INTEGRATING THEODOLITE TRAVERSING WITH AUTOCAD AND

MICROSOFT EXCEL: EFFICIENT PLAN GENERATION FOR

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT BUILDING

1. Introduction
The general context of the practical provides an initial background and context for the entire
practical session. It explains why the topic of determining independent coordinates and plotting a
building plan using digital tools is relevant and significant in the context of civil engineering
practices.
S

2.TOOLS:
Theodolite traversing is a surveying method that uses theodolites, along with other essential
surveying instruments, to measure precise horizontal and vertical angles. The primary tools used
in theodolite traversing include:

2.1 Theodolite:
The theodolite is the central instrument in this method. It is an optical instrument
that measures both horizontal and vertical angles. Theodolites are equipped with telescopic sights
and graduated circles for accurate angle measurement.

2.2 Tripod:
A sturdy tripod is used to mount the theodolite at a stable and level position. It
provides the necessary support for the instrument, ensuring that it remains steady during
measurements.

2.3 Leveling Equipment:

To ensure the theodolite is set up on a level plane, leveling equipment
is used. This typically includes a spirit level or a bubble level, which helps in achieving
horizontal alignment.

2.4 Range Pole or Prism:

Range poles or prisms are positioned at the points of interest or survey
stations. They act as target points for the theodolite's sighting and angle measurements. A prism
can reflect the theodolite's laser or optical beam back to the instrument, making it easier to
measure distances and angles.

2.5 Measuring Tape:

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 Measuring tapes are used to measure distances between survey points. They
are employed in combination with the angle measurements from the theodolite to calculate
precise horizontal and vertical distances.
2.6 Notebook and Pencils:
Keeping accurate records is crucial in surveying. Surveyors use
notebooks to document angle measurements, distances, and other relevant data during theodolite
traversing.

3. FIELD WORK:
3.1 Site Details:
3.1.1. Initial Department Visit:
- Before starting the survey, We visit the department to obtain the initial coordinates of the
points we want to survey. These coordinates serve as our reference for the survey.
Location:
Our project survey location is Software Engineering Department , Mehran UET
SZAB Khairpur Mirs , Sindh, Pakistan

3.1.2. Selection of Survey Starting Point:

- We decide to start the survey from the ground level because some parts of the department are
not accessible from the roof.

3.1.3. First Week:

- On the first Week of fieldwork, we mark the coordinates needed from the outside of the
department. This likely involves physically marking or setting up reference points (Control
Points or C.P) at the specified locations.

3.1.4. Second Week:

- On the second Week, We measure the distances between these marked coordinates using a
tape measure. This step involves obtaining accurate length measurements for the sides of the
traverse.

3.1.5. Third Week:

- On the third Week, We begin taking angle readings and coordinates readings (North, South,
East, and West) , By using a theodolite.
Change Points (C.P):
There are four Change Points (C.P) in our survey: North, South, East, and West. These are
reference points to ensure accuracy.
Obstacles on Ground Level:
Due to obstacles like trees, We place the survey rods near the corners rather than exactly at the
corners.

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3.1.6. Fourth Week:
Calculation and Error Correction: We begin calculations using the angle, Coordinates and
distance measurements obtained from the site. This step involves processing the data to
determine the coordinates of the surveyed points. You also address and correct any errors to
obtain accurate results.

3.1.7 Fifth Week:

AutoCAD Software: We input all the collected data and calculations into AutoCAD software to
create a plan and map of our survey. AutoCAD helps in generating precise graphical
representations of the surveyed area.

3.2 PROCEDURE:
We use Close traverse method in our field project
Closed traversing is a surveying method used to determine the relative positions of a series of
points on the Earth's surface within a small area. It is typically employed when you want to
create a closed polygon by measuring angles and distances between a sequence of survey points.
Closed traversing is a fundamental technique in land surveying and is widely used in various
surveying applications, including boundary surveys, topographic mapping, and construction
layout. Accurate fieldwork is crucial to ensure the reliability of the survey results.

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The fieldwork for closed traversing involves several key steps:

3.2.1. Establishing Control Points:

- Begin by setting up control points with known coordinates which we marked already. These
control points serve as reference points for our survey and help ensure the accuracy of our
measurements.

3.2.2. Selecting Traverse Stations:

- We choose a starting point or station (usually marked as Station A) within the survey area.
This will be our reference point for measuring angles, coordinates and distances to subsequent
traverse stations.

3.2.3. Measuring Angles:

We Use a theodolite or to measure horizontal angles between the traverse stations. Start at the
reference station (Station A) , set with north and measure the angles to the next station (Station
B), then continue measuring angles sequentially from one station to the next until we return to
the reference station.

3.2.4. Measuring Distances:

- We measure the distances between consecutive traverse stations using a tape measure..

3.2.5. Calculate Coordinates:

- We calculate the coordinates of each traverse station based on the measured angles, distances,
and the coordinates of the reference point (Station A). This process typically involves
trigonometric calculations and the use of theodolite.

3.2.6. Check for Closure:

- After calculating the coordinates of all traverse stations, check for closure. Closure means that
the last point's coordinates should match the coordinates of the starting reference point within a
specified tolerance. Any discrepancies in closure indicate errors in measurements that may need
to be adjusted or corrected.

3.2.7. Adjustments:
- If closure is not achieved within acceptable tolerances, we may need to make adjustments to
the measurements, such as distributing errors proportionally or using least squares adjustments,
to improve the accuracy and closure of the traverse.

3.2.8. Plotting:
- Finally, we plot the traverse stations on a map or survey plan to create a closed polygon that
represents the surveyed area by using Excel and AutoCAD. This map can be used for various
purposes, such as land boundary determination or construction planning.
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4.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

4.1 Readings taking from site:

4.2 LATITUDE AND DEPARTURE OF COORDINATES OF POINT:

4.2.1 CORRECTION TO:

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4.2.2 CORRECTED CONSECUTIVE CORD:

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4.3 LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES:

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4.4 FINDING AREA:

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Using cross multiplication latitude and departure Method:

5. CONCLUSION
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In conclusion, our project focused on accurately determining the area of the software department
using the theodolite machine with close traverse technique. We meticulously obtained
coordinates at various points within the department, which will prove to be invaluable for future
design and construction efforts. Additionally, we generated a 2D plan of the software department
using AutoCAD, providing a visual representation of the area. Our project's outcomes have
significant implications for the software department's future planning and expansion, as the data
collected can aid in the design and construction of new buildings or renovations, ultimately
enhancing the department's functionality and efficiency.

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