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Chapter 0 - Paradigms of Public Administration
Chapter 0 - Paradigms of Public Administration
Chapter 0
Paradigms of Public Administration
Nicholas Henry
Paradigms of Public Administration
Paradigm 1: The Politics/Administration Dichotomy, 1900-1926
Paradigm 2: Principles of Public Administration, 1927-1937
The Challenge, 1938-1950
Reaction to the Challenge, 1947-1950
Paradigm 3: Public Administration as Political Science, 1950-1970
Paradigm 4: Public Administration as Management, 1956-1970
The Forces of Separatism, 1965-1970
Paradigm 5: Public Administration as Public Administration, 1970-present
Paradigm 6: New Public Management, 1980-present
Paradigm 7: New Public Service, 1990-present
Paradigm 8: Governance, 1990-present
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Paradigm 2: Principles of Public Administration
1927-1937
Principles of Scientific Management (Taylor, 1911)
“One best way”
Principles of Public Administration (Willoughby, 1927)
Scientific principles of administration (unity of command, division of labor, etc.)
Papers on the Science of Administration (Gulick & Urwick, 1937)
Public administration should be both a discipline and a profession
7 principles of administration - POSDCoRB
Person-as-machine model
Professional associations grew, research expanded
Focus: public administration expertise and principles that would be
applicable everywhere!
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The Challenge, 1938-1950
Destruction of the two pillars of public administration
Abandon the politics/administration dichotomy
The Functions of the Executive (Barnard, 1938)
Elements of Public Administration (Marx, 1946)
- Public administrator’s decisions are not neutral
No scientific principles of administration
Administrative Behavior (Simon, 1947)
- Principles have counter-principles
Founding of the American Society for Public
Administration (ASPA) in 1939
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Reaction to the Challenge, 1947-1950
Simon (1947): No scientific principles of administration
Offered pure scientific analysis of PA as a reaction to the Challenge
Pure scientists of PA based on social psychology + policy prescribers
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Paradigm 3: Public Administration as
Political Science, 1950-1970
Focus on reestablishing the linkages between public administration
and political science
Public administration is a “synonym”, “area of interest” for political
science, “second degree citizenship”
Political science provides normative foundations of public
administration
Worth of democracy
Political participation
Due process under the law
The utility of political science to public administration not so clear
Public administration educates for knowledgeable action
Focus: government bureaucracy
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Paradigm 4: Public Administration as
Management, 1950-1970
Public administration searched for an alternative to political science
Administrative Science or Generic Management emerged as an option
Public administration/management is not the same as business
administration/management
Need to devise tools that work in public sector as opposed to business sector
Focus: sophisticated techniques, expertise and specialization, but not defined
where to apply
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The Forces of Separatism, 1965-1970
“Science, Technology, and Public Policy”: programs in universities
“New Public Administration” movement: Public administration
began to stand on its own known as a field
Different from both political science AND management
Elitist, rather than pluralist
Synthesizing, rather than specializing
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Paradigm 5: Public Administration as
Public Administration, 1970-present
Public administration emerged as an autonomous field of study & practice
The National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration
(NASPAA) was founded in 1970
Accrediting body for Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.) and other degree
programs
Resurrects the politics/administration dichotomy
Exists as a political-administrative continuum
Politics and administration are separate and distinct “constellations of logic”
Focus: governmental bureaucracy
Focus on values of public administration: Fairness, Hierarchy, Elitism,
Impersonality, Professionalism, Analysis, Neutrality
Greater teamwork between politicians and public administrators
Team-based governing
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Paradigm 6: New Public Management,
1980-present
Policies that aimed to modernize and render the public
sector more efficient
Relies heavily on disaggregation, customer satisfaction,
entrepreneurial spirit
More decentralized control of resources
Citizens are customers, public servants are managers
Quasi-market structure where public and private service
providers compete
Thatcherism, Reaganism, Ozalism
Focus: business-like tools, market forces, managerialism
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Paradigm 7: New Public Service,
1990-present
Not steering, serving
Citizen is the “boss”
Focus: democratic values and participation
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Paradigm 8: Governance, 1990-present
Moving from government to governance
Government: the control over citizens and the delivery of
public benefits by institutions of the state
Institutional
Governance: the configuration of laws, policies,
organizations, institutions, cooperative arrangements, and
agreements that control citizens and deliver public benefits
Institutional and networked
Needs critical variables to succeed
Trust
Commitment
Leadership
Incentives to collaborate
Balanced power and resources
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