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Math 1100 Module 1
Math 1100 Module 1
MODULE 11
Nature of Mathematics:
Mathematics in our World
Overview
Patterns in nature are regularities that can be observed around us. In
human history, it is perhaps the ancient Greeks who are the most known in
studying patterns in their attempt to explain regularities in nature. Examples
of these patterns are tessellations, spots, stripes and symmetries. In this
module, you will be introduced to the different patterns and numbers seen
in nature. Other patterns and concepts like fractals, Fibonacci sequence, the
Euler number e and its application to population growth are discussed.
Objectives:
Upon completion of this module, you are expected to:
1. identify the patterns in nature and regularities in the world
2. articulate the importance of Mathematics in one’s life.
3. argue about the nature of Mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented and used.
4. express appreciation for Mathematics as a human endeavor.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Before engaging yourself in the following discussions, I want you to share your
ideas about the following questions:
1
This module is based from the book “Mathematics in the Modern World” by the Department of Mathematics and
Physics, CS, CLSU.
1
MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
1. PATTERNS IN NATURE
Patterns in nature are regularities that can be observed around us. In human history, it
is perhaps the ancient Greeks are the most known in studying patterns in their attempt
to explain regularities in nature.
Describing regular forms involves studying their symmetries. In the following sections,
you will be introduced to the concept of symmetry and the different kinds of symmetry.
1.1 Symmetry
The word symmetry comes from the Greek word symmetria, meaning “the same
measure”.
A symmetry of an object in the plane is a rigid motion of the plane that leaves the object
unchanged.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) Spade and (b) its repeated part colored gray. The line of symmetry is colored
red.
A repeated part of the spade in Figure 1 is colored gray. Flipping the spade along the red
line in Figure 1b leaves the spade unchanged. So we say the flipping motion is a symmetry
of the spade. This flipping motion is called reflectional symmetry (sometimes called
bilateral or mirror symmetry).
Answer: If you fold a picture in half and both halves are exact mirror image of one
another, then the figure has a reflectional symmetry.
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
Figure 2. Human body, crab and spider with their respective lines of symmetry.
Example 2. The flower with four petals in Figure 3 has reflection symmetries. It has 4
lines of symmetry.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. (a) A flower having multiple lines of symmetry. (b) The 4 lines of symmetry of
the flower with four petals in (a).
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
SAQ2. Can you tell if the objects in Figure 4 have reflectional symmetries? How many
lines of symmetry do they have?
(a) (b)
Figure 4. (a) Starfish; (b) Recycle symbol.
Rotational or radial symmetry is a rigid motion that makes an object look exactly the
same as it did before it was rotated about a fixed point, called the center.
The rotation must be less than 3600 . The number of times an object can be rotated is
called the order; and, the number of degrees through which an object is rotated so that
it still looks the same as it did before the rotation, is called the angle of rotation.
360𝑜
Let 𝑛 be the order then the smallest angle of rotation is given by 𝑛 .
Example 3. The recycle symbol in Figure 4b has a rotational symmetry. Its center of
rotation is colored red shown in Figure 5a.
How to know the order? Consider an arrow-like part and color it blue. After the first
rotation, it will be moved to the next arrow-like part. You need 3 rotations to arrive at
the starting position. (See Figure 5).
Its order is 3. The smallest angle of rotation is 360°/3 = 120°. We say that it has 120°
rotational symmetry. It also has 2(120°) = 240° rotational symmetry and 360° = 0°
rotational symmetry.
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
SAQ3. Does the flower with four petals in Figure 3 has rotational symmetry? How about
the starfish in Figure 4a? What is their respective order of rotation? What is their smallest
angle of rotation? What are their rotational symmetries?
Translations are transformations that slide objects along without rotating them
(Stewart, 1995). We say that a pattern has a translation symmetry if an object in the
pattern has been moved the same distance and the same direction. A translation also
preserves orientation.
Example 4. Foot prints of kangaroo shows translation symmetries. (See Figure 6a). If you
stretch a sea snake in a line, the pattern in its skin also exhibits translation symmetries.
(See Figure 6b).
(a) (b)
Figure 6. (a) Footprints of a kangaroo; (b) A sea snake2.
SAQ4. What other patterns in nature exhibits translation symmetry? Can you give one?
2
Jens Petersen, Image of a banded sea krait, Laticauda colubrina. Taken at Lembeh Straits, North Sulawesi,
Indonesia. Taken from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_krait#/media/File:Laticauda_colubrina_Lembeh2.jpg.
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
1.1.4 Spirals
Example 5. Examples of objects with spirals are shown in Figure 7. Figure 7a shows a
satellite image when air spirals towards the eye of the typhoon in a low pressure system.
Both the nautilus shell in Figure 7b and the Dall sheep horn in 7c exhibit logarithmic spiral
(can be describe using logarithmic function).
SAQ5. What other objects in nature exhibit spiral pattern? Can you give one?
1.2 Tessellations
Tessellation (or tiling) is a pattern made up of one or more geometric shapes that are
joined together without overlaps or gaps to cover a plane.
3
Taken from https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/132363676520672456/
4
Taken from www.ratemyscreensaver.com
5
Taken from http://www.patternsinnature.org/Book/Spirals.html
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
(d) (e)
Figure 8. Tessellations in nature: (a) Honeycomb ; (b) snake’s skin7; (c) leaf8; (d)
6
SAQ6. What symmetries can be observed on tessellations? Are there always symmetries
on them?
1.3 Fractals
A fractal is a never ending replication of a pattern at different scales (same shape but
different size). This property is called self-similarity.
Example 7. Among the known fractal is the von Koch curve, named after its creator Neils
Fabian Helge von Koch.
The method to create this curve is to start with a single line segment. Divide the line
segment into three equal parts, remove the middle part and replace it with the two sides
of an equilateral triangle of length equal to the length of the segment that has been
removed. Then repeat the process to each of the resulting line segments. Figure 9 shows
the first four iterations of von Koch curve.
6
Taken from http://www.spacemakeplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Honeycomb_pattern.jpg
7
Taken from http://www.spacemakeplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Snake_pattern.jpg
8
Taken from http://www.spacemakeplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Leaf_pattern.jpg
9
Taken from http://www.spacemakeplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/CrackedMud_pattern.jpg
10
Taken from http://www.spacemakeplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Tidal_pattern.jpg
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
SAQ7. Figure 10 shows the first three iterations Minkowski curve. How is the minkowski
curve constructed?
Example 8. Fractals in nature can be observed from the forming of rivers (see Figure 11a)
and from the forming of ice crystals (see Figure 11b). Even on a broccoli, fractals can
also be observed (see Figure 11c).
11
Figure taken from www.researchgate.net/figure/Koch-curve-at-iterations-from-0-to-4_fig1_316742654
12
Figure taken from www.researchgate.net/figure/Koch-curve-at-iterations-from-0-to-4_fig1_316742654
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 11. Tessellations in nature: (a) Rivers forming treelike figures in the Desert of Baja
California, Mexico13; (b) Forming of ice crystals14; (c) Closeup photo of Romanesco
Broccoli15.
13
Taken from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/2012/4/baja-california-rivers/
14
Taken from https://media.mnn.com/assets/images/2013/04/fractal-ice.jpg
15
Taken from https://media.mnn.com/assets/images/2013/04/broccoli-1.jpg
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
ASAQ2. (a) Starfish: Yes, it has reflectional symmetries. There are 5 lines of reflectional
symmetries. (b) Recycle symbol: no reflectional symmetry. No lines of symmetry.
ASAQ3. (a) Flower with four petals: Yes, it has rotational symmetries. Its order of rotation
is 4. Its smallest angle of rotation is 360°/4 = 90°. Its rotational symmetries are 90°
rotational symmetry, 2(90°) = 180° rotational symmetry, 3(90°) = 270° rotational
symmetry and 4(90°) = 360° = 0° rotational symmetry.
(b) Starfish: Yes, it has rotational symmetries. Its order of rotation is 5. Its smallest angle
of rotation is 360°/5 = 72°. Its rotational symmetries are 72° rotational symmetry,
2(72°) = 144° rotational symmetry, 3(72°) = 216° rotational symmetry, 4(72°) = 288°
rotational symmetry and 5(72°) = 360° = 0° rotational symmetry.
ASAQ5. Little florets in the head of a sunflower (with Fibonacci sequence spirals), shells
of snails, pine cone (with Fibonacci sequence spirals).
ASAQ7. The method to create this curve is to start with a single line segment. Divide the
line segment into four equal parts, remove the second and third part and replace it with
the three sides of a square (above the line for the second part and below the line for the
third part) of length equal to the length of the segment that has been removed. Then
repeat the process to each of the resulting line segments.
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
2. NUMBERS IN NATURE
Patterns in nature can be linked to some interesting known numbers or series of numbers.
Fibonacci created a problem that concerns the birth rate of rabbits. The problem is stated
as follows:
At the beginning of a month, you are given a pair of newborn rabbits.
After a month the rabbits have produced no offspring; however, every
month thereafter, the pair of rabbits produces another pair of rabbits.
The offspring reproduce in exactly the same manner. If none of the
rabbit dies, how many pairs of rabbits will there be at the start of each
succeeding month?
16
Aufmann, R.N, et.al. (2008). Mathematical Excursions Third Edition. pp.19-20
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
Example 9. Fibonacci numbers can be observed in some patterns on sunflowers. The little
florets on the sunflower head has spirals (counterclockwise and clockwise). Some
sunflowers have 21 and 34 spirals; some have 55 and 89 or 89 and 144 depending on
the species. These pair of number of spirals forms two consecutive numbers of the
Fibonacci sequence. Figure 12 shows sunflower heads with 34 counterclockwise spirals
and 55 clockwise spirals.
(a) (b)
Figure 12. Sunflower Head Pattern with (a) counterclockwise spirals17 and (b) clockwise
spirals18.
However, this pattern is not true for all sunflowers. Using 657 sunflowers, Swinton et al.
(2016) found out that one in five flowers did not conform to the Fibonacci sequence.
Example 10. We can also find Fibonacci numbers in nature is in the number of petals
different flowers have. Some lilies and iris have three petals, gumamela and calachuchi
have five, some variety of sampaguita have eight, corn marigolds have 11, and some
daisies have 34, 55, or even 89 petals. Fibonacci numbers also appear in the arrangement
of leaves and branches in some plants.
SAQ8. Can you give other patterns in nature where we can find Fibonacci numbers?
Golden ratio (also known as Divine Proportion) exists when a line is divided into two
parts and the ratio of the longer part “𝑎” to shorter part “𝑏” is equal to the ratio of the
sum “𝑎 + 𝑏” to “𝑎”.
How to solve for the golden ratio? Denote the golden ratio by 𝜙. From the definition we
have
17
Taken from https://momath.org/home/fibonacci-numbers-of-sunflower-seed-spirals/spiralsred
18
Taken from https://momath.org/home/fibonacci-numbers-of-sunflower-seed-spirals/spiralsgreen/
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Department of Mathematics and Physics
𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
= = 𝜙.
𝑏 𝑎
We have
𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
𝜙= and 𝜙 = .
𝑏 𝑎
𝑎 1 𝑏
From 𝜙 = 𝑏 , we get = 𝑎.
𝜙
𝑎+𝑏
Now we use 𝜙 = .
𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
𝜙= +
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏
𝜙 = 1+
𝑎
1
𝜙 = 1+
𝜙
Multiply both sides by 𝜙
𝜙2 = 𝜙 + 1
𝜙2 − 𝜙 − 1 = 0
Solving this quadratic equation will give us
1 + √5
𝜙= = 1.6180339887 ⋯
2
The value of the Golden Ratio is given by the irrational number 𝜙 = 1.6180339887 … .
Any two successive numbers in the Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,
55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, … have a ratio very close to the golden ratio.
SAQ9. Will you search which other parts in nature can we find golden ratio?
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
The Fibonacci spiral on one hand is a good approximation of spirals that are present in
nature such as the nautilus shell (Figure 14a), hurricanes (Figure 14b), and the human
ear (Figure 14c).
19
Taken from http://i.stack.imgur.com/eHWK9.png
20
Taken from http://www.momtastic.com/webecoist/2012/10/29/the-golden-spiral-complex-geometries-in-nature/
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
The number 𝑒 is also referred to as Napier’s constant after John Napier who introduced
it earlier in a table of appendix for his work on logarithms. However, its discovery is
attributed to Jacob Bernoulli (not Euler nor Napier), when he tried to solve a problem
related to continuous compound interests.
Compound interest on the other hand, is the addition of interest to the original
principal. In other words, the interest earned also earns interest.We see from our previous
discussion that money earning interest compounded continuously grows
exponentially. Thus, if compounding is continuous, the accumulated balance at the end
of a compounding period is given by
𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑡 (1)
where 𝐴 = accumulated balance after a time 𝑡
𝑃 = principal amount
𝑟 = interest rate in decimal
𝑡 = time in years
𝑒 = 2.718 (approximately)
Example 11. Mary opened a savings account with ₱10,000.00 initial deposit. If the
account earns 8% interest, compounded continuously, how much would be her money
after 3 years? How much would be her money after 3 years if simple interest is applied?
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
Example 12. How long will it take for ₱2,000 to double if it is deposited in a bank that
pays 3.5% interest rate compounded continuously?
SAQ11
Robert received a certain amount from his parents as graduation gift. Instead of spending
it, he opened an account that earns 3.5% interest compounded continuously. After 4
years, his account contains ₱23,005.48. How much did Robert receive from his parents
as graduation gift?
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
growth and one of these is the Malthusian growth model or simple exponential growth
model. It is named after Thomas Robert Malthus. The Malthusian model is applied in
obtaining population growth of bacteria and even of humans on the assumption that
resources are unlimited and the population has a continuous birth rate throughout time.
This model has the following form:
𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑃𝑜 𝑒 𝑟𝑡 (2)
where 𝑃(𝑡) = the population after time 𝑡
𝑃𝑜 = the initial population
𝑟 = the population growth rate in decimals
𝑡 = time
𝑒 = 2.718 (approximately)
Example 13. According to United Nation estimates, the total population in the Philippines
for the year 2018 is 106. 51 million, the 13 th largest in the world (Philippines
Population, 2018). Census data shows that the population growth rate is
1.52%. Using the Malthusian model, project the population of the Philippines
5 years after.
Hence, there will be approximately 114.92 million people in the Philippines by 2023.
However, in real life, the population does not grow exponentially forever. If that happens,
the population of humans, animals and bacteria will become very very large to the point
that the population will outgrow the planet earth. In reality, the growth rate slows down
due to many factors such as diseases, calamity, limited resources, etc. For this reason,
Pierre Verhulst proposed in 1836 an alternate model that allows for a fact that there are
constraints in population growth. The model is known as logistic growth model and is of
the form:
𝐾
𝑃 (𝑡 ) = (3)
1+𝐴𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
Example 14. The population of a certain species of fish is modeled by a logistic growth
model with relative growth rate of 𝑘 = 0.3 . One hundred fish are initially
introduced into the pond with maximum carrying capacity of 500. Assuming
that fish are not harvested,
(a) estimate the number of fish in the pond after one year;
(b) estimate the time it will take for there to be 350 fish in the pond.
500
(a) 𝑃 (1) = = 126.15 fish
1+4𝑒 −0.3(1)
Since the actual number of fish must be a whole number, we round it off to 126. That is,
there will be 126 fish in the pond after one year.
(b) Since it is given that 𝑃(𝑡) = 350 which is the number of fish in the pond after time 𝑡,
then
500
350 =
1 + 4𝑒 −0.3(𝑡)
500
1 + 4𝑒 −0.3𝑡 =
350
10
1 + 4𝑒 −0.3𝑡 =
7
10
4𝑒 −0.3𝑡 = −1
7
3
4𝑒 −0.3𝑡 =
7
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Department of Mathematics and Physics
4𝑒 −0.3𝑡 3
4 =7
4
3
𝑒 −0.3𝑡 =
28
Take the natural logarithm of both sides
3
ln 𝑒 −0.3𝑡 = ln
28
3
−0.3𝑡 = ln ( )
28
1 3
𝑡 = − 0.3 ln (28) = 7.45
Hence, it will take 7.45 years for the pond to have 350 fish.
SAQ12
Influenza B virus can be spread by direct transmission such as coughing, sneezing or
spitting. Suppose there are two pupils in a class of 40 children who was infected by the
virus. Assuming none of the children has flu vaccine before, estimate (Let the logistic
growth constant 𝑘 be equal to 0.6030).
(a) the number of children who will catch the virus after 3 days.
(b) estimate the time it will take for 20 children to catch the virus.
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
Example 15. A certain radioactive element has an annual decay rate of 12%. If there is
a 100-gram sample of the element right now, how many grams will be left in
3 years? What is the half-life of the said radioactive element?
Solution:
(a) It is given that 𝑃0 = 100 grams
𝑟 = 0.12
𝑡 = 3 years
(b) We want to find the time required for the amount of the radioactive element to
reduce to half its initial value. That is, we want to solve for 𝑡 when 𝑃(𝑡) = 50 grams.
Substituting this value into Formula (4), we have
50 = 100𝑒 (−0.12)𝑡
50 100𝑒 (−0.12)𝑡
=
100 100
0.5 = 𝑒 (−0.12)𝑡
ln 0.5 = ln 𝑒 (−0.12)𝑡
ln 0.5 = (−0.12)𝑡 ln 𝑒
ln 0.5 = (−0.12)𝑡
ln 0.5 (−0.12)𝑡
=
−0.12 −0.12
ln 0.5
𝑡 =−
0.12
𝑡 = 5.8 years
Thus, the amount of radioactive element is reduced by 50% every 5.8 years.
SAQ13
Manny takes 500 mg of ibuprofen to relieve pain from arthritis. Each hour, the amount
of ibuprofen in his system decreases by 25%. How much ibuprofen is left after 4 hours?
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
Answers to SAQ
SAQ10
Mary opened a savings account with ₱10,000.00 initial deposit. If the account earns 8%
interest, how much would be her money after 3 years if simple interest is applied?
SAQ11
Robert received a certain amount from his parents as graduation gift. Instead of spending
it, he opened an account that earns 3.5% interest compounded continuously. After 4
years, his account contains ₱23,005.48. How much did Robert receive from his parents
as graduation gift?
Solution:
23,005.48 = (𝑃)𝑒 0.035 (4)
23,005.48
=𝑃
𝑒 0.035 (4)
𝑃 = 20,000
Robert received ₱20,000.00 from his parents as graduation gift.
SAQ12
Influenza B virus can be spread by direct transmission such as coughing, sneezing or
spitting. Suppose there are two pupils in a class of 40 children who was infected by the
virus. Assuming none of the children has flu vaccine before, estimate (Let the logistic
growth constant 𝑘 be equal to 0.6030).
(a) the number of children who will catch the virus after 3 days.
(b) estimate the time it will take for 20 children to catch the virus.
Solution:
𝑃(3) = the population after 3 days
𝐾 = carrying capacity or limiting value = 40
𝑘 = relative growth rate coefficient = 0.6030
𝐾−𝑃
𝐴= 𝑃 0
0
𝑃0 = the initial population at 0 days =2
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(a)
𝐾 − 𝑃0
𝐴 =
𝑃0
40 − 2
𝐴 = = 19
2
𝐾
𝑃(𝑡) =
1 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
40
𝑃 (3) =
1 + 19𝑒 −0.6030(3)
𝑃(3) = 9.7264
𝑃 (3) ≈ 10 children
(b)
𝐾
𝑃(𝑡) =
1 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
40
20 =
1 + 19𝑒 −0.6030(𝑡)
40
1 + 19𝑒 −0.6030(𝑡) =
20
−0.6030(𝑡) = 2
1 + 19𝑒
19𝑒 −0.6030(𝑡) = 2 − 1
19𝑒 −0.6030(𝑡) = 1
19𝑒 −0.6030(𝑡) 1
=
19 19
1
𝑒 −0.6030(𝑡) =
19
Take the natural logarithm of both sides
1
ln(𝑒 −0.6030(𝑡) ) = ln ( )
19
1
−0.6030(𝑡) ln 𝑒 = ln ( )
19
1
−0.6030(𝑡) = ln ( )
19
−0.6030𝑡 1
ln (19)
−0.6030 = −0.6030
𝑡 = 4.8830 days
𝑡 ≈ 5 days
In 5 days, 20 children will catch the virus.
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
SAQ13
Manny takes 500 mg of ibuprofen to relieve pain from arthritis. Each hour, the amount
of ibuprofen in his system decreases by 25%. How much ibuprofen is left after 4 hours?
Solution:
𝑃0 = 500 mg
𝑟 = 0.25
𝑡 = 4 hrs
𝑃 (𝑡 ) 𝑃0 𝑒 −𝑟𝑡
𝑃(4) = 500𝑒 (−0.25)(4)
𝑃(4) = 100𝑒 −1
𝑃(4) = 183.93 mg
SUMMARY
A symmetry of an object in the plane is a rigid motion of the plane that leaves the
object unchanged.
Reflection symmetry also called bilateral or mirror symmetry is a flipping motion.
Rotational or radial symmetry is a rigid motion that makes an object look exactly
the same as it did before it was rotated about a fixed point, called the center.
Translations are transformations that slide objects along without rotating them
(Stewart, 1995). A translation also preserves orientation.
A spiral is formed because of a property of growth known as self-similarity or
scaling, which means that the same shape is maintained (not of the same size)
as the object (creature) grows.
Tessellation (or tiling) is a pattern made up of one or more geometric shapes that
are joined together without overlaps or gaps to cover a plane.
A fractal is a never ending replication of a pattern at different scales (same shape
but different size). This property is called self-similarity.
The sequence of numbers 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89 … is called Fibonacci
sequence. The numbers in the sequence are called Fibonacci numbers.
Golden ratio (also known as Divine Proportion) exists when a line is divided into
two parts and the ratio of the longer part “𝑎” to shorter part “𝑏” is equal to the
ratio of the sum “𝑎 + 𝑏” to “𝑎”. The value of the Golden Ratio is given by the
irrational number 𝜙 = 1.6180339887 …
The Euler number 𝑒 which is an irrational number is approximately equal to
2.718281828459045 ⋯. It is used in the application of compound interest,
population growth and exponential decay.
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MATH 1100
Department of Mathematics and Physics
POST-ASSESSMENT
To evaluate your understanding of the lessons, kindly answer the following problems
below.
I. Essay/Application.
Take a selfie with an object that has a symmetry on it. This object must be
located inside your house or your backyard. Identify and discuss the symmetry
that is present in the object.
II. Problem Solving. Show the solution to the following problems below.
REFERENCES
Jonathan Swinton, Erinma Ochu, & The MSI Turing’s Sunflower Consortium (2016).
Novel Fibonacci and non-Fibonacci structure in the sunflower: results of a citizen
science experiment. Royal Society Open Science. Retrieved 6/14/14 from
http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/5/160091.
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Knott, R. (2016). Fibonacci numbers and nature (online). Retrieved 6/11/2018 from
http://www.maths.surrey.ac.uk/hosted-sites/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html
Lipkin, Leonard & Smith, David (2001). Logistic Growth Model. Journal of Online
Mathematics and its Applications. Retrieved June 24, 2018 from
https://www.maa.org/book/export/html/115630
Murali, Sruthy (2012). Golden Ratio in Human Anatomy. Retrieved 12/18/2018 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234054763_GOLDEN_RATIO_IN_HUMA
N_ANATOMY
National Museum of Mathematics. The coolest thing that ever happened to math!
Retrieved 6/13/2018 from https://momath.org/home/fibonacci-numbers-of-
sunflower-seed-spirals/
Stewart, Ian (1995). Nature’s numbers: the unreal reality of mathematics. Basicbooks,
A Division of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.
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