2013-14

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

RAHUL
KUSHWAHA
KVN02 NSB,
VISAKHAPATNAM

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l(ENDHJYA YIOYALAYA NO. 2

NAUSENABAUGH.~SAKHAPATNAM
DEPARTMENT OF PH'r'Sl CS

CEl{'l'lf'ICATE

1 hi~ i, to ,cnify that R.\lll L Kl'S11\\',\II ,\. ,1 ,tudcnt ofcla,s XII -.\ l1.1s
,u,:,,,,full~ complctcJ the r.-,carch on the bdow mentioned project under the
gu,Jancc ul MR. RJ\ \Ir-. \ R,\O ( Suhjc.:l l cad1cr ) during the ) .:rn 20 13- 1-l in
panial fulfillm.:111 of phy,1c~ pr,KIICJI c,.11111111111011 comlu,h:d by 1\ ISSCE. ;-.;c11
Ddl11

S1g.n,11urc lll .:,t.:mal c,.1111in.:r S1g11atur.: of phy,1n 1c;1chcr

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1111. the accc~pilshw.t~ of thts pY~eet sweeessfl,(Lltj, ~""ti
pwplt have best ~ c ( i.cpoll\, w.t thti.Y bltsst"'-05 A~ the heayt
pt.utgw si..cpport, thts tiw.t , a~ i.<ttUz~ to tha~ aLL the
people who have bu"" eoll\Un-1.t&t wtth pYC~eet.

Pn~rU.ti I wol,(td tha~ 90d for bei"'-0 able to eo~pltte thts

prajeet wtth 51.(eetSS. Thell\, r wow~ Wu to tha""~ ""-l:j prt111,C.tpat
Mr, .s,y.?,gb1-t a~ -pht:,s~s ttae~er Mr.&a&.t:!-0 &aP- whose
valuable gwu:tall\U has ~ the 011\.ts that helpw w.t patch thts
pr~ect a~ ~Rt U: f~U. -proofs~ his s~gesti.o....s a~ his
~tn.<etto~ has stYVtd as t'1e \11,\.Qjor eo~bt.<tor towards the
c.o~pl.tt:to"" of t'1e project.

Thell\. r wol,(td Wu to tha~ ~ti part~ a""c;I fiiell'IAS who '1avt

helped w.t wtt'1 thetY valwlblt swg9es~~ a~ 91,(_u:tall\-U has
bu"" htlpfl-d ~ van.ct.<S p'1ases of the eo~plttto"" of t'1e prajeet.

ust bt.<t 111-0t the Least I wol,(_td Ltilu to tna ....~ ~11 c.Lass~ates
w'1o have helped w.t a Lot:.
INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQ UIRED
1

7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. OBSERVATION
9. CONCLUSION
10. PRECAUTION
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION

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1-tf, hC1111.sf',..,.,,_ •\ •,a,, •{,,, .-..,,,
.-1nc,. ,(!:.•!!lse:. •,,e 4 c 1,cltC1£!S i-;.
catlet.l a '>'.ell ~•M •1 c,.- •.fer.-.· !1.

'T1£1111.S 1 c,.-.,,, LS. •• ,,!t!.!c,!. a.-. ess:v.~1al "f-L!ct ~{ ,q:.-pa,a':1.<S.

bet;, fo• Aif):, a,..ct le·,•, ,..,,. !•'-t :~• :.~t-:.S.

OBJEC'IWE.
rp £111,vt.stif}ate the rtl.tltlp111, betw¢t111, the ratto of-
l. IVlf>l,(t Qv I C..tt"rt II. ') _ ! .
:::i. Nl,(i".-,~r cf ti.o-v.iv~ ~ tn # seecw.:(ar-i::, coU a~ ;.,i.,....art, cci.l ~
a S!L-' ,•.-.Ql:t! t,av.r.forl'.-..!}.

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..,\.... ,:.. · ,· · ,· 1 "' 1 :c;.;..to-, t,, :1~=-. -he.\ ... ~e vJ,__, . . , j ' ....., ..r i,.•... !.l..,:""
, ,. , . • . ' , .. , ~ :'i.!.:."'AC.1 .:>,~u t_l"" 1 0 1 '> . ,. C~".f.t- •ll\.~~,,. ,.) •• !~•,.• • .-tr . •

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• .-:! ~-,..;!• ev ::: 1E £:. ) ~v• •_,.! . .- JC!v.' C!.r,::~..-:s ·.C!.t{!S c-+ •,·! cii:,r,l,! d ~ .... )
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.. ✓~ •_,.,.,:,V\..-! C _1_; :,..;..,¥:At ll, :.;,.. : ;·! ~tt.~A~• :.,.t :.,t. :.S C t.\;!/.. t.t.A 1

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f · f. - ' Ci E - r
Ti· •.-_; -
t;,:~ : ./'.....- - ~v.. t.,tt :,. ¥'~..-

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 IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

Step Down Transformer

Primary Secondary

1000V ~ v
2A 50 turns 10 Wfffl 10 A

2000W 2000W

,.1I ,, -

C: € I

C, 1, • E I Or

E I t:, 111 1. I I = K

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IN A S'l'EP-UP TRANSFORMER
Step Up Transfonner
Primary Secondary

100 v ~
10 A ( ..:,5tun1a
c:, )
,)

1000W 1000W

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EffiCIENC\'

L !,

11 f: I L- I

1~.. "'~s t ...-.. ~~ .. J!.J ·,o..-..:>1',..,,. ... ~, • .•.,!•! ... ,.. ~,- s vi:,t. t'.·.. e, t~:.S, t) == 1.
r-. . .~: ~v.. o.:.--;,..,_? .. ;.,,:.~ .. :.!. ~,-!,~ -'•! ,·.•..11'• .,,. - , #, c;.sts·
.. .,,,!,!!'\.,! " ri!
. :-r , r
~L:.t.!.·-:.v ,..,. · ,!Jr!.·",, . . . !, LS !5.S ... ,.,~.. c; ✓~!.
~

efficiency. ,,, - O u tput Power x 1000/4

I n put Po,.·Jer

[ n put Pow e r - Lo sses x 10 0 0-'>

Input Power

- 1- Lo sse s x 10 0 0/4
JnputPo•N er

£NER6YLO~-WS

!, ~per/,q$S t:. +--.-~ :•·. e•C-V

j
.. r:i.r- :...-.. ...... ~.:,..,"I"-'.,,:,·!~·~..'\. .. ,,e C.'1,;.t~ ctLl ...
- Cl .. ,,y\.~--'"'•~--•!11 T•":.~ L-.$ ~ ..~! .. ,, '°\L-••! .-~,.-Lv..
- C.: C.'"'••-~,i\.-t.c.-ul".. ..-._, .•✓••t~
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r "' ., •
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t I • ., o
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. w .. .' .,.
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1,
~ ,., , 1,,.,:rr
,,

.: ttystmsi.s ipss . - . ..,- . -..

APPARATUS REQUIRED

IRL>NRL>P

COPP~R. WIRE

,, 11
) 't ,.
V

VOL TMffT'ffR AMMRllfR

< 11 of 16 > L ..:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The na,tu.il ind~illCP tenn in tilt primary The trotull induruncl tffln In !ht
clKuk rtpffM!n11 !ht 10,d ol !ht MCondary. MCondiry rtpmtnU thf coupling from
It his !ht negat!Ye sign beawf It htlps tilt tilt prln-.ry and acts .s thf wl~
source to product mort wntnt In rtSpOlllf
to lnc~ng I~ In!ht lfConct.,y circuit .._,
IOUICf that drlws thf MCO~ CINI.

\ M ~M
V, = I, RI +½Al
M' - A1 Ms
f:J l~f~=I R,+ . s
f:J s • f:J

Prmary
Ip RI
~

IAONCME

PROCEDURE
~., ~ ,~ · , ict< L-• "v,. )~) .::.tV\...! c~v~, L._ ,·.~·.. ,.. , ._ li!..C"- µi?~!, A/'.. ) ·.·.1..vi..!) o
l;,; •! / .. n~1.tlt • (Jtl,ftv\.S. ,_,."t~'lt.V'1,C ...t .•.L.1!: , ,.. .. ,~L-C,~ ic>:..::., l->-11,.,1 .·r) r,·l.••

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- c•,..,.,, .. ,1-, :,..,. ,. n , , ~ .. ,.
- · ·- • - !> .. , • .,II ..... --··
•
....
'"" Jl,r,e-1 .. , , .. , ..: ... ~_,,
~- :.,·,__ ..,JI" ... ,..
"1,,.
., ,, ,
) , ., ,-. - , ..• " " , · ...
. . . . . . . . ...........
- -
..
,, , fA
_ .. ..
J v
< • " l' ' ~;,
... . ... A • • ,vi:.,,... , ~ ...... ,
,..[ ., ..<tt~,~
., ,. J-n,
.... ~ -
- ,.) """'" • ' • ·-~
-~ .........
•~.,,-• •., 1.. , ..' ,.
~ ... T t"tL~
, .. '
v
:.oi·.s....-:..< .. es. -,·t ~!:. .r..;~.1,.~ :." ..... -- .. s r> .;~:.~ i" : .•.. "" 1 '-v-..Sfr, ,. .,. !;
-;,, C~ :.'"-.A~i:. .. t...L ;..~ .. .. 4 C .,v..l l'A.! :):,'.; ..{t~ t'-f"! t '\.l,. ,..(._
l',,'.~ .. I'-- \,rt• '> ,:e ~- :i
C.:.!. ,,~,\ .. ;.(S,t ✓...O 4.C ,.,c - . .... ~·:., 1,·.J 'l, ..1_,....,~..t• ,i:S,F-!-- i·,., t .. L-•
- v
~as . ~• ~ r,·~
.¢ s .. ..-.,.lla,tv..
~
V. 1 r ..,~ .,: ,.,,.., .... ,o~
~
i, ..•.. ~ ,:.f..,( r ,tv.. -- r- ,-,• , 1"1 ..1.C•,·
- $!.av\.)

Q~\ :I .; ..o 't !,•.,- · ~, ,. ., C> I', ;,1~ ....., Ot ., , , ..,.. ] ~~:,.~!', .,, ~ll ~ .:t·;,
J
~ i, ' tPir..S""'' " • , ..~ ! t
: . - ri:. 1 a· at. s· ..,.:i. :,., ,.. , ! , 'i 1 l.: ,'.•~~ -- ""r O~•...s..f,. ,..A, , $ (;':J :.::!lV"..g . Ao.
v: u.• ~=• ,..; · ;.,t , .......:;. t ...~ 1., ·-'-' ,rv. r;>.•. j ~!: ~A-:'R , v., .:. Lt .

USES OF TRANSFORMER
A tr:t1Yl.S{prn¢r ls used in atmpst all a.c. eptrntioYl.S-
).- '""voltaoe 1eC1t.{Lato1 ;~,,
I..,
T.v.• 1e.r,,_...•e,ator, col>".\Tl~<teY,
,..1 r ai.r
COll\.d.L::L.O~I, ttC.
:,. A step i ow1" ~. !:111\.&· ' tll'l.~! • t S v.5!?. Ior wtl!-1LVl.0 p1,u~oses.
► f-\ Stel) jov-,.·. tt O.,.~.t"t ,.- !t LS 1.(.5:;~ Ior o~tClLII\.Lll\.g ta ..ge
cI,{ rrell\.t.
► A. : -.te-µ 1-tT, 1:1 a,'\S.r, r .,.At, LS ~tS.~~ f o• tlr.e -p, ochtcti.ov.. of X-R.ft ~s
CllM( Nf:ON aaverti.sew.e:A.~.
► Trt;1V1.S.tc,
I ' .,._. ::rs are l,(.S,f:;I i,:,,. v<'Lccioe
., I f"11,,(Lators
., Clll\.c! stabi.li.zecl
po•.,,,::1 s.C""t.LL!S.
► Trav.sforw.ers are v..se~ t.11'. tilt ~t();\,SA\.lSSL0 "'-5 fr Cl.C. over
., c!i.s:av..-c.es .
Loll\.CI
).- SV'.\.CllL trav.sfcrw.ers an! ....se?. Li'\. R.adi.o sets. -elep~c-v.es. Lol,,(c!
speal<-E•S ClV\.~ electn!:. b:!ll.s t::c

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SOURCES OF ERROR
1. val~ of. cwtev.±: cav. te c,ia~!!il cl..A.! to rieatL"'2) effect.
2 . Ed:l.!j cl,.(nevu: call\. crici~e ~l--:e teacAi.v..gs.

CONCLUSION
J.. r ne O:.ttput vclta~e c-f •l-:e. t,"v..sJ"c,-.-.1.!r ae, css tr.e seeo.-.,1ci, tJ :oil
:i!}!.-.Gts t.q::O"- t, • 1t!~10 (~.Js. 1~-lll) ,·.i•h r'5p•c• to •,i! t"-f"t vol~Clf:)t
:,,. r I-le ~t"T i.tt vo(.~" .!e c-! ti'\! tYav.sfc• .v ,, Cle ,oss t:ie secc.-...."cH !:j coil
1q.!~ i.qio"' tnt 1>'•10 l'-'S'~-' p) ~.·ltl11!S1;•ct ~o 'Y:e tv.pttt voltcige
7 • 1 l'.e, e ii-. A Lb5s of 'f'O"·• !• ttn-.eev. 1v.}'L<t a~ 'tA.tj-,t~ coil c{ a
ti C!l".S{CI•~ 1 1 .

PRECAUTIONS
•

•
•
I
1. Kttp safe 1101,(rself fro '¾ 11i£11 vol:age.
2. W~Lle ta~~vi.g r~e Yta!il Lv...gs of cL,(rre111,t a111,!il voltage t~e A. .C
sl1oL,(Lcl tel¾l:! LII\. cov..sta111,t.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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INFORMATION
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THANI<
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