Essentials of Abnormal Psychology 8th Edition Durand Test Bank Download

Essentials of Abnormal Psychology 8th Edition Durand Test Bank
Essentials of Abnormal Psychology 8th Edition

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1. Because of the revolution in public health that eliminated many infectious diseases and controlled many
more, today some of the major contributing factors to illness and death in the United States are
a. viral and bacterial.
b. behavioral and psychological.
c. neurological and endocrinological.
d. pharmacological and hormonal.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: Psychological and Social Factors That Influence Health
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ABNO.DURA.19.APA1.3.a - Describe problems operationally to study them
empirically
OTHER: TYPE: Factual
2. At the beginning of the 20th century, the leading cause of death in the United States was
a. automobile accidents.
b. infectious diseases.
c. heart attacks.
d. suicides.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
empirically
3. Using the word psychosomatic to describe a disorder with an obvious physical component is considered
misleading because
a. it gives the impression that psychological disorders like anxiety or depression do not have a
biological component.
b. it assumes that the physical aspects of a disorder are less important than the psychological aspects.
c. it emphasizes the psychological symptoms of a disorder instead of the physical symptoms.
d. it gives the impression that biological disorders are not influenced by psychological factors.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
empirically
OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual
4. Which of the following factors are universally implicated in the cause of all disorders?
a. Biological only
b. Psychological only
c. Biological and psychological, but not social
d. Biological, psychological, and social
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
ANSWER: d
empirically
5. The shift in focus from infectious disease to psychological factors has been called the
a. second revolution in public health.
b. first great regression in public health.
c. first bifurcation in medicine and psychological care.
d. modern movement toward disciplinary independence in health care.
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ABNO.DURA.19.APA1.2.a(3) - Read and summarize general ideas and
conclusions from psychological sources accurately
6. What is the name of the new field of study that reflects the shift in focus from infectious disease to
psychological/behavioral factors as causes of illness and death?
a. Behavioral medicine
b. Abnormal psychology
c. Medical psychology
d. Physical medicine
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
7. Knowledge derived from the behavioral sciences applied to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of
medical problems is called
a. health psychology.
b. behavioral medicine.
c. psychophysiological disorders.
d. psychosomatic medicine.
ANSWER: b
empirically
NOTES: NEW
8. Health psychology, a subfield of behavioral medicine, focuses on all of the following EXCEPT
a. psychological factors affecting health.
b. health policy.
c. healthcare systems.
d. interdisciplinary study of psychology and health.
ANSWER: d
empirically
9. In which of the following ways do psychological and social factors influence health?
a. They can affect basic biological processes resulting in illness and disease.
b. Unhealthy lifestyles can increase the risk of developing physical disorders.
c. Both of these are correct
d. Neither of these are correct
ANSWER: c
empirically
10. Stress may negatively affect the immune system, thereby promoting the deadly progression of the disease
AIDS. This is an example of
a. psychological factors influencing biological processes.
b. biological factors influencing psychological processes.
c. both of these are correct
d. neither of these are correct
ANSWER: a
empirically
OTHER: TYPE: Applied
11. According to the principles of health psychology, which of the following is the best protection against
acquiring AIDS?
a. Getting an injection of the AIDS vaccine
b. Being treated for HIV before it develops into AIDS
c. Changing risky behaviors that can lead to disease acquisition
d. Deciding to be sexually abstinent after years of being sexually active
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
empirically
12. As an example of a behavioral pattern that leads to illness and death, smoking has been estimated to cause
approximately ____% of all deaths.
a. 2
b. 12
c. 19
d. 32
ANSWER: c
empirically
13. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Fifty percent of deaths from the 10 leading causes of death in the United States can be traced to
communicable diseases.
b. Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States.
c. Smoking has been estimated to cause around 80% of all deaths.
d. All of the these are correct
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Psychosocial Effects on Physical Disorders
empirically
NOTES: NEW
14. In 1936, Canadian researcher Hans Selye discovered that giving injections to laboratory rats caused them to
develop ulcers. His finding led to a new area of study called
a. stress physiology.
b. stress psychology.
c. animal psychology.
d. psychosomatic pathology.
ANSWER: a
empirically
15. When Hans Selye injected laboratory rats with saline (salty water), what happened to the rats?
a. Nothing; saline is harmless and only used as a control condition.
b. Nothing; rats recover quickly from stress because they are not prone to anxiety as humans are.
c. They developed ulcers, because saline has since been discovered to have negative health
consequences.
d. They developed ulcers, because stress directly affected their physiology.
ANSWER: d
empirically
16. In response to sustained stress, the body goes through several stages that together constitute the general
adaptation syndrome (GAS), a concept proposed by researcher Hans Selye. This GAS consists of all the
following stages EXCEPT
a. alarm.
b. resistance.
c. exhaustion.
d. deterioration.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
empirically
17. According to the textbook, the physiological response of an individual to a stressor is called
a. adaptation.
b. fight-or-flight reaction.
c. stress.
d. a psychological disorder.
ANSWER: c
18. Research has shown that increased levels of cortisol in response to stress may cause damage to parts of the
a. skeletal system.
b. brain.
c. lungs.
d. stomach.
ANSWER: b
19. Which of the following statements accurately describes a process in the activation of the HPA axis?
a. The hippocampus secretes corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF).
b. CRF stimulates the thyroid gland.
c. The pituitary gland (via the parasympathetic nervous system) activates the adrenal glands.
d. The adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone cortisol.
ANSWER: d
20. Research has shown that excessive secretion of the stress hormone cortisol can result in cell death in the
hippocampal region of the brain in cases of
a. substance abuse.
b. mania.
c. posttraumatic stress disorder.
d. AIDS.
ANSWER: c
21. The final process in the activation of the HPA axis is

a. secretion of CRF by the hypothalamus.
b. stimulation of the pituitary gland by CRF.
c. activation of the adrenal gland by the pituitary gland.
d. secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland.
ANSWER: d
22. All of the following are part of the HPA axis EXCEPT
a. hypothalamus.
b. pituitary gland.
c. hippocampus.
d. adrenal gland.
ANSWER: c
23. Continuous secretion of the stress hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands can lead to all of the following
EXCEPT
a. damage to the hippocampus.
b. impaired functioning of the immune system.
c. muscle atrophy.
d. low blood pressure in the cardiovascular system.
ANSWER: d
24. Whether or not stress and/or anxiety develop in a stressful situation appears to be related to one’s perceived
sense of
a. happiness.
b. excitement.
c. control.
d. acceptance.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
25. All of the following are effects of chronic secretion of cortisol EXCEPT
a. increased testosterone.
b. muscle atrophy.
c. hypertension.
d. immune system response impairment.
ANSWER: a
26. Sapolsky and colleagues found that physical health in wild baboons was associated with
a. amount of human presence.
b. social rank.
c. intercolony conflict.
d. availability of food.
ANSWER: b
27. Research findings have suggested that it might not be the stressful event itself that affects immune system
functioning but rather the accompanying
a. dissociation.
b. isolation.
c. depression.
d. anger.
ANSWER: c
28. A sense of control and confidence that we can cope with stress or challenges is called
a. dissociation.
b. situation dominance.
c. self-efficacy.
d. applied anger management.
ANSWER: c
29. Which of the following would not be classified as an antigen?

a. Killer T cells
b. Bacteria
c. Viruses
d. Parasites
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Psychological and Social Factors that Influence Health
30. The immune system is weakened in AIDS patients because the human immunodeficiency virus directly
attacks the lymphocytes called
a. killer T cells.
b. T4 (helper) cells.
c. suppressor T cells.
d. B cells.
ANSWER: b
31. Contrary to the earlier belief that the brain and immune system operate independently of each other,
scientists accidentally discovered a link working with rats in a(n)
a. classical conditioning paradigm.
b. injection trial experiment.
c. rheumatoid arthritis study.
d. experimental HIV trial.
ANSWER: a
32. In 2011, it was estimated that the total number of people afflicted with HIV, the human immunodeficiency
virus, was estimated at
a. 13 million.
b. 23 million.
c. 34 million.
d. 43 million.
ANSWER: c
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ABNO.DURA.19.APA4.2.b - Accurately self-assess performance quality by
adhering to external standards
33. The area of the world hardest hit by HIV is

a. regions in southern Africa.
b. rural areas in China.
c. Central and South America.
d. northern regions in the United States.
ANSWER: a
34. After several months to years with no symptoms, HIV-infected persons may develop minor health problems
such as weight loss, fever, and night sweats—symptoms that make up the condition known as
a. AIDS-related complex (ARC).
b. generalized AIDS.
c. HIV reaction.
d. HAART symptoms.
ANSWER: a
35. AIDS is now treated with new combinations of drugs called “highly active antiretroviral therapy”
(HAART), which
a. suppress the virus in people who are HIV positive.
b. cure AIDS by eliminating the virus from the body.
c. suppress immune system functioning.
d. are well tolerated and cause minimal side effects.
ANSWER: a
36. Estimates regarding the prevalence of AIDS in southern Africa indicate that
a. the percentage of the adult population that is HIV positive comprises two-thirds of the cases
worldwide.
b. 10% of the adult population has AIDS.
c. 5 million children are orphaned by the disease.
d. none of these are correct
ANSWER: a
NOTES: NEW
37. Which of the following statements about AIDS is true?

a. An infected person immediately develops AIDS-related complex (ARC).
b. The median time for the development of full-blown AIDS is around three to five years.
c. The death rate from AIDS declined 50% from 2002 to 2010.
d. The current successful cure for AIDS is highly active antiviral therapy (HAART), which eliminates
the virus.
ANSWER: c
NOTES: NEW
38. The main function of neurohormones is to

a. lower stress.
b. carry the brain’s signals to the rest of the body.
c. modulate mood.
d. all of these are correct.
ANSWER: b

39. Psychosocial interventions such as stress reduction techniques for chronically ill individuals are thought to
affect the disease process via the immune system by
a. giving patients a reduced sense of control.
b. helping patients effectively utilize HAART drug regimes.
c. changing patients’ positive cognitions.
d. helping patients reduce depression, thus reducing cortisol.
ANSWER: d
40. Brief psychosocial treatments aimed at reducing stress while increasing coping and control lead to improved
immune systems and prolonged life in
a. cancer patients.
b. AIDS patients.
c. both
d. neither
ANSWER: c
41. Which of the following does NOT describe an effective psychosocial intervention that has been reported in
oncology research studies?
a. Use of psychological treatments that reduced pain and depression and enhanced feelings of well-
being
b. Use of films and dolls that reduced children’s stress and anxiety during medical procedures
c. Use of psychotherapy that temporarily prolonged life for breast cancer patients both during and after
the intervention
d. Use of psychoanalytic techniques that reduced the growth rate of tumors
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
42. CVAs are more commonly known as

a. heart attacks.
b. coronaries.
c. strokes.
d. blood clots.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
43. Unhealthy and/or risky behaviors that impact directly on the cardiovascular system may contribute to
a. panic disorder.
b. somatic symptom disorders.
c. strokes, high blood pressure, and coronary heart disease.
d. reduced immunity to autoimmune diseases.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
44. Various psychological factors have been used to explain individual variations in blood pressure, including
all of the following EXCEPT
a. coping style.
b. personality.
c. level of stress.
d. level of intelligence.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
45. Which of the following individuals have been shown to have greater tendency to suffer from hypertension?
a. Those with high levels of stress whose parents had normal blood pressure
b. Those with low levels of stress whose parents had high blood pressure
c. Those with high levels of stress whose parents had high blood pressure
d. Those with low levels of stress whose parents had normal blood pressure
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
46. The majority of hypertension cases have no specific verifiable physical cause and are considered
a. feigned hypertension.
b. type A hypertension.
c. essential hypertension.
d. nonidentifiable hypertension.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
47. Hypertension contributes to many fatal diseases and has been called the __________________ because
there are few—if any—symptoms and most people don’t know they have it.
a. “undiscovered disease”
b. “silent killer”
c. “jack-of-all-diseases”
d. “hidden disease”
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
48. Since heart disease is the number one cause of death in the United States, it is very important, in terms of
prevention, to determine if
a. better medications can be found to treat heart disease.
b. changes in behavior, lifestyle, and attitude can prevent heart attacks.
c. psychotherapy can help people adjust to having an artificial heart.
d. heart transplants can be made available to more patients.
ANSWER: b
49. Which of the following statements is true regarding hypertension in the United States?
a. African Americans are more likely to develop hypertension and have hypertensive vascular diseases
than Caucasians.
b. African Americans are just as likely to develop hypertension and have hypertensive vascular diseases
than Caucasians.
c. African Americans are less likely to develop hypertension and have hypertensive vascular diseases
than Caucasians.
d. Only African Americans of a certain genetic variant are more likely than Caucasians to develop
hypertension and have hypertensive vascular diseases than Caucasians.
ANSWER: a
50. The type B behavior pattern applies to people who

a. don’t care about life.
b. are impatient.
c. are excessively competitive.
d. do not have type A attributes.
ANSWER: d
51. In trying to determine if the type A/type B classifications are reliable and valid as predictors of heart
disease, it becomes apparent that
a. not every individual shows distinctively type A or type B characteristics.
b. women are usually type A and men are usually type B.
c. interviews to assess people’s personality characteristics are more reliable than questionnaires.
d. medical tests are the only valid predictors of heart disease.
ANSWER: a
52. Which of the following is a correct match of medical condition and definition?
a. Angina—obstruction caused by buildup of plaque in the arteries
b. Atherosclerosis—deficiency of blood to a body part caused by narrowing of the arteries
c. Myocardial infarction—death of heart tissue due to a completely clogged artery
d. Ischemia—chest pain caused by partial obstruction of the arteries
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ABNO.DURA.19.APA1.3.b - Correctly identify antecedents and consequences of
behavior and mental processes
53. Gregor just learned that his spouse of 28 years has died in an automobile accident. Upon hearing the news,
Gregor collapsed and was rushed to the hospital in apparent heart failure. Gregor probably suffered
a. myocardial infarction.
b. transient ischemic attack.
c. angina pectoris.
d. myocardial stunning.
ANSWER: d
NOTES: NEW
54. Which of the following people would be LEAST at risk for hypertension?
a. Maya, who has a very type A and controlling personality
b. Dough, who tends to be melancholic and keeps to himself
c. Abhi, who has a warm and stable relationship with an extensive family and a network of friends
d. Mimi, who was recently promoted to a prestigious but highly competitive management position
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
NOTES: NEW
55. Which personality is characterized by social inhibition and heightened negative emotions?
a. Type D
b. Type A
c. Type R
d. Type N
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
NOTES: NEW

56. The type of pain that typically follows an injury and disappears once the injury heals or is effectively treated
is called
a. distress pain.
b. sensory pain.
c. oppositional pain.
d. acute pain.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
57. In regard to the condition termed “chronic pain,” most researchers now agree that the causes of chronic pain
and resulting high costs to our healthcare system are primarily
a. psychological.
b. social.
c. imaginary.
d. both psychological and social.
ANSWER: d
58. All of the following are examples of “pain behaviors” EXCEPT

a. complaining about pain to others.
b. grimacing.
c. positional changes (while sitting or walking).
d. suffering in silence.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
59. A predictor of which patients will suffer from chronic pain is

a. the use of invasive surgical procedures.
b. the patient’s family history with pain.
c. a profile of negative emotions.
d. the intensity of the initial pain.
ANSWER: c
60. Which of the following is an example of the phenomenon known as “operant” control of pain behavior?
a. Kate’s family has always been critical and demanding. Since her accident, though, family members
have become caring and sympathetic.
b. Kim is recovering from a broken leg. Although she is walking on crutches, she has been trying to be
as independent as possible.
c. Kinesha had to have a finger amputated after it was partially severed in a slicing accident. Since she
feels discomfort in the missing finger, she has been diagnosed with “phantom limb” pain.
d. Kyomi suffers from chronic back pain. However, she rarely complains about the pain to others and
tries to keep her facial expressions from showing that she is in pain.
ANSWER: a
61. In the phenomenon known as “operant” control of pain, the pain behaviors manifested by an individual are
determined by
a. the type of injury.
b. social consequences.
c. the side effects of medications.
d. the patient’s reaction to treatment.
ANSWER: b
62. Researchers who study the clinical experience of pain have determined that pain is
a. entirely due to physical causes.
b. entirely due to psychological causes.
c. neither entirely physical nor entirely psychological.
d. always due to unknown and unpredictable factors.
ANSWER: c
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ABNO.DURA.19.APA1.2.d - Articulate criteria for identifying objective sources
of psychology information
63. Which of the following is NOT an example of the complex interaction of physical and psychological factors
in the experience of pain?
a. The gate control theory of pain
b. Delusional pain
c. Chronic pain
d. Phantom limb pain.
ANSWER: b
64. The “natural” opioids called endorphins or enkephalins act like neurotransmitters to
a. increase awareness of pain.
b. shut down the sensation of pain.
c. cause a “natural” addiction.
d. help heal damaged tissue, thereby decreasing pain.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
65. Endogenous opioids have been implicated in a variety of psychopathological conditions, including
a. eating disorders.
b. phobias.
c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
d. personality disorders.
ANSWER: a
66. Regarding gender differences in the experience of pain, women suffer more frequently than men from all of
the following EXCEPT
a. migraine headaches.
b. arthritis.
c. carpal tunnel syndrome.
d. backache.
ANSWER: d
67. Females may have an “extra” pain-regulating pathway focused on relieving pain associated with the
reproductive system. One implication of this biological gender difference is that
a. men need more pain relief than women following most surgical procedures.
b. women need more pain relief than men following most surgical procedures.
c. treatment of pain in men and women is still the same, because the psychological experience of pain is
the same for men and women.
d. males and females may benefit from different kinds of medications and different kinds of pain
management.
ANSWER: d
68. According to the gate control theory of pain, the ________ of the spinal cord act as a “gate” and may open
and transmit sensations of pain if the stimulation is sufficiently intense.
a. dorsal horns
b. somatic nerves
c. coccygeal plexus
d. epidural blocks
ANSWER: a
69. ________ is an incapacitating exhaustion following only minimal exertion, accompanied by fever,
headaches, muscle and joint pain, depression, and anxiety.
a. Somatization disorder
b. Chronic fatigue syndrome
c. Wasting disease
d. Psychogenic pain disorder
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
empirically
70. At various times, the symptoms of the disorder known as chronic fatigue syndrome were attributed to all of
the following EXCEPT
a. viral infection.
b. intense exercise.
c. stress.
d. brain atrophy.
ANSWER: d
71. Dominant baboons were found to have better physical health than subordinate ones because they had
a. more food and mates.
b. more resting cortisol levels.
c. more predictability and controllability.
d. more intelligence and leadership.
ANSWER: c
72. The treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome developed by Michael Sharpe includes all of the following
EXCEPT
a. medication.
b. increased activity.
c. relaxation.
d. breathing exercises.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy

73. A controlled research study investigating the effects of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for chronic fatigue
syndrome resulted in improvement in
a. measures of fatigue.
b. physical functioning.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
ANSWER: c
74. All of the following are psychosocial treatments that have been developed for physical disorders and pain
EXCEPT
a. biofeedback.
b. hypnosis.
c. relaxation procedures.
d. acupuncture.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Psychosocial Treatment of Physical Disorders
75. The procedure known as biofeedback involves a process by which a person is first helped to become aware
of his or her
a. physiological functions.
b. psychological state of mind.
c. past emotional processing or lack thereof.
d. level of pain.
ANSWER: a
76. Physiological functions that are a focus of biofeedback procedures include all of the following EXCEPT
a. EEG rhythms (“brain waves”).
b. heart rate.
c. digestive functioning.
d. muscle tension.
ANSWER: c
77. Several studies have found that biofeedback techniques can reduce headache in up to ____% of the patients
undergoing this therapy.
a. 25
b. 36
c. 63
d. 92
ANSWER: c
78. In biofeedback procedures, clinicians use physiological monitoring equipment to make the responses
________ to the patient.
a. visible
b. audible
c. visible and/or audible
d. tactile
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
79. It has been suggested that biofeedback relieves the pain of tension headaches because it “teaches people to
relax,” but it is more likely that
a. the patients whose pain is seemingly relieved by biofeedback are probably also taking aspirin or
Tylenol.
b. the biofeedback training gives patients a sense of control over their headache pain.
c. biofeedback has a “numbing effect” because it affects the nerve endings in the somatic nervous
system.
d. patients experience a placebo effect, because the headache pain returns once the biofeedback sessions
are completed.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Psychosocial Treatment on Physical Disorders
80. Recent clinical studies indicate that it is a good pain-relieving strategy to use biofeedback in conjunction
with
a. medication.
b. relaxation procedures.
c. a placebo.
d. psychotherapy.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
81. In the 1970s, Herbert Benson developed a brief relaxation procedure that involved focusing on a
a. repeated syllable.
b. photo.
c. person.
d. musical note.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
82. Cassandra is sitting cross-legged on her rug with her arms outstretched. She closes her eyes and makes a
sound like “ummmm.” She continues this procedure. Cassandra is demonstrating ______________, and the
sound is a(n) ______________.
a. relaxation response; focus
b. meditation; mantra
c. biofeedback; focus
d. hypnosis; focal point
ANSWER: b

83. Herbert Benson developed a brief procedure he called
a. mantra meditation.
b. simplified transcendental meditation (STM).
c. relaxation response.
d. progressive relaxation.
ANSWER: c
84. A decrease in the activity of stress hormones and certain neurotransmitters appears to occur during
a. sleep.
b. meditation.
c. biofeedback.
d. psychotherapy.
ANSWER: b
85. Although the improvement is only moderate, relaxation techniques have been shown to have a positive
effect on
a. headaches.
b. hypertension (high blood pressure).
c. pain.
d. all of these are correct
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
86. In keeping daily records of the stressful events in their lives, patients in pain management programs are
taught to be very specific about all of the following EXCEPT
a. the actual time of day that they experience stress.
b. what seems to “trigger the stress.”
c. how they attempt to control the stress.
d. the level of intensity of the stress.
ANSWER: c
87. In a stressful events record, clients in a pain management program are asked to record
a. somatic symptoms only.
b. thoughts that occur during stress but not somatic symptoms.
c. thoughts that occur during stress as well as somatic symptoms.
d. intensity of the stress but not thoughts or somatic symptoms.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
88. Cognitive therapy is used in stress management programs to help clients learn to do all of the following
EXCEPT
a. develop more realistic appraisals and attitudes.
b. identify unrealistic negative thoughts.
c. tell off people they don’t like, as a way of reducing stress.
d. assert themselves in an appropriate way in stressful situations.
ANSWER: c
89. All of the following situations have been associated with lowered immune system functioning EXCEPT
a. marital conflict or relationship difficulties.
b. job loss.
c. death of a loved one.
d. pregnancy.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
90. Individuals who are high users of pain-relieving medications are ________ to benefit from pain
management programs than less frequent users.
a. more likely
b. less likely
c. equally likely
d. unable
ANSWER: b
91. In a comprehensive headache treatment program, people who were low users of analgesic medications
a. improved less than people who were using medication only.
b. improved more than people who were using medication only.
c. showed no improvement.
d. showed improvement; however, it was later found that many people in the study were taking
analgesic medications outside the confines of the study causing the results of the study to be skewed.
ANSWER: b
92. Jon has just been diagnosed with cancer. His initial response is to deny the seriousness of his condition. This
type of coping mechanism
a. will enable him to develop better coping mechanisms later.
b. is never psychologically helpful.
c. doesn’t really help him endure the initial shock any more easily.
d. results in higher levels of corticosteroids (stress hormones).
ANSWER: a
93. Which of the following is NOT one of the three most common behaviors that put us at risk for physical
disorders?
a. Unhealthy eating habits
b. Lack of exercise
c. Smoking
d. Not having an active sex life
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
empirically
94. Mr. Vagus is participating in a clinical research study that is investigating psychological factors that may
influence the development of heart disease. When he is instructed to imagine a situation in which he was very
angry, the sensors monitoring his heart reveal that
a. his heartbeat has slowed significantly.
b. his heart is pumping less efficiently.
c. the area around his heart has become swollen and inflamed.
d. he is having a “painless” heart attack.
ANSWER: b
95. Injuries kill more children than the next ________ causes of childhood death combined.
a. three
b. six
c. eight
d. five
ANSWER: b
96. According to the text, injury prevention programs have proven effective in teaching children about all of the
following EXCEPT
a. escaping fires.
b. preventing burns.
c. prevent other serious injuries.
d. avoiding strangers.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy

97. Which is an accurate statement regarding injury prevention programs for children?
a. Most communities have injury prevention programs.
b. Repeated warnings have been effective in preventing or reducing the number of injuries.
c. Children who participated in safety skills programs remembered what they had learned even after the
programs were over.
d. Injury prevention programs have been ineffective in changing children’s behavior.
ANSWER: c
98. The only effective prevention strategy currently available for reducing the spread of AIDS appears to be
a. a vaccine.
b. medications.
c. changing high-risk behavior.
d. educating people about the disease.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
99. Individuals in Africa are most likely to become HIV positive following
a. heterosexual sex with an infected partner.
b. homosexual sex with an infected partner.
c. repeated injections with unsterilized needles.
d. close nonsexual contact with an infected person.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 2 Psychosocial Treatment on Physical Disorders
100. Kara and Karl have recently learned that they are HIV positive. According to research studies involving
people who are HIV positive, what is most likely to occur?
a. Kara will now have sex only if her partner uses a condom.
b. Karl will abstain from sex completely.
c. Both Kara and Karl will stop sharing needles with other drug users.
d. Neither Karl nor Kara is likely to change any of their previous behaviors.
ANSWER: d

101. When high-risk individuals are given educational and informational pamphlets about ways to reduce their
chances of becoming HIV positive, they typically
a. change their high-risk behaviors.
b. do not change their high-risk behaviors.
c. abstain from unprotected sex.
d. notify previous sex partners of their HIV condition.
ANSWER: b
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ABNO.DURA.19.APA4.2.a - Summarize psychological factors that can influence
the pursuit of a healthy lifestyle
102. According to consensus research, in which direction do pain signals travel to contribute to the experience
of pain?
a. “Up,” from tissue, to spinal cord, to brain
b. “Down,” from brain, to spinal cord
c. Both up and down.
d. Neither up nor down; pain is an almost exclusively psychological phenomenon
ANSWER: c
103. Which of the following factors accurately represents the circumstances regarding women and HIV/AIDS?
a. Women frequently consider themselves at risk.
b. Most research on the spread of AIDS has highlighted the disease in women.
c. Women accounted for 50% of new AIDS cases in 2003.
d. The age of highest risk of infection for women is their late teens.
ANSWER: c
NOTES: NEW

104. Regarding the age ranges for the risk of HIV/AIDS, which of the following statements is accurate?
a. For women, the highest risk is between the ages of 15 and 25.
b. For women, the highest risk is during their late 20s and early 30s.
c. The age range for risk is lower for men than for women.
d. The age ranges for risk are the same for both males and females.
ANSWER: a
105. Which is a type of circumstance in which women put themselves at risk for HIV/AIDS infection
differently from men?
a. Having unprotected sex with partners whose sexual history is unknown
b. Using contaminated needles when injecting illegal drugs
c. Turning to prostitution in response to economic deprivation
d. Having sex with multiple partners
ANSWER: c
106. Your textbook reports on a behavioral change program to address the high rate of smoking in China. This
was an important study for several reasons, including the fact that
a. the number of people who smoke in China approximates the entire population of the United States.
b. almost 100% of men in China smoke.
c. Chinese media is gaining more popularity in other Asian countries and around the world, and it often
models smoking behavior.
d. the types of cigarettes smoked in China are more potent than those of the United States..
ANSWER: a
107. A massive antismoking campaign in China in 1989 involved

a. bonuses to employees who quit smoking.
b. withdrawn salary and work benefits to those who continued smoking.
c. children reporting to their schools on their fathers’ smoking habits.
d. married couples’ written agreements to stop smoking.
ANSWER: c
108. In 1989, health professionals in China began a massive antismoking effort in several cities that involved
children whose fathers smoked. As part of this effort, all of the following are accurate statements EXCEPT
a. schoolchildren were given antismoking literature and questionnaires to take home to their fathers.
b. children wrote letters to their fathers asking them to quit smoking.
c. children submitted monthly reports on their fathers’ smoking habits to their schools.
d. photos of the fathers who continued smoking were published in the school newspapers.
ANSWER: d
109. In the massive antismoking campaign in China in 1989, the results indicated that ____% of the 10,000
fathers in the intervention group quit smoking for at least six months, in comparison to a control group of
10,000 in which only ____% quit smoking.
a. 1; 0.1
b. 12; 0.2
c. 22; 2.2
d. 50; 25
ANSWER: b
110. One of the most successful efforts to reduce risk factors for a medical condition involved three entire
communities in California in which residents received different types of interventions or no intervention at all
(for the community that served as the control group). The targeted condition in this effort was
a. diabetes.
b. cancer.
c. heart disease.
d. obesity.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
111. A new medical subspecialty called psychoncology reflects the influence of psychological factors in the
development and progression of
a. cancer.
b. coronary heart disease.
c. eating disorders.
d. high blood pressure.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
112. A new medical specialty called psychoneuroimmunology reflects the relationship among
a. psychological factors including stress.
b. the immune system.
c. the nervous system.
d. all of these are correct
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
113. The field of stress physiology began with the research of Hans Selye and his laboratory rats. Explain how his
findings developed into an understanding of the physical impact of stress.
ANSWER: Sample Answer: Selye theorized that the body goes through several stages in response to
sustained stress. The first phase is a type of alarm response to immediate danger or threat.
With continuing stress, we seem to pass into a stage of resistance, in which we mobilize
various coping mechanisms to respond to the stress. Finally, if the stress is too intense or
lasts too long, we may enter a stage of exhaustion, in which our bodies suffer permanent
damage or death. Selye called this sequence the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
The physiological effects of the early stages of stress, in particular its activating effect on
the sympathetic nervous system, mobilize our resources during times of threat or danger
by activating internal organs to prepare the body for immediate action, either fight or flight.
These changes increase our strength and mental activity.
empirically
TOPICS: The Nature of Stress
114. Explore the relationship between stress and the immune system. What is the HPA axis? What are stress hormones?
Is there a “lab” test to measure stress levels in human beings?
ANSWER: Sample Answer: The activity of the endocrine system increases when we are stressed,
primarily through activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis.
Although a variety of neurotransmitters begin flowing in the nervous system, much
attention has focused on the endocrine system’s neuromodulators or neuropeptides,
hormones affecting the nervous system that are secreted by the glands directly into the
bloodstream. These neuromodulating hormones act much like neurotransmitters in
carrying the brain’s messages to various parts of the body. One of the neurohormones,
corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the
pituitary gland. Farther down the chain of the HPA axis, the pituitary gland (along with the
autonomic nervous system) activates the adrenal gland, which secretes, among other
things, the hormone cortisol. Because of their close relationship to the stress response,
cortisol and other related hormones are known as the stress hormones.
The hypothalamus, at the top of the brain stem, is right next to the limbic system, which
contains the hippocampus and seems to control our emotional memories. The
hippocampus is responsive to cortisol. When stimulated by this hormone during HPA axis
activity, the hippocampus helps to turn off the stress response, completing a feedback loop
between the limbic system and the various parts of the HPA axis.
This answer does not address the last part of the question regarding a “lab test” for stress
levels.
TOPICS: The Physiology of Stress
115. Discuss how psychological factors including negative cognitions affect immune system functioning. Give examples
of physical conditions that are considered stress-related.
ANSWER: Sample Answer: The level of stress you are experiencing at the time seems to play a major
role in whether the exposure results in a cold. Researchers found that the chance a
participant would get sick was directly related to how much stress the person had
experienced during the past year. They also linked the intensity of stress and negative
affect at the time of exposure to the later severity of the cold, as measured by mucus
production. In an interesting twist, it was demonstrated that how sociable you are—that is,
the quantity and quality of your social relationships—affects whether you come down with
a cold when exposed to the virus, perhaps because socializing with friends relieves stress.
Almost certainly, the effect of stress on susceptibility to infections is mediated through the
immune system, which protects the body from any foreign materials that may enter it.
Humans under stress show clearly increased rates of infectious diseases, including colds,
herpes, and mononucleosis. Direct evidence links a number of stressful situations to
lowered immune system functioning, including marital discord or relationship difficulties,
job loss, and the death of a loved one.
TOPICS: Stress and the Immune Response
116. Discuss the relationship between psychoncology and the progression of cancer.
ANSWER: Sample Answer: The field of study called psychoncology emerged from the discovery that
the development and course of different varieties of cancer are subject to psychosocial
influences. Spiegel and his colleagues found that women with advance breast cancer who
experienced small group psychotherapy once a week saw their survival time was
significantly longer than that of the group that did not receive psychotherapy. The therapy
group lived twice as long on average as the controls. In another study, Anderson and
colleagues found that women who received a psychological intervention that included
strategies to reduce stress, improve mood, alter important health behaviors, and maintain
adherence to cancer treatment and care reduced their risk of dying by breast cancer by 56%
and their risk of breast cancer recurrence by 45%.
TOPICS: Cancer
117. Discuss why stress is often implicated as a factor in cardiovascular disease. Define type A personality and discuss
research regarding its validity.
ANSWER: Sample Answer: The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and control
mechanisms for its regulation. Cardiovascular disease often occurs because of blockages in
blood vessels to the heart, which cause heart attacks, and in blood vessels to the brain,
which cause stress. High blood pressure (hypertension) and high cholesterol levels
contribute to both of these problems. Hypertension can occur as a result of strong
physiological responses to stress, kidney problems, emotional distress, feelings of
uncontrollability, and low social support. Type A behavior was originally described as a
combination of impatience, energy, time pressure, and competitiveness. Early researchers
(Freidman and Rosenman) thought this behavior pattern caused heart disease, although
later research suggests that the relationship is complex, with negative emotions such as
anger, hostility, anxiety, and depression being stronger predictors of cardiovascular disease
than the type A pattern itself.
empirically
TOPICS: Cardiovascular Problems
118. Discuss chronic pain. What factors, including psychological, are thought to maintain chronic pain?
ANSWER: Sample Answer: Chronic pain usually begins with an acute episode or injury, but the pain
does not decrease over time, even when the injury has healed or effective treatments have
been administered. Typically, chronic pain occurs in muscles, joints, or tendons, but it can
also be related to headaches and degenerative diseases. Chronic pain can affect all aspects
of a person’s life, but responses vary as a function of psychological responses. Anxiety and
depression exacerbate the effects of chronic pain, while a sense of control and optimism
can result in less distress and disability.
empirically
TOPICS: Chronic Pain
119. Describe the use of biofeedback, meditation, and relaxation techniques in the management of stress-related
disorders. How effective are these treatments for stress management and pain relief?
ANSWER: Sample Answer: Biofeedback refers to the process of making patients aware of specific
physiological functions that they would not ordinarily notice such as heart rate and muscle
tension. Using feedback regarding their responses, they are taught to alter or change these
responses to promote relaxation. Biofeedback has been shown to be effective at controlling
a number of types of pain, including headaches. Relaxation and meditation techniques
focus on helping people to focus attention on either a single thought or image, or part of
the body, in order to promote the relaxation response. By minimizing distractions, people
learn to focus on internal sensations. This process can promote a sense of calm, control,
and mastery, and relax the body. Such techniques have been shown to have positive effects
on headaches, hypertension, and some types of acute and chronic pain.
empirically
TOPICS: Biofeedback, Relaxation and Meditation
120. Explain how denial can be a hindrance and a help as a means of coping.
ANSWER: Sample Answer: Denial can be a hindrance as a means of coping because it has many
negative effects. For example, people who deny the severe pain connected with disease
may not notice meaningful variations in their symptoms, and they typically avoid
treatment regimens or rehabilitation programs. Denial can be a help as a means of coping
because during the extremely stressful period when a person is first diagnosed, denial may
help patients endure the shock. They are then better able to develop coping responses later.
In the long run, however, all evidence indicates that at some point we must face the
situation, process our emotions, and come to terms with what is happening.
empirically
TOPICS: Denial as a Means of Coping
121. Discuss prevention and intervention programs. What medical conditions and/or behaviors are targeted? Compare
injury prevention programs with the more typical information and warnings.
ANSWER: Sample Answer: In stress management programs, individuals practice a variety of
procedures presented to them in a workbook. First, they learn to monitor their stress
closely and to identify the stressful events in their daily lives. Clients are taught to be
specific about recording the times they experience stress, the intensity of the stress, and
what seems to trigger it. They also note the somatic symptoms and thoughts that occur
when they are stressed. All this monitoring becomes important in carrying through with
the program, but it can be helpful in itself because it reveals precise patterns and causes of
stress and helps clients learn what changes to make to cope better.
After learning to monitor stress, clients are taught deep muscle relaxation, which first
involves tensing various muscles to identify the location of different muscle groups. Clients
are then systematically taught to relax the muscle groups beyond the point of inactivity,
that is, to actively let go of the muscle so that no tension remains in it.
Appraisals and attitudes are an important part of stress, and clients learn how they
exaggerate the negative impact of events in their day-to-day lives. In the program,
therapist and client use cognitive therapy to develop more realistic appraisals and
attitudes. In this program, individuals work hard to identify unrealistic negative thoughts
and to develop new appraisals and attitudes almost instantaneously when negative
thoughts occur. Such assessment is often the most difficult part of the program. Finally,
clients in stress reduction programs develop new coping strategies, such as time

Essentials of Abnormal Psychology 8th Edition Durand Test Bank
management and assertiveness training. During time management training, patients are
taught to prioritize their activities and pay less attention to nonessential demands. During
assertiveness training, they learn to stand up for themselves in an appropriate way. Clients
also learn other procedures for managing everyday problems.
Some evidence suggests that chronic reliance on over-the-counter analgesic (pain
reliever) medications lessens the efficacy of comprehensive programs in the treatment of
headache and may make headaches worse because patients experience increased
headache pain every time the medication wears off or is stopped.
A variety of programs focusing on behavior change have proved effective for preventing
injuries in children. For example, children have been systematically and successfully
taught to escape fires, prevent burns, and prevent other serious injuries., In many of these
programs, the participating children maintained the safety skills they had learned for
months after the intervention—as long as assessments were continued, in most cases.
Because little evidence indicates that repeated warnings are effective in preventing
injuries, programmatic efforts to change behavior are important. Such programs, however,
are nonexistent in most communities.
empirically
TOPICS: Modifying Behaviors to Promote Health
122. Discuss prevention and intervention programs implemented in antismoking efforts in China.
ANSWER: Sample Answer: In 1989, an antismoking campaign attempted behavior modification to
promote health and reduce smoking in the fathers of school children. Children were asked
to take antismoking literature and questionnaires home to their fathers, write letters to their
fathers asking them to quit smoking, and submit monthly reports on the fathers’ smoking
habits. This led to a 12% reduction in their fathers’ smoking. Currently, the Chinese
government has become more involved in smoking prevention efforts. The Chinese
government is considering ways to counter prevailing misconceptions that characterize
Chinese smokers. These efforts include: (1) the identification of smoking as a symbol of
personal freedom, (2) a perception that tobacco is important in social and cultural
interactions, (3) the perception that the health effects of smoking can be controlled through
reasonable and measured use, and (4) the importance of tobacco to the economy.
empirically
TOPICS: Modifying Behaviors to Promote Health
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13. Which of the following statements is true?

21. The final process in the activation of the HPA axis is

29. Which of the following would not be classified as an antigen?

33. The area of the world hardest hit by HIV is

37. Which of the following statements about AIDS is true?

38. The main function of neurohormones is to

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42. CVAs are more commonly known as

50. The type B behavior pattern applies to people who

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58. All of the following are examples of “pain behaviors” EXCEPT

59. A predictor of which patients will suffer from chronic pain is

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107. A massive antismoking campaign in China in 1989 involved

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