Question

Provide a Detailed Report on the Use of Following Digital Gate In Any Mechanical
Devices/Appliance/System etc, By Giving And Explaining a Real Life Examples
Applications.

NAND Gate
NAND gate also called Negated AND, NOT AND is the combination of AND and NOT
gates which are in series connection. The NAND gate is one of the universal logic gates
because with the universal gates any other fundamental operations can be
accomplished. Therefore, the combination of NAND and NOR gates can give AND,
OR, and NOT gates.

This gate gives the output HIGH when both the inputs are at logic LOW or when either
of the inputs is at a logic LOW state. It can also be defined as that the output is LOW
only when both the inputs are HIGH.

The NAND gate Boolean expression is given by:

A = (X. Y)’

Here, X and Y are the inputs and A is the output. NAND logic gate can be achieved by
multiplying all the inputs and then complementing the multiplied result.

The NAND gate symbol is shown as follows:

Basic NOT AND Gate

NAND Gate Types

There are basically three types of NAND logic gates depending on the number of inputs.
Those are explained below:

2-input NAND

Here, the gate accepts two inputs and gives single output which is the basic formation
of NAND gate. Here, the total possible combinations of inputs are 4. The 2-input NAND
gate truth table is shown below:

3-input NAND

Here, the gate accepts three inputs and gives single output. Here, the total possible
combinations of inputs are 8. This three-input logic gate can be formed by combining
any number of individual inputs The 3-input NAND logic gate truth table and logical
design is shown below:

3Input NAND

Multi-Input NAND

Similar to multi-input OR and AND gates, an n-input NAND logic gate can also be
formed. When the number of inputs is odd, the unused input signal is kept high by
connecting this unused signal to the power supply through pull-up resistors.

Multi Input NOT AND

NAND Gate Applications

There are various applications of NAND gate in real life where few of those are
explained below:

 Used in alarm circuits through light detection radiation

 Employed in freezer warning buzzer devices
 NAND logic gates are utilized in automatic temperature regulation circuits
 These are used for analyzing the status of the sensor that is connected to
various doors and windows.
 Used in burglar alarms.

Advantages and Disadvantages

The NAND gate advantages, disadvantages are as follows:

Advantages

 NAND gates are cost-effective devices and they have more storage capacities as
per their size.
 This gate offers good replaceabillity which means that when the flash memory
gets damaged, then it can be replaced with a suitable component.
 The memory ability of NAND can substitute huge files like USB drives, digital
cameras, and tablets.
 High endurance and durability.

Disadvantages

 When compared with the NOR gate, the NAND memory architecture and speed
are less reliable.

Real Life Examples Of NAND Gate

 burglar alarms
 buzzers
 flash memory
 automatic watering system

NOR Gate
The NOR gate is also known as the Negated OR gate. NOT OR is a pair of NOT and
OR gates connected in series. The Negated OR gate is one of the universal logic gates
since the universal gates may perform any other fundamental operation. As a result, the
combination of NOR and NAND gates can result in AND, OR, and NOT gates.
When both sources are at logic LOW, the output is LOW. When any input is at logic
LOW, the output is LOW. Only when both inputs are LOW is the output HIGH.
The Boolean expression of NOR Gate is as follows:
X = (A + B)’
Where A and B are the inputs and X is the output. NOR logic gates can be obtained by
taking sum of all inputs and finishing the desired result

Types of NOR Gate

2 Input NOR Gate

The gate receives two inputs and outputs a single output in this case, which is the
fundamental form of a NOR gate. In this case, the total number of potential input
combinations is four. The truth table is as follows:

3 Input NOR Gate

In this case, the gate receives three inputs and outputs a single output. In this case, the
total number of potential input combinations is 8. Any number of unique inputs can be
combined to make this 3 Input NOR logic gate. The truth table is as follows:
The Boolean Expression of this is: Y = (A+B+C)’
Multi Input NOR Gate
An n-input NOR-gate may be built in the same way as multi-input OR and AND gates
can. When there are an odd number of inputs, the unused input signal is maintained
LOW by connecting it to the dc power through pull-up resistors.
Boolean Expression is as follows: Y = ((A+B) +(C+D))’

Uses of NOR Gate

The NOR Gate is utilized in circuits where numerous power sources can un power the
same object, such as three buttons positioned around a home that, when pressed,
trigger a piston to open the entryway. The use of an Inverter in conjunction with an OR
Gate is no longer required when employing a NOR Gate. It will provide the same result;
but the NOR Gate has the benefit of taking up less space, using less material, and
being less difficult.

The Real Life Example Of NOR

 mixer tank
XOR gate

The XOR gate stands for the Exclusive-OR gate. This gate is a special type of gate
used in different types of computational circuits. Apart from the AND, OR, NOT, NAND,
and NOR gate, there are two special gates, i.e., Ex-OR and Ex-NOR. These gates are
not basic gates in their own and are constructed by combining with other logic gates.
Their Boolean output function is significant enough to be considered as a complete logic
gate. The XOR and XNOR gates are the hybrids gates.

The 2-input OR gate is also known as the Inclusive-OR gate because when both inputs
A and B are set to 1, the output comes out 1(high). In the Ex-OR function, the logic
output "1" is obtained only when either A="1" or B="1" but not both together at the same
time. Simply, the output of the XOR gate is high(1) only when both the inputs are
different from each other.

The plus(+) sign within the circle is used as the Boolean expression of the XOR gate.
So, the symbol of the XOR gate is ⨁. This Ex-OR symbol also defines the "direct sum
of sub-objects" expression. These are the following types of Exclusive-OR gate:

2-input Ex-OR gate

This is a simple form of the hybrid gate XOR. In this type of XOR gate, there are only
two input values and an output value. There are 2 2=4 possible combinations of inputs.
The output level is high when both inputs are set to a different logic level. The Boolean
expression of 2-input XOR gate is as follows:

Y=(A⨁B)
Y=(A' B+AB')

The logic design are given below:

Logic Design

The 3-input XOR Gate

Unlike the 2-input XOR gate, the 3-input XOR gate has three inputs. There are 2 3=8
possible combinations of inputs. The Boolean expression of the logical Ex-OR gate is as
follows:

Y=A⨁B⨁C
Y=A(BC)'+A' BC'+(AB)' C+ABC

The logic design are given below:

Logic Design

Ex-OR gate equivalent circuit

We can form the XOR or Ex-OR gate using gates such as AND, OR, and a universal
gate NAND. The main disadvantage of this implementation is that we need to use
different types of gates to form a single XOR gate. By using only the NAND gate, we
can implement the Ex-OR gate also. This is an easier way of producing Ex-OR gate
functionality.
Use of Ex-OR gate

The Ex-or gate plays an important role in constructing digital circuits that perform
arithmetic operations and calculations. Especially Adders and Half-Adders, as they
can provide a "carry-bit" function or as a controlled inverter, where one input passes the
binary data, and the other input is supplied with a control signal.

The Real Life Example Of XOR Gate

 arithmetic circuits
 controlled inverter
 comparator

XNOR Gate

The XNOR gate is the complement of the XOR gate. It is a hybrid gate. Simply, it is the
combination of the XOR gate and NOT gate. The output level of the XNOR gate is high
only when both of its inputs are the same, either 0 or 1. The symbol of the XNOR gate is
the same as XOR, only complement sign is added. Sometimes, the XNOR gate is also
called the Equivalence gate.

2-input Ex-NOR gate

It is a simple form of the hybrid gate XNOR. In this type of XNOR gate, there are only
two input values and an output value. There are 2 2=4 possible combinations of inputs.
The output level is high when both inputs are set to high(1). The Boolean expression of
2-input XNOR gate is as follows:

Y=(A⨁B)'
Y=((AB)'+AB)

The logic design are given below:

The 3-input XNOR Gate

Unlike the 2-input XNOR gate, the 3-input XNOR gate has three inputs. There are 2 3=8
possible combinations of inputs. The Boolean expression of the logical Ex-OR gate is as
follows:

Y=(A⨁B⨁C)'
Y=(ABC)'+ABC'+AB'C+A'BC

The logic design are given below:

Logic Design
Ex-OR gate equivalent circuit

We can form the XNOR or Ex-NOR gate using the gates such as AND, OR, and NOT
gate. The main disadvantage of this implementation is that we use different types of
gates to form a single XNOR gate. By using the NAND gates only, we can implement
the Ex-NOR gate also.

Use of Ex-OR gate

Ex-NOR gates are used mainly in electronic circuits that perform arithmetic operations
and data checking such as Adders, Subtractors or Parity Checkers, etc. As the Ex-NOR
gate gives an output of logic level "1," whenever its two inputs are equal, it can be used
to compare the magnitude of two binary digits or numbers and so Ex-NOR gates are
used in Digital Comparator circuits.

The Real Life Examples Of XNOR Gate

 error detecting circuits
 data transmission
 encryption circuits
 arithmetic circuits