Go, Alexi Julia A.

BSN 1
Biochemistry Module 1 - Carbohydrates

Lesson 1 – ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY/OUTCOME

1. What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
- Chlorophyll is responsible for absorbing light, specifically sunlight, in the process of
photosynthesis. Plants then use the energy from this light to break down the molecules of water
and carbon dioxide and reorganize them to make sugar (glucose) and oxygen gas.
2. What are the two major functions of carbohydrates in the plant kingdom?
- Carbohydrates (1) serve as structural elements in plants and (2) provide energy reserves for
plants.
3. Indicate how many monosaccharide units are present in each of the following:
a. Disaccharide: 2 units
b. Oligosaccharide: 3-10 units
c. Tetrasaccharide: 4
d. Polysaccharide: a few hundred to a million

Lesson 2 – ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY/OUTCOME

1. Explain what the terms superimposable and non-superimposable mean.
- Superimposable objects are images that coincide at all points when the objects are laid on top of
each other. These type of objects do not have a sense of direction. Non-superimposable objects
are mirror-images of each other but do not line up when placed on top of each other. These type
of objects have handedness.
2. In each of the list of objects, identify/underline those objects that are chiral.
a. Nail, hammer, screwdriver, drill bit
b. Your hand, your foot, your ear, your nose
c. The words TOT, TOOT, POP, PEEP
3. Indicate whether the circles carbon atom in each of the following molecules is a chiral center.
a. Not a chiral center
b. Not a chiral center
c. Chiral center
d. Chiral center
4. Use asterisks (*) to show the chiral center(s), if any in the following structures. Then classify
each of the molecules as chiral or achiral.
Lesson 3 – ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY/OUTCOME
1. What is the difference between constitutional isomers and stereoisomers?
- Constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but a different bonding
arrangement among the atoms. Stereoisomers have identical molecular formulas and
arrangements of atoms. They differ from each other only in the spatial orientation of
groups in the molecule.
2. Both enantiomers and diastereomers are stereoisomers. How do they differ?
- Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are chiral molecules.
Diastereomers on the other hand are stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror
images of each other.
3. What are two major structural features that generate stereoisomerism?
- have the same molecular and structural formulas
- differ in the orientation or arrangement in space
4. Explain why cis-trans isomers are diastereomers rather than enantiomers.
- A diastereomer is any stereoisomer that is not an enantiomer. Cis-trans isomers are NOT
mirror images of each other, let alone non-superimposable mirror images. Thus, by
definition, they are diastereomers, even though they are not chiral

. Lesson 4 – ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY/OUTCOME

1. What is the Fischer Projection Formula? How to draw the mirror image of a fischer
projection structure?
- The Fischer projection formula is a two-dimensional spatial arrangement of groups about
chiral centers in molecules. Enantiomers are mirror images of each other. If you have the
structure for one isomer, you just draw its mirror image to get the enantiomer. With a
Fischer projection, you simply exchange for the groups on either side of the vertical line.
2. Draw a Fischer projection formula for each of the following molecules.
 3. Draw a Fischer projection formula for the enantiomer of each of the following
monosaccharides. Then classify each of the molecules as a D enantiomer or an L
enantiomer.

4. Characterize the members of each of the following pairs of structures as (1) enantiomers,
(2) diastereomers, or (3) neither enantiomers nor diastereomers.
a. Diastereomers
b. Diastereomers
c. Enantiomers
d. Diastereomers

Lesson 5 – ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY/OUTCOME

1. Classify each of the following monosaccharides as an aldose or a ketose
a. Aldose
b. Ketose
c. Ketose
d. Ketose
2. Classify each monosaccharide in problem 1 by its number of carbon atoms and its type of
carbonyl group.
a. Hexose – aldose
b. Hexose – ketose
c. Triose – ketose
d. Tetrose – ketose
3. Using the information in figures (2 and 3) below, assign a name to each of the monosaccharidesin
problem 1
a. D-Galactose
b. D-Psicose
c. Dihydroxyacetone
d. D-Erythrulose
Lesson 6 – ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY/OUTCOME
1. Indicate at what carbon atom(s) the structures of each of the following pairs of
monosaccharides differ.
a. Carbon 4
b. Carbons 1 and 2
c. Carbon 2
d. Carbon 2
2. Indicate which of the terms aldoses, ketoses, hexoses and aldohexoses Apply to both
members of each of the following pairs of monosaccharides. More than one term may
apply in a given situation.
a. Aldoses, hexoses, aldohexoses
b. Hexoses
c. Hexoses
d. Aldoses
3. Draw the Fischer projection formula for each of the following monosaccharides.

4. To which of the common monosaccharides does each of the following terms apply.
a. Levulose – D-Fructose
b. Grape sugar – D-Glucose
c. Brain sugar – D-Galactose

Lesson 7 – ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY/OUTCOME

1. The intermolecular reaction that produces the cyclic forms of monosaccharides involves
functional groups on which two carbon atoms in the case f each of the following?
a. Carbon 1 & 5
b. Carbon 1 & 5
c. Carbon 2 & 5
d. Carbon 1 & 4

2. What is the structural difference between alpha and beta forms of D-glucose?
- In a-D-glucose, the –OH group is on the opposite side of the ring from the CH2OH group
attached to carbon 5. On the other hand, in B-D-glucose, the CH 2OH group on carbon 5
and the –OH group on carbon 1 are on the same side of the ring.
3. Fructose contains six carbon atoms, and ribose has only five carbon atoms. Why do both
of these monosaccharides have cyclic forms that involve a five-membered ring?
 - Since fructose has a ketone functional group, the ring closure occurs at carbon 2 and
forms a five-membered ring with the –OH on carbon 5 converting into the ether linkage
to close the ring with carbon 2. Ribose, on the other hand, is a pentose with 5 carbons
therefore, forming a five-membered ring.
4. The structure of glucose is sometimes written in an open-chain form and sometimes as a
cyclic hemiacetal structure. Explain why either form is acceptable.
- Monosaccharides with five or more carbons can have both open-chain forms and cyclic
ring forms. It can exist in both forms because there is an equilibrium between both forms.
The open chain of glucose has 6 carbon atoms in a straight chain. Oxygen is bonded to
each carbon atom. Cyclic hemiacetal form is formed by the bond between the oxygen and
fifth carbon atom of the open chain. It results in the formation of a six-membered cyclic
ring.

Lesson 8 – ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY/OUTCOME

1. Identify each of the following structures as an α-D-monosaccharide or a β-D-

monosaccharide
a. α
b. α
c. β
d. α

2. Identify whether each of the structures in Problem 1 is that of a hemiacetal.

a. Hemiacetal
b. Hemiacetal
c. Hemiacetal
d. Hemiacetal

3. Draw the open chain form for each of the monosaccharides in Problem 1.

4. Using the information in Figures 1 and 2, assign a name to each of the monosaccharides
in Problem 1.
a. α-D-Glucose
b. α-D-Galactose
c. β-D-monosaccharide
 d. α-L-Ribose
5. Draw the Haworth projection formula for each of the following monosaccharides.

Lesson 9 – ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY/OUTCOME

1. Which of the following monosaccharides is a reducing sugar

a. D-Glucose – Reducing Sugar
b. D-Galactose – Reducing Sugar
c. D-Fructose – Reducing Sugar
d. D-Ribose – Reducing Sugar
2. In terms of oxidation and reduction, explain what occurs to both D-Glucose and Tollens
Solution when they react with each other.

It is possible to oxidize the aldehyde group (CHO) into a carboxylic acid group (COOH) using
Tollen's reagent. Tollen's reagent is essentially ammoniacal silver nitrate. Tollen's reagent is
reduced to elemental silver by the 'reducing' sugar glucose, leaving a silvery mirror surface over
the inside of the test-tube. This is known as the Silver Mirror test.

3. Draw structures for the following compounds

4. Indicate whether each of the following structures is that of a glycoside.

a. Not a glycoside
b. Not a glycoside
c. Not a glycoside
d. Glycoside
 5. For each structure in Problem 4, identify the configuration at the acetal carbon atom as α
or β.
a. α
b. β
c. α
d. β
6. Identify the alcohol needed to produce each of the compounds in Problem 4 by reaction
of the alcohol with the appropriate monosaccharide.
a. Methyl alcohol
b. Phosphoric acid
c. Amino Sugar
d. Methyl Alcohol
7. What is the difference in meaning between the terms glycoside and glucoside?
A glycoside is the general name for monosaccharide acetals. A specific name for a glycoside
produced from glucose is called a glucoside. “glycoside” is the general term while “glucoside” is
the specific term, exclusively for glycosides that are formed from glucose.
8. Draw the structures for the following compounds.
a. Ethyl-β-D-Glucoside b. Methyl-α-D-Galactoside