Introduction

Richard J. AQUINO, CE, EnP

Associate Professor V
Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering
Central Mindanao University
University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon

14 August 2023
BATS - Four Main Bridge Designs

Source: https://www.popularbook.ca
Simple Beam - Fallen Tree
Arch - Rainbow Bridge in Utah
Trusses
Suspension - Swinging Vine
Cantilever
Ancient Cantilever Bridges in Asia

Reference: Great Bridges from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century by Wilbur
Watson (2006).
Ancient Chinese Arches

Reference: Great Bridges from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century by Wilbur
Watson (2006).
Ancient Pontoon or Floating Bridge

Reference: Great Bridges from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century by Wilbur
Watson (2006).
Ancient Pile or Trestle Bridges
Roman Period
introduced extensive use of the arch principle, dating from 300 B.C. to 300 A.D.

Reference: Great Bridges from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century by Wilbur
Watson (2006).
Pont du Gard

Reference: Great Bridges from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century by Wilbur
Watson (2006).
Segovia Aqueduct - built about 98 A.D.

Reference: https://thetourguy.com/travel-blog/spain/segovia/aqueduct-of-
segovia/how-to-visit-the-segovia-aqueduct/
Middle Ages in Europe - 11th to 16th centuries
construction of massive, more or less crudely designed and executed arches of
masonry
Ponte Vecchio - modern day

Reference: www.italiandualcitizenship.net
Inca Rope Bridge
Inca civilization was credited to first-ever suspension bridges in 1400s
Bridges were constructed using grass that was woven into bundles and each cable
was replaced yearly by local villagers.
Renaissance in Europe
16th to 17th centuries, great refinement both in design and construction.

Reference: Great Bridges from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century by Wilbur
Watson (2006).
Ponte de Rialto - modern day

Reference: www.repubblica.it
Eighteenth Century
masonry arch reached its greatest perfection

Reference: Great Bridges from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century by Wilbur
Watson (2006).
First Iron Bridge at England - 1781

Reference: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-the-iron-bridge-over-the-river-severn-
at-ironbridge-shropshire-england-100280405.html
Lattice Truss Bridge in Ithiel Town at 1820

Reference:
https://connecticuthistory.org/town-patents-the-lattice-truss-bridge-today-in-history/
Root Road Covered Bridge started in 1868

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org
Menai Suspension Bridge in 1826
World’s first modern suspension bridge opened to ... cattle traffic
Scottish Civil Engineer Thomas Telford

Reference: https://transportationhistory.org/2019/01/30/the-worlds-first-modern-
suspension-bridge-opened-to-cattle-traffic/
Menai Suspension Bridge in 1826

built with 16 huge chain cables – each consisting of 935 iron bars – to support the
579-foot (176.5-meter)-long main span
Modern Period
beginning with the advent of the railroad about 1830
characterized by the utilization of all of the five basic types, but more especially
by the perfection of the truss type, due to availability of structural iron and steel.

Reference: Great Bridges from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century by Wilbur
The world’s first RC bridge at Chateau de Chazelet
Joseph Monier (1875) design and build the first reinforced concrete bridge with a
length of 13.80 m and a width of 4.25 m.

Reference: https://www.chateau-chazelet.com/en/newpagee87b9f8e
Brooklyn Bridge - 1883

Reference: Great Bridges from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century by Wilbur
Brooklyn Bridge - 1883

Source: http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/bbstory.Html
Brooklyn Bridge - future

Reference: https://www.wsj.com/articles/glass-walkways-and-green-spaces-designers-reimagine-the-
brooklyn-bridge-experience-11594655183
Tower Bridge - 1894
a combined Bascule and Suspension bridge

Reference: https://www.timeout.com/london/things-to-do/five-things-you-might-not-
know-about-tower-bridge
Zuoz Bridge by Maillart in 1901
Swiss Civil Engineer Robert Maillart
three-hinged RC box girder (arch bridge) - total length 38.3 m (126 ft)
first box girder bridge to be constructed out of reinforced concrete
Zuoz Bridge - Section

Source: https://www.ce.jhu.edu/perspectives/protected/
Salginatobel Bridge in 1930
Swiss Civil Engineer Robert Maillart
Three-hinged arch, developed as a hollow box girder (RC Bridge)
Total length 132.30 m, Roadway width 3.50 m, span of the arch 90.04 m
Golden Gate Bridge
32 years ago, 300,000 people flattened the Golden Gate Bridge (Eric Ting, May
25, 2019)
Joseph Strauss, Charles Alton Ellis, Leon Moisseiff
2,737m total length, 1,280m longest span
construction started in 1933, opened on May 27, 1937
Golden Gate Bridge

Source: https://mwg.aaa.com/via/places-visit/best-views-golden-gate-bridge
Golden Gate Bridge - Section
Bailey Bridge developed in 1940-1941
a portable, pre-fabricated, truss bridge
developed by the British for military use during the Second World War
requires no special tools or heavy equipment to assemble
Walnut Lane Memorial Bridge in 1951
first prestressed concrete girder bridge in Philadelphia
designed by Belgian Engineer Gustave Magnel

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Ikitsuki Bridge at Nagasaki, Japan in 1991
Continuous truss bridge Through truss bridge
Total length 960 m, main span 400.0 m

Source: https://structurae.net/en/structures/ikitsuki-bridge
Millau Viaduct in 2004
Structural height 336.4 m (tallest in the world)
Longest span 342 m
Millau Viaduct

Source: https://www.tourdefrance-bridges.com/post/the-millau-viaduct
1915 Canakkale Bridge in Turkey
Open to traffic in March 2022 (longest in the world)
Total length 4,607.97 m (15, 118 ft)
Main span 2,023 m (6,637 ft) where Akashi Kaikyo in Japan in 1998 - span 1,991
m
Leonardo da Vinci Self-Supporting Bridge
Leonardo da Vinci Self-Supporting Bridge

Source: Instagram: @engineeringandarchitecture

Leonardo da Vinci Self-Supporting Bridge

Source: https://news.mit.edu/2019/leonardo-da-vinci-bridge-test-1010
Gateshead-Millenium-Bridge
a pedestrian and cyclist tilt bridge spanning the River Tyne
Tilt bridge, Arch bridge, Steel, opened in Sept 17, 2001

Source: https://www.designboom.com/
The Rolling Bridge in London
Truss Bridge - Triangular steel segments, hydraulic actuators, lightweight deck
Total length 12 m (2005)

Source: https://www.pinterest.cl/pin/274649277245108811/
Tensegrity - Kurilpa Bridge
12-m 3D Printed Bridge in Amsterdam
Joris Laarman’s 3D-printed stainless steel bridge finally opens in Amsterdam
(James Parkes, 19 July 2021)
fabricated from stainless steel rods by six-axis robotic arms equipped with welding
gear

Source: https://www.dezeen.com/2021/07/19/mx3d-3d-printed-bridge-stainless-steel-amsterdam/
Pedestrian Bridges - Dutch Context

Source: https://www.transport.wa.gov.au/
Pedestrian Bridges - Dutch Context
Pedestrian Bridges - Dutch Context
Pedestrian Bridges - Chicago
Pedestrian Bridges - Chicago
Bridge Forms
Load Paths - Beam

Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/bridge-engineering
Load Paths - Arch

Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/bridge-engineering
Load Paths - Truss

Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/bridge-engineering
Load Paths - Suspension

Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/bridge-engineering
Load Paths - Cantilever

Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/bridge-engineering
Load Paths - Cantilever
Forth Bridge

Source: https://howbridgeswork.weebly.com/cantilever-bridge.html
Load Paths - Cable-Stayed

Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/bridge-engineering
Recent Review of Bridge Failures
“Design error, construction mistakes, hydraulic, collision, and overload are the top
5 leading causes of bridge failures, resulting in more than 70% of the bridge
failures.”
“Causes of bridge failures are closely related to structural type, type of use,
material type, and service age.” contribute to a large number of bridge failures
because of the lack of extreme loads data and design theory defects.”

Source: Zhang etal (2022). Causes and statistical characteristics of bridge failures: A review, Journal
of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 2022; 9 (3): 388-406.
Bridge Failures - Design Errors

Source: Zhang etal (2022). Causes and statistical characteristics of bridge failures: A review, Journal
of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 2022; 9 (3): 388-406.
Bridge Failures - Construction Mistakes

Source: Zhang etal (2022). Causes and statistical characteristics of bridge failures: A review, Journal
of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 2022; 9 (3): 388-406.
Bridge Failures - Hydraulic

Source: Zhang etal (2022). Causes and statistical characteristics of bridge failures: A review, Journal
Bridge Failures - Collision

Source: Zhang etal (2022). Causes and statistical characteristics of bridge failures: A review, Journal
of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 2022; 9 (3): 388-406.
Bridge Failures - Overload

Source: Zhang etal (2022). Causes and statistical characteristics of bridge failures: A review, Journal
of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 2022; 9 (3): 388-406.
Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed due to 67 kph wind
Third longest suspension span in the world opened on July 1, 1940.
“Galloping Gertie” collapsed in a windstorm on November 7, 1940.
“the most dramatic failure in bridge engineering history.”
Bridge Failures - Philippine Setting
Bridge Failures in the Philippines
Typhoon Bopha in 10-12-2012
Caraga, Davao Oriental

Source: https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/update/2012/12-10-philippines-typhoon-
bopha-pablo-aid.htm
Bridge Failures in the Philippines
Bridge Failures in the Philippines
DPWH Bridge Inventory
DPWH Bridge Inventory
DPWH Bridge Inventory
DPWH Bridge Inventory
DPWH Bridge Inventory
DPWH Bridge Inventory
DPWH Bridge Inventory
DPWH Bridge Inventory
Philippine Bridges
Philippine Bridges
Philippine Bridges
Philippine Bridges
Philippine Bridges
Philippine Bridges
Philippine Bridges
Philippine Bridges
Famous Bridge Engineers
Assignment 1: Parts of an Existing Bridge

Activity: Familiarizing the different parts of an existing bridge.

Objective: At the end of the activity, the students will be able to familiarize and
determine the type of bridge around the community.

Make a group of 3 students.

Find any DPWH Highway Bridge in your community.
Determine the type of bridge and take a photo of the different parts of the bridge.
Make a ppt and video presentation of your activity.
Submit your work in our Google Classroom on or before 8am - 23 August 2023.

Note: Make sure no duplication of the bridge.

End of Presentation.