lOMoARcPSD|31813454

DSR Vaishnavi Kakde - No thank

Computer Engineering (शासकीय तंत्रनिकेतन अंबड)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)
 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AMBAD

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

( DESIGN OF STEEL AND RCC STUCTURE )

A MICRO-PROJECT REPORT ON

“Brief Study Of Shear Rainforcement”

FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(CIVIL ENGINEERING-3rd YEAR, SEM-V)

2022-2023

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MR.A.R.BAIS.

SUBMITTED BY

2111620392 KAKDE VAISHNAVI

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

CERTIFICATE

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AMBAD

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(DESIGN OF STEEL AND RCC STRUCTURE ) (22502)

This is certify that Mr/Ms _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ the Micro-project entitled “Brief Study Of Shear Rainforcement ”being submitted herewith

for the award of DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY in CIVIL

ENGINEERING of MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD & TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(MSBTE) is the result of Micro-project work completed under my supervision and guidance.

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

DECLARATION

We, the undesired, hereby declare that the project entitled ' “Brief Study Of Shear

Rainforcement ” ' is written and submitted by us to Government Polytechnic Ambad during Year
2020-21, fifth Semester for partial fulfillment of the ‘Micro Project’ requirement of ‘ ’subject under
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai curriculum, under the guidance of

MR.A.R.BAIS.

The empirical findings in this project are based on the data collected in this project is not
copied from any other sources.

ENR. NO
NAME OF STUDENTS SIGNATURE

2111620392 KAKDE VAISHNAVI

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have great pleasure to express my immense gratitude towards a dynamic person and

my project guide MR.A.R.BAIS, Department of CIVIL ENGINEERING, Government

Polytechnic, Ambad for giving me an opportunity to work on an interesting topic over fifth
semester. The work presented here could not have been accomplished without his most
competent and inspiring guidance, incessant encouragement, constructive criticism and
constant motivation during all phases of our group Micro-project work. I am greatly indebted
to him.

I am very much thankful to MR. P.V.MORE, Head Of Department of Civil

Engineering & all HODs of various departments and Dr. JINTURKAR ,Principal,
Government Polytechnic, Ambad, for his encouragement and providing me a motivating
environment and project facilities in the Institute to carry out experiments and complete this
Micro-project work.

I would like to extend our thanks to all our professors, staff members and all
our friends who extended their co-operation to complete the project.

I am indeed indebted to my parents and other family members for their

immense help at all levels with moral, social & financial support, care and support
throughout my studies without which my work would not have seen light of the day.

With warm regards,

Place: Ambad Yours Sincerely

Date:
Mr/Miss………………………..

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

PART A

Micro- Project Proposal

(Format for micro-project proposal)

5thSeme

Title of Micro-project
Brief Study Of Shear Rainforcement

Brief introduction :

Columns are usually considered as vertical structural elements, but they can be positioned in any
orientation (e.g. diagonal and horizontal compression elements in a truss). Columns are used as
major elements in trusses, building frames, and sub-structure supports for bridges (e.g. piers).

Aim of the micro project :

1.To learn the information regarding different types column and beams used in rcc design .

2. To learn importance of each software and clear the all concept of regarding that .

3.To known the what is application column and beams , various commands etc .

Course outcomes :

1) We have studied the concept of Rcc Design with respects to columns.

2) Study the types and application of filled.

Proposed Methodology :

1..Fist we discussed the topic of project to the related subject teacher .

2.Then we meet to sir and discuss about project topic and suggestions for project and sir give
advice for project.

3.First all of we collect the information about the micro-project topic with help of internet,
reference books available in the library.

4.We collected information in sequence such as we will collect all information about the point
of project.

5. Weekly we meet the teacher or guide and discuss about that topic and daily searching
information

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

6.Then we add the point literature review in which we reported that the we gated from the
person, reference book, Google and other resources.

4.0) Action Plan:-

Sr.No Details of activity Planned start Planned Name of Responsible

date Finish Date student

1 Finding out resources of 20/08/2022 5/09/2022 VAISHNAVI

Micro-project

2 Getting the 5/09/2022 20/09/2022 VAISHNAVI

informnaction about
Micro-project

3 The collection of 20/09/2022 5/10/2022 VAISHNAVI

information and
arranged information

4 Making report on Micro- 05/10/2022 20/10/2022 VAISHNAVI

project

5 Making proposal of 23/10/2022 1/11/2022 VAISHNAVI

project report

6. Final soft copy seen our 10/11/2022 15/11/2022 VAISHNAVI

teacher and selected our
project.

Then our project is 7/12/2022 15/12/2022 VAISHNAVI

making a spiral binding
7. and submitted

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

(5.0) Resources Required:-

Sr.No Name of Resources Specification Quantity Remark

1 Internet 2GB 01

2 Laptop/Computer Word 2013 01

3 Relative Text Books DSR 01

Sr.no Name of student Enroll.no Signature

01 KAKDE VISHNAVI GORKHANATH 2111620392

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

His paper presents the results of a study on shear reinforcement of reinforced

concrete (RC) beams strengthened with carbon fiber (CF) reinforced plastics sheets.
The CF sheets are externally bonded on both sides of the beam using epoxy resin
adhesive. Six RC beam specimens are tested under antisymmetric bending load.
Some specimens are crack-damaged by pre-loading, or crack-damaged and
afterwards repaired by injecting epoxy resin into the cracked parts. A simple analysis
of shear transfer in the strengthened beam is performed by using the truss model to
evaluate shear-reinforcing effects of the CF sheet. The result indicates that the
ultimate shear strength of the strengthened beam is about 1.3 to 1.8 times higher
than that of the virgin beam, and the shear-reinforcing effect of the sheet can be
fairly well predicted by the analysis using the truss model and the bond test results of
concrete members strengthened with the CF sheets.

Abstract
The Australian Concrete Code (AS 3600) went through a number of significant
changes to the shear provisions in the last decade through the introduction of the
modified compression field theory. However, there were some discrepancies
identified, specially related to the minimum shear reinforcement provisions. This
paper investigates the parameters which affect the reserve strength of shear
reinforcement using a database of shear tests of beams with minimum shear
reinforcement. The current minimum shear reinforcement provisions in Australian
concrete code (AS 3600-2018), Australian bridge design code (AS 5100-2017) and
American concrete institute code (ACI 318-19) were reviewed using a database of
1237 shear tests of beams without shear reinforcement. According to the
requirements for providing shear reinforcement, AS 3600-2018 demonstrated 50 %
lower safety margin compared to ACI 318-19 and AS 5100-2017. Thus, in recent
amendment 2 of the AS 3600 (released for public discussion) proposed a secondary
factor, ks, to increase the safety of the requirement of shear reinforcement. In this
study, effectiveness of the ks factor and an author defined constant factor, 0.75 were
evaluated against the shear tests database. The conclusions based on the statistical
analysis confirms that 0.75 factor is more efficient in increasing the safety margin
compared to the ks factor.

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

Introduction
Shear failures in structural elements result in dangerous and sudden structural failures.
Therefore, designers must always prevent shear failure and, a well-designed reinforced
concrete structure, even when subjected to extreme loadings, should not fail in shear. Unlike
flexural failures, shear failures demonstrate very brittle failure patterns, especially, members
with inadequate shear reinforcement can explicitly fail with limited prior warning. Therefore,
it is generally required to provide adequate shear reinforcement to avoid brittle failure after
the formation of the critical diagonal shear crack, and also to maintain the crack width at a
satisfactory level .
In general, reinforced concrete beams constructed out of High Strength Concrete (HSC) have
shown very brittle failure modes due to smooth crack surfaces .
Further, beams with larger depths and lower amounts of longitudinal reinforcement can
experience very brittle failure due to the larger width of the diagonal cracks .
In both scenarios, the aggregate interlock mechanism is incapacitated resulting in a lower
shear strength after the formation of the critical shear crack. Thus,
in a transversely reinforced beam, stirrups perform a major role in safeguarding the
aggregate interlock mechanism by controlling the crack width of diagonal shear cracks .
According to shear design practice, if the design sectional shear force is greater than the
sectional shear resistance provided by the concrete,
shear reinforcement should be provided to balance the design shear force and the sectional
capacity. If the design shear strength is lower than the shear resistance provided by
concrete, depending on the size of the member, a minimum amount of shear reinforcement
should be provided to account for uncertainties in evaluating the shear capacity provided by
concrete .
The reserve strength index, which was initially introduced by Johnson and Ramirez, was
effectively used in evaluating the shear resistance of shear reinforcement . It is always
necessary to maintain a uniform reserve strength and reserve deflection in order to
minimize the brittle failures, especially for HSC elements and deeper elements .
According to the shear design guidelines in the Australian concrete design code (AS 3600-
2018) and the Canadian code (CSA A23.3-04), a minimum amount of shear reinforcement
should be provided depending on the level of the design shear force .

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

The AS 3600-2018 and Australian bridge design code (AS 5100-2017) provide two different
limiting levels of shear force to decide the requirement of shear reinforcement.
This difference can lead to confusion among structural engineers. Later, AS 3600-2018
amendment 2 was released for public discussion, in which a new factor, ks was defined .
Further, Eurocode 2 recommends providing the minimum amount of shear reinforcement
if VEd≤VRd,c except for members such as slabs (solid, ribbed or hollow core slabs) and
members with minor structural importance (e.g. lintels) . Moreover, according to the current
ACI code (ACI 318-19), minimum shear reinforcement must be provided if the design shear
force is greater than ∅λfc'bwd (psi) .
Thus, it is clear that design codes have imposed different levels of requirements to provide
shear reinforcement. It is now a suitable time to resolve this concern since two major code
provisions were published recently (AS 3600-2018 and ACI.
This paper presents a database of shear tests of beams with minimum shear reinforcement
collected from literature and an investigation into parameters which influence the reserve
strength of shear reinforcement.

This paper also discusses the differences among requirements to provide shear
reinforcement among current codes of practice. The safety margins to provide shear
reinforcement according to AS 3600-2018, AS 3600-2018 amendment 2, ACI 318-19 and AS
5100-2017 were reviewed using a database of shear tests of beams without shear
reinforcement.

Background to minimum shear reinforcement requirements

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

2.1. Shear failure mechanisms of beams with minimum shear

reinforcement

The shear failure of RC beams with shear reinforcement goes through two failure
modes: diagonal tension failure and diagonal compression failure, depending on the shear
span to depth ratio. In most experimental studies, a large amount of longitudinal
Reinforcement was used against flexural failures. Initially, flexural cracks are formed in the
maximum moment region as the bottom concrete surface reaches its tensile capacity. These
cracks are almost perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the beam. As the load
increases, flexural cracks spread to shear span of the beam. Further increase of the load
causes the flexural cracks to pass through the longitudinal reinforcement and propagate into
the mid depth of the beam. Due to the effect of shear stress at the mid depth of the beam,
these cracks gradually incline towards the loading point creating the so called flexural-shear
cracks .
After the formation of the critical flexural shear crack in beams without shear reinforcement,
shear failure can occur due to the failure of the aggregate interlock mechanism or concrete
crushing in the uncracked compression zone. However, using at least the minimum amount
of shear reinforcement can improve the ductility of the member and increases the shear
strength significantly . Therefore, the failure of beams with minimum shear reinforcement is
governed by the yielding of shear reinforcement. If the shear reinforcement has sufficient
strain hardening, the reserve strength can be significantly higher.
As a widely accepted practice, shear resistance provided by the concrete and shear
reinforcement are compatible for arithmetic addition. Therefore, in general, the shear
resistance of a beam with minimum shear reinforcement is provided by:

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

Overview of shear design provisions of AS 3600-2018 and ACI

318-19

Shear design provision of the AS 3600-2018 mostly resemble those of the Canadian code
[and Fib model code 2010 which are based on the simplified modified compression field
theory . In fact, the contribution of shear reinforcement, Vs is to be calculated using the
same equation as all other codes of practice. The concrete’s contribution to the shear
strength depends on the kv factor and the compressive strength of concrete. If a beam has
less than minimum shear reinforcement or no shear reinforcement, kv is defined as the
product of the strain effect factor and the size effect factor. The strain effect factor is
inversely proportional to the longitudinal strain in concrete. Under the “no slip” condition,
strain in concrete is equal to the strain in longitudinal reinforcement which is inversely
proportional to the longitudinal reinforcement ratio. Thus, when longitudinal reinforcement
ratio decreases, longitudinal strain of concrete increases. Subsequently, more flexural shear
cracks will be formed, and cracks will get wider incapacitating the aggregate interlock. Thus,
longitudinal strain of concrete is critically important in predicting the shear response of RC
beams without shear reinforcement.

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

Shioya, et al. found that crack spacing at mid-depth was augmented by the effective depth of
the beams and crack widths at mid-depth were also increased as member depths increased .
Consequently, shear due to aggregate interlock, which contributes to approximately 70 % of
the total shear resistance of a cracked section of normal strength concrete, is deteriorated
resulting in brittle shear failures . Crack width estimation is a key step in predicting shear
response. The Fib model code suggested that crack width at mid-depth can be evaluated as
the product of crack spacing and longitudinal strain. It is reasonably accurate to assume that
longitudinal strain is equal to the half of the strain in the longitudinal reinforcement .
Simplified MCFT of Bentz, et al. incorporates a size effect factor to their solution procedure
in order to compensate for the influence of crack spacing. In AS 3600-2018, the second term
of the “kv” represents the so-called size effect factor. Note that for elements containing both
longitudinal and shear reinforcement, the spacing of the diagonal cracks were typically less
than 300 mm (11.8 in). Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that crack spacing is equal to
300 mm (11.8 in) for beams Av > Av,min . It must also be noted that for RC beams with
transverse reinforcements, the shear response is independent of the size effect factor .
Thus, kv requires the longitudinal strain of a beam and the maximum size of the aggregates
to calculate the flexural-shear crack spacing along the shear span of the beam. It must also
be noted that, AS 3600-2018 provides an estimation of the angle of the inclination of the
concrete compressive strut to the longitudinal axis as a function of the longitudinal strain.
(1)Vuc=kvbvdvf'c(mm-N)Where:
fc' = Characteristic compressive (cylinder) strength of concrete at 28 days (fc' < 8 MPa (1160
psi)).
bv = Width of the section
dv = Effective shear depth of the member
Determination of the kv and θv,
For a section with at least minimum shear reinforcement;(2)kv=(0.41+1500εx)
(13001000+kdgdv)Where,
Ifc'≤ 65 MPa (9427 psi) and not light-weight concrete

(3)kdg=[3216+dg]

fc'> 65 MPa (9427 psi) or light-weight concrete

(4)kdg=2.0

Determination of the longitudinal strain in concrete εx,(5)εx=M*dv+V*-Pv+0.5N*-

Aptfpo2(EsAst+EpApt)(mm-N)

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

The angle of inclination of the concrete compression strut to the longitudinal axis of the
member (θv) shall be calculated as follows:(6)θv=(29+7000εx)
In the latest version of ACI 318, which was published in October 2019, the one-way beam
shear equation for non-prestressed concrete has been changed completely.

This has been done to include the size effect and the longitudinal reinforcement
ratio, as lightly reinforced members experienced lower shear strength than the predicted
shear strength of ACI 318-14 []. The new equation presented in ACI 318-19 [includes the
term ρw with the power of 1/3. Previous studies ,
which had performed regression analysis of experimental results, stated that shear
response of an RC beam is proportional to ρw1/3. The size effect factor in the new equation
is based on the proposal of Bažant, et al. and further reviewed in Yu, et al. .
Note that for beams without shear reinforcement, the size effect is neglected if the
effective depth of the beam is less than 254 mm (10 in). Further, if the beam is provided with
at least the minimum amount of shear reinforcement, the size effect can be neglected unless
the effective depth is greater than 2540 mm (100 in). One-way slabs not reinforced in shear
can significantly be influenced by the size effect. Unlike one-way slabs, in most practical
situations, beams are reinforced in shear, thus becoming size independent. The new design
approach in ACI 318-19 and other codes limit the contribution of high strength concrete to
shear strength. ACI 318-19 limits the concrete strength to 69 MPa (10,000 psi), unless the
member is provided with minimum shear reinforcement. Apart from the aforesaid change,
for non-prestressed beams, the minimum amount of shear reinforcements is required in all
regions where Vu>∅λfc'bwd replacing the ∅Vc2 from the previous code . More details of
the minimum shear reinforcement provisions are discussed later in this paper.
For sections with Av<Av,min,(7)Vc=[8λsλρw13f'c+Nu6Ag]bwd(in-lb)
(8)Vc=[0.66λsλρw13f'c+0.037NuAg]bwd(mm-N)
Note that axial load, Nu is positive for compression and negative for tension. Vc shall be in
the range of 0 and 5λf'cbwd (in-lb). The value of Nu6Ag shall not be taken greater
than 0.05f'c (in-lb).
Size effect modification factor, λs, shall be determined by,(9)λs=2(1+d10)(in-lb)
(10)λs=21+d254(mm-N)

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

2.3. Conditions where minimum shear reinforcement is

not required in codes of practice
According to the current codes of practice, minimum shear reinforcement must be
provided to prevent brittle shear failure. AS 3600-2018, CSA A23.3-04 and Fib model code
recommend providing minimum amount of shear reinforcement, if the design shear is less
than the shear capacity of concrete.
Thus, providing minimum shear reinforcement also ensures the safety margin,
although, the design methods are associated with uncertainties in predicting concrete shear
response (Vc).
However, both ACI 318-14 and ACI 318-19 have mentioned four conditions , where the need
for minimum shear reinforcement can be waived even if the design shear is less than ∅Vc.
The use of steel fibers in reinforced concrete has received more attention from the structural
engineers in the past few decades.
This strongly indicates that the use of steel fibers significantly increases the post cracking
shear strength of reinforced concrete and reduces the spacing and the width of diagonal
shear cracks .
After a comprehensive review of experimental studies, ACI 318-08 initially introduced a
waiving condition for minimum shear reinforcement allowing the use of steel fibers having a
volume fraction greater than 0.75 % as minimum shear reinforcement for normal strength
concrete of which the design shear falls between 0.5∅Vc≤Vu≤∅Vc . Several studies
concluded that the use of steel fibers with volume fraction greater than 0.75 % has
significantly increased the shear capacity of normal strength concrete supporting the
waiving condition of minimum shear reinforcement according to ACI 318 . However, further
studies are encouraged to investigate the effects of other variables on the shear capacity of
beams without shear reinforcement.
Eurocode 2 suggests omitting the minimum shear reinforcement in members such as hollow
core slabs where transverse redistribution of load is possible, and also due to manufacturing
difficulties [. Several studies have confirmed that deeper precast prestressed hollow core
slabs demonstrated lower shear capacity than what is predicted by the design standards .
Moreover, members with minor importance can also avoid providing minimum amount of
shear reinforcement. Due to these reasons, this paper discusses the importance of providing
a sufficient amount of minimum shear reinforcement where it is necessary.

2.4. Factors governing the reserve strength of minimum shear reinforcement

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

Extensive experimental studies have been conducted in the past to investigate the
effect of concrete strength on the shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beams without
shear reinforcement . High strength concrete shows high tensile strength having very high
cracking strength.
Thus, a larger amount of minimum shear reinforcement is inevitably required to
prevent sudden shear failure. The abovementioned experimental studies further
demonstrated that the amount of minimum shear reinforcement should be a function of the
compressive strength of concrete .
Johnson and Ramirez conducted eight beam tests with minimum shear
reinforcement where the concrete strength was in the range of 35 MPa to 72 MPa. After
evaluation of the test results, it was concluded that the reserved strength provided by shear
reinforcement diminished after the formation of the diagonal shear cracks for the beams
with higher compressive strengths of concrete .
Further, Roller and Russell tested ten reinforced high strength concrete beams
containing minimum shear reinforcement and concluded that the minimum shear
reinforcement specified by the ACI 318-83 must increase as the compressive strength of
concrete increases . Thus, all the design standards considered in this paper proposed
equations where minimum shear reinforcement is a function of the square root of concrete
strength.
illustrates the variation of amount of minimum shear reinforcement with
compressive strength of concrete for different codes of practice. However, Cladera and Mari
proposed a new equation for minimum shear reinforcement where it is directly proportional
to the tensile strength of concrete, fct,m .
It was seen that this minimum shear reinforcement also achieved appreciable
reserve strength. It is also important to note that the expression for amount of minimum
shear reinforcement in both AS 3600-2018 and Fib model code are the same. Therefore,
data corresponding to AS 3600 and Fib model code coincided as observed in .

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

Recommended minimum amount of shear reinforcement with concrete strength.

In fact, very few studies have been conducted to investigate the influence of other
parameters such as longitudinal reinforcement ratio, shear span to depth ratio and size of
the beam (size effect). There are different viewpoints on the size effect of RC beams with
shear reinforcement.
Frosch investigated the influence of size effect on reinforced concrete beams with minimum
shear reinforcement where two large-scale beams with minimum shear reinforcement
provided according to the ACI 318-95 were tested until shear failure .
Frosch also reported that based on the comparison of the large-scale beams and the smaller
scale beams with minimum shear reinforcement, the size of beam did not disturb the
reserve strength provided by the minimum shear reinforcement .
Further, Lubell et al. proved the fact that the minimum shear reinforcement specified
by ACI 318-08 can eliminate the size effect on the reserve strength of shear reinforcement .
However, Yu and Bažant found that the size effect cannot be suppressed completely for
beams with minimum or heavier shear reinforcement, especially, for those beams with a
depth greater than 1 m . Because of these highly variable conclusions, a complete
understanding of the influence of the size effect on beams with minimum shear
reinforcement is still far from satisfactory.

Lee and Kim investigated the effect of longitudinal reinforcement ratio and shear
span to depth ratio on beams with minimum shear reinforcement . Twenty-six RC beams
with minimum shear reinforcement specified as per ACI 318-05 were casted and tested until
shear failure. None of the design codes consider the effect of longitudinal reinforcement
ratio and shear span depth ratio in calculating minimum reinforcement. However, it was
observed in this study that the reserve strength of shear reinforcement increased as the
longitudinal reinforcement ratio increased, but, decreased when shear span to depth ratio
increased. No further studies were reported to ascertain the conclusions of Lee and Kim.
Therefore, the code provisions on minimum shear reinforcement were still kept unchanged.
Table B1 of Appendix B summarises the geometric properties, material properties
and the failure shear forces of the RC beam tests found in literature as discussed previously.

3. Minimum shear reinforcement provisions in codes of practice

3.1. AS 3600-2018 [

There are three conditions to provide minimum shear reinforcement according to AS 3600-
2018. Also note that, Fib model code has the same minimum shear reinforcement provision
except Fib code recommends to provide shear reinforcement irrespective of the design
section shear force

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

If one of the following conditions is satisfied, transverse shear reinforcement should be

provided,

V*>∅(Vuc+Pv) (11)

*>0.25∅Tcr (12)
The overall depth of the member D≥750 mm
The amount of minimum shear reinforcement shall be calculated using the following
equation:(13)Asv,mins=0.08fc'bvfsv,f
3.2. AS 3600-2018 Amendment 2

Shear reinforcement shall be provided in all regions for any of the following cases –

V*-γpPv>ks∅Vuc (14)
where:

if D ≤ 300 mm, ks=1.0; or

if 300 mm < D < 650 mm, ks=(1000-D)/700 ; else
if D ≥ 650 mm, ks=0.5
and γp is given in Clause 8.2.1.3.
Irrespective of the above, where it is shown by rational calculation to be satisfying
conditions of equilibrium and compatibility that a shear failure of the structural component
under consideration will not cause collapse of the structure, ks may be taken as 1.0.

T*>0.25∅Tcr
The overall depth of the beam or one-way slab D ≥ 750 mm

The amount of minimum shear reinforcement shall be calculated using the following
equation.(15)Asv,mins=0.08fc'bvfsv,f
3.3. AS 5100-2017

Requirements for shear reinforcement in AS 5100-2017 (Australian Bridge Design code) are
as follows.

Shear reinforcement shall be provided in the following conditions except for slabs less than
300 mm in depth and walls.

V*>0.5∅(Vuc+Pv)

T*>0.25∅Tcr

The overall depth of the member D≥750 mm

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

The amount of minimum shear reinforcement shall be calculated using the following
equation.(17)Asv,mins=0.08fc'bvfsv,f
It must be noted here that the only difference between the AS3600-2018 and AS5100-2017
is the 0.5 factor (Eq. 16) which is utilized to grade down the predicted shear force which
relates to the necessity of shear reinforcement.

According to ACI 318-19, for non-prestressed beams, the minimum amount of shear
reinforcement should be provided in all regions where Vu>∅λfc'bwd, except for the cases
listed below;
Shallow beams, h < 254 mm (10 in

Integral with slab, h≤ greater of 2.5 tf or 0.5 bw and h ≤ 610 mm (24 in)

For beams constructed with steel-fiber-reinforced normal-weight concrete

confirming to specific requirement of Steel Fiber Reinforcement Concrete (SFRC) and
with fc' < 41 MPa. (6000 psi)

Note that, the above cases were also listed in ACI 318-14. However, according to the ACI
318-14, the minimum amount of shear reinforcement had to be provided if the design shear
force was greater than ∅Vc2. According to the ACI 318-19, minimum shear reinforcement
shall be calculated as follows;(18)ρmin=0.065fc'fy(MPa)
3.5. CSA A23.3-04

A minimum area of shear reinforcement must be provided in the following conditions

according to CSA A23.3-04

In regions of flexural members where the factored shear force, Vf, exceeds Vc+Vp;

In regions of beams with an overall thickness greater than 750 mm; and

In regions of flexural members where the factored torsion, Tf, exceeds 0.25 Tcr.
The amount of minimum shear reinforcement shall be calculated as follows.
(19)Av=0.06fc'bwsfy
According to Eurocode 2, shear reinforcement is not required, if VEd≤VRd,c. However,
according to the detailing rules in section 9.2.2 of Eurocode 2(9), the minimum amount of
shear reinforcement should be provided except for members such as slabs (solid, ribbed or
hollow core slabs) and for members with minor importance which do not contribute
significantly to the overall resistance and stability of the structure.
The minimum amount of shear reinforcement according to section

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

4. Reserve strength of shear reinforcement

Using the shear test database presented in Appendix B, shear design provisions of AS 3600-
2018 and ACI 318-19 were reviewed for beams with minimum amount of shear
reinforcement]. The reserve strength of shear reinforcement is a critical factor in evaluating
the performance of shear reinforcement in preventing brittle shear failures.
Thus, the reserve shear strength index, which was proposed by Johnson and Ramirez, is
effectively used in evaluating the adequacy of provided shear reinforcement .
Moreover, the effect of test parameters:
compressive strength of concrete, size of the beams, shear span to depth ratio and amount
of longitudinal reinforcement, were assessed using the database with 155 shear tests (see
Appendix B). The reserve strength can be defined as the relationship between the diagonal
cracking strength and the failure shear stress.
In other words, it is measure of the remaining shear strength after concrete diagonal
cracking. As far as reserve strength index is concerned, it can be defined as VfVc, where Vf is
the failure shear force and Vc is shear force carried by concrete. Increasing the amount of
shear reinforcement explicitly increases the reserve strength index.
Thus, higher the amount of shear reinforcement higher the reserve capacity after diagonal
shear cracking. In , it is seen that between 0.3 and 0.4 MPa (ρyfy) of shear reinforcement,
the reserve strength index varies from 0.1 to 0.9.
This appears to be the effect of other test parameters such as compressive strength of
concrete, shear span/depth ratio and effective depth of beams on the reserve strength
index.

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

Reserve strength variation with amount of shear reinforcement (ρyfy).

shows variations in reserve strength index with compressive strength of concrete beams
with fairly constant (0.3−0.4 MPa) amount of shear reinforcement. It is important to note
that in , , , an equal number of data points (38 points each) were considered. The reserve
strengths of shear reinforcement decrease as the compressive strengths of concrete
increase, confirming the conclusions of previous studies . As far as average reserve strengths
are concerned, the highest average reserved strength index was observed for compressive
strength of concrete between 40 MPa and 50 MPa. Consequently, the average reserve
strength index was reduced with compressive strength, where 0.251, 0.317, 0.236 and 0.236
of average reserve strength indexes were observed in beams with compressive strength of
concrete were in the ranges of 50 MPa-60 MPa, 60 MPa-70 MPa, 70 MPa-80 MPa and 80
MPa-90 MPa respectively. In order to maintain a uniform reserve strength, the amount of
minimum shear reinforcement must increase proportionally to the increase of compressive
strength of concrete. Therefore, as agreed by all aforementioned codes of practice,
minimum amount of shear reinforcement has to be a function of compressive strength of
the concrete. shows agreement with the fact that increasing shear span to depth ratio (a/d),
reduces the reserve strengths of the shear reinforcement.

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|31813454

Variation of reserve strength index with compressive strength of concrete with

constant amount of shear reinforcement (0.3-0.4 MPa).

Variation of reserve strength index with shear span to depth ratio of beams with
fairly constant amount of shear reinforcements (0.3-0.4 MPa).

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail.com)