“Types of Chemical Reaction”

June 2023

INTRODUCTION
A combination reaction is a reaction in which two or more substances combine to
form a single new substance. Combination reactions can also be called synthesis
reactions. One combination reaction is two elements combining to form a compound.
Solid sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas to produce solid sodium chloride. When
nonmetals react with one another, the product is a molecular compound. Often, the
nonmetal reactants can combine in different ratios and produce different products.
Sulfur can also combine with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide. Transition metals are
capable of adopting multiple positive charges within their ionic compounds. Therefore,
most transition metals are capable of forming different products in a combination
reaction.

A decomposition reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound

breaks down into two or more substances. It is the opposite of a combination reaction.
Sometimes, a complex chemical species breaks down into simple parts. The starting
substance is called the reactant, and the resulting substances are called products.
During a decomposition reaction, the bonds between the atoms break down in the
starting substance. The atoms then rearrange to form new bonds, resulting in new
substances with properties different from the starting material. There are three types of
decomposition reactions. Thermal Decomposition, In this reaction, energy in the form of
heat is required to break the bonds of the compound. The reaction is generally
endothermic, i.e., heat is added to the reaction. Electrolytic Decomposition, In this
reaction, decomposition occurs when an electric current is passed through an aqueous
solution of the compound. Photo or Photochemical Decomposition, In this reaction, light
(photons) is used to decompose the compound.

A single replacement reaction is a chemical reaction where one element replaces

another in a compound. It is also known as a single displacement reaction. Single
replacement reactions occur when A is more reactive than B or product AC is more
stable than BC. A and B can be either two metals (including hydrogen; C is an anion) or
else two halogens (C is a cation). If BC and AC are in aqueous solutions, C acts as a
spectator ion. There are two different scenarios for single replacement reactions. In one
form of the reaction, one cation replaces the other. In the other form of the reaction, one
anion replaces the other. But, if the reactant in element form is not more reactive than
the other cation, no reaction occurs. In some cases, the reverse reaction is favored, but
the forward reaction is not.

A double displacement is a reaction in which the positive and negative ions of

two ionic compounds exchange places to form two new compounds. The general form
of a double-displacement (also called double-replacement). There are three types of
double displacement reactions: formation of a precipitate, formation of gas, and
formation of salt and water. Formation of a Precipitate Precipitates form in a double-
displacement reaction when the cations (positively charged ions) from one of the
reactants combine with the anions (negatively charged ions) from the other reactant to
form an insoluble ionic compound. Such types of reactions are known as precipitation
reactions. Formation of a Gas Some double-displacement reactions form a gaseous
product which then bubbles out of the solution and escapes into the air. When solutions
of sodium sulfide and hydrochloric acid are mixed, the products of the reaction are
sodium chloride, that remains dissolved in water, and hydrogen sulfide gas, which
smells of rotten eggs. Formation of Salt and Water. Another kind of double-
displacement reaction is the neutralization reaction in which acid reacts with a base to
produce salt and water. When aqueous hydrochloric acid is reacted with aqueous
sodium hydroxide, the products are sodium chloride and water. Since sodium chloride is
soluble in water, it remains dissolved in water and can be separated by the process of
vaporization in which water is removed by heating. The salt left behind is an ingredient
used in food preparation.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of this study is to determine how the different types of
reactions diversity to each other. And how this experimentation will benefit Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) students.
 PROCEDURES

A. Combination Reaction:

Materials:
1. Calcium oxide (quick lime)
2. Jet Tube
3. Beaker
4. Test Tube
5. Distilled Water

Procedure:
● Take a small quantity of calcium oxide (quick lime) in a beaker.
● Slowly add water to the quick lime taken in the beaker. Pour enough water so
that the quick lime remains submerged in the water.
● Touch the beaker with fingers to note the temperature.
● Leave the beaker undisturbed for some time.
● Take a small quantity of clear solution from the beaker in a test tube and blow
exhaled air into the lime water.

Results/Observation:

● When water is added to quick lime, a suspension of slaked lime is formed.

● On touching the beaker we feel it is hot.
● A clear solution appears as the suspension of slaked lime settles down to the
bottom of the beaker.
● On blowing exhaled air that contains sufficient carbon dioxide, lime water turns
milk.
Illustration:

Credit to the owner: https://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=3&sim=79&cnt=2

B. Decomposition Reaction:

Materials:
1. Bunsen Burner
2. Ferrous Sulphate Crystals
3. Test Tube Holder
4. Boiling Tube

Procedure:

Real Lab Procedure:

● Take about 2g of ferrous sulfate crystals in a dry boiling tube and note the color
of the crystals.
● Hold the boiling tube with a test tube holder and heat the boiling tube over the
flame of a burner.
● Smell the gas being emitted.
● Observe the color of the crystals after heating.

Results/Observation:

● The ferrous sulfate crystals are light green in color.

● The gas emitted has the characteristic odor of burning sulfur.
● On heating, the color changes from light green to white.
● On further heating, the white substance changes to dark brown solid.
Illustration:

Credit to the owner:

:https://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=3&sim=80&cnt=2#:~:text=Real%20Lab
%20Procedure%3A,of%20the%20crystals%20after%20heating.
C. Single Replacement:

Materials:
1. Thread
2. Sand Paper
3. Iron Nail
4. Test Tube
5. Copper Sulfate Solution
6. Stand with Clamp

Procedure:
● Clean two iron nails of sufficient size by rubbing them with sand paper so that
their color appears grayish.
● Take a sufficient quantity of copper sulfate solution in two different test tubes.
● Clamp the test tubes to different stands.
● Tie one nail using a thread and hang in one test tube. Tie the other end of the
thread to the stand.
● Keep the other nail in a Petri dish for comparison after the experiment.
● Keep the two test tubes undisturbed for about 15 minutes.
● Remove the iron nail immersed in the copper sulfate solution and put it in the
Petri Dish.

Results/Observation:

● There is a brown coating on the iron nail dipped in the copper sulfate solution.
Whereas the iron nail placed in the Petri dish shows the grayish color of iron.
● The color of the solution of copper sulfate in which the iron nail was dipped
changes to light greenish, whereas the color of copper sulfate solution in the
other test tube does not change.
Illustration:

Credit to the owner: https://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=3&sim=81&cnt=2

D. Double Displacement

Materials:
1. Sodium Sulfate Solution
2. Dil. HCI
3. Barium Chloride Solution
4. Erlenmeyer Flask
5. Test Tube
6. Glass Rod

Procedure:
● Take 2 ml of sodium sulfate solution in a test tube.
● Take 1ml of barium chloride solution in another test tube.
● Add barium chloride solution to sodium sulfate solution.
● Observe the change.

Results/Observation:

● A white precipitate appears that is insoluble in dilute HCl.

Illustration:

Credit to the owner: https://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=3&sim=82&cnt=2

 GENERALIZATION

The generalization of this paper is that the 4 types of reaction have their own
differences in chemical and mechanical parts. This paper can help the STEM students
to give guidance in making the experiment in the lab. This paper can be their guidelines
paper.