Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology Regulations:

(An Autonomous Institution) A17

Scheme of Evaluation
Code No: 6K702 Date of Exam: 01-07-2021
B.Tech IV-Year I-Semester Examination, March/April-2021 (Regular)
SUBJECT NAME: CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY Branch(es): Civil

ANSWER ANY 5 OUT OF 8 QUESTIONS. EACH QUESTION CARRIES 15 MARKS.

Bloom's Cognitive Levels of Learning (BCLL)

Remember L1 Apply L3 Evaluate L5

Understand L2 Analyze L4 Create L6

BC CO(s) Marks
LL

1. a) Definition and explanation – 4 Marks L1 CO1 8

Hydrated cement Structure – 4 Marks
b) Flow diagram – 3 Marks L3 CO1 7
Explanation – 4 Marks

2. a) Definition – 2 Marks L1 CO2 8

Explanation with reference to concrete- 6 Marks
b) Definition of moisture content of aggregate- 2 Marks L2 CO2 7
1 mark each for each method of measurement – 5 Marks

3. a) 2 Marks for each factor affecting the workability of concrete – 8Marks L2 CO3 8
b) Vee-Bee consistometer sketch– 2 marks L3 CO3 7
Procedure explanation- 5 Marks

4. a) Compressive strength definition- 2 marks L1 CO4 8

1 mark for each stage explanation- 6 Marks
b) 3.5 marks each for NDT explanation L1 CO4 7

5. a) Mix design Definition and explanation - 6 Marks L2 CO5 8

Necessity of mix design – 2 Marks
b) Definition- 2 Marks L2 CO5 7
Explanation of statistical quality control- 5 Marks

6. a) Definition- 2 Marks L1 CO6 8

Ingredient of SCC- 2 Marks
Applications- 4 Marks
b) Definition- 2 Marks L2 CO6 7
Ingredient of HPC- 2 Marks
Applications- 4 Marks

7. a) 1 Mark for each test – 5 Marks L2 CO1 5

b) 1 Mark for each property explanation – 5 Marks L3 CO2 5
c) Compaction definition- 2 Marks L2 CO3 5

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 1 Mark for each method of vibration- 3 Marks

8. a) Definition- 2 Marks L3 CO4 5

Explanation – 3 Marks
b) 1 Mark for each factor explanation – 5 Marks L2 CO5 5
c) Definition- 2 Marks L2 CO6 5
Explanation – 3 Marks

Signature of staff Signature of HOD

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 Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology
(An Autonomous Institution)
KEY PREPARATION FOR
Code No: 6K703 Date of Exam: 18-03-2021
B.Tech IV-Year I-Semester Examination, March/April-2021 (Regular)
SUBJECT NAME: ESTIMATION AND VALUATION Branch(es): Civil
ANSWER ANY 5 OUT OF 8 QUESTIONS. EACH QUESTION CARRIES 15 MARKS.
Bloom's Cognitive Levels of Learning (BCLL)

Remember L1 Apply L3 Evaluate L5

Understand L2 Analyze L4 Create L6

1. a) Hydration: Chemical reactions with water. L1 CO1 [15M]

As water comes into contact with cement particles, hydration reactions
immediately starts at the surface of the particles. Although simple hydrates
such as C-H are formed, process of hydration is a complex one and results in
reorganization of the constituents of original compounds to form new hydrated
compounds.
As the hydration proceeds the deposits of hydrated products on the original
cement grains makes the diffusion of water to unhydrated nucleus more &
more difficult. Thus, the rate of hydration decreases with time & as a result
hydration may take several years.

Major compounds start to produce:

Calcium-silicate-hydrate gels
Calcium hydroxide cement
Calcium-alumino-sulfohydrates gel
[6 Marks]

[2 Marks]
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 b) Manufacturing process of Ordinary Portland Cement: L3 CO1
1. Portland cement is made by mixing substances containing CaCO3 with substances
containing SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and heating them to a clinker which is subsequently ground
to powder and mixed with 2-6 % gypsum.

2. Raw materials are crushed, screemed & stockpiled.

3. Raw materials are mixed with definite proportions to obtain “raw mix”. They are mixed
either dry (dry mixing) or by water (wet mixing).

4. Prepared raw mix is fed into the rotary kiln.

5. As the materials pass through the kiln their temperature is rised upto 1300-1600 °C.
The process of heating is named as “burning”. The output is known as “clinker” which is
0.15-5 cm in diameter.

6. Clinker is cooled & stored.

7. Clinker is ground with gypsum (3-6%) to adjust setting time.

8. Packing & marketting

[5 Marks]
Manufacturing Process of Ordinary Portland Cement :

[2 Marks]

2. a) L1 CO2 [8M]
• Free moisture forms a film around each particle.
• This film of moisture exerts what is known as surface tension which
keeps the neighboring particles away from it
• The extent of surface tension and consequently how far the adjacent
particles are kept away will depend upon the percentage of moisture
content and the particle size of the fine aggregate
• It is interesting to note that the bulking increases with the increase in
moisture content up to a certain limit and beyond that it results in the
decrease in the volume and at a moisture content representing
saturation point, the fine aggregate shows no bulking
• It can be seen from Fig. 3.2 that fine sand bulks more and coarse sand
bulks less. From this it follows that the coarse aggregate also bulks but
the bulking is so little that it is always neglected [6 Marks]
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 [2 Marks]
b) L2 CO2 [7M]
Measurement of Moisture Content of Aggregates
• The aggregate will absorb a certain quantity of water depending on its
porosity.
• The water content can be expressed in terms of the weight of the
aggregate when absolutely dry, surface dry or when wet
• Some of the methods that are being used for determination of moisture
content of aggregate are given below:
(i)Drying Method
(ii ) Displacement Method
(iii) Calcium Carbide Method
(iv) Measurement by electrical meter
(v) Automatic measurement
[6 Marks]
Drying Method
Drying is carried out in a oven and the loss in weight before and after drying
will give the moisture content of the aggregate
The oven drying method is too slow for field use. A fairly quick result can be
obtained by heating the aggregate quickly in an open pan
The process can also be speeded up by pouring inflammable liquid such as
methylated spirit or acetone over the aggregate and igniting it.

Displacement Method
From the difference between the specific gravities of the dry and wet
aggregates, the moisture content of the aggregate can be calculated

Calcium Carbide Method

• Mix aggregate with an excess of calcium carbide in a strong air-tight
vessel fitted with pressure gauge

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 • Calcium carbide reacts with surface moisture in the aggregate to
produce acetylene gas
• The pressure of acetylene gas generated depends upon the moisture
content of the aggregates
• This method is ofen used to find out the moisture content of fine
aggregate at the site of work
(iv)Measurement by electrical meter – based on electrical resistance
difference
(v) Automatic measurement- based on Sensor, generally in batching plant

[2 Marks]

3. a) Workable concrete is the one which exhibits very little internal friction between L CO3 [8M]
particle and particle or which overcomes the frictional resistance offered by the 2
formwork surface or reinforcement contained in the concrete with just the
amount of compacting efforts forthcoming. The factors helping concrete to
have more lubricating effect to reduce internal friction for helping easy
compaction are given below:
(a) Water Content (b) Mix Proportions
(c ) Size of Aggregates (d) Shape of Aggregates
(e) Surface Texture of Aggregate (f ) Grading of Aggregate
(g) Use of Admixtures.
[ Full Marks can be awarded if any 4 points above is explained]

b) • This is a good laboratory test to measuring directly the workability of L CO3 [7M]
concrete. 3
• This test consists of a vibrating table, a metal pot, a sheet metal
cone, a standard iron rod.
• The time required for the shape of concrete to change from
slump cone shape to cylindrical shape in seconds is known as
Vee Bee Degree.
• This method is very suitable for very dry concrete whose slump
value cannot be measured by Slump Test, but the vibration is too
vigorous for concrete with a slump greater than about 50 mm.
[5Marks]

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 •
[2 Marks]

4. a) Compression Test L1 CO4 [8M]

Compression test is the most common test conducted on hardened concrete,
partly because it is an easy test to perform, and partly because most of the
desirable characteristic properties of concrete are qualitatively related to its
compressive strength.
The compression test is carried out on specimens cubical or cylindrical in
shape. Prism is also sometimes used, but it is not common in our country.
Sometimes, the compression strength of concrete is determined using parts of
a beam tested in flexure. The end parts of beam are left intact after failure in
flexure and, because the beam is usually of square cross section, this part of
the beam could be used to find out the compressive strength. The cube
specimen is of the size 15 x 15 x 15 cm. If the largest nominal size of the
aggregate does not exceed 20 mm, 10 cm size cubes may also be used as an
alternative. Cylindrical test specimens have a length equal to twice the
diameter. They are 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm long. Smaller test specimens
may be used but a ratio of the diameter of the specimen to maximum size of
aggregate, not less than 3 to 1 is maintained.
Moulds
Metal moulds, preferably steel or cast iron, thick enough to prevent distortion
are required. They are made in such a manner as to facilitate the removal of
the moulded specimen without damage and are so machined that, when it is
assembled ready for use, the dimensions and internal faces are required to be
accurate within the following limits
Compacting
The test cube specimens are made as soon as practicable after mixing and in
such a way as to produce full compaction of the concrete with neither
segregation nor excessive laitance. The concrete is filled into the mould in
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 layers approximately 5 cm deep
Curing
The test specimens are stored in place free from vibration, in moist air of at
least 90% relative humidity and at a temperature of 27° ± 2°C for 24 hours ±
1/2 hour from the time of addition of water to the dry ingredients. After this
period, the specimens are marked and removed from the moulds and unless
required for test within 24 hours, immediately submerged in clean fresh water
or saturated lime solution and kept there until taken out just prior to test. The
water or solution in which the specimens are submerged, are renewed every
seven days and are maintained at a temperature of 27° ± 2°C. The specimens
are not to be allowed to become dry at any time until they have been tested
Failure of Compression Specimen
Compression test develops a rather more complex system of stresses. Due to
compression load, the cube or cylinder undergoes lateral expansion owing to
the Poisson’s ratio effect. The steel platens do not undergo lateral expansion
to the some extent that of concrete, with the result that steel restrains the
expansion tendency of concrete in the lateral direction
[ Full Marks can be awarded if any 4 stages above is explained]

b) Non-destructive tests performed on hardened concrete: L1 CO4 [7M]

1. Surface hardness tests: These are of indentation type, include the Williams
testing pistol and impact hammers, and are used only for estimation of
concrete strength.
2. Rebound test: The rebound hammer test measures the elastic rebound of
concrete and is primarily used for estimation of concrete strength and for
comparative investigations.
3. Penetration and Pull out techniques: These include the use of the Simbi
hammer, Spitpins, the Windsor probe, and the pullout test. These measure the
penetration and pullout resistance of concrete and are used for strength
estimations, but they can also be used for comparative studies.
4. Dynamic or vibration tests: These include resonant frequency and
mechanical sonic and ultrasonic pulse velocity methods. These are used to
evaluate durability and uniformity of concrete and to estimate its strength and
elastic properties.
5. Combined methods: The combined methods involving ultrasonic pulse
velocity and rebound hammer have been used to estimate strength of
concrete.
6. Radioactive and nuclear methods: These include the X-ray and Gamma-ray
penetration tests for measurement of density and thickness of concrete. Also,
the neutron scattering and neutron activation methods are used for moisture
and cement content determination.
7. Magnetic and electrical methods: The magnetic methods are primarily
concerned withdetermining cover of reinforcement in concrete, whereas the
electrical methods, including
[ Full Marks can be awarded if any 2 methods above is explained]

5. a) L2 CO5 [8M]
Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of
concrete and determining their relative proportions with the object of
producing concrete of certain minimum strength and durability as economically
as possible
[2 Marks]
Concept of Mix Design
It will be worthwhile to recall at this stage the relationships between aggregate
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 and paste which are the two essential ingredients of concrete. Workability of
the mass is provided by the lubricating effect of the paste and is influenced by
the amount and dilution of paste. The strength of concrete is limited by the
strength of paste, since mineral aggregates with rare exceptions, are far
stronger than the paste compound. Essentially the permeability of concrete is
governed by the quality and continuity of the paste, since little water flows
through aggregate either under pressure or by capillarity. Further, the
predominant contribution to drying shrinkage of concretes is that of paste.
Since the properties of concrete are governed to a considerable extent by the
quality of paste, it is helpful to consider more closely the structure of the paste.
The fresh paste is a suspension, not a solution of cement in water.
The more dilute the paste, the greater the spacing between cement particles,
and thus the weaker will be the ultimate paste structure. The other conditions
being equal, for workable mixes, the strength of concrete varies as an inverse
function of the water/cement ratio. Since the quantity of water required also
depends upon the amount of paste, it is important that as little paste as
possible should be used and hence the importance of grading.
[2 Marks]
Variables in Proportioning
With the given materials, the four variable factors to be considered in
connection with specifying a concrete mix are:
(a ) Water-Cement ratio
(b ) Cement content or cement-aggregate ratio
(c ) Gradation of the aggregates
(d ) Consistency.
In general all four of these inter-related variables cannot be chosen or
manipulated arbitrarily. Usually two or three factors are specified, and the
others are adjusted to give minimum workability and economy. Water/cement
ratio expresses the dilution of the pastecement content varies directly with the
amount of paste. Gradation of aggregate is controlled by varying the amount
of given fine and coarse aggregate. Consistency is established by practical
requirements of placing. In brief, the effort in proportioning is to use a
minimum amount of paste (and therefore cement) that will lubricate the mass
while fresh and after hardening will bind the aggregate particles together and
fill the space between them. Any excess of paste involves greater cost,
greater drying shrinkage, greater susceptibility to percolation of water and
therefore attack by aggressive waters and weathering action. This is achieved
by minimising the voids by good gradation
[4 Marks]
b) Statistical Quality Control of Concrete L2 CO5 [7M]
Concrete like most other construction processes, have certain amount of
variability both in materials as well as in constructional methods. This results
in variation of strength from batch to batch and also within the batch. It
becomes very difficult to assess the strength of the final product. It is not
possible to have a large number of destructive tests for evaluating the strength
of the end products and as such we have to resort to sample tests.
The aim of quality control is to limit the variability as much as practicable.
Statistical quality control method provides a scientific approach to the concrete
designer to understand the realistic variability of the materials so as to lay
down design specifications with proper tolerance to cater for unavoidable
variations. The acceptance criteria are based on statistical evaluation of the
test result of samples taken at random during execution.

[7 Marks]

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6. a)  Defined as a concrete, which can be placed and compacted in to every L1 CO6 [8M]
corner of form work, purely by means of its self-weight without any
compacting effort.
 Also referred as Self Consolidating Concrete, Super workable
concrete, Non-Vibrating concrete.
 SCC is highly flowable, non segregating concrete that can spread into
place, fill the frame work and encapsulate the reinforcement without
any mechanical consolidation-ACI 237

Important Properties:
 Self-compactability
 Avoidance of bleeding and segregation
 Low shrinkage
 Low permeability
 Strength as needed
 high filling capacity caused by high visco-plastic deformability
stable composition

[ Full Marks can be awarded if any 4 points among the above is explained]
b) HPC is a concrete, which meets special performance, and uniformity L2 CO6 [7M]
requirements that cannot be always achieved by using only the conventional
materials and normal mixing, placing, and curing practices.
According to Civil Engineering Research Foundation (CERP)
HPC is a concrete in which some or all of the following properties have been
enhanced.
(a) Ease of placement
(b) Long term mechanical properties
(c) Early age strength
(d) Toughness

The main ingredients of HPC are as follows

´
1) Cement
´
2) Fine aggregate
´
3) Coarse aggregate
´
4) Water
´
5) Mineral admixtures (fine filler and/or pozzolonic supplementary
cementitious materials)
´
6) Chemical admixtures (plasticizers, superplasticizers, retarders, air-
entraining agents)
[4 Marks]
Characteristics of High Performance concrete
Concrete may be regarded as high performance for several different
reasons:
► Very low porosity through a tight and refined pore structure of the
cement paste.
► Very low permeability of the concrete
► High resistance to chemical attack.
► Low heat of hydration
► High early strength and continued strength development
► Low water binder ratio
► Low bleeding and plastic shrinkage

[3Marks]

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7. a) The following tests are usually conducted in the laboratory. L2 CO1 [5M]
(a) Fineness test. (b) Setting time test.
(c) Strength test. (d ) Soundness test.
(e) Heat of hydration test. (f ) Chemical composition test

[ Full Marks can be awarded if any 5 points among the above are briefly
explained]
b) Mechanical Properties of Aggregates L3 CO2 [5M]
Modulus of Elasticity
Los Angeles Test
Dorry Abrasion Test
Deval Attrition Test
Aggregate Impact Value
Aggregatte Crushing Value

[Full Marks can be awarded if any 5 points among the above are briefly
explained]

c) Compaction of Concrete L2 CO3 [5M]

Compaction of concrete is the process adopted for expelling the entrapped air
from theconcrete. In the process of mixing, transporting and placing of
concrete air is likely to get entrapped in the concrete. The lower the
workability, higher is the amount of air entrapped. In other words, stiff concrete
mix has high percentage of entrapped air and, therefore , would need higher
compacting efforts than high workable mixes.If this air is not removed fully, the
concrete loses strength considerably. Fig. 6.23 shows the relationship
between loss of strength and air voids left due to lack of compaction. It can be
seen from the figure that 5 per cent voids reduce the strength of cocrete by
about 30 per cent and 10 per cent voids redduce the strength by over 50 per
cent. Therefore, it is imperative that 100 per cent compaction of concrete is
one of the most important aim to be kept in mind in good concrete-making
practices.

b) Compaction by Vibration
(i ) Internal vibrator (Needle vibrator)
(ii ) Formwork vibrator (External vibrator)
(iii ) Table vibrator
(iv ) Platform vibrator
(v ) Surface vibrator (Screed vibrator)
(vi ) Vibratory Roller
Full Marks can be awarded if any 5 points among the above are briefly
explained]

8. a) Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity L3 CO4 [5M]

The value of E is found out by actual loading of concrete i.e., the static
modulus of elasticity does not truly represent the elastic behaviour of concrete
due to the phenomenon of creep. The elastic modulus of elasticity will get
affected more seriously at higher stresses when the effect of creep is more
pronounced. Attempts have been made to find out the modulus of elasticity
from the data obtained by non-destructive testing of concrete. The modulus of
elasticity can be determined by subjecting the concrete member to longitudinal
vibration at their natural frequency. This method involves the determination of
either resonant frequency through a specimen of concrete or pulse velocity
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 travelling through the concrete. (More detail on this aspect is given under the
chapter (‘Testing of concrete’). By making use of the above parameters
modulus of elasticity can be calculated from the following relationship
[3 Marks]

[2 Marks]

b) Definition of Durability L2 CO5 [5M]

The durability of cement concrete is defined as its ability to resist weathering
action, chemical attack, abrasion, or any other process of deterioration.
Durable concrete will retain its original form, quality, and serviceability when
exposed to its environment
[2 Marks]
Significance of Durability
When designing a concrete mix or designing a concrete structure, the
exposure condition at which the concrete is supposed to withstand is to be
assessed in the beginning with good judgement. In case of foundations, the
soil characteristics are also required to be investigated. The environmental
pollution is increasing day by day particularly in urban areas and industrial
atmospheres. It is reported that in industrially developed countries over 40 per
cent of total resources of the building industries are spent on repairs and
maintenance.
Factors affecting durability of concrete:
Freezing and Thawing
_ Moisture Movement
_ Transition Zone
_ Biological Process
_ Structural Design Deficiencies
_ Chemical Action
_ Sulphate Attack
_ Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
_ Acid Attack
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 _ Concrete in Sea Water
_ Carbonation
_ Chloride Attack
_ Crack Width
[3Marks]
c) Aerated Concrete L2 CO6 [5M]
Aerated concrete is made by introducing air or gas into a slurry composed of
Portland cement or lime and finely crushed siliceous filler so that when the mix
sets and hardens, a uniformly cellular structure is formed. Though it is called
aerated concrete it is really not a concrete in the correct sense of the word. As
described above, it is a mixture of water, cement and finely crushed sand.
Aerated concrete is also referred to as gas concrete, foam concrete, cellular
concrete. In India we have at present a few factories manufacturing aerated
concrete.
[3 Marks]
Advantages of Aerated concrete
Concrete of densities 300kg/m3 to 1100kg/m3 can be obtained.
Compressive strength varies from 12Mpa to 14Mpa for a
concrete of density 500kg/m3.
Generally autoclaved aerated concrete is used.
Aerated concrete has higher thermal movement, higher shrinkage and higher
moisture movement compared to light weight aggregate concrete of same
strength
[2 Marks]

Signature of staff Signature of HOD

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