
apnea, upper-airway resistance syndrome, and periodic
limb movement sleep disorder are common co-existing
conditions in patients with narcolepsy or may be
independent causes of sleep fragmentation that lead to
short sleep latencies and sleep-onset REM periods.

 The diagnosis of narcolepsy (or idiopathic

hypersomnolence) requires documentation of the
absence of other untreated significant disorders that
cause excessive daytime sleepiness.
 No alternatives to the polysomnogram and multiple sleep
latency test have been validated for making the diagnosis
of narcolepsy.

 Although the maintenance of wakefulness test may be

useful in assessing treatment adequacy (by measuring
the ability to stay awake), it has not been shown to be as
valid as the multiple sleep latency test for confirmation of
excessive daytime sleepiness and the demonstration of
sleep-onset REM periods.
 HLA (human leukocyte antigen) typing is not routinely
indicated as a replacement for polysomnography and the
multiple sleep latency test because HLA typing lacks
specificity in the diagnosis of narcolepsy.
Nocturnal seizures and parasomnias
 Nocturnal seizures and parasomnias share some similar
characteristics:

 both present at night,

 may be associated with amnesia for the event,
 can impair sleep, and
 be provoked by stress or sleep fragmenting factors.
Guidelines
 A clinical history, neurologic examination, and a routine
EEG obtained while the patient is awake and asleep are
often sufficient to establish the diagnosis and permit the
appropriate treatment of a sleep related seizure disorder.

 The need for a routine EEG should be based on clinical

judgment and the likelihood that the patient has a sleep
related seizure disorder.
 Polysomnography, with additional EEG derivations in an
extended bilateral montage, and video recording, is
recommended to assist with the diagnosis of paroxysmal
arousals or other sleep disruptions that are thought to be
seizure related when the initial clinical evaluation and
results of a standard EEG are inconclusive.

 Polysomnography, with additional EEG derivations and

video recording, is indicated in evaluating sleep related
behaviors that are violent or otherwise potentially
injurious to the patient or others.
 Polysomnography is indicated when evaluating patients
with sleep behaviors suggestive of parasomnias that are
unusual or atypical because of the patient’s age at onset;
the time, duration, or frequency of occurrence of the
behavior; or the specifics of the particular motor patterns
in question.

 Polysomnography may be indicated when the presumed

parasomnia or sleep related seizure disorder does not
respond to conventional therapy.
 Polysomnography is not routinely indicated in cases of
typical, uncomplicated, and non-injurious parasomnias
when the diagnosis is clearly delineated.

 Polysomnography is not routinely indicated for patients

with a seizure disorder who have no specific complaints
consistent with a sleep disorder.
 The minimum channels required for the diagnosis of
parasomnia or sleep-related seizure disorder include
sleep-scoring channels (EEG, EOG, chin EMG); EEG
using an expanded bilateral montage; and EMG for body
movements (anterior tibialis or extensor digitorum).

 Audiovisual recording and documented technologist

observations during the period of study are also
essential.
PLMSD and RLS
 Polysomnography is indicated when a diagnosis of periodic
limb movement disorder is considered because of complaints
by the patient or an observer of repetitive limb movements
during sleep and frequent awakenings, fragmented sleep,
difficulty maintaining sleep, or excessive daytime sleepiness.

 The diagnosis of PLMD can be established only by PSG.

 The diagnosis of PLMD requires quantification of PLMs and

PLM related arousals, assessment of the impact of the
movements upon sleep architecture, and identification and
exclusion of other sleep disorders.
 Periodic leg movements are defined by

 movements in the anterior tibialis channel of 0.5 to 5

seconds of duration,
 in trains of at least three movements
 with inter-movement intervals of 4 to 120 seconds.
 Polysomnography is not routinely indicated to diagnose
or treat restless legs syndrome, except where uncertainty
exists in the diagnosis.
 The minimum channels required for the evaluation of
periodic limb movements and related arousals include
EEG, EOG, chin EMG, and left and right anterior tibialis
surface EMG.

 Respiratory effort, airflow, and oximetry should be used

simultaneously if sleep apnea or upper-airway resistance
syndrome is suspected to allow a distinction to be made
between inherent periodic limb movements and those
limb movements associated with respiratory events.
 Intra-individual night-to-night variability exists in patients
with periodic limb movement sleep disorder, and a single
study might not be adequate to establish this diagnosis.

 Actigraphy is not indicated for the routine diagnosis,

assessment of severity, or management of restless legs
syndrome or periodic limb movement sleep disorder.
Recommendations For PSG and
MSLT Use in children
 PSG is indicated for children suspected of having
periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) for diagnosing
PLMD. (STANDARD)

 The MSLT, preceded by nocturnal PSG, is indicated in

children as part of the evaluation for suspected
narcolepsy. (STANDARD)
 Children with frequent NREM parasomnias, epilepsy, or
nocturnal enuresis should be clinically screened for the
presence of comorbid sleep disorders and
polysomnography should be performed if there is a
suspicion for sleep-disordered breathing or periodic limb
movement disorder.(GUIDELINE)

 The MSLT, preceded by nocturnal PSG, is indicated in

children suspected of having hypersomnia from causes
other than narcolepsy to assess excessive sleepiness
and to aid in differentiation from narcolepsy. (OPTION)
 The polysomnogram using an expanded EEG montage is
indicated in children to confirm the diagnosis of an
atypical or potentially injurious parasomnia or
differentiate a parasomnia from sleep-related epilepsy
(OPTION)

 Polysomnography is indicated in children suspected of

having restless legs syndrome (RLS) who require
supportive data for diagnosing RLS.(OPTION)
 Polysomnography is indicated when the clinical
assessment suggests the diagnosis of obstructive sleep
apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children. (Standard)

 Children with mild OSAS preoperatively should have

clinical evaluation following adenotonsillectomy to assess
for residual symptoms.

 If there are residual symptoms of OSAS,

polysomnography should be performed. (Standard)
 Polysomnography is indicated following
adenotonsillectomy to assess for residual OSAS in
children with preoperative evidence for moderate to
severe OSAS, obesity, craniofacial anomalies that
obstruct the upper airway, and neurologic disorders.
(Standard)

 Polysomnography is indicated for positive airway

pressure (PAP) titration in children with obstructive sleep
apnea syndrome. (Standard)
 Polysomnography is indicated when the clinical
assessment suggests the diagnosis of congenital central
alveolar hypoventilation syndrome or sleep related
hypoventilation due to neuromuscular disorders or chest
wall deformities.

 It is indicated in selected cases of primary sleep apnea of

infancy. (Guideline)
 Polysomnography is indicated when there is clinical
evidence of a sleep related breathing disorder in infants
who have experienced an apparent life-threatening event
(ALTE). (Guideline)

 Polysomnography is indicated in children being

considered for adenotonisllectomy to treat obstructive
sleep apnea syndrome.
 Follow-up PSG in children on chronic PAP support is
indicated to determine whether pressure requirements
have changed as a result of the child’s growth and
development, if symptoms recur while on PAP, or if
additional or alternate treatment is instituted.(Guideline)

 Polysomnography is indicated after treatment of children

for OSAS with rapid maxillary expansion to assess for the
level of residual disease and to determine whether
additional treatment is necessary. (Option)
 Children with OSAS treated with an oral appliance should
have clinical follow-up and polysomnography to assess
response to treatment. (Option)

 Polysomnography is indicated for noninvasive positive

pressure ventilation (NIPPV) titration in children with
other sleep related breathing disorders. (Option)

 Children treated with mechanical ventilation may benefit

from periodic evaluation with polysomnography to adjust
ventilator settings.(Option)
 Children treated with tracheostomy for sleep related
breathing disorders benefit from polysomnography as
part of the evaluation prior to decannulation.

 These children should be followed clinically after

decannulation to assess for recurrence of symptoms of
sleep related breathing disorders. (Option)
 Polysomnography is indicated in the following respiratory
disorders only if there is a clinical suspicion for an
accompanying sleep related breathing disorder: chronic
asthma, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension,
bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or chest wall abnormality
such as kyphoscoliosis. (Option)
Recommendations Against PSG Use:
 Polysomnography is not routinely indicated for evaluation
of children with sleep-related bruxism. (STANDARD)
Thank you
Referrences
 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diagnostic Testing for Adult
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An American Academy of Sleep
Medicine. Vishesh K. Kapur et al. J Clin Sleep Med.
2017;13(3):479–504.
 Clinical Practice Guideline Respiratory Indications for
Polysomnography in Children. A RANDEL. Sleep, March 2011.
 Practice Parameters for the Non-Respiratory Indications for
Polysomnography and Multiple Sleep Latency Testing for
Children. R. Nisha Aurora et al. SLEEP 2012;35(11):1467-
1473.
 The utility of polysomnography for the diagnosis of NREM
parasomnias: an observational study over 4 years of clinical
practice. Chiara Fois et al. J Neurol (2015) 262:385–393.