Bio-Zoology: Based On The New Syllabus 2019 - 2020

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BIO-ZOOLOGY
12
amilaruvi.in Based
www.tamilaruvi.in on the New Syllabus
www.tamilaruvi.in 2019 - 2020
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in AUTHORS
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
D. Purushothaman, www.tamilaruvi.in
M.Sc., M.Sc., M.Ed., M.Phil., www.tamil
PG Asst. St.Joseph’s Matric Hr. Sec. School,www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Chengalpattu.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
REVIEWER
www.tamilaruvi.in COMPLIER www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
V. Selvam, M.Sc., M.Sc., M.A., B.Ed., N. Purushothaman, DCE., B.Tech.,
PG Asst. Gurukulam Girls Hr. Sec. School, SSC Study Center,
Maduranthagam.
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amilaruvi.in(A Unit ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in PREFACE
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www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Greetings,
amilaruvi.in SURYA
www.tamilaruvi.in Biology -Zoology has been written
www.tamilaruvi.in strictly in accordance with new syllabus
amilaruvi.in and
www.tamilaruvi.in government of Tamil Nadu. Surya
new textbook released by the www.tamilaruvi.in Biology Zoology for
amilaruvi.in standard 12 is
www.tamilaruvi.in written with the sole objective of guiding
www.tamilaruvi.in the students to score the maximum
amilaruvi.in marks for the type of questions theywww.tamilaruvi.in
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board examination. This www.tamil
guide has been framed based on the ‘New 100 mark pattern’ and the public exam question
paper is for 70 marks. Ample number of question were added in each category, which help
the students to gain mastery over the subjects and can able to answer different types of
questions asked in Public examination.
It provides a precise and clear understanding of text and exercise from the examina-
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tion perspective. Each chapter consists www.tamilaruvi.in
of points to remember, Answer www.tamilaruvi.in
to textual question, www.tamil
multiple choice question, important www.tamilaruvi.in
additional questions in 2 marks,3 www.tamilaruvi.in
mark and 5 mark www.tamil
questions category, Creative questions, NEET based multiple choice questions. It helps to www.tamil
face all India competitive examination www.tamilaruvi.in
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Questions and answers are provided www.tamilaruvi.in
under the following headings www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART A - Choose the correct answerwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in (MCQ) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in • Textual questions
amilaruvi.in • Additional questions
amilaruvi.in • Match
www.tamilaruvi.in the following www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in • Assertion
www.tamilaruvi.in and reasoning www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in • NEET
www.tamilaruvi.in Based questions www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART B - Two
www.tamilaruvi.inmark question and answers
amilaruvi.in • Textual
www.tamilaruvi.in questions www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Additional questions
• Diagram based questions
PART C - Three mark question and answers
• Textual questions
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PART D – Five mark question and answers www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Textual questions www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Additional questions www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
It is hoped that this guide the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
present form will specify all types of learners and www.tamil
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amilaruvi.in Friendly suggestion for the enrichment
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amilaruvi.in book before the Enlightened Teaching
www.tamilaruvi.in Faculty and learning Fraternity
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amilaruvi.in suggestions and sustained patronage.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Publisher
amilaruvi.in 12 BIO-ZOOLOGY
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th
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CONTENTS
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CHAPTER
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inPAGE www.tamil
CHAPTER NAME
amilaruvi.in NO www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in NO.www.tamil
UNIT - 1
1. REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS 1-13
2. HUMAN REPRODUCTION 14-34
3. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 35-52
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in UNIT-2
amilaruvi.in 4. PRINCIPLES OF
www.tamilaruvi.in INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 53-72
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 5. MOLECULAR GENETICS
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 73-104
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 6. EVOLUTION
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in105-127
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 7. HUMAN HEALTH
www.tamilaruvi.in AND DISEASES
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in128-150
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 8. MICROBES IN
www.tamilaruvi.inHUMAN WELFARE
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amilaruvi.in 9. www.tamilaruvi.in
APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
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ORGANISMS AND POPULATION
www.tamil
BIODIVERSITY AND ITSwww.tamilaruvi.in
CONSERVATION www.tamilaruvi.in209-226
www.tamil
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in227-250
www.tamil
MODEL QUESTION www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in251-252
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CHAPTER
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in REPRODUCTION
www.tamilaruvi.in OF ORGANISMS
1
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www.tamilaruvi.in
POINTS TO REMEMBER
amilaruvi.in
 Reproductionwww.tamilaruvi.in
is the fundamental feature. www.tamilaruvi.in
 Types of budding www.tamilaruvi.in
- Exogenous budding -www.tamile.g.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Hydra,Endogenous
www.tamilaruvi.in budding - In Noctiluca, www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Types of reproduction: asexual and sexual
amilaruvi.inreproduction.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Gemmules - www.tamilaruvi.in
is a special types of asexual www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in reproduction occurs in freshwater sponges and in
 In Asexual reproduction only single www.tamilaruvi.in
parent www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
some marine sponges.
amilaruvi.ininvolvewww.tamilaruvi.in
and Offspring are genetically identical.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 In fragmentation, the parent body breaks into
 In Sexual
amilaruvi.in reproduction Two parents www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in involve www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
fragments (pieces) and each of the fragment later
amilaruvi.inin the reproductive process
www.tamilaruvi.in involving fusion of two
www.tamilaruvi.in
develop into a www.tamilaruvi.in
new individual. Eg. many genera www.tamil
of
gametes (ova and sperm)
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in sea
www.tamilaruvi.in anemones. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Types of asexual reproduction: fission,
amilaruvi.insporulation,
www.tamilaruvi.in Regeneration
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 is regrowth
www.tamilaruvi.in in the injured region.
www.tamil
budding, gemmule formation,
amilaruvi.infragmentation
www.tamilaruvi.in
and regeneration. www.tamilaruvi.in
 Regeneration iswww.tamilaruvi.in
of two types, morphallaxis www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in epimorphosis.
 Types of fission: binary fission, multiplewww.tamilaruvi.in
fission, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.insporulation and strobilation.
www.tamilaruvi.in  Epimorphosis
www.tamilaruvi.in is the replacement
www.tamilaruvi.in of lost body
www.tamil
parts.
 Simple binary
amilaruvi.in fission is seen in irregular www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in shaped www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inorganisms, Eg. Amoeba
www.tamilaruvi.in  Types
www.tamilaruvi.in of Epimorphosis
www.tamilaruvi.in- reparative and
www.tamil
restorative regeneration.
 In Transverse
amilaruvi.in binary fission, plane of thewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in division www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
runs along the transverse axis of the organism.  Syngamy is the fusion of two haploid gametes
takes place to produce a diploid zygote. www.tamil
 In Longitudinal binary fission this nucleus and
amilaruvi.inthe cytoplasm
divides in the longitudinal axis
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 Types of syngamy – Autogamy, Exogamy,
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inIsogamy,
Hologamy, Paedogamy,Merogamy, www.tamil
 Oblique binary fission is seen in dinoflagellates.
amilaruvi.ine.g. Ceratium
www.tamilaruvi.in Anisogamy www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Conjugation -It
www.tamilaruvi.in is the temporary union ofwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in the
 In multiple fission the parent body divides into
two individuals of the same species.
amilaruvi.inmany similar
www.tamilaruvi.in
daughter cells. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in  Phases of life cycle - Juvenile Phase,
 During www.tamilaruvi.in
unfavorable conditions www.tamilaruvi.in
Amoeba www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Reproductive Phase, Senescent Phase.
amilaruvi.inwithdraws its pseudopodia and secretes
www.tamilaruvi.in a
three-layered, protective, chitinous cyst wall  Types of animal (Based on breeding) - Seasonal
amilaruvi.inaround www.tamilaruvi.in
it and becomes inactive this is known as
Breeders, Continuous Breeders.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inEncystment
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Development of an egg into a complete
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 Strobilationwww.tamilaruvi.in
is a special type of transversewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
individual without fertilization is known www.tamil
as
amilaruvi.infission occur in some
www.tamilaruvi.in metazoan e.g. Aurelia . parthenogenesis.
 Plasmotomy
amilaruvi.in is the division of multinucleated
www.tamilaruvi.in  Types
www.tamilaruvi.in of www.tamilaruvi.in
Parthenogenesis : Natural
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inparent into many
www.tamilaruvi.in multinucleate daughter Parthenogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in and
www.tamilaruvi.in Artificial
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individuals Parthenogenesis.
 Sporulation is occur in Amoeba during  Types of animals (Based on the site of
amilaruvi.inunfavourable
conditions without encystment. development ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
embryo) - Oviparous, Viviparous, www.tamil
 In budding, the parent body produces one or
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ovoviviparouswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inmore budswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in SURYA
www.tamil
1
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.kalviexpress.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Chapter - 1www.tamilaruvi.in
| Reproduction of Organisms
XII Std - Zoology ´ Unit I
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II. Assertion: Offsprings produced by asexual
www.tamil
reproduction www.tamilaruvi.in
are genetically identical towww.tamil
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PART-A the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in parent.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Reason:
www.tamilaruvi.in Asexual reproduction
www.tamilaruvi.in involves only
www.tamil
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS (1 MARK) mitosis and no meiosis.
1.
amilaruvi.inIn which type of
www.tamilaruvi.inparthenogenesis are only a)
www.tamilaruvi.inA b) B c)
www.tamilaruvi.in C d) D Ans: a
www.tamil
males produced?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in III. Assertion: Viviparous
www.tamilaruvi.in animals give better
a) Arrhenotoky b) Thelytoky protection to their offsprings.
c) Amphitoky d) Both a and b Reason: They lay their eggs in the safe places of
Ans: a www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the environment.
2. Animals directly giving birth to young ones a) A b) B c) C d) D Ans: d
a) Oviparous b) Oviviviparous
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in PART-B,C www.tamilaruvi.in
AND D www.tamil
c) Viviparous d) Both a and b
Ans: c
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS www.tamilaruvi.in
(2,3 AND 5 MARKS) www.tamil
3. The mode of reproduction in bacteria is by
a) Formation of gametes 6. Name an organism where cell division is itself
a mode of reproduction. www.tamil
b) Endospore formation
Amoeba, Vorticella www.tamil
- reproduce by cell division
c) Conjugation
d) Zoospore formation Ans: c 7. Name the phenomenon where the female
gamete directly www.tamilaruvi.in
develops into a new organism www.tamil
4.
amilaruvi.inIn which mode of reproduction
www.tamilaruvi.in variations are with an avianwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in example. www.tamil
seen
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Phenomenonwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in - Parthenogenesis. www.tamil
a) Asexual b) Parthenogenesis
 In some organisms female gamete (ovum) www.tamil
c) Sexual d) Both a and b is directly develop into a complete
Ans: c individual by physical or chemical induction.
e.g., Turkey, Chicken, pigeon
www.tamil
5. Assertion and reasoning questions:
In each of the following questions there are 8. What is parthenogenesis? Give two examples
from animals www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
two statements. One is assertion a) and other
amilaruvi.inis reasoning
www.tamilaruvi.in
(R). Mark the correct answer www.tamilaruvi.in
as www.tamilaruvi.in
 The process of development of an egg into a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inA. If both
www.tamilaruvi.in
A and R are true and R iswww.tamilaruvi.in
correct www.tamilaruvi.in
complete individual www.tamil
without fertilization
amilaruvi.in explanation
www.tamilaruvi.in
for A www.tamilaruvi.inis known aswww.tamilaruvi.in
parthenogenesis. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inB. If both
www.tamilaruvi.in  Eg. Annelid www.tamilaruvi.in
A and R are true but R is not thewww.tamilaruvi.in
correct and sea urchin eggs. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in explanation for A
9. Which type www.tamilaruvi.in
of reproduction is effective www.tamil
amilaruvi.inC. If A is true but R is
www.tamilaruvi.in false -Asexual
www.tamilaruvi.in or sexual and why?
amilaruvi.inD. If both A and R are false.
www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.inSexual reproduction is an
www.tamilaruvi.in effective method of
www.tamil
reproduction than asexual method because
amilaruvi.in
I. Assertion: www.tamilaruvi.in
In bee society, all the members www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Sexual reproduction contributes to the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inare diploid except
www.tamilaruvi.in drones. www.tamilaruvi.inevolution www.tamilaruvi.in
of the species by adding variation www.tamil
amilaruvi.inReason:www.tamilaruvi.in
Drones are produced by
www.tamilaruvi.inin a population.
amilaruvi.inparthenogenesis.
www.tamilaruvi.in  Variation occurs
www.tamilaruvi.in because of the fusion
amilaruvi.ina) A b) B
www.tamilaruvi.in c) C d) D Ans: a
www.tamilaruvi.inof male and female
www.tamilaruvi.in gametes (sexual
www.tamil
reproduction) carrying different sets of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inchromosomes.
amilaruvi.in
2 SURYAwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.inChapter -www.tamilaruvi.in
1 | Reproduction of Organisms
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10. The unicellular organisms which reproduce
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Reason :
amilaruvi.inby binarywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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fission are considered immortal.
1. A male honey bee – Develop from
amilaruvi.inJustify. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
unfertilized eggs
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Most unicellular
www.tamilaruvi.in organisms reproduce by
2. Female honey bee - Develop from fertilized
cell division.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.ineggs www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The whole parent body act as reproductive
amilaruvi.in unitwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and disappears after new daughter cells 14. Differentiate between the following:
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in are formed.
a. Binary fissionwww.tamilaruvi.in
in amoeba and multiple fission www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.in Whole www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inPlasmodiumwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
parent body converted into
amilaruvi.in daughter cell thus, there is no death
www.tamilaruvi.in for
www.tamilaruvi.in
S. Binarywww.tamilaruvi.in
fission in Multiple fissionwww.tamil
in
amilaruvi.in unicellular organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in hence they are called no.
www.tamilaruvi.in amoeba
www.tamilaruvi.in plasmodiumwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in immortal.
www.tamilaruvi.in 1.
www.tamilaruvi.in two Produce
Produce www.tamilaruvi.in many
www.tamil
11. Why is the offspring formed by asexual daughter cell daughter cell by
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inmultiple divisionwww.tamil
reproduction referred as a clone?
2 Binary www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
fission Multiple fission occur
 In Asexual reproduction single individual
amilaruvi.in can www.tamilaruvi.in occur in irregular in regular shaped
able to producing offspring. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
shaped organisms organisms
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Thesewww.tamilaruvi.in
offspring are genetically and
www.tamilaruvi.in
3 Nucleus
www.tamilaruvi.in
and Nucleus
www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in morphologically
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and cytoplasmwww.tamilaruvi.in
divide cytoplasm divide www.tamil
amilaruvi.in also similar to their
www.tamilaruvi.in parent. www.tamilaruvi.in once www.tamilaruvi.inmultiple time
www.tamil
 Clone is the term given to organisms that are to produce many
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inoffspring.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in similar in all aspects.
b. Budding in yeast and budding in Hydra
amilaruvi.in Thus the offspring
www.tamilaruvi.in produced by asexual
reproduction are called clones. S.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inBudding www.tamilaruvi.in
in yeast budding in Hydrawww.tamil
12. Why are the offsprings of oviparous animal No.
amilaruvi.inat a greater
www.tamilaruvi.in
risk as compared to offsprings of
www.tamilaruvi.in
1. Bud inwww.tamilaruvi.in
Yeast is Bud in Hydra is www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.inviviparous
www.tamilaruvi.in
organisms? www.tamilaruvi.in unicellular
www.tamilaruvi.inmulticellular www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Oviparous
www.tamilaruvi.in Bud originates Bud arises www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in due
animals laid the fertilized eggs
from a small to the repeated
amilaruvi.in in the open environment without
www.tamilaruvi.in any
protuberance on mitotic division www.tamil
amilaruvi.in protection.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the parent body
amilaruvi.in So the development
www.tamilaruvi.in of the zygote takes 3.
www.tamilaruvi.in Yeast www.tamilaruvi.in
gets its In Hydra the
www.tamil
place outside the body of mother, whereas in daughter nuclei and daughter buds
amilaruvi.in viviparous
www.tamilaruvi.in
animals, development of the zygote
www.tamilaruvi.in it may orwww.tamilaruvi.in
may not are www.tamil
multi-cellular
amilaruvi.in takeswww.tamilaruvi.in
place inside the body mother. www.tamilaruvi.in separate from and there is www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in no
the parent body development of
amilaruvi.in Thuswww.tamilaruvi.in
offsprings of oviparous survial www.tamilaruvi.in
rate www.tamilaruvi.indaughter buds.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in is very less as compared to offspring
www.tamilaruvi.in of
viviparous animals. c. Regeneration in lizard and Planaria
13.
amilaruvi.inGive reasons for the
www.tamilaruvi.in following: S.
www.tamilaruvi.in Regeneration in
www.tamilaruvi.in Regeneration in
www.tamil
No. lizard Planaria
amilaruvi.ina. Somewww.tamilaruvi.in
organisms like honey bees are called
www.tamilaruvi.in
1.
www.tamilaruvi.in
Type of generation Type of generation
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in parthenogenetic
www.tamilaruvi.in animals www.tamilaruvi.in: Epimorphosis
www.tamilaruvi.in : Morphallaxiswww.tamil
amilaruvi.inReason :
www.tamilaruvi.in In this type In this type Whole
amilaruvi.inMale Honey bee
www.tamilaruvi.in (Drones) is develop from
www.tamilaruvi.in replacement of
www.tamilaruvi.in body grows from
www.tamil
unfertilized egg so they are called as lost body parts a small fragment
amilaruvi.inparthenogenetic
www.tamilaruvi.inanimals.
www.tamilaruvi.inoccur. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb. A malewww.tamilaruvi.in
honey bee has 16 chromosomes
amilaruvi.in where www.tamilaruvi.in
as its female has 32 chromosomes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
3
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
15. How is juvenile phase different from 4. __________ is a special type of transverse
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inreproductive
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
phase? fission in metazoan is called
amilaruvi.in S. www.tamilaruvi.inReproductive www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Strobilation www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Juvenile phase
amilaruvi.inNo. www.tamilaruvi.in phasewww.tamilaruvi.in b) Sporulation www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. Itwww.tamilaruvi.in
is a Time period It is an www.tamilaruvi.in
actual www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Oblique fission www.tamil
between birth R e p r o d u c t i v e
to just before phase www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Simple irregular fission www.tamil
Ans: a
amilaruvi.in reproductive phase
5. Plasmotomy type of fission occurs in
amilaruvi.in2. This phase also This phase iswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in known
a) Giant Amoeba
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Amoeba
www.tamil
known as primary as secondary
growth phase or growth phase www.tamilaruvi.in
or www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Aurelia d) Vorticella Ans: a
amilaruvi.in vegetative phase sexual maturity
6. Which is not match correctly?
amilaruvi.in
16. What iswww.tamilaruvi.in
the difference between syngamy www.tamilaruvi.in
and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.infertilization?
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Binary
www.tamilaruvi.in fission -
www.tamilaruvi.inAmoeba www.tamil
amilaruvi.in S. www.tamilaruvi.in b) Transverse fission
www.tamilaruvi.in - Planaria
Syngamy Fertilization
amilaruvi.in No. www.tamilaruvi.in c) Longitudinalwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in fission - Opalina www.tamil
1. It is the process It is the process
amilaruvi.in ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
fusion of of fusionwww.tamilaruvi.in
of www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Oblique fission - Ceratium Ans:www.tamil
c
amilaruvi.in dwww.tamilaruvi.in
i s s i m i l a r d i s s i m www.tamilaruvi.in
i l a r 7. Which is not awww.tamilaruvi.in
condition of spore formation? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in gametes (male
www.tamilaruvi.in gametes (male
and female gamets) and female gamets) a) Increase temperature
amilaruvi.in2. Syngamy
www.tamilaruvi.in
term is Fertilization www.tamilaruvi.in
term www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Decrease temperature
amilaruvi.in used to denote is used to www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in denote www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in fusion of gamete
www.tamilaruvi.in fusion of gamete c) Scarcity
www.tamilaruvi.in of food
occur mostly in occur in higher
amilaruvi.in i www.tamilaruvi.in
n v e r t e b r a t e invertebrate d) Availability
www.tamilaruvi.in
and of excess food
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: d
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in or lower grade all vertebrates
www.tamilaruvi.in 8. Conjugation does
www.tamilaruvi.in not take place in
organisms
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Prokaryoteswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Paramecium www.tamil
PART-A www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Mesokaryotes www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Vorticella www.tamil
Ans: c
9. Which among www.tamilaruvi.in
the following is knownwww.tamil as
amilaruvi.in
ADDITIONAL www.tamilaruvi.in
QUESTIONS (1 MARK) seasonal breeder
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Honey beeswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Birds www.tamil
1. Which is not a part of Reproduction?
c) Chicken www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Rabbit www.tamil
Ans: b
a) Synthesis of RNA b) Cell division
10. Type of binary fission occur in flagellates is www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Growth
d) Senescent www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Irregular binary fission
2. Fissionwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in takes place in planaria is type www.tamilaruvi.in
of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Transverse binary fission
amilaruvi.ina) Irregular binary fission
c) Longitudinal binary fission
amilaruvi.inb) Transverse
www.tamilaruvi.in
binary fission www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Longitudinal
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Oblique
www.tamilaruvi.in binary fission
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c
www.tamil
binary fission
amilaruvi.ind) Oblique
www.tamilaruvi.in 11. The daughter www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in cell which comes out of Schizontwww.tamil
binary fission Ans: b of plasmodium and oocyte of plasmodium
respectively are
3. Repeated fission is a type of
a) Multiple fission a) Merozoites and Sporozoites
b) Strobilation b) Sporozoites and Trophozoites
amilaruvi.inc) Sporulation
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Sporozoites
www.tamilaruvi.in and Merozoites
amilaruvi.ind) Oblique
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a
binary fission www.tamilaruvi.in d) Merozoites and Trophozites Ans:
www.tamilaruvi.in a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Chapter -www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
12. What are all the character of encystment?
19. Which of the following organisms exhibit
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Protective
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
layer binary fission?
(1) Bacillus, (2)www.tamilaruvi.in
Penicillium, (3) Yeast, (4 ) Amoeba www.tamil
b) Chitinous cyst wall
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) 1 & 4 www.tamilaruvi.in
b) 2 & 4 www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Withdraws of pseudopodia
c) 1,2&4 d) 3 & 4 Ans: a
amilaruvi.ind) All the above
20. Asexual method of reproduction by binary
13. Plasmotomy
amilaruvi.in is the division of multinucleated
fission is common www.tamilaruvi.in
to which of the following? www.tamil
amilaruvi.inparent into many multinucleate
www.tamilaruvi.in daughter cell
with the division of nuclei. This is common in (I ) Some eukaryotes (ii ) All eukaryotes www.tamil
(iii ) Some prokaryotes (iv ) All prokaryoteswww.tamil
a) Noctiluca b) Opalina
a ) (I) and (ii) www.tamilaruvi.in b ) (ii ) and (iii ) www.tamil
c) Sea anemones d) Archaeocytes
Ans: b c) (I) and (iii)
d ) (iii ) and (iv) Ans: c
14. In __________ type of Regeneration, the lost 21. Choose the correct statements related to
amilaruvi.inparts usually
retain their original polarity, www.tamilaruvi.in
external fertilization www.tamil
amilaruvi.inwith oral ends.
i) The male and female gametes are formedwww.tamil and
amilaruvi.ina) Morphallaxis
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Reparative www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
released separately www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Restorative
d) Epimorphosis ii) Only a fewwww.tamilaruvi.in
gametes are released intowww.tamil the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: d
www.tamilaruvi.in medium www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
15. Regeneration
amilaruvi.in of starfish is an example
www.tamilaruvi.in of iii)
www.tamilaruvi.in Water is the medium in a
www.tamilaruvi.in majority of organisms
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Morphallaxis
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in exhibiting external fertilization
regeneration
amilaruvi.inb) Reparative
www.tamilaruvi.in iv)
www.tamilaruvi.in Offspring formed as
www.tamilaruvi.ina result of external
www.tamil
regeneration
fertilization have better chance of survival
amilaruvi.inc) Restorative
www.tamilaruvi.in
regeneration www.tamilaruvi.in than those www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Epimorphosis
www.tamilaruvi.in
regeneration Ans: c
www.tamilaruvi.in
formed inside www.tamilaruvi.in
an organism www.tamil
a) (iv ) b) (iii) c ) (ii ) d ) (I ) Ans: b
www.tamil
16. Some organism do not produce gametes but
amilaruvi.inthey themselves
www.tamilaruvi.in
behave as a gametes. www.tamilaruvi.in
This www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
22. Offspring formed by sexual reproduction
amilaruvi.intype ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
syngamy referred as www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
exhibit more variation than offspring formed
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Hologamy
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Paedogamywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
by Asexual reproduction because: www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Merogamy
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Isogamy www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans:a www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Sexual reproduction is a lengthy process www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
17. In thiswww.tamilaruvi.in
type of Parthenogenetic egg www.tamilaruvi.in
may b) Gametes of www.tamilaruvi.in
parents have qualitatively different www.tamil
amilaruvi.indevelopwww.tamilaruvi.in
into individuals of any sex. www.tamilaruvi.in genetic composition
amilaruvi.ina) Arrhenotoky
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Genetic material
www.tamilaruvi.in comes from parents ofwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in two
amilaruvi.inb) Thelytoky
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in different species
amilaruvi.inc) Amphitoky
www.tamilaruvi.in d )
www.tamilaruvi.in Greater amount of DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in is involved in sexual
www.tamil
reproduction. Ans: b
amilaruvi.ind) Complete
www.tamilaruvi.in
parthenogenesis www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: c www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 23. There
www.tamilaruvi.in is no natural death
www.tamilaruvi.in in single celled
www.tamil
18. Which of the following statements is true of organisms like Amoeba and bacteria because:
amilaruvi.inHydra?www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) They cannot reproduce sexually
amilaruvi.ina) It produces
www.tamilaruvi.in
asexual gemmules. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) They can reproduce by binary fission
amilaruvi.inb) It produces
www.tamilaruvi.in
unicellular bud. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Parental body is continuously divide and grow
amilaruvi.inc) It produces
www.tamilaruvi.in
multicellular bud. www.tamilaruvi.in as a offspring
amilaruvi.ind) It produces
www.tamilaruvi.in
spores. www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: c www.tamilaruvi.in Ans:
d) They are microscopic only
www.tamil
c
www.tamil
5
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
24. There are various types of reproduction. The 33. Which animal reproduce by multiple fission ?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.intype ofwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
reproduction adopted by an organism a) Hydra b) Plasmodium
amilaruvi.independs on:
c) Spongilla d) Euglena Ans : b
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ina) The habitat and morphology
www.tamilaruvi.in of the organism
b) Morphology of the organism 34. During which process cyst is formed ?
c) Morphology and physiology of the organism a) Binary fission b) Multiple fission
d) The organism’s habitat, physiology and genetic c) Sporulation d) Budding Ans : c
material Ans: d 35. In which organism other than amoeba,
sporulation is seen ?
www.tamil
25.
amilaruvi.inWhich animals have
www.tamilaruvi.in developed capacity of
regeneration ? a) Paramoecium b) Plasmodium
c) Hydra
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Planaria
www.tamil
Ans : b
a) Hydra, Starfish b) Plasmodium
c) Earthworm d) Spongilla Ans: a 36. In which animal, formation of exogenous
budding takes place from parent body ?
www.tamil
26. Sporulation occurs in...........
a) Hydra
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Planaria
www.tamil
a) Plasmodium b) Hydra
c) Amoeba
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Paramoecium
www.tamil
c) Starfish d) Spongilla Ans: a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :a
27.
amilaruvi.inWhat types of chromosomes
www.tamilaruvi.in are always
present in gametes ? 37. In which animal conjugation occurs as a
sexual reproduction? www.tamil
a) Haploid b) Diploid
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Birds
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Hydra
c) Triploid d) Tetraploid Ans: a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) Paramoecium
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Spirogyra Ans:
www.tamilaruvi.in c
www.tamil
28.
amilaruvi.inWhich physiological
www.tamilaruvi.in process is necessary for
birth, growth, death, production of offspring 38. Development of zygote taking place outside
amilaruvi.inand forwww.tamilaruvi.in
continuity of the species ? the body is called
www.tamilaruvi.in as---------------- .
amilaruvi.ina) Digestion
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Viviparous www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Transportation b) Oviparous www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Reproduction
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Omnivorouswww.tamilaruvi.in
d) Nutrition www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : c d) Ovoviviparous www.tamil
29. In which type of reproduction single parent is
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inenoughwww.tamilaruvi.in
for reproduction 39. In Amoeba, the
www.tamilaruvi.in plane of cytoplasmic division
is in which direction ?
amilaruvi.ina) Asexual
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Sexual www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) One direction b) Two direction
amilaruvi.inc) Vegetative
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Fragmentationwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Ans : a c) Three direction d) Any direction
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :d
amilaruvi.in
30. In which www.tamilaruvi.in
type of organism asexual www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
40. Which type of division happens in Euglena ?
amilaruvi.inreproduction is seen ?
a) Transversal b) Longitudinal
amilaruvi.ina) Unicellular
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Bicellular www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Multicellular d) Both a and c c) Peripheral d) Radial Ans : b
Ans : d 41. In which method of asexual reproduction the
offspring’s are genetically identical, to the
www.tamil
31.
amilaruvi.inHow does Amoeba
www.tamilaruvi.inreproduce ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
parents ?
amilaruvi.ina) Binary fission
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Budding www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Amitotic division b) Multiple fission www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Sporulation
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Both a and c
Ans : d c) Division d) Binary fission www.tamil
32. Which animals reproduce by exogenous
amilaruvi.inbuddingwww.tamilaruvi.in
?
www.tamilaruvi.in
42. In which of the www.tamilaruvi.in
following organism, internal www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Hydrawww.tamilaruvi.in bud
www.tamilaruvi.in formation is seen ?
b) Spongilla
amilaruvi.inc) Plasmodium
www.tamilaruvi.in a)
www.tamilaruvi.inPlasmodium b)
www.tamilaruvi.in Amoeba, www.tamil
d) Amoeba Ans : a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) Hydra
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Spongilla Answww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in :d
amilaruvi.in
6 www.tamilaruvi.in
SURYA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
43. Which method of asexual reproduction can Assertion and reasoning questions:
amilaruvi.inbe saidwww.tamilaruvi.in
as method of regeneration ? www.tamilaruvi.in In each of the www.tamilaruvi.in
following questions there arewww.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
two
amilaruvi.ina) Binary www.tamilaruvi.in
fission statements. One
b) Sporulation www.tamilaruvi.in is assertion (a) and other
www.tamilaruvi.in is
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
reasoning (R). Mark the correct answer as
amilaruvi.inc) Buddingwww.tamilaruvi.in d) Fragmentationwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Ans : d A. If both A and R are true and R is correct
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in explanationwww.tamilaruvi.in
for A www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
44. Which www.tamilaruvi.in
asexual reproduction process www.tamilaruvi.in
is seen B. If both A and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
R are true but R is not the correct
amilaruvi.inin bacteria?
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in explanationwww.tamilaruvi.in
for A www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Buddingwww.tamilaruvi.in b) Sporulation www.tamilaruvi.in
C. If A is true but R is false
amilaruvi.inc) Fragmentation
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Fission Ans : d D. If both A and
www.tamilaruvi.in R are false.
amilaruvi.in
45. Which www.tamilaruvi.in sexual 52. Assertion: Hydra
gametes take part in www.tamilaruvi.in possess exogenous budding
method.
amilaruvi.inreproduction ?
amilaruvi.ina) Malewww.tamilaruvi.in
gametes b) Female gametes Reason: Exogenous
www.tamilaruvi.in bud devlops in hydra
which directs asexually reproduction.
amilaruvi.inc) Neutral gametes
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Both a and www.tamilaruvi.in
b
a) A
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) B c) C d) D
www.tamil
Ans : d
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :c
46.
amilaruvi.inTwo gametes having
www.tamilaruvi.in similar appearance are
53. Assertion: Encystation is a structure which is
called as.....
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in hard
www.tamilaruvi.in three layered cyst.
amilaruvi.ina) Gameteswww.tamilaruvi.in b) Isogametes
www.tamilaruvi.in
Reason: Procaryoteswww.tamilaruvi.in
are protected in specific www.tamil
c) Heterogametes d) Isospores Ans : b stage its life cycle by encysation.
47.
amilaruvi.inMorphologically distinct
www.tamilaruvi.in gametes are called a)
www.tamilaruvi.in A b) B c) C d)
www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil D
as---------------- . :c
54. Assertion: Juvenile phase possess plant
amilaruvi.ina) Isogametes
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Heterogametes
www.tamilaruvi.in
growth. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Gametes d) Iso-spores Ans: b
Reason: after this phase plant is ready for pre
www.tamil
48.
amilaruvi.inThe process of organ
www.tamilaruvi.in formation is known as
fertilization phase. www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Embryogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Oogenesis www.tamilaruvi.in a) A b) B c) C
www.tamilaruvi.in d) D www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Organogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in d) morphogenesiswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :d
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : c 55. Match the appropriate

www.tamilaruvi.in pairs.
asexual reproduction three layer of Column - I Column - II
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
protective wall develop ? a) Binary fission (i) Paramoecium
a) Binary fission b) encystment b) Multiple fission (ii) Hydra
c) Sporulation d) Fragmentation c) Sporulation (iii) Amoeba
Ans : b d) Budding (iv) Plasmodium
a) a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii
www.tamil
b) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
50. Which type of asexual reproduction takes
amilaruvi.inplace inwww.tamilaruvi.in
spongilla ?
c) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i
www.tamil
d) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-I
amilaruvi.ina) Exogenous
www.tamilaruvi.in
budding
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :a
amilaruvi.inb) Endogenous
www.tamilaruvi.in 56. Match
www.tamilaruvi.in the appropriate pairs.
budding Column - I Column - II
c) Fragmentation a) Binary fission (i) Paramoecium
d) Division Ans : b b) Transverse binary fission (ii) Euglena
51. In which development of zygote takes place c) Longitudinal (iii) Hydra
amilaruvi.inin female www.tamilaruvi.in
is called as.........
d) Budding (iv) Ameoba
a) Oviparous b) Viviparous a) a-i,b-ii,c-iii, d-iv b) a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii
c) a-iv, b-ii, c-iii, d-I
www.tamil
d) a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii
c) Ovoviviparous d) None Ans : b
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :b
www.tamil
7
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
c) Amphitoky : In this type parthenogenetic
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART-B
into individuals of www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
egg may develop any
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.insex. Eg: Aphis .
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
7) What is padeogenesis ? www.tamil
1) List outwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in the importance of reproduction. www.tamilaruvi.in
 It is a type of www.tamilaruvi.in
parthenogenesis www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Reproduction is the fundamental feature.
 It is also Paedogenetic parthenogenesis www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Reproduction results in persistence
www.tamilaruvi.in
 in this mode www.tamilaruvi.in
larvae produce a new www.tamil
amilaruvi.in species and introduces
www.tamilaruvi.in variations, which
www.tamilaruvi.ingenerationwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
are essential for adaptation and evolution
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Eg. sporocysts,liver
www.tamilaruvi.in fluke and Gall fly.
2)
amilaruvi.inDefine fission. Add
www.tamilaruvi.in its types www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
8) What is senescent phase ?
the division of the parent body
amilaruvi.in It is www.tamilaruvi.in into
 It is the last phase of lifecycle ofwww.tamil an
two or more identical daughter individuals.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inorganism www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inTypes of fission : binary fission, multiple
www.tamilaruvi.in
fission, sporulation and strobilation.
 It begins atwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the end of reproductive phase www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inwhen degeneration sets
www.tamilaruvi.in in the structure
www.tamil
3) What is encystment ? and functioning of the body.
 During unfavorable conditions (increase or 9) List out the difference between endogenous
amilaruvi.in decrease
www.tamilaruvi.in
in temperature, scarcity of food)
budding and exogenous budding
amilaruvi.in Amoeba www.tamilaruvi.in
withdraws its pseudopodia www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in secretes a three-layered, protective,
www.tamilaruvi.in S.
www.tamilaruvi.in Endogenous
www.tamilaruvi.in Exogenous www.tamil
chitinous cyst wall around it and becomes No. budding budding
1.
www.tamilaruvi.in
Buds are produced Buds are
www.tamil
arises
inactive.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in inside the www.tamilaruvi.in
mother’s externally on the outer www.tamil
 This phenomenon is called encystment. body surface of mother’s
4) What is gemmules ? body
2.
www.tamilaruvi.in
Eg. Noctiluca, spongilla Eg. Hydra, yeast
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Gemmules are is
www.tamilaruvi.in hard ball, consisting of an
internal mass of food-laden archaeocytes 10) List out the difference between oviparous
amilaruvi.in producewww.tamilaruvi.in
by sponges. www.tamilaruvi.in
and viviparous
amilaruvi.in Duringwww.tamilaruvi.in
unfavourable conditions, the sponge
S. Oviparous
amilaruvi.in disintegrates
www.tamilaruvi.in
but the gemmule www.tamilaruvi.in
can www.tamilaruvi.in Viviparous animal www.tamil
No. animal
amilaruvi.in withstand adverse conditions. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in 1. I. thesewww.tamilaruvi.in
Animal lays i. these Animal gives www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Whenwww.tamilaruvi.in
conditions become favourable, the
www.tamilaruvi.in eggs www.tamilaruvi.in birth to young ones.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in gemmules begin
www.tamilaruvi.in to hatch. 2. ii. there is a Less ii. here
www.tamilaruvi.in demand www.tamilaruvi.in Greater
www.tamil
of demand of
5) List outwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in the phases of life www.tamilaruvi.in resources www.tamilaruvi.in
from resources from www.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in Juvenile Phase – growth phase www.tamilaruvi.in the female’s
www.tamilaruvi.in body
www.tamilaruvi.in female’s body. www.tamil
3. iii. Chances of iii. Chances of survival
amilaruvi.in Reproductive
www.tamilaruvi.inPhase – actual phase of
survival of progeny www.tamil
of progeny is high.
amilaruvi.in reproduction
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in is low.
amilaruvi.in Senescent Phase
www.tamilaruvi.in – decline phase 4. iv .
www.tamilaruvi.in and avesExamples: reptiles iv
www.tamilaruvi.in . Examples: most
www.tamil
of the mammals,
6) List out
amilaruvi.in and explain the types of www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in natural www.tamilaruvi.in shark, dolphin www.tamil
amilaruvi.inparthenogenesis
amilaruvi.ina) Arrhenotoky :
www.tamilaruvi.inIn this type only males are
produced by parthenogenesis. Eg: honey
amilaruvi.in beeswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Thelytoky
www.tamilaruvi.in
: In this type females are
amilaruvi.in produced
www.tamilaruvi.in
by parthenogenesis. www.tamilaruvi.in
Eg: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Solenobia
amilaruvi.in
8 www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
11) List out the difference between autogamy 15) List out the difference between Morphallaxis
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inand exogamy
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
and epimorphosis
amilaruvi.in S. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
S.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Autogamy
amilaruvi.inNo. www.tamilaruvi.in Exogamy www.tamilaruvi.in Morphallaxis Epimorphosis
No.
amilaruvi.in1. Male and female The
www.tamilaruvi.in malewww.tamilaruvi.in
and 1. In morphallaxis In Epimorphosis is www.tamil
gametes are produced female gametes the whole replacement of lost
amilaruvi.in bywww.tamilaruvi.in
the same cell or are produced www.tamilaruvi.in
by body www.tamilaruvi.in
grows body parts www.tamil
amilaruvi.in same organism and different parents
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in from awww.tamilaruvi.in
small Types : www.tamil
both the gametes fuse and they fuse to form fragment 1. R e p a r a t i v e
together to form a a zygote. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
regeneration www.tamil
only
amilaruvi.in zygote
www.tamilaruvi.in So it is biparental.
www.tamilaruvi.in certain
www.tamilaruvi.in damaged www.tamil
tissue can be
amilaruvi.in2. e.g. Actinosphaerium
www.tamilaruvi.in e.g. Human –www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
regenerated,
www.tamil
and Paramecium. dioecious or
unisexual animal. 2. R e s t o r a t i www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in ve
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in regeneration www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
12) List out the difference between seasonal several body parts
amilaruvi.inbreederwww.tamilaruvi.in
and continuous breeder www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
can develop. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in S. www.tamilaruvi.in Continuous 2.
www.tamilaruvi.in e.g. Hydra and e.g. star fish, tail of www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in wall
Planaria. lizard.
amilaruvi.inNo. Seasonal breeder
www.tamilaruvi.in breeder www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. This organisms This
www.tamilaruvi.in organisms 16) Name
www.tamilaruvi.in the type of reproduction
www.tamilaruvi.in that can create
www.tamil
reproduce at continue to breed new variants.
particular period of throughout www.tamilaruvi.in
their www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Sexual reproduction ensures creation of new
amilaruvi.in the year
www.tamilaruvi.in sexual maturity www.tamilaruvi.in variants. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 2. E.g. frogs, lizards,
www.tamilaruvi.in most E.g. honey bees,
www.tamilaruvi.in
birds, deers etc., poultry, rabbit etc  It involves,www.tamilaruvi.in
fusion of gametes from www.tamil
different parents which results in geneticwww.tamil
13) List out the difference between external recombination that cause variations.
amilaruvi.infertilization
www.tamilaruvi.in
and internal fertilization
17) Locate site www.tamilaruvi.in
where syngamy occurswww.tamil in
S. External
amilaruvi.inNo. www.tamilaruvi.in Internal amphibians
www.tamilaruvi.in and reptiles respectively.
fertilization fertilization
amilaruvi.in1. Fusion www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.in In amphibians, syngamy
www.tamilaruvi.in takes place
www.tamil
of gametes the fusion of
outside the body of the organism in water
amilaruvi.in takes
www.tamilaruvi.inplace gametes takes
outside the body place within the and in reptiles syngamy takes place inside
female organisms body of female www.tamilaruvi.in the body of www.tamilaruvi.in
the female organism. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the water medium organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
inwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Thus, in amphibians external fertilizationwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in2. E.g. sponges, fishes e.g. reptiles,
www.tamilaruvi.in aves
www.tamilaruvi.in takes place and in reptiles internal
and amphibians and mammals. fertilisation takes place.
14) List out the difference between external 18) Why Amoeba and yeast that can be able to
amilaruvi.infertilization
www.tamilaruvi.in
and internal fertilization
reproduce asexually.
S. Complete
amilaruvi.inNo. www.tamilaruvi.in Incomplete Amoeba
www.tamilaruvi.in and yeast are able to
www.tamilaruvi.inreproduce asexually
www.tamil
parthenogenesis parthenogenesis because of following reasons:
amilaruvi.in1. Inwww.tamilaruvi.in
this there is no In this bothwww.tamilaruvi.in
sexual www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) They are unicellular organisms
amilaruvi.in biparental
www.tamilaruvi.in sexual reproduction and
r e p r o d u c t i o n parthenogenesis b) They have simple organization
because These occurs. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in are no
www.tamilaruvi.in male 19) Cell
www.tamilaruvi.in division cannot be a type
www.tamilaruvi.in of reproduction
www.tamil
organisms and so, in multicellular organisms. Give reasons.
such individuals are
 Most of the multicellular organisms have
amilaruvi.in represented
www.tamilaruvi.in by www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
complex organization. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in females only.
2. E.g. Most of insects e.g Honeybees;.  Especially the animals show tissue levelwww.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in organ system www.tamilaruvi.in
level organization. www.tamil
www.tamil
9
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in For awww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
single cell, it is not possible to produce
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Ectoderm and endoderm are pushed out
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in different
to form the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
tissues just by undergoing mitosis. bud.
amilaruvi.in Hence,www.tamilaruvi.in
cell division cannot be a www.tamilaruvi.in
type of www.tamilaruvi.in
 The bud contains an interior lumen www.tamil
and
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in reproduction in multicellular organisms.
www.tamilaruvi.in gastrovascular
www.tamilaruvi.in cavity.
amilaruvi.in
20) Why dowww.tamilaruvi.in
gametes produced in large numbers  The bud enlarges,
www.tamilaruvi.in develops a mouth and
www.tamilaruvi.in a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inin organisms
www.tamilaruvi.inwhich exhibit external circle
www.tamilaruvi.in of tentacles .
fertilisation?  At maturity, the bud constricts and finally
 In case of external fertilization, gametes are separates from the parent body and grow
amilaruvi.in at riskwww.tamilaruvi.in
in surrounding.
www.tamilaruvi.in
independently.
amilaruvi.in Gametes
can get blown off by wind, washed
www.tamilaruvi.in
Endogenous budding :
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in awaywww.tamilaruvi.in
by water or eaten by predators. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 In Noctiluca, hundreds of buds are formed
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in So, www.tamilaruvi.in
most of the gametes die www.tamilaruvi.in
before inside the www.tamilaruvi.in
cytoplasm www.tamil
amilaruvi.in fertilization.
 Many budswww.tamilaruvi.in
remain within the body ofwww.tamil the
amilaruvi.in To ensure
www.tamilaruvi.in
the survival of the species, parent. Thiswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
it is is called endogenous budding. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in necessary to produce
www.tamilaruvi.in as many gametes as
2. The cell division during gamete formation is
possible so that at least some of them would not of the same type in different organisms.
amilaruvi.in be ablewww.tamilaruvi.in
to carry out fertilization.
Justify.
organisms which exhibit external
amilaruvi.in fertilization
www.tamilaruvi.in  Heterogametic
www.tamilaruvi.in species
www.tamilaruvi.inproduce two types of
www.tamil
produce a large number of gametes namely male and female.
amilaruvi.in gametes.
 Gametes are haploid though the parent body
from which www.tamilaruvi.in
they arise may be either haploid www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART-C
or diploid.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Haploid plant www.tamilaruvi.in
body in monera, fungi, www.tamil
ADDITIONAL
amilaruvi.in QUESTIONS
www.tamilaruvi.in (3 MARKS) algae and
www.tamilaruvi.in bryophytes and diploid
in pteridophytes, gymnosperms,
1. Write short notes on budding and its types.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
angiosperms and most of the animals
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inBudding www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
including human beings www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In budding,
www.tamilaruvi.in
the parent body produces www.tamilaruvi.in
one  Meiosis will www.tamilaruvi.in
take place, if the diploid bodywww.tamil
amilaruvi.in or morewww.tamilaruvi.in
buds has to produce
www.tamilaruvi.in haploid gametes.
amilaruvi.in Eachwww.tamilaruvi.in
bud is separated and growswww.tamilaruvi.in
into a www.tamilaruvi.in
 In diploid organisms, www.tamil
specialised cells called
amilaruvi.in young one.
www.tamilaruvi.in meiocyteswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in undergo meiosis, at the end www.tamil
only
the buds constrict and www.tamilaruvi.in
detach one set of chromosome gets incorporated into
amilaruvi.in In sponges,
www.tamilaruvi.in each gamete.
amilaruvi.in fromwww.tamilaruvi.in
the parent body and develops into a new
sponge. 3. Which type of reproduction called as reduction
division? Why is it so?
www.tamil
 Types of budding :
 Reduction division is associated with sexual
www.tamil
 Exogenous budding
reproduction. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Endogenous budding
 We know that www.tamilaruvi.in
fertilization is an important www.tamil
step
Exogenous budding :
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in in sexual reproduction.
 In this buds are formed on the outer
amilaruvi.in surfacewww.tamilaruvi.in  Since fertilization
www.tamilaruvi.in involves fusion of www.tamil
of the parent body, it is known as
amilaruvi.in exogenous
www.tamilaruvi.in gametes,
www.tamilaruvi.in the number
www.tamilaruvi.in of chromosomes
www.tamil
budding
becomes diploid in zygote.
amilaruvi.ine.g. Hydra
www.tamilaruvi.in
. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 To ensure continuity of characters in a species,
amilaruvi.in In Hydra
when food is plenty, the ectoderm www.tamilaruvi.in
it is necessary to develop some mechanism by
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in cellswww.tamilaruvi.in
increase and form a small elevation www.tamilaruvi.in
which number www.tamilaruvi.in
of chromosomes can be haploid www.tamil
amilaruvi.in on the body.
www.tamilaruvi.in in the gametes.
amilaruvi.in
10 www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
gametogenesis involves reduction
 Senescent phase : begins at the end of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in division
www.tamilaruvi.in
and thus gametes have www.tamilaruvi.in reproductivewww.tamilaruvi.in
phase when degeneration www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
haploid sets
amilaruvi.in number of chromosomes.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in in the structure and functioning of the body.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in4. Write short notes on Regeneration
www.tamilaruvi.in and 5. Classify organisms
based on breeding season www.tamil
amilaruvi.in its types .
Based on breeding animals are classified intowww.tamil
two
amilaruvi.in Regeneration
www.tamilaruvi.in is regrowth in the injured categories theywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in are www.tamil
region.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 1. Seasonal Breeders
 It was first studied in Hydra by Abraham
amilaruvi.in Trembley
www.tamilaruvi.in 2. Continuous
www.tamilaruvi.in Breeders.
in 1740.
amilaruvi.in Regeneration
www.tamilaruvi.in  Seasonal www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in breeders : reproduce www.tamil at
is of two types, morphallaxis
amilaruvi.in and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in particular period of the
www.tamilaruvi.in year www.tamil
epimorphosis.
amilaruvi.inMorphallaxis
www.tamilaruvi.in E.g. frogs, lizards,
www.tamilaruvi.in most birds, deers etc., www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
:
amilaruvi.in In morphallaxis
www.tamilaruvi.in  Continuous
www.tamilaruvi.in breeders : continue to breed
the whole body grows from
throughout their sexual maturity
amilaruvi.in a small fragment
E.g. honey bees, poultry, rabbit etc.,
amilaruvi.ine.g. Hydra
www.tamilaruvi.in
and Planaria. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Whenwww.tamilaruvi.in
Hydra is cut into several pieces, www.tamilaruvi.in
each www.tamilaruvi.in
PART-D www.tamil
amilaruvi.in piece can regenerate
www.tamilaruvi.in the lost parts and
develop into a whole new individual. ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
 The parts usually retain their original
polarity, with oral ends, by developing 1) Enumerate the differences between asexual
amilaruvi.in tentacles
and sexual reproduction. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Aboralwww.tamilaruvi.in
ends, by producing basal discs. www.tamilaruvi.inAsexualwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Sexual Reproduction
amilaruvi.inEpimorphosis
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Reproductionwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
:
amilaruvi.in Epimorphosis
www.tamilaruvi.in i.
www.tamilaruvi.in A single parent is i. Two
www.tamilaruvi.in parents are
www.tamil
is the replacement of lost involved in the involved in the process
amilaruvi.in bodywww.tamilaruvi.in
parts. www.tamilaruvi.in process www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Typeswww.tamilaruvi.in
: reparative and restorative www.tamilaruvi.in
ii. Meiosis does www.tamilaruvi.in
not ii. Meiosis happens www.tamil
amilaruvi.in regeneration.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in happen. during
www.tamilaruvi.in gametogenesis.
www.tamil
iii. Gametogenesis iii. G a m e t o g e n e s i s
amilaruvi.in Reparative regeneration
www.tamilaruvi.in onlywww.tamilaruvi.in
certain www.tamilaruvi.in
does not happen. happens.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in damaged tissue
www.tamilaruvi.in can be regenerated,
iv. Genotype of iv. Genotype of offspring
amilaruvi.in Restorative regeneration
www.tamilaruvi.in severed
www.tamilaruvi.in offspring www.tamilaruvi.in
is is a combination ofwww.tamil
two
body parts can develop. e.g. star fish, tail identical to that of parents and is hence
amilaruvi.in of wallwww.tamilaruvi.in
lizard.
www.tamilaruvi.in parent.
different from parents.
v. It is mostly seen www.tamil
in v. It is prevalent in complex
4. Explain various phases of life cycle
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in simple organisms. organisms.
Organisms have three phases of life cycle they
amilaruvi.inare www.tamilaruvi.in 2) Describe any
www.tamilaruvi.in three types of asexual
amilaruvi.in1. Juvenile
www.tamilaruvi.in reproduction
www.tamilaruvi.in exhibited
www.tamilaruvi.in by unicellular
www.tamil
Phase, organisms.
amilaruvi.in2. Reproductive
www.tamilaruvi.inPhase
Types of Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular
amilaruvi.in3. Senescent
www.tamilaruvi.in
Phase.
www.tamilaruvi.in
Organisms:
a. Binary Fission: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Juvenile phase/ vegetative phase :
amilaruvi.in It iswww.tamilaruvi.in
the period of growth between the  In this case,
www.tamilaruvi.in the unicellular organism
amilaruvi.in birthwww.tamilaruvi.in
upto reproductive maturitywww.tamilaruvi.in
of the undergoes cell division
www.tamilaruvi.in and two daughter
www.tamil
organisms. cells are produced.
 The parentwww.tamilaruvi.in
generation ceases to exist www.tamil
amilaruvi.in R
eproductive
www.tamilaruvi.inphase/ maturity phase : It
www.tamilaruvi.in after binarywww.tamilaruvi.in
fission. www.tamil
is actual reproductive period of the organisms.
E.g: Amoeba www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
11
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb. Multiple
www.tamilaruvi.in
Fission:
 But under unfavourable conditions, they
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In this
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
case, the nucleus of the mother cell resort to sexual reproduction.
amilaruvi.in divideswww.tamilaruvi.in
into multiple nuclei. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Asexual reproduction can only dependwww.tamil
on
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in A cystwww.tamilaruvi.in
develops around the mother cell. www.tamilaruvi.in mutation for bringing
www.tamilaruvi.inevolution www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in
cyst helps the mother cell to tide over  But sexual reproduction
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inbring variation which
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in unfavourable circumstances.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in result in evolution.
amilaruvi.in On resumption
www.tamilaruvi.in 4) Define external
www.tamilaruvi.in
of favourable circumstances, fertilization. Mentionwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in its
the cyst disintegrates and daughter nuclei disadvantages.
develop into new individuals.  When fusion of the gametes takes place
E.g: Plasmodium, Entamoeba outside the body of the organisms, it is
called external fertilization or externalwww.tamil
c. Budding:
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in syngamy. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In this case, a bud
www.tamilaruvi.in develops at one end of
 The external medium like water is required
the cell.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in for this form of fertilization.
 The nucleus produces a daughter nucleus
amilaruvi.in whichwww.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.in This form, is found in many
www.tamilaruvi.in aquatic animals
www.tamil
then goes to the bud.
like fishes, amphibians, majority of algae.
bud then gets detached from the mother
amilaruvi.in cell and
www.tamilaruvi.in In this, parents release
www.tamilaruvi.ineggs and sperms in
www.tamil
develops into a new individual.
the surrounding water, then fertilization and
amilaruvi.inE.g: yeast
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in development www.tamilaruvi.in
of offspring occur externally.www.tamil
amilaruvi.inTypes ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
budding. www.tamilaruvi.in
Disadvantages www.tamilaruvi.in
of external fertilization www.tamil
:
amilaruvi.in I Exogenous
www.tamilaruvi.in
budding www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
i) It occurs only in aquatic medium.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in II Endogenous
www.tamilaruvi.in
budding www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
ii) A chance factor is involved requiring
www.tamil
3) Organisms include in Kingdom Animalia and
www.tamilaruvi.in synchronous www.tamilaruvi.in
release of gametes nearby www.tamil
amilaruvi.inPlantaewww.tamilaruvi.in
prefer sexual mode of reproduction. www.tamilaruvi.in and absencewww.tamilaruvi.in
of turbulence of water. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inAdd notes on it.
www.tamilaruvi.in iii) There is nowww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in protection to young ones.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Sexual reproduction gives various survival
www.tamilaruvi.in iv) They are susceptible
www.tamilaruvi.in to a predators. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in benefits and that
www.tamilaruvi.in why many organisms prefer
5) Write short notes on binary fission andwww.tamil
its
this mode of reproduction.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in types.
amilaruvi.in Asexual reproduction is a fast process
through which a large number of offspring can
amilaruvi.in be produced
www.tamilaruvi.in
in shorter time span. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in However,
www.tamilaruvi.in
since offspring are clones www.tamilaruvi.in
of their www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in parents hence they have same shortcomings
amilaruvi.in as their parents.
amilaruvi.in They will be equally
www.tamilaruvi.in susceptible to diseases Binary
www.tamilaruvi.in fission:www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and various other stresses as their parents.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.in In this the parent organism
www.tamilaruvi.in divides into
www.tamil
 But offspring; produced after sexual two halves and each half forms a daughter
amilaruvi.in reproduction
www.tamilaruvi.in have better genotype
www.tamilaruvi.in individual.
amilaruvi.in becausewww.tamilaruvi.in
it is a combination of genotype www.tamilaruvi.in
of two www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The nucleus divides first amitotically or
amilaruvi.in individuals.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in mitoticallywww.tamilaruvi.in
(karyokinesis), followed bywww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in Sexual reproduction helps an organism
www.tamilaruvi.in to
division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis). www.tamil
amilaruvi.in overcome unfavorable situation. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in  The offsprings www.tamilaruvi.in
are genetically identical www.tamil
to
amilaruvi.in Many plants utilize
www.tamilaruvi.in asexual reproduction in
www.tamilaruvi.in the parent. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
possible only in favourable conditions like
amilaruvi.in plenty www.tamilaruvi.in  Depending www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in on the plane of fission, binary www.tamil
of food, water and sunlight.
fission is of the following types
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Chapter -www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inI. Simplewww.tamilaruvi.in
irregular binary fission
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil Longitudinal furrow
amilaruvi.inII. Transverse
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
binary fission Daughter
amilaruvi.inIII.Longitudinal
www.tamilaruvi.in
binary fission
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil Chromosomes
Euglena
Nucleus
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Nucleoli
amilaruvi.inIV. Oblique
www.tamilaruvi.in
binary fission
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil Nucleus

Simple irregular Binary Fission in Amoeba www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Contractile
vacuole Chromatids Nucleolar Nuclear
Contractile
vacuole
www.tamilaruvi.in
Nuclear
membrane
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil A B
body
C D
constriction
amilaruvi.in Nucleus
www.tamilaruvi.in
Hyaline area
www.tamilaruvi.in
Chromosomes
www.tamilaruvi.in Euglena www.tamil
Contractile
vacuole
www.tamilaruvi.in
d. Oblique binary fission www.tamil
Daughter amoebae
Macronucleus
Amoeba
 In this the plane of division is oblique.www.tamil
 It is seen inwww.tamilaruvi.in
New oral
groove
forming
dinoflagellates. e.g. Ceratium www.tamil
Oral groove
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inMicronucleus
www.tamilaruvi.in
disappearing
www.tamilaruvi.in
6) Write short notes on types of syngamy
www.tamil
Daughter
paramecia

New
contractile www.tamil
 Autogamy : Male and female gametes
vacuoles
Macronucleus
dividing
www.tamilaruvi.in
Micronucleus
dividing
are produced
New
www.tamilaruvi.in
oral groove
by the same cell or same www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in organism and
both the gametes fuse together www.tamil
amitotically mitotically forming
A B C D E
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in to
www.tamilaruvi.in form a zygote
Paramecium
amilaruvi.ina. Simple binary fission
www.tamilaruvi.in : e.g.
www.tamilaruvi.inActinosphaerium and Paramecium
www.tamilaruvi.in . www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Simple binary fission
www.tamilaruvi.in is seen in irregular  Exogamy
www.tamilaruvi.in : the male and
www.tamilaruvi.in female gametes are
www.tamil
shaped organisms, Eg. Amoeba produced by different parents and they fuse
to form a zygote. So it is biparental.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In this plane of division
www.tamilaruvi.in is hard to see.
 Vacuoles stop to function and disappear. e.g. Human – dioecious or unisexual animal.
 The nucleoli disintegrate and the nucleus  Hologamy : In lower organisms, organisms
itself behavewww.tamilaruvi.in
as gametes and the fusion www.tamil
of
divides mitotically.
such maturewww.tamilaruvi.in
individuals is known www.tamil
The cell then constricts in the middle, and
amilaruvi.in divideswww.tamilaruvi.in
to forms two daughter cells.
as hologamy e.g. Trichonympha. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb. Transverse
www.tamilaruvi.in
binary fission
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Paedogamy www.tamilaruvi.in
- union of young individuals www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In thiswww.tamilaruvi.in produced immediately
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in after the divisionwww.tamil
plane of the division runs along the of the adult parent cell by mitosis.
amilaruvi.in transverse
www.tamilaruvi.in
axis of the organism. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ine.g. Paramecium
www.tamilaruvi.in  Merogamy
www.tamilaruvi.in - fusion
www.tamilaruvi.inof small sized and
www.tamil
and Planaria. morphologically different gametes
amilaruvi.in In Paramecium
www.tamilaruvi.in
Macronucleus divides www.tamilaruvi.in
by www.tamilaruvi.in
(merogametes). www.tamil
amilaruvi.in amitosiswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Isogamy : it is the fusion of morphological
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Micronucleus
www.tamilaruvi.in
divides by mitosis. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and physiological identical gametes www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc. Longitudinal
www.tamilaruvi.in
binary fission (isogametes)
amilaruvi.in In thiswww.tamilaruvi.in
nucleus and the cytoplasm divides in  Anisogamy
www.tamilaruvi.in – it is the
www.tamilaruvi.infusion of dissimilar
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the longitudinal axis
www.tamilaruvi.in of the organism. gametes
www.tamilaruvi.in is called anisogamy
www.tamilaruvi.in e.g. Monocystis ,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In flagellates, the basal granule is www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in divided  Anisogamy www.tamilaruvi.in
occurs in higher animals but it
www.tamil
is usually known as fertilization instead of
amilaruvi.in to forms a two flagellum. e.g. Vorticella
www.tamilaruvi.in
anisogamy or www.tamilaruvi.in
syngamy. www.tamil
Euglena.
e.g. higher invertebrates and all vertebrates.
www.tamil
www.tamil
13
amilaruvi.in
| Human Reproduction
CHAPTER
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in HUMAN
www.tamilaruvi.in REPRODUCTIONwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
POINTS TO REMEMBER www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Reproduction is unavoidable for the existence  Prostate gland secretes a slightly acidic fluid
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inof a species.
that contains www.tamilaruvi.in
citrate, several enzymes www.tamiland
 Gametogenesis
amilaruvi.in - Formation of gametes
www.tamilaruvi.in by antigens.
spermatogenesis and oogenesis.  Semen is a milky white fluid which contains
 Insemination - Transfer of sperms by the male
www.tamilaruvi.in
sperms and the www.tamilaruvi.in
seminal plasma (secreted www.tamil
by
amilaruvi.ininto the www.tamilaruvi.in
female genital tract. accessory
www.tamilaruvi.in glands).
 Fertilisation
amilaruvi.in female  Female reproductive
- Fusion of male and www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in system consists of a www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in pair
of ovaries, Pair of oviducts, Uterus, Cervix,
amilaruvi.ingametes to form zygote, called fertilisation.
Vagina, External www.tamilaruvi.in
genitalia www.tamil
 Cleavage - Rapid mitotic divisions of the
amilaruvi.inzygote www.tamilaruvi.in Ovaries
www.tamilaruvi.in
 are the primary female
www.tamilaruvi.in sex organs that
www.tamil
produce ovum.
amilaruvi.in
 Implantationwww.tamilaruvi.in
- Attachment of blastocyst www.tamilaruvi.in
to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the uterine wall.  Female accessory organs -It include Fallopian
tubes, uterus www.tamilaruvi.in
and vagina www.tamil
 Placentation - Formation of placenta which
amilaruvi.inis the internate
www.tamilaruvi.in
connection between foetus www.tamilaruvi.in
and  It consists of www.tamilaruvi.in
Fimbriae, Ampulla,Isthmus www.tamil
amilaruvi.inuterine wall of the mother
www.tamilaruvi.in  Uterus
www.tamilaruvi.in is a hollow, thick-walled, muscular,
 Gastrulation - Process by which blastocyst is highly vascular and inverted pear shaped
amilaruvi.inchanged www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
into a gastrula with three primary germ structure. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inlayers www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Birth canal = www.tamilaruvi.in
Cervical canal + vagina www.tamil
 Organogenesis
amilaruvi.in - Formation of specific www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in uterus has three layers of tissues
tissues,  The wall of the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
organs and organ systems from three germ - Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium.
amilaruvi.inlayers. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The Bartholin’s glands - secrete mucus to
amilaruvi.in
 Parturition www.tamilaruvi.in
- Expulsion of the foetus from www.tamilaruvi.in
the www.tamilaruvi.in
lubricate the vagina www.tamil
amilaruvi.inmother’swww.tamilaruvi.in
womb.  The Skene’s glands
www.tamilaruvi.in - secrete a lubricating fluid
 The male reproductive
amilaruvi.intestes, www.tamilaruvi.in system include : pair of  The external opening
www.tamilaruvi.in of the vagina is partially
accessory ducts, glands and external closed by a thin ring of tissue called the hymen.
amilaruvi.ingenitalia.
 Mammary glands are modified sweat glands
www.tamil
 Testes www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in - primary male sex orgAns: www.tamilaruvi.in
present in both www.tamilaruvi.in
sexes. www.tamil

amilaruvi.inThey are pair of ovoid
www.tamilaruvi.in bodies present inside
www.tamilaruvi.in is the process of formation
 Gametogenesiswww.tamilaruvi.in of
www.tamil
scrotum. gametes
amilaruvi.in
 Seminiferouswww.tamilaruvi.in
tubules are the sites for www.tamilaruvi.in
sperm  Spermatogenesis www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
is process of formation of male
amilaruvi.inproduction (80%)
gametes, the sperms from testes. www.tamil
 Seminiferous
amilaruvi.in tubuleis made of two types ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in cells  Spermatogenesis takes about 64 days.
1. Sertoli cells or nurse cells,  Rate of sperm production : 200 million/per day.
2. Spermatogonic cells  Testosterone - stimulates the process of
 Leydig cells They act as endocrine gland and
www.tamilaruvi.in
spermatogenesis.
amilaruvi.insecretewww.tamilaruvi.in
androgens namely the testosterone www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Sperm is a microscopic, www.tamil
flagellated and motile
amilaruvi.inhormone www.tamilaruvi.in gamete.
 Accessory ducts - It include rete testis, vasa  Sperm is enveloped by plasma membrane and
amilaruvi.inefferentia,
www.tamilaruvi.in
epididymis and vas deferens. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is composed of a head, neck and a tail.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 Accessory www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
glands -It include seminal vesicles,  Single ejaculationwww.tamilaruvi.in
contain 200 to 300 millionwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inBulbourethral glands
www.tamilaruvi.in and Prostate gland. sperms.
 Seminal vesicles à secrete an alkaline fluid called  60 % of sperms have normal shape
amilaruvi.inseminalwww.tamilaruvi.in
plasma
 40 % show vigorous motility for normal
 Bulbourethral www.tamilaruvi.in
glands help in the lubrication of fertility.
amilaruvi.inthe penis.
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Chapter www.tamilaruvi.in
- 2 | Human Reproduction.
www.tamil
 Oogenesis is the process of development of the  Twins-Two off springs produced in the same
www.tamil
amilaruvi.infemale www.tamilaruvi.in
gamete or ovum or egg in the ovaries. pregnancy.
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com

amilaruvi.inDuring foetal development,
www.tamilaruvi.in certain cells in the  Monozygotic
www.tamilaruvi.in (Identical)
www.tamilaruvi.in twins : they are
www.tamil
germinal epithelium of the foetal ovary divide by produced when a single fertilised egg
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inmitosiswww.tamilaruvi.in
and produce millions of egg www.tamilaruvi.in
mother  Dizygotic (Fraternal)www.tamilaruvi.in
twins : they are produced
www.tamil
amilaruvi.incells orwww.tamilaruvi.in
oogonia. www.tamilaruvi.in
when two separatewww.tamilaruvi.in
eggs are fertilised by www.tamil
two
 Human
amilaruvi.inalecithalovum is non-cleidoic
www.tamilaruvi.in ( without shell), separate
www.tamilaruvi.in sperms.
(no yolk) and microscopic in nature.  Siamese (United) twins : they are the conjoined
 Its cytoplasm called ooplasm contains www.tamilaruvi.in
a large twins who are www.tamilaruvi.in
joined during birth. www.tamil
called the germinal vesicle.
amilaruvi.innucleus www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Gastrulation –www.tamilaruvi.in
it is the process of transformation www.tamil

amilaruvi.inThe cycle of events
www.tamilaruvi.in starting from one of
www.tamilaruvi.inthe blastocyst into a gastrula
www.tamilaruvi.in with the primary
www.tamil
menstrual period till the next one is called the germ layers by the movement of the blastomeres is
amilaruvi.inmenstrualwww.tamilaruvi.in
cycle during which cyclic changes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
called gastrulation. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inoccurs www.tamilaruvi.in
in the endometrium every month.  Amnion : - it www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in is a double layered translucent www.tamil
 Menstrual cycle comprises of the following membrane filled with the amniotic fluid.
amilaruvi.inphaseswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Yolk sac : it forms a part of the gut
amilaruvi.in
 Menstrual www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
phase, Follicular or proliferative www.tamilaruvi.in
 Allantois : it forms a small out pocketing of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inphase, Ovulatory phase,
www.tamilaruvi.in Luteal or secretory
www.tamilaruvi.in
embryonic tissue www.tamilaruvi.in
at the caudal end of thewww.tamil
yolk
phase sac.
 Primary follicle in the ovary grows to become  Chorion : It is the outermost membrane which
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina fully mature
Graafian follicle and simultaneously, www.tamilaruvi.in
encloses all other membranes www.tamil
amilaruvi.inthe endometrium
www.tamilaruvi.in regenerates through
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Chorionic villi +www.tamilaruvi.in
uterine tissues à placenta. (disc- www.tamil
proliferation.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in shaped)
 Maximum secretion of LH during the mid cycle
 Placenta is a temporary endocrine organ
amilaruvi.incalled LH surge induces the rupture www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of the www.tamilaruvi.in
formed during pregnancy
www.tamil
Graafian follicle and the release of the ovum
amilaruvi.in(secondary
oocyte) from the ovary wall into the  Gestation period = pregnancy period (Duration :
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inperitoneal
www.tamilaruvi.in
cavity. 280
www.tamilaruvi.in days or 40 weeks)

amilaruvi.inThis process is called
www.tamilaruvi.inas ovulation.  It
www.tamilaruvi.incan be divided into three
www.tamilaruvi.in trimesters (three months
www.tamil
each)
 During
amilaruvi.inGraafian luteal phase,
www.tamilaruvi.in the remaining part of the
follicle is transformed into a  1st trimester : Organ developed are : heart,
amilaruvi.intransitory
www.tamilaruvi.in
endocrine gland called www.tamilaruvi.in
corpus limbs, lungs, liver and external genital organs
amilaruvi.inluteum. www.tamilaruvi.in  2nd
www.tamilaruvi.in trimester : the face
www.tamilaruvi.in is well formed with
www.tamil
 The corpus luteum secretes large amount features, eyelids and eyelashes, eyes blink,
amilaruvi.inof progesterone
www.tamilaruvi.inwhich is essential www.tamilaruvi.in
for the  3rd trimester www.tamilaruvi.in
: The foetus is fully developedwww.tamil and
amilaruvi.inmaintenance of the endometrium.
www.tamilaruvi.in is ready for delivery
www.tamilaruvi.in by the end of nine months
 Menstrual
amilaruvi.in hygiene is vital for good www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in health,  Colostrum, a nutrient rich fluid producedwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in by
well-being, dignity, empowerment and the human female immediately after giving
amilaruvi.inproductivity.
birth, is loaded www.tamilaruvi.in
with immune, growth and tissue www.tamil
 Poor menstrual hygiene result in stress, fear and repair factors. www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inshame during menstruation.
www.tamilaruvi.in  Parturition
www.tamilaruvi.in is the completion
www.tamilaruvi.in of pregnancy
www.tamil
 Menopause - In this phase there is no ovulation and giving birth to the baby.
amilaruvi.inand menstruation.
 Labour - The www.tamilaruvi.in
series of events that expelswww.tamil the
amilaruvi.in
 The average www.tamilaruvi.in
age of menopause is 45-50 years. infant
www.tamilaruvi.in from the uterus is collectively called “labour”.
 Fertilisation
amilaruvi.in is a process of haploid sperm
www.tamilaruvi.in fuses  Relaxin is a hormone
www.tamilaruvi.in secreted by the placentawww.tamil
with a haploid ovum to form a diploid zygote. corpus luteum.
 Capacitation - is a biochemical event that  It promotes parturition by relaxing the pelvic
amilaruvi.inenables www.tamilaruvi.in
the sperm to penetrate and www.tamilaruvi.in
fertilise joints and by dilatation of the cervix with continued
the egg. powerful contractions.
 The first cleavage produces two identical cells  Lactation - Lactation is the production of milk
amilaruvi.incalled blastomeres.
by mammary www.tamilaruvi.in
glands. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 Ectopicwww.tamilaruvi.in
pregnancy - If the fertilised www.tamilaruvi.in
ovum is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inimplantedwww.tamilaruvi.in ectopic
outside the uterus it is known as www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
pregnancy.
www.tamil
15
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
10. The milk secreted by the mammary glands
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART-A
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
soon after child birth is called
a. Mucous www.tamilaruvi.in
b. Colostrum www.tamil
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
c. Lactose www.tamilaruvi.in
d. Sucrose www.tamil
Ans: b
1. The mature
amilaruvi.in sperms are stored in the www.tamilaruvi.in
11. Colostrum is rich in
amilaruvi.ina. Seminiferous tubules b. Vas deferenswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in a. Ig E
www.tamilaruvi.in
b. Ig A
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc. Epididymis
d. Seminal vesicle
c. Ig D
www.tamilaruvi.in
d. Ig M
www.tamil
Ans: b
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c
12. The Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) is
2. The male
amilaruvi.in sex hormone testosterone
www.tamilaruvi.in
produced by www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.insecreted from
a. Leydig cells b. Hypothalamus
amilaruvi.ina. Sertoli cells
www.tamilaruvi.in b. Leydig cell www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c. Sertoli cells d. Pituitary gland
amilaruvi.inc. Epididymis
www.tamilaruvi.in d. Prostate glandwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
c
Ans: b
13. Which one of the following menstrual
www.tamil
3.
amilaruvi.inThe glandular accessory
www.tamilaruvi.in organ which
www.tamilaruvi.in
irregularities www.tamilaruvi.in
is correctly matched? www.tamil
produces the largest proportion of semen is
a. Menorrhagiawww.tamilaruvi.in
- excessive menstruation www.tamil
a. Seminal vesicle b. Bulbourethral gland
b. Amenorrhoea www.tamilaruvi.in
- absence of menstruation www.tamil
c. Prostate gland d. Mucous glandAns: a
c. Dysmenorrhoea www.tamilaruvi.in
- irregularity of menstruationwww.tamil
4.
amilaruvi.inThe male homologue
www.tamilaruvi.in of the female clitoris is
d. Oligomenorrhoea - painful menstruation www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina. Scrotum
www.tamilaruvi.in b. Penis www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc. Urethra
www.tamilaruvi.in d.Testis Ans: b
14. Find the wrongly matched pair
5. The sitewww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in of embryo implantation is thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a. Bleeding phase - fall in oestrogen and
amilaruvi.ina. Uteruswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b. Peritoneal cavity www.tamilaruvi.in
progesterone www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc. Vaginawww.tamilaruvi.in d. Fallopian tubewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b. Follicular phase - rise in oestrogen www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a c. Luteal phase
www.tamilaruvi.in - rise in FSH level
amilaruvi.in
6. The foetal www.tamilaruvi.in
membrane that forms the basis d.
www.tamilaruvi.in
of Ovulatory phase - LH
www.tamilaruvi.in surge www.tamil
amilaruvi.inthe umbilical cord is
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina. Allantois
www.tamilaruvi.in b. Amnion These questions
www.tamilaruvi.in consists of two statements
Ans: a each, printed as Assertion and Reason.
amilaruvi.inc. Chorion
www.tamilaruvi.in d. Yolk sac www.tamilaruvi.in
While answering www.tamilaruvi.in
these questions youwww.tamil are
amilaruvi.in
7. The most www.tamilaruvi.in
important hormone in intiating www.tamilaruvi.in
and required to choosewww.tamilaruvi.in
any one of the following www.tamil
amilaruvi.inmaintaining lactation after birth is
www.tamilaruvi.in four response.
amilaruvi.ina. Oestrogen
www.tamilaruvi.in b. FSH A. If both Assertion
www.tamilaruvi.in & Reason are True &www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc. Prolactin
www.tamilaruvi.in d. Oxytocin Ans: c
www.tamilaruvi.in Reason is a correct explanation
www.tamilaruvi.in of the Assertion
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
8. Mammalian www.tamilaruvi.in
egg is B.
www.tamilaruvi.in If both Assertion & Reason
www.tamilaruvi.in are True but Reason
www.tamil
is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
amilaruvi.ina. Mesolecithal
www.tamilaruvi.in
and non cleidoic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
C. If Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
amilaruvi.inb. Microlecithal
www.tamilaruvi.in
D. If both Assertion & Reason are false.
amilaruvi.inc. lecithal
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ind. Alecithal
www.tamilaruvi.in 15. Assertion:
www.tamilaruvi.in In human male,
www.tamilaruvi.in testes are extra
www.tamil
and cleidoic Ans: c abdominal and lie in scrotal sacs.
9. The process which the sperm undergoes
Reason: Scrotum acts as thermoregulator and
amilaruvi.inbefore www.tamilaruvi.in
penetrating the ovum is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
keeps temperature lower by 2˚C for normal
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina. Spermiation
b. Cortical reactio sperm production. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc. Spermiogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in d. Capacitation www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: d a. A b. www.tamilaruvi.in
B c. C d. D Ans:www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Chapter www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
16. Assertion: Ovulation is the release of ovum 20. Expand the acronyms
amilaruvi.infrom the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
Graffian follicle. a. FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
amilaruvi.inReason:www.tamilaruvi.in
It occurs during the follicular www.tamilaruvi.in
phase www.tamilaruvi.in
b. LH - Lutenizing Hormone
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inof the menstrual cycle.
c. HCG – Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina. A www.tamilaruvi.in
b. B c. C d. D Ans:www.tamilaruvi.in
c www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d. HPL - Human Placental Lactogen
amilaruvi.in
7. Assertion: www.tamilaruvi.in
Head of the sperm consists www.tamilaruvi.in
21. How is polyspermy avoided in humans?
amilaruvi.inacrosome and mitochondria.
amilaruvi.inReason:www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.inOnce fertilisation is happened
www.tamilaruvi.in cortical
www.tamil
Acrosome contains spiral rows of granules from the cytoplasm of the
amilaruvi.inmitochondria.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inovum formwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a barrier called the fertilisation
amilaruvi.ina. A www.tamilaruvi.in
b. B c. C d. D Ans: d
www.tamilaruvi.inmembranewww.tamilaruvi.in
around the ovum. www.tamil
 This preventing further penetrationwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART-B,C
www.tamilaruvi.in AND D www.tamilaruvi.inother sperms.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Thus polyspermy
www.tamilaruvi.in is prevented
amilaruvi.in TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
www.tamilaruvi.in (2, 3 AND 5
22. What is colostrum? Write its significance.www.tamil
MARKS)
 Colostrum, www.tamilaruvi.in
a nutrient rich fluid produced www.tamil
18. Mention
amilaruvi.in the
www.tamilaruvi.in differences between
www.tamilaruvi.inby the human female immediately
www.tamilaruvi.in after
www.tamil
spermiogenesis and spermatogenesis. giving birth, is loaded with immune, growth
and tissue repair factors.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Spermatogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in Spermiogenesis
 It acts as a natural antimicrobial agent to
www.tamil
actively stimulate the maturation ofwww.tamil
the
i. It is the
amilaruvi.in of www.tamilaruvi.in process It is the process of
www.tamilaruvi.ininfant’s immune system.
formation differentiation of
amilaruvi.in of www.tamilaruvi.in
haploid s spermatozoon from www.tamilaruvi.in
a 23. Placenta is anwww.tamilaruvi.in
endocrine tissue. Justify. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in s p ewww.tamilaruvi.in
r m a t o z o a spermatid. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 During pregnancy, the placenta acts as www.tamil
a
from germinal cells.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intemporarywww.tamilaruvi.in
endocrine gland and produces www.tamil
involves It changes a haploid
amilaruvi.inii. It www.tamilaruvi.in 1. Human Chorionic
www.tamilaruvi.in Gonadotropin (hCG),
conversion of a structure into another
amilaruvi.in diploid www.tamilaruvi.in
structure haploid structure. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
2. Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin www.tamil
amilaruvi.in intowww.tamilaruvi.in
haploid www.tamilaruvi.in(hCS) or www.tamilaruvi.in
human Placental Lactogen www.tamil
structures (hPL),
3. Oestrogens and progesterone
amilaruvi.iniii. There www.tamilaruvi.inis There re-
is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in growth and
www.tamilaruvi.in construction during 24. Draw a labeled
www.tamilaruvi.in sketch of a spermatozoan.
divisions during spermiogenesis.
amilaruvi.in spermatogenesis.
www.tamilaruvi.in Divisions and growth www.tamilaruvi.in
are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in absent. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.iniv. No www.tamilaruvi.in
organelle is Golgi www.tamilaruvi.in
bodies www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in lost www.tamilaruvi.in are lost during
spermiogenesis.
amilaruvi.in v. A spermatogonium
www.tamilaruvi.in Here a spermatid forms a
forms four single spermatozoon
amilaruvi.in spermatozoa.
19. At what stage of development are the gametes
amilaruvi.informedwww.tamilaruvi.in
in new born male and female?
amilaruvi.in Productionwww.tamilaruvi.in
and maturation of gametes will
amilaruvi.in take www.tamilaruvi.in sexual 25. What is inhibin?
place after puberty (Secondarywww.tamilaruvi.in State its functions.
amilaruvi.in maturity) www.tamilaruvi.in  Sertoli cells
www.tamilaruvi.in - elongated and pyramidal
www.tamil
17
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It provide
www.tamilaruvi.in
nourishment to the sperms.
30. Describe the structure of the human ovum
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inThey also
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
with a neat labelled diagram.
secrete inhibin, a hormone (role -
amilaruvi.innegativewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
feedback control of sperm production) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
26. Mention the importance of the position of the
amilaruvi.intestes in
www.tamilaruvi.in
humAns: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Testeswww.tamilaruvi.in
present inside scrotal sac www.tamilaruvi.in
of skin www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in thatwww.tamilaruvi.in
hangs outside the abdominal cavity. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Scrotum is placed outside the abdominal
amilaruvi.in cavity to provide
www.tamilaruvi.ina temperature 2-3oC lower
than the normal internal body temperature to
viable sperm. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Thus,www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
the scrotum acts as a thermoregulator www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in for spermatogenesis.
amilaruvi.in
the composition of semen? www.tamilaruvi.in Structure of www.tamilaruvi.in
ovum www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It iswww.tamilaruvi.in
a milky white fluid which www.tamilaruvi.in
contains www.tamilaruvi.in
 Human ovum is non-cleidoic (without
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in sperms www.tamilaruvi.in
and the seminal plasma (secretedwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
shell), alecithal www.tamil
(no yolk) and microscopic
amilaruvi.in by accessory glands).
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inin nature. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The seminal fluid
www.tamilaruvi.in - acts as a transport  Its cytoplasm
www.tamilaruvi.in called ooplasm contains a large
medium, provides nutrients, contains nucleus called the germinal vesicle.
amilaruvi.in some www.tamilaruvi.in
chemicals
www.tamilaruvi.inThe ovum is surrounded
www.tamilaruvi.in 1. Inner thin
www.tamil
 Role of chemical - protect and activate transparent vitelline membrane,
amilaruvi.in the sperms
www.tamilaruvi.in
and also help in motility.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2. Middle thick zona pellucida
28. Name the hormones produced from the
 Outer thick coat of follicular cells called corona
amilaruvi.inplacentawww.tamilaruvi.in
during pregnancy. www.tamilaruvi.inradiata.
amilaruvi.in Relaxin
www.tamilaruvi.in
hormone is secreted www.tamilaruvi.in
during www.tamilaruvi.in
 Between the vitelline membrane and zona
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in pregnancy
pellucida there is a narrow perivitellinewww.tamil
amilaruvi.in It helps in relaxation of the www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in pelvic space. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in ligaments at the
www.tamilaruvi.intime of parturition. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
31. Give a schematic representation www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in hCG,www.tamilaruvi.in
hPL, Oestrogen, Progesterone and spermatogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in and oogenesis in humAns:
amilaruvi.in relaxin are produced only during pregnancy.
29. Define www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in gametogenesis. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Gametogenesis is the process of formation
of gametes
 i.e., sperms and ovum from testes and ovary
amilaruvi.in respectively
amilaruvi.in Meiosis
plays the most significant role in the
amilaruvi.in processwww.tamilaruvi.in
of gametogenesis. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Gametogenesis www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
32. Explain the various phases of the menstrual
of the Graafian follicle and the release of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.incycle. www.tamilaruvi.in
Menstrual cycle comprises www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
of the the ovum (secondary oocyte) from the ovary
amilaruvi.infollowing phases
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in wall into thewww.tamilaruvi.in
peritoneal cavity. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in1. Menstrual phase
www.tamilaruvi.in is called as ovulation.
 This processwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in2. Follicular or proliferative phase www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in 4. Luteal or secretorywww.tamilaruvi.in
phase www.tamil
amilaruvi.in3. Ovulatory phase
 During luteal www.tamilaruvi.in
phase, the remaining part ofwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in4. Luteal or secretory phase
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Graafian follicle is transformed into
www.tamilaruvi.in a
www.tamil
transitory endocrine gland called corpus
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in luteum.
 The corpus luteum secretes large amount
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of progesteronewww.tamilaruvi.in
which is essential forwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in maintenance of the endometrium.
33. Explain the role www.tamilaruvi.in
of oxytocin and relaxin www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in parturition
www.tamilaruvi.in and lactation.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Relaxin
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  It promotes
www.tamilaruvi.in parturition by relaxingwww.tamil
1. Menstrual phase
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in pelvic joints and by dilatation
www.tamilaruvi.in of the cervix
www.tamil
 It is a initial phase with continued powerful contractions.
 Duration : 3-5 days - menstrual flow occurs Oxytocin
 Menstrual flow is due to the breakdown of  It causes the “Let-Down” reflex-the actual
amilaruvi.in endometrial
www.tamilaruvi.in
lining of the uterus,www.tamilaruvi.in
and its www.tamilaruvi.in
ejection of milk from the alveoli of the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in blood www.tamilaruvi.in
vessels. www.tamilaruvi.in mammary glands.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in
is due to decline in the level www.tamilaruvi.in
 During lactation, oxytocin also stimulates www.tamil
amilaruvi.in progesterone and oestrogen.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the recently emptied uterus to contract,
amilaruvi.in Menstruation occurs only if the released
www.tamilaruvi.in ovum
www.tamilaruvi.in helping it to return normal
www.tamilaruvi.in size. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in is not fertilized.
www.tamilaruvi.in 34. Identify the given
www.tamilaruvi.in image and label its parts
 Absence of menstruation may be an indicator marked as a, b, c and d
of pregnancy.
 Menstruation also be due to stress, hormonal
amilaruvi.in disorder
www.tamilaruvi.in
and anaemia.
2. Follicular or proliferative phase
amilaruvi.in Duration
www.tamilaruvi.in The following iswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the illustration of the sequence of
www.tamil
: 5th day till the time of ovulation.
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oogenesis it represents.
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Ans : It represents the ovulatory stage of
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3. Ovulatory phase
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LH and FSH attain peak level in the
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of the cycle (about the 14th day).
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19
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simultaneously in anticipation.
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www.tamilaruvi.in cells d)
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www.tamilaruvi.in
cavity
10. Which cells secretes testosterone ?
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of abdominal cavity
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2. Which hormone is released from testes ? 11. Where seminiferous tubules of each lobe
empty sperms ?
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www.tamilaruvi.in b) Estrogen www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Progesterone d) Relaxin Ans: a a) Vas deference b) Vasa efferentia
c) Epididymus d) Seminal vesicles
3. Which hormone
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b
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12. Where is situated epididymis ?
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www.tamilaruvi.in d) b) and c) both
Ans: d a) External surface of the testis
b) adjacent side the testis
4.
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reproductive system ? c) Below the testis
a) Seminal vesicle b) Prostate gland d) Internal surface of the testis Ans: a
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5. How much
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www.tamilaruvi.in temporary storage site
scrotal sac as compare to the normal body b) Maturation of the sperm
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?
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from epididmis and enter the
a) Over urinary bladder
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c
Ans: b
15. The distal end of vas deference is expanded 23. What is provided to sperm by secretion of
prostate gland ?
and in this region the opens in ________
a) Nourishes
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b) Activating
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a) Prostate gland b) Bulbourethral gland
c) Lubricant
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d) a) and c) both
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c) Seminal vesicle d) Ejaculatory duct
Ans: c
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
b
24. Where is bulbourethral gland located ? www.tamil
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prostate www.tamil
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17. In male accessory reproductive glands which
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Ans: c
26. Semen constitute of
18. The seminal vesicle are located at ________www.tamilaruvi.in
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c) Organic substance
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19. The estimated percent of sperms have normal
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Ans: c 28. What is size of ovaries ? www.tamil
20. Which substances present in seminal vesicles a) 3 c.m long, 2 c.m wide
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b) 2 c.m long, 2 c.m wide
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Sugar www.tamilaruvi.in
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d) 2 c.m long, 2 c.m wide Ans: a
Ans: d www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
29. Which tissue layer covers the ovary ?
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a) Columnar epithelium
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Ans: a d) Ciliary epithelium Ans: c
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21
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30. The connective tissue immediately after the 38. In which layer of uterus the fertilized egg is
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implanted ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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epithelium of ovaries which is dense
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Ans: b 39. The distal narrow end of the uterus is
31. The ovary is covered by a thin cuboidal called........
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called the germinal epithelium
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b
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follicles d) Corpus luteum www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
40. Spermatids are produce from
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Ans: a www.tamilaruvi.in
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32. Stroma of ovarian cortex contains .....
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follicles b) Corpus luteum
c) Spermatogonium www.tamil
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b
Ans: a 41. In spermatogenesis which cells are produce
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33. The structure which consist of mature www.tamilaruvi.in
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surrounding tissues its called www.tamilaruvi.in a) Primary spermatocyte
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ovum b) Ovarian follicles b) Spermatogonia
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follicle d) Corpus luteum c) Secondary spermatocyte
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c www.tamilaruvi.in Ans:
d) Spermatids
www.tamilaruvi.in b
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34. Graffian
amilaruvi.in follicle after ovulation produces
42. Which enzyme www.tamilaruvi.in
is produced by acrosome ?www.tamil
progesterone is called ...
a) Testosteronewww.tamilaruvi.in
b) Hyaluronidase www.tamil
a) Graffian follicle
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) FSH
www.tamilaruvi.in d) LH
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43. In oogenesis www.tamilaruvi.in
which cells are produced atwww.tamil
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Ans: b phase ?
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35. Where www.tamilaruvi.in
an ovum is fertilization occurs www.tamilaruvi.in
? a) Secondary oocyte b) First polar body
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c) Secondary polar body d) a) and b) both
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d
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Ans: c 44. The events of the menstrual cycle are the
cyclic changeswww.tamilaruvi.in
in the.... www.tamil
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a) Endometrium www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Myometrium www.tamil
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45. The events ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
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www.tamilaruvi.in days. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Between the urinary
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www.tamilaruvi.in days b)
www.tamilaruvi.in28 days www.tamil
Ans: a c) 29 days d) 30 days Ans: b
37. Shape of
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www.tamilaruvi.in 46. In menstrual www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in cycle which period is known as
www.tamil
a) Inverted appleshaped menstrual phase ?
b) Inverted pear shaped a) 1 to 5 days b) 6 to 14 days
c) Inverted mango shaped c) 15 to 28 days d) 14 to 15 days
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a
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47. After fertilization which changes prevents 54. Which one of the following is not a male
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other sperms in to the oocytes. accessory gland?
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membrane www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Seminal vesicle b) Ampulla www.tamil
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www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) Fertilization membrane
c) Prostate www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) Bulbourethral gland
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d) a) and c) both Ans: b 55. Morula is a developmental stage:
48. The division of zygote forms in to 16 daughter a) Between the zygote and blastocyst
cells this stage is called.... b) Between the blastocyst and gastrula
a) Blasto cell b) Blastomeres c) After the implantation
c) Morula d) a) and b) both d) Between implantation and parturition Ans: a
Ans: b www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 56. The membranous
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49. In human normally what is the period of ovulation is:
amilaruvi.inpregnancy ?
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amilaruvi.ina) 290 days www.tamilaruvi.in b) 280 days www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) 270 days d) 285 days Ans: b c) Zona pellucida d) Chorion Ans: a
50.
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following: a) Female sterilization
a) In birds and mammals internal fertilisation b) Male sterilization
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place www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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contains antibodies and nutrients
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www.tamilaruvi.in d) Temporary Sterlization Ans: b
in mammals is preventedwww.tamilaruvi.in
by the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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www.tamilaruvi.in 58. The function of seminal fluid is
d) In
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seven days after fertilization
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in b) To provide stability
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Ans: c to egg
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51. Spot the www.tamilaruvi.in
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sperms
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reproductive system: d) To provide acidic medium Ans: c
a) Rete testis b) Epididymis
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efferentia d) Isthmus
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Prostate and
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Ans: d urethra
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in b) prostate and
www.tamilaruvi.in vas-deferens
52. Seminal plasma, the fluid part of semen, is
amilaruvi.incontributed by.
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Prostate and
www.tamilaruvi.in cowper’s gland
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www.tamilaruvi.in (ii) Prostate d) vas defernswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in and testis Ans: b
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60. What happenswww.tamilaruvi.in
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Ans: b
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53. Acrosomal reaction of the sperm occurs due
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with zona pellucida of the www.tamilaruvi.in
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within the uterine environment of 61. A female gland
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the female male is
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a
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23
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62. Outer coat of seminiferous tubules is 70. Which statement is not correct for
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gastrulation? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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www.tnpsnote.com
called
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www.tamilaruvi.in b) Lamina Propia
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semilunaris d) Tunica albuginea
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b) Cell divisionwww.tamilaruvi.in
stops www.tamil
c) Oxidation reaction increase
63.
amilaruvi.inIn mammals, maturation
www.tamilaruvi.in of sperm take place
d) Elongation of embryo starts Ans: b
at a temperature.
71. Oxytocin mainly help in
www.tamil
a) Equal to that of body
a) Milk production b) Child birth
www.tamil
b) Higher than that of body
c) Lower than that of body c) Urine formation d) Gametogenesis
b
d) At any temperature Ans: c
72. Sertoli cells are regulated by the pituitary
www.tamil
64. Seminal vesicles are located in
hormone known www.tamilaruvi.in
as ________ www.tamil
a) Caput epidydimis
a) FSH www.tamilaruvi.in
b) GH www.tamil
b) Uterus
c) Prolactin www.tamilaruvi.ind) LH www.tamil
Ans: a
c) Above Cowper’s glands
d) Glans penis Ans: c 73. Which part of ovary in mammals acts as an
endocrine gland www.tamilaruvi.in
after ovulation? www.tamil
65.
amilaruvi.inCentral stroma of ovary
www.tamilaruvi.in is made up ofwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Viteline membrane
amilaruvi.ina) Fibrous connective
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b) Graffian follicle
amilaruvi.inb) Reticular tissue
c) Stroma
amilaruvi.inc) Adipose connective
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d) Germinal epithelium b
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74. Which one of the following statement is
66. Ovarianwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in follicles are present in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
incorrect about menstruation?
amilaruvi.ina) Medulla
a) At menopause in the female, there is especially
amilaruvi.inb) Germinal epithelium
abrupt increase in gonadotropic hormones.www.tamil
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b) The beginningwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of the cycle of menstruation is
amilaruvi.ind) Mesovarium
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c called menarche.
67. In gametogenesis,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in reduction division take c) During normal
www.tamilaruvi.in menstruation about 40www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in ml
place during blood is lost.
a) Multiplication phase d) The menstrual fluid can easily clot. Ans: d
amilaruvi.inb) Growth phase
www.tamilaruvi.in 75. Which extrawww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in embroyonic membranewww.tamil in
c) First maturation division humans prevents desiccation of the embryo
inside the uterus?
www.tamil
d) Second maturation Ans: c
68. Graafian follicle contains
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Yolk sac
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Amnion
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Manywww.tamilaruvi.in
oocytes
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Chorion
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Allantois
www.tamil
Ans: b
amilaruvi.inb) Manywww.tamilaruvi.in
sperms
76. Seminal plasma in humans is rich in
amilaruvi.inc) A single
www.tamilaruvi.in
oocyte
a) Fructose and certain enzymes but poor in
amilaruvi.ind) Site for
www.tamilaruvi.in
egg fertilization
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: c calcium
69. Primary follicle are converted into secondary b) Fructose, calcium and certain enzymes
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by the formation of ________ www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Fructose and calcium but has no enzymes
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layers www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Zona pellucida www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) Glucose and certain enzymes but has no
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granulosa d) Viteline membrane calcium www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Ans: a www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
b
amilaruvi.in
77. Which one of the following is the correct
d) The signals for parturition originate from fully
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of the events occurring www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
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during developed foetus and placenta.
amilaruvi.inmenstrual cycle?
a) a and c b) b and c
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ina) Menstruation :
www.tamilaruvi.in Breakdown of myometrium
and ovum not fertilised c) c and d d) b and d Ans: d
Ovulation: LH and FSH attain peak level and 82. To maintain menstrual cycle, hormone are
amilaruvi.inb) sharp www.tamilaruvi.in
fall in the secretion of progesterone.
www.tamilaruvi.in
secreted by www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Pituitary and Ovary www.tamil
b) Pituitary and Uterus
c) Proliferative Phase : rapid regeneration of
amilaruvi.in myometrium
www.tamilaruvi.in
and maturation of Graafian www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Only uteruswww.tamilaruvi.in
d) Only Ovary Ans:www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.in follicle.
83. Which of the following is correct?
amilaruvi.ind) Development
of Corpus luteum : Secretory www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Estrogen increases after ovulation
amilaruvi.in phasewww.tamilaruvi.in
and increased secretion of progesteronewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Luteum b) Graafian follicles mature in luteaal phase
Ans: d
c) Maximum level of progesterone is between
78. The correct sequence of spermatogenetic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
11th to 13th day of menstrual cycle.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.instages leading to
www.tamilaruvi.inthe formation of sperms in
a mature human testis is: d) Estrogen maintain pregnancy a
a) Spermatogonia – Spermatid – Spermatocyte – 84. The male accessory glands include
amilaruvi.in Sperms www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Prostate gland b) Bulbourethral gland
amilaruvi.inb) Spermatocyte
www.tamilaruvi.in
– Spermatogonia- Spermatid www.tamilaruvi.in
– www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) seminal vesicles d) All of above
amilaruvi.in Sperms www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
d
amilaruvi.inc) Spermatogonia – Spermatocyte – Spermatid
www.tamilaruvi.in –
85. Which statement is wrong?
amilaruvi.in Sperms www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) Spermatid – Spermatocyte – Spermatogonia – a) Mammary lobes containing clusters called
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inalveoli
Sperms Ans: c
79. A change in the amount of yolk and its
b) Uterus is also called womb
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amilaruvi.indistribution
www.tamilaruvi.in
in the egg will affect: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) The last part of the oviduct is called ampulla
amilaruvi.ina) Fertilization
d) Stroma of ovary divided into two zone
amilaruvi.inb) Formation
www.tamilaruvi.in
of zygote www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
c
amilaruvi.inc) Pattern of cleavage
86. Secretion of which hormone induce
amilaruvi.ind) Number of blastomeres produced
www.tamilaruvi.in
spermatogenis www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
80. Signalswww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in for parturition originate from www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) GnRH b) LTH
amilaruvi.ina) Placenta only
c) Oxytocin www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Relaxin www.tamil
Ans: a
amilaruvi.inb) Fullywww.tamilaruvi.in
developed foetus only. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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placenta as well as fully developed foetus 87. Ovulation is www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Oxytocin released from maternal pituitary. a) Releasing of secondary oocyte from ovary
Ans: c b) Releasing of primary oocyte from ovary
81. From a to d which of the following statements
c) Releasing of polar body
amilaruvi.inare correct.
d) Releasing of graafian follicle Ans: a
amilaruvi.ina) Fertilisation
www.tamilaruvi.in
can occur only if the ovum www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in sperm are transported simultaneouslywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in to the 88. Which hormones is essential
www.tamilaruvi.in for maintenance
www.tamil
‘ampullary isthmic junction’ of endometrium?
b) First movement of foetus and appearance of a) FSH b) LH
hair on head are usually observed during the c) Progesterone d) Testosterone
amilaruvi.in fifth www.tamilaruvi.in
month of pregnancy. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
c
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day of Menstrual cycle, the level of
amilaruvi.in progesterone
www.tamilaruvi.in
is maximum. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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25
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www.tamil
89. Fertilization takes place at
98. Orchidectomy is the surgical removal of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Cervix
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
b) Ampulla a) Liver b) kidney
amilaruvi.inc) Isthumus
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Vagina
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: b c) Ovary
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Testes
www.tamil
Ans: d
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
90. The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is called 99. Archenteron cavity is found in
a) Morula b) Blastula a) In Blastula b) in gastrula
c) Gastrula d) Foetus Ans: a c) In Morula d) in planula Ans: b
91. Function of placenta is 100. Mammalian placenta originates from
a) Allantois and chorion b) Yolksac
amilaruvi.ina) Supply of O2 to embryo
c) Allantois d) Amnion Ans: a
amilaruvi.inb) Removal of CO2 produced by the embroyo
These questions consists of two statements
amilaruvi.inc) Produces several hormones
each, printed as Assertion and Reason.
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amilaruvi.ind) All the above
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While answering www.tamilaruvi.in
these questions youwww.tamil
are
amilaruvi.in required to choose any one of the following
of the following releases inhibin www.tamilaruvi.in
four response.
amilaruvi.incontrol spermatogenesis?
a) If both Assertion & Reason are True & the
amilaruvi.ina) Rete testis
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Follicular cells
Reason is a correct www.tamil
explanation of the Assertion
amilaruvi.inc) Leydig’s cells
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Sertoli cells www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) If both Assertion www.tamil
& Reason are True but Reason
www.tamilaruvi.in is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
93.
amilaruvi.inHow many secondary
www.tamilaruvi.in spermatocytes will c) If Assertionwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in is True but the Reason is False.www.tamil
form 400 spermatozoa d) If both Assertion & Reason are false.
amilaruvi.ina) 100 www.tamilaruvi.in b) 400 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
101.Assertion : Corpus albicans is an inactive
amilaruvi.inc) 40 www.tamilaruvi.in d) 200 Ans: d structure
www.tamilaruvi.in which is found in
www.tamilaruvi.inthe ovary www.tamil
94. After ovulation
amilaruvi.in follicles converted intowww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Reason : Corpus albicans
www.tamilaruvi.in secretes the
www.tamil
progesterone hormone after ovulation
amilaruvi.ina) Corpus luteum
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Corpus albicans
a) A b) B c) C d) D
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www.tamilaruvi.in d) Corpus callosum
c
102.Assertion : Menarche starts around the age
95. How many
amilaruvi.in cleavages are required
www.tamilaruvi.in
of puberty www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
formation of 16 blastmeres?
Reason: Afterwww.tamilaruvi.in
birth oocyte is matured www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.ina) 2 www.tamilaruvi.in
b) 4 c) 6 Ans: b
d) 8www.tamilaruvi.in
developed to form Graafian follicle.
96. Correctwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in sequence in development is www.tamilaruvi.in a) A b) B c) C
amilaruvi.ina) Fertilization à Zygote à Cleavage àwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Morula www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in à Blastula à Gastrula
www.tamilaruvi.in 103.Assertion : During
www.tamilaruvi.in embryonic stage testes
descend down and at the time of birth, it
amilaruvi.inb) Fertilization à Zygote
www.tamilaruvi.in à Blastula à Morula à
comes into scrotum.
Cleavage à Gastrula
Reason : Spermatogenesis process requireswww.tamil
less
c) Fertilization à Cleavage à Morula à Zygote than body temperature.
amilaruvi.in à Blastula
www.tamilaruvi.in
à Gastrula
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a)
www.tamilaruvi.in A b) B c) C
d) Cleavage à Zygote à Fertilization à Morula Ans: a
amilaruvi.in à Blastula
www.tamilaruvi.in
à Gastrula www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a 104.Assertion
www.tamilaruvi.in : After ovulation
www.tamilaruvi.inruptured graafian
www.tamil
follicle transforms into corpus luteum.
97. The functional maturation of sperms www.tamilaruvi.in
takes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Reason: Corpus luteum act as endocrine gland
amilaruvi.inplace inwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and it is stablewww.tamilaruvi.in
through out life. www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Oviduct
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Epididymis www.tamilaruvi.in a) A www.tamilaruvi.in
b) B c) C d) D www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Vagina
d) All of these www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c
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amilaruvi.in
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105.Assertion: Ovulation occurs on the 14th day 2. Write the Structure and functions of sertoli
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inof menstrual
www.tamilaruvi.in
cycle in a human female.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
cells?
amilaruvi.inReasonwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
: The high level of estrogen is controlled  Sertoli cells www.tamilaruvi.in
- elongated and pyramidal www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in2 or 3 days before this
www.tamilaruvi.in event due to negative
www.tamilaruvi.in
feedback.  It provide www.tamilaruvi.in
nourishment to the sperms www.tamil
 They also www.tamilaruvi.in
secrete inhibin, a hormone www.tamil
a) A b) B c) C d) D
Ans: c www.tamilaruvi.in
(role - negative feedback control of spermwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in production)
106.Assertion : From day 10 to 17 of the menstrual
amilaruvi.incycle iswww.tamilaruvi.in  Spermatogonic
www.tamilaruvi.in cells - divide meiotically
called fertile period
to produce spermatozoa
amilaruvi.inReason: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
As chances of fertilisation are very high www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.induring this period
www.tamilaruvi.in 3. What is cryptorchism?
amilaruvi.ina) A www.tamilaruvi.in
b) B c) C  The failurewww.tamilaruvi.in
d) Dwww.tamilaruvi.in of one or both testes towww.tamil fall
Ans: a away down into the scrotal sacs is known
as cryptorchism (crypto – hidden + orchis –
www.tamil
107.Assertion:
amilaruvi.in The level of FSH & LH attainwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in a peak
testicle). www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
level in the middle of the menstrual cycle.
 It occurs in www.tamilaruvi.in
1 – 3 % of new born males. www.tamil
Reason: The FSH & LH surge indces rupture of
amilaruvi.inGraafianwww.tamilaruvi.in
follicle that is called ovulation.
www.tamilaruvi.in
 A surgical www.tamilaruvi.in
correction at a young agewww.tamil can
b) B c) C d) D rectify
www.tamilaruvi.in the defect, else these
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in become sterile.
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
108.Assertion www.tamilaruvi.in of the 4. List out Function
: The mammary glands www.tamilaruvi.in of seminal fluid
amilaruvi.infemale www.tamilaruvi.in
starts producing milk just after the  It is a milky
www.tamilaruvi.in white fluid which contains
amilaruvi.inprocess of parturition.
www.tamilaruvi.in sperms
www.tamilaruvi.in and the seminal
www.tamilaruvi.in plasma (secreted
www.tamil
Reason : High level of oxytocin induces milk by accessory glands).
production.  The seminal fluid - acts as a transport
medium, provides nutrients, contains
www.tamil
a) A b) B c) C d) D
Ans: c some chemicalswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
109.Assertion:www.tamilaruvi.in
In male, urethra is considered www.tamilaruvi.in
as www.tamilaruvi.in
 Role of chemical - protect and activatewww.tamil
amilaruvi.inurinogenital
www.tamilaruvi.in
duct. the sperms
www.tamilaruvi.in and also help in motility.
amilaruvi.inReasonwww.tamilaruvi.in
: Urethra carries both urine andwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
semen 5. Why female reproductive system consider www.tamil
as
amilaruvi.inin males.www.tamilaruvi.in more complexwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in than male? www.tamil
b) B c) C d) Dwww.tamilaruvi.in
 Female reproductive
www.tamilaruvi.in system is more www.tamil
Ans: a complex than the male because apart from
gamete formation, it also help in foetus
amilaruvi.in PART-B
development. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
6. List out the layers of Ovary.
www.tamil
ADDITIONAL
www.tamilaruvi.in (2 MARKS)
 Ovarian stroma - thin cuboidal epithelium
amilaruvi.in
1. Write the www.tamilaruvi.in
significance of accessory gland www.tamilaruvi.in
in www.tamilaruvi.in
called the germinal www.tamil
epithelium which encloses
amilaruvi.inmale www.tamilaruvi.in the ovarianwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in stroma. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Bulbourethral glands
www.tamilaruvi.in are present inferior
www.tamilaruvi.in
 The stromawww.tamilaruvi.in
is differentiated as the outer www.tamil
to the prostate cortex and inner medulla.
amilaruvi.in It secretions also help
www.tamilaruvi.in in the lubrication of  Cortex
www.tamilaruvi.in - dense and granular
www.tamilaruvi.in due to the
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the penis. presence of ovarian follicles
Prostate gland :  Medulla - loose connective tissue with
 It secretes a slightly acidic fluid that blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve
amilaruvi.in containswww.tamilaruvi.in
citrate, several enzymes and
www.tamilaruvi.in
fibres. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in prostatewww.tamilaruvi.in
specific antigens. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
27
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Tunicawww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
albuginea – dense connective tissue 14. List out the main functions of reproductive
www.tamil
Below the germinal epithelium
amilaruvi.in foundwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
system
amilaruvi.in Mesovarium - ovarian ligament thatwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in attach Main functionswww.tamilaruvi.in
of reproductive system are www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
ovary attached to the pelvic wall and the
amilaruvi.in uterus.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
1. To produce www.tamilaruvi.in
the gametes namely sperms www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inand ova www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
7. Write the significance of Barthelenis glands?
amilaruvi.in Location
www.tamilaruvi.in 2. To transport
www.tamilaruvi.in and sustain these gametes
: posterior to the left and right of
amilaruvi.in the opening
www.tamilaruvi.in
of the vagina. 3. To nurturewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the developing offspring www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Rolewww.tamilaruvi.in
: secrete mucus to lubricate the 4. To produce
www.tamilaruvi.in hormones
amilaruvi.in vaginawww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
15. Define the following term. Insemination, www.tamil
 It is similar to
amilaruvi.in malewww.tamilaruvi.in bulbourethral glands of the Implantation,www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Placentation www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Insemination
www.tamilaruvi.in : Transfer of sperms bywww.tamil
8. Write the significance of skenes glands? male into the female genital tract.
 Location : anterior wall of the vagina and  Implantation : Attachment of blastocyst
amilaruvi.in around www.tamilaruvi.in
the lower end of the urethra. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
to the uterine wall. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Rolewww.tamilaruvi.in
: secrete a lubricating fluid www.tamilaruvi.in  Placentation:www.tamilaruvi.in
Formation of placenta www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It iswww.tamilaruvi.in
similar to prostate gland www.tamilaruvi.in
of the which is thewww.tamilaruvi.in
intimate connection between www.tamil
amilaruvi.in males.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.infoetus and uterine wall
www.tamilaruvi.inof the mother for
www.tamil
exchange of nutrients.
amilaruvi.in the role of Epidymis in reproduction ?
 Epidymis is a highly coiled tube that 16. What is the role of accessory gland in
reproduction.
temporarily stores the spermatozoa
 Sustain the gametes
www.tamil
 It Help in physiological maturation,
amilaruvi.in increased
www.tamilaruvi.in
motility and www.tamilaruvi.in
fertilizing www.tamilaruvi.in
 Provide nutrient to developing offspring.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in capacity.
 The epididymis leads to the vas deferens, 17. Why scortum called as thermoregulator ?
ejaculatory duct, urethra.  Scrotum – it is a sac of skin that hangs
outside the abdominal cavity.
www.tamil
10. What is mesovarium?
 Scrotum is placed outside the abdominal
www.tamil
 It is one of the layers of uterus
cavity to provide a temperature 2-3oC lower www.tamil
 They are ovarian ligament that attach ovary than the normal internal body temperature to
amilaruvi.in attached
to the pelvic wall and the uterus. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
produce viable sperm.
11. What is Isthmus?
 Hence, the scrotum called as a
amilaruvi.in Isthmus
– it is the last part of the oviduct
www.tamilaruvi.in
thermoregulator for spermatogenesis. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in connecting the ampulla and infundibulum
the uterus. 18. Given below are the events in human
reproduction.www.tamilaruvi.in
Write them in correct sequential www.tamil
12. Why acrosome
amilaruvi.in is important for sperm.www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in order. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Acrosome is a
www.tamilaruvi.in small cap like pointed Insemination,
www.tamilaruvi.in gametogenesis,
www.tamilaruvi.in fertilisation,
www.tamil
structure present at the tip of the nucleus parturition, gestation, implantation
amilaruvi.in It contains
hyaluronidase - a proteolytic
amilaruvi.in enzyme,www.tamilaruvi.in Gemetogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in → Insemination
www.tamilaruvi.in → Fertilisation
www.tamil
popularly known as sperm lysin
→ Implantation → Gestation → Parturition
amilaruvi.in helps to penetrate
www.tamilaruvi.in the ovum. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
19. Write the location and functions of the
amilaruvi.in nebenkern ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
following.
amilaruvi.in The middle piece
www.tamilaruvi.in possesses mitochondria
spirally twisted around the axial filament called a) Sertoli cells - It provide nourishment
to the sperms and it also secrete inhibin www.tamil
mitochondrial spiral or nebenkern. hormone
 Nebenkern - It produces energy in the
amilaruvi.in formwww.tamilaruvi.in b)
www.tamilaruvi.inLeydig’s cells - They
www.tamilaruvi.in act as endocrine
www.tamil
of ATP molecules for the movement of
gland and secrete androgens namely the
amilaruvi.in sperms.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
testosterone hormone
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
20. Why are menstrual cycles absent during
 Seminal vesicles à secrete an alkaline fluid
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inpregnancy?
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
called seminal plasma
amilaruvi.inHigh level of progesterone
www.tamilaruvi.in and estrogens during
 Seminal plasmam www.tamil
- contain fructose
pregnancy suppress the gonadotropins which is
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inrequiredwww.tamilaruvi.in sugar, ascorbic acid, prostaglandins and
for the development of new www.tamilaruvi.in
follicles. www.tamilaruvi.in
vesiculase (coagulating enzyme for sperm
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inTherefore, a new cycle cannot be initiated.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inmotility) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
21. Female
amilaruvi.infunctions reproductive
www.tamilaruvi.in organs and associated Bulbourethral
www.tamilaruvi.in glands à They are inferior
www.tamil
are given below in column A and B. the prostate
amilaruvi.inFill the www.tamilaruvi.in
blank boxes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 It secretions also help in the lubrication of
amilaruvi.inColumnwww.tamilaruvi.in
A Column B www.tamilaruvi.inthe penis. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inOvaries www.tamilaruvi.in Ovulation www.tamilaruvi.in
Prostate gland www.tamilaruvi.in
: www.tamil
amilaruvi.inOviduct www.tamilaruvi.in a www.tamilaruvi.in
 It secreteswww.tamilaruvi.in
a slightly acidic fluid www.tamil
that
b Pregnancy contains citrate, several enzymes www.tamil
and
Vagina Birth prostate specific antigens.
Ans: a) Fertilization, b) Uterus 2. List out and explain the types of twins.
22. From where the parturition signals arise-
 Twins are two offsprings produced in the
amilaruvi.inmotherwww.tamilaruvi.in
or foetus? Mention the main hormone www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
same pregnancy. www.tamil
amilaruvi.ininvolved in parturition.
 Monozygotic (Identical) twins : theywww.tamil
are
amilaruvi.in Parturition signals arise
www.tamilaruvi.in from the foetus.
www.tamilaruvi.inproduced when a single fertilised egg splits
into two during the first cleavage. They are
amilaruvi.in This triggers release of oxytocin from the
www.tamilaruvi.in
maternal pituitary gland. www.tamilaruvi.inof the same www.tamilaruvi.in
sex, look alike and sharewww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in Oxytocin
www.tamilaruvi.in
is the main hormone involved inwww.tamilaruvi.insame genes.
amilaruvi.in parturition.
www.tamilaruvi.in  Dizygotic www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in (Fraternal) twins : they www.tamil are
23. How does zona pellucida of ovum www.tamilaruvi.in
help in produced when two separate eggs are
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in fertilised bywww.tamilaruvi.in
two separate sperms. www.tamil
The
preventing polyspermy?
amilaruvi.inOnce awww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intwins may be of the same sex or different
sperm comes in contact with zona sex and are non-identical.
amilaruvi.inpellucidawww.tamilaruvi.in
of the ovum, it induces changes www.tamilaruvi.in
in its www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
membrane.  Siamese (United) twins : they are the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inconjoined www.tamilaruvi.in
twins who are joined during www.tamil
These changes prevent
amilaruvi.ininto thewww.tamilaruvi.in the entry of other sperm
www.tamilaruvi.inbirth. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
ovum and thus prevent polyspermy.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 3. Give the names
www.tamilaruvi.in and functions of the hormones
24. A human female experiences two major involved in the process of spermatogenesis.
amilaruvi.inchanges, www.tamilaruvi.in
menarche and menopausewww.tamilaruvi.in
during Write the names www.tamilaruvi.in
of the endocrine glands fromwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inher life.www.tamilaruvi.in where they are
www.tamilaruvi.in released.
amilaruvi.inMention the significance
www.tamilaruvi.in of both the events.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Originwww.tamil
of
Hormone Function
Significance of Menarche:
amilaruvi.inonset ofwww.tamilaruvi.in Menarche marks the
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in hormone
www.tamil
puberty. Acts on anterior
Hypothalamus
amilaruvi.inThus, itwww.tamilaruvi.in
marks the beginning of reproductive Gonadotropinwww.tamilaruvi.in
pituitary gland
amilaruvi.inphase inwww.tamilaruvi.in
female. www.tamilaruvi.in Releasing www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and stimulates
Significance of Menopause: Menopause marks Hormone
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the release of LH
the culmination of reproductive phase in female. (GnRH) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and FSH
Acts at Leydig
amilaruvi.in PART-C
cells and www.tamil
Pituitary
Luteinizing
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in stimulates
hormone (LH)
ADDITIONAL
www.tamilaruvi.in secretion
www.tamilaruvi.in of www.tamil
androgen.
amilaruvi.in
1. Write noteswww.tamilaruvi.in
on accessory gland. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Acts on Sertoli
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It include
www.tamilaruvi.in
seminal vesicles www.tamilaruvi.in Follicle www.tamilaruvi.in
cells and www.tamil
Pituitary
amilaruvi.in Bulbourethral
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inStimulating stimulates
www.tamilaruvi.in factors www.tamil
glands also called Cowper’s Hormone which are
amilaruvi.in gland www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (FSH) www.tamilaruvi.in
involved in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Prostate gland (one).
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in spermatogenesis.
www.tamil
29
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
4. During reproduction, the chromosome 8. What are the events that take place in the
amilaruvi.innumberwww.tamilaruvi.in
(2n) reduces to half (n) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
in the ovary and uterus during follicular phase of
amilaruvi.ingametes and again
www.tamilaruvi.in the original number (2n) the
www.tamilaruvi.in menstrual cycle?
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
is restored in the offspring. What are the Following events takes place in the ovary and
amilaruvi.inprocesses www.tamilaruvi.in
through which these events take
uterus during follicular phase of the menstrual
amilaruvi.inplace? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
cycle:
amilaruvi.in Gametogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in involves meiosis whichwww.tamilaruvi.in
results www.tamilaruvi.in
 Primary follicle in the ovary grow to become
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in in haploid number of chromosomes in daughter
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in fully maturewww.tamilaruvi.in
Graafian follicle. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in cells.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Endometrium in the uterus regenerates
amilaruvi.in Thus, chromosome
www.tamilaruvi.in number is half (n) in
www.tamilaruvi.in through proliferation.
gametes.
 Estrogen is www.tamilaruvi.in
secreted by growing follicle. www.tamil
 Fertilisation is the step in which the
amilaruvi.in chromosome
www.tamilaruvi.in 9. What are thewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in changes in the oogonia during www.tamil
number becomes diploid (2n)
amilaruvi.in because www.tamilaruvi.in the
www.tamilaruvi.in transition of a primary
www.tamilaruvi.in follicle to Graafian
www.tamil
of fusion of
follicle?
amilaruvi.inmale and www.tamilaruvi.in
female gametes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Following changes happen in the oogonia during
5. What is the difference between a primary
www.tamilaruvi.in
the transition www.tamilaruvi.in
of a primary follicle to Graafian www.tamil
amilaruvi.inoocyte www.tamilaruvi.in
and a secondary oocyte? www.tamilaruvi.in
follicle: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Primary www.tamilaruvi.in
Oocyte Secondary Oocyte
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Each primary www.tamilaruvi.in
oocyte gets surrounded by www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.ini) Primarywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in layer of granulosa cells;
www.tamilaruvi.in called primary follicle.
www.tamil
oocyte is i) Secondary oocyte is
amilaruvi.in formed when the
www.tamilaruvi.in formed at the onset 
www.tamilaruvi.in Primary follicle gets surrounded
www.tamilaruvi.in by another
www.tamil
female is still in the of puberty. layer of granulosa cells and a new theca. This
is called secondary follicle.
www.tamil
womb.
amilaruvi.inii) It iswww.tamilaruvi.in
surrounded by ii) It is surrounded www.tamilaruvi.in
by www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The secondary follicle soon transforms
amilaruvi.in secondarywww.tamilaruvi.in
follicle. www.tamilaruvi.in
tertiary follicle as into tertiarywww.tamilaruvi.in
follicle. The tertiary follicle www.tamil
is
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in well. www.tamilaruvi.in characterized www.tamilaruvi.in
by a fluid filled cavity called www.tamil
amilaruvi.iniii) Cnumber
h r o m o s o m e iii) C h r o m o s o m e
www.tamilaruvi.in
is 46. number is 23.
www.tamilaruvi.in antrum. Atwww.tamilaruvi.in
this stage, the primary oocyte www.tamil
undergoes second meiotic division and forms
secondary oocyte and a tiny polar body.
www.tamil
6. Corpus luteum in pregnancy has a long life.
amilaruvi.inHowever, www.tamilaruvi.in
if fertilisation does not take www.tamilaruvi.in
place, www.tamilaruvi.in
 The tertiary follicle then changes into mature
www.tamil
amilaruvi.init remains active only for 10-12 days. Explain.
Graafian follicle. During this stage, a www.tamil
new
amilaruvi.inCorpus www.tamilaruvi.in
luteum secretes progesterone which www.tamilaruvi.in
is layer; called zona pellucida; develops around
amilaruvi.inessentialwww.tamilaruvi.in
for maintaining the endometrium. www.tamilaruvi.in the secondary oocyte.
amilaruvi.inThis is www.tamilaruvi.in
essential for proper developmentwww.tamilaruvi.in
of the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
foetus. Hence, corpus luteum has a long life PART-D
amilaruvi.induring pregnancy.
amilaruvi.inOn the other
hand, in the absence of fertilization;
amilaruvi.inthere iswww.tamilaruvi.in
no work for corpus luteum and hence www.tamilaruvi.in
it www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inremainswww.tamilaruvi.in
active only for 10 – 12 days. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
1. List out the events in human reproduction www.tamil
7. Except endocrine function, what are the other
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Gametogenesis: www.tamilaruvi.in
Formation of gametes www.tamil
amilaruvi.infunctions www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in by spermatogenesis and
www.tamilaruvi.in oogenesis. www.tamil
of placenta?
amilaruvi.inOther thanwww.tamilaruvi.in  Insemination: Transfer of sperms by the
endocrine function; followingwww.tamilaruvi.in
are the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
male into the female genital tract.
amilaruvi.inremaining functions of placenta:
amilaruvi.ina) Facilitates
www.tamilaruvi.in Fertilisation: Fusion
www.tamilaruvi.in of male and female
www.tamil
supply of oxygen and nutrients to
gametes to form zygote, called fertilisation.
amilaruvi.in the foetus.
 Cleavage: Rapid mitotic divisions of the
amilaruvi.inb) Facilitates removal
www.tamilaruvi.in of carbon dioxide and other
zygote which convert the single celled zygote
waste products from the foetus.
into a multicellular www.tamil
structure called blastocyst.
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Implantation:
Attachment of blastocyst
www.tamilaruvi.in
tunica albuginea and is divide into 200 -
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in to thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
uterine wall. 250 lobules
amilaruvi.in Placentation:
Formation of placenta  Each lobuleswww.tamilaruvi.in
has 2-4 highly coiled testicular www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in whichwww.tamilaruvi.in
is the intimate connection between tubules or www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in seminiferous tubules. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in foetus and uterine
www.tamilaruvi.in wall of the mother for  Seminiferous
www.tamilaruvi.in tubules are the siteswww.tamil
exchange of nutrients. sperm production (80%)
 Gastrulation: Process by which blastocyst  Seminiferous tubule (stratified epithelium) is
amilaruvi.in is changed
www.tamilaruvi.in
into a gastrula with www.tamilaruvi.in
three www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
made of two types of cells
amilaruvi.in primary
www.tamilaruvi.in
germ layers www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1. Sertoli cells or nurse cells
amilaruvi.in Organogenesis:
Formation of specific www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2. Spermatogonic cells or male germ cells.
amilaruvi.in tissues, organs and organ systems
www.tamilaruvi.in from
three germ layers.  Sertoli cells - elongated and pyramidal
amilaruvi.in Parturition: Expulsion
www.tamilaruvi.in of the foetus from  It
www.tamilaruvi.inprovide nourishment
www.tamilaruvi.in to the sperms www.tamil
the mother’s womb.  They also secrete inhibin, a hormone
2. Write short notes on male reproductive (role - negative feedback control of sperm
amilaruvi.insystemwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
production)www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Spermatogonic cells - divide meiotically
www.tamil
to producewww.tamilaruvi.in
spermatozoa. www.tamil
Interstitial cells or Leydig cells : www.tamil
 They are placed in the soft connective www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in tissue
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  They surrounding
www.tamilaruvi.in the seminiferous tubules.
 They act as endocrine gland and secrete
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in androgens
www.tamilaruvi.in namely
www.tamilaruvi.inthe testosteronewww.tamil
hormone
 Testosterone - initiates the process of
spermatogenesis. (sperm production)
www.tamil
 This is the important characteristic
features ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
the testes of mammals. www.tamil
 Immune cells www.tamilaruvi.in
are also present. www.tamil
 The male reproductive system include : pair
amilaruvi.in of testes,
accessory ducts, glands and Accessory ducts www.tamilaruvi.in
: www.tamil
amilaruvi.in external
www.tamilaruvi.in
genitalia. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 It include rete testis, vasa efferentia,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Testes
www.tamilaruvi.in
- primary male sex orgAns: www.tamilaruvi.in epididymiswww.tamilaruvi.in
and vas deferens. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inTesteswww.tamilaruvi.in
: www.tamilaruvi.in
 Tubulus rectuswww.tamilaruvi.in
(converge seminiferous www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in tubule)
www.tamilaruvi.in that transfers the
www.tamilaruvi.insperms into the rete
www.tamil
are pair of ovoid bodies present inside
amilaruvi.in scrotum.
www.tamilaruvi.in testis.
amilaruvi.in Scrotum
www.tamilaruvi.in  The rete testis - posterior side of the testis.
– it is a sac of skin thatwww.tamilaruvi.in
hangs www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in outside the abdominal
www.tamilaruvi.in cavity.  Tubulus
www.tamilaruvi.in Rectus à Rete
www.tamilaruvi.in Testis à Vasa
www.tamil
Efferentia à Epididymis.
amilaruvi.in Scrotum is placed outside the abdominal
cavity to provide a temperature 2-3˚C lower Epididymis
than the normal internal body temperature to  It is a highly coiled tube that temporarily
amilaruvi.in produce
www.tamilaruvi.in
viable sperm. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
stores the spermatozoa
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Thus,www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
the scrotum acts as a thermoregulator www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Help in physiological maturation,
amilaruvi.in for spermatogenesis.
increased www.tamilaruvi.in
motility and www.tamil
fertilizing
amilaruvi.in Testiswww.tamilaruvi.in
is covered by an outermost www.tamilaruvi.in
fibrous capacity. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
31
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The epididymis
leads to the vas deferens,
www.tamilaruvi.in
absorption of nutrients and exchange of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in ejaculatory
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
duct, urethra. gases.
amilaruvi.in Urethra
www.tamilaruvi.in
à is the terminal portion iswww.tamilaruvi.in
used to Amnion : www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in convey both urine and semen
 It is a www.tamilaruvi.in
double layered translucent www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It originates
www.tamilaruvi.in
from the urinary bladder www.tamilaruvi.in
and membranewww.tamilaruvi.in
filled with the amniotic fluid.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in extends through
www.tamilaruvi.in the penis a buoyant environmentwww.tamil
 It provideswww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in External opening of urethra is called
www.tamilaruvi.in as
www.tamilaruvi.in protect the developing embryo
www.tamilaruvi.in from injury,
www.tamil
urethral meatus. regulates the temperature of the foetus
and provides a medium in which the foetus
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inAccessory glands
www.tamilaruvi.in: www.tamilaruvi.in can move. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It include seminal
www.tamilaruvi.in vesicles (two) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Yolk sac :
amilaruvi.in Bulbourethral glands
www.tamilaruvi.in also called Cowper’s
 It forms a part of the gut
gland
 It is rich in blood cells and blood vessels. www.tamil
 Prostate gland (one).
Allantois : www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Seminal vesicles à secrete an alkaline fluid
amilaruvi.in calledwww.tamilaruvi.in
seminal plasma
www.tamilaruvi.in
 It forms www.tamilaruvi.in
a small out pocketingwww.tamil of
amilaruvi.in Seminal
www.tamilaruvi.in
plasmam - contain fructose
www.tamilaruvi.in embryonicwww.tamilaruvi.in
tissue at the caudal end ofwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in sugar, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in yolk sac. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
ascorbic acid, prostaglandins and
amilaruvi.in vesiculase (coagulating enzyme forwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in sperm  It is the structural base
www.tamilaruvi.in for the umbilical
www.tamil
motility) cord that links the embryo to the placenta
amilaruvi.in Bulbourethral gland
www.tamilaruvi.in à They are inferior 
www.tamilaruvi.in It is part of the urinary
www.tamilaruvi.in bladder. www.tamil
to the prostate Chorion :
 It secretions also help in the lubrication of  It is the outermost membrane which
amilaruvi.in the penis.
encloses all other membranes
amilaruvi.inProstatewww.tamilaruvi.in
gland :
 It also helps in the formation of the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in placenta.
 It secretes a slightly acidic fluid that
amilaruvi.in contains
www.tamilaruvi.in
citrate, several enzymes www.tamilaruvi.in
and Chorionic villi :
amilaruvi.in prostate specific antigens.
 The trophoblast cells in the blastocyst send
amilaruvi.in Location
www.tamilaruvi.in
- The prostate encircles www.tamilaruvi.in
the out several www.tamilaruvi.in
finger like projections called www.tamil
amilaruvi.in urethra and is just below the urinarywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in bladder chorionic villiwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inPenis :www.tamilaruvi.in  It carryingwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in foetal blood and are surrounded www.tamil
penis is the male external genitalia www.tamilaruvi.in by sinuseswww.tamilaruvi.in
that contain maternal blood. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in act as a copulatory
www.tamilaruvi.in organ. 4. Explain Process
www.tamilaruvi.in of spermatogenesis.
amilaruvi.in It is made of a special
www.tamilaruvi.in tissue that helps in
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Spermatogenesis is process of formation
www.tamil
the erection of penis to aid insemination sperm (male gametes) from testes.
amilaruvi.in (transfer
www.tamilaruvi.in
of sperm) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Glans www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.in Primordial germ cells
www.tamilaruvi.in à migrate into
www.tamil
penis - The enlarged end of the penis the testes à sperm mother cells or
amilaruvi.in it is www.tamilaruvi.in
covered by a loose fold of skin www.tamilaruvi.in
called www.tamilaruvi.in
spermatogonia (immature germ cells) in the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in foreskin or prepuce.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in inner surfaces www.tamilaruvi.in
of the seminiferous tubules. www.tamil
3. Write short notes on membrane of embryo www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 The spermatogonia à mitotic divisionwww.tamil
at
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in
extra embryonic membranes www.tamilaruvi.in
are : puberty andwww.tamilaruvi.in
continue throughout life. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in amnion, yolk sac, allantois and chorion
www.tamilaruvi.in  Initialy spermatogonia
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in migrate towards www.tamil
protect the embryo from dessication,
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the central lumen of the
www.tamilaruvi.in seminiferous tubule
www.tamil
mechanical shock and help in the and become modified and enlarged to form
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in primarywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
spermatocytes which are diploid with
www.tamilaruvi.in
 It is the process of development of the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 23 pairs
or ovum or egg inwww.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
i.e., 46 chromosomes. female gamete the
amilaruvi.in 10 www.tamilaruvi.in
spermatocytes undergo first meiotic ovaries.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in division to form two 20 spermatocytes
www.tamilaruvi.in  During foetal
www.tamilaruvi.in development, certain cells inwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in which are haploid
www.tamilaruvi.in with 23 chromosomes. germinal
www.tamilaruvi.in epithelium of the
www.tamilaruvi.in foetal ovary divide
www.tamil
 20 spermatocytes undergo second meiotic by mitosis and produce millions of egg
mother cells or oogonia.
www.tamil
division to produce four haploid spermatids.
 No more oogonia are formed after birth.
www.tamil
 The spermatids are transformed into mature
amilaruvi.in spermatozoa
www.tamilaruvi.in
(sperms) by the process
 The oogonial cells start dividing and enter into
www.tamil
spermiogenesis. www.tamilaruvi.in
Prophase www.tamilaruvi.in
I of meiotic division I to www.tamilform
amilaruvi.in Spermiation
www.tamilaruvi.in
– process of Sperms are released primary oocytes.
amilaruvi.in into www.tamilaruvi.in
the cavity of seminiferous tubules. oocytes then get surrounded
 The primarywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Spermatogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in
takes about 64 days. a single layer
www.tamilaruvi.in of granulosa cells to formwww.tamil
primordial or primary follicles.
amilaruvi.in Ratewww.tamilaruvi.in
of sperm production : 200 million/per www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
day.  A large number of follicles degenerate
during the period from birth to puberty, so at
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Spermatogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.instarts at the age of puberty
www.tamilaruvi.in
puberty onlywww.tamilaruvi.in
60,000 to 80,000 follicleswww.tamil are
amilaruvi.in by the influence of
www.tamilaruvi.in Gonadotropin Releasing left
www.tamilaruvi.inin each ovary.
Hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Secondarywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in follicle – it is new theca layer www.tamil
 GnRH inturn act on anterior pituitary gland and which surround the primary follicle and
amilaruvi.in stimulates
the secretion Follicle Stimulating www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
become Secondary follicle
amilaruvi.in Hormonewww.tamilaruvi.in
(FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
(LH).  A fluid filled space, the antrum develops
in the follicle and gets transformed into a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in FSH à stimulates
www.tamilaruvi.in testicular growth and
tertiary follicle. www.tamil
enhances the production of Androgen
amilaruvi.in Bindingwww.tamilaruvi.in
Protein (ABP)
 The theca layer are inner - theca interna www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and an outer
www.tamilaruvi.in - theca externa.
 LH à acts on the Leydig cells and stimulates
amilaruvi.in the synthesis
www.tamilaruvi.in
of testosterone  Primary oocyte
www.tamilaruvi.in within the tertiary follicle
amilaruvi.in Testosterone
www.tamilaruvi.in grows
www.tamilaruvi.in in size and completes
www.tamilaruvi.in its first meiotic
www.tamil
- stimulates the process of division and forms the secondary oocyte.
amilaruvi.in spermatogenesis.
 It is an unequal division resulting in the
amilaruvi.in
5. Explainwww.tamilaruvi.in
the process of oogenesis www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
formation of a large haploid secondary
www.tamil
oocyte andwww.tamilaruvi.in
a first polar body. www.tamil
 The first polar body disintegrates. www.tamil
 During fertilisation, the secondary oocyte www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in undergoeswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in second meiotic division www.tamil and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in large cell, the ovum and a second
produces a www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
polar body.
 The second polar body also degenerates.
 The tertiary follicle eventually becomes a
mature follicle or Graafian follicle.
www.tamil
 If fertilisation does not take place, second
www.tamil
meiotic division is never completedwww.tamil and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the egg disintegrates.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  At the end of
www.tamilaruvi.in gametogenesis in females, www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in each
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in primary
www.tamilaruvi.in oocyte gives
www.tamilaruvi.in rise to only one
www.tamil
haploid ovum.
amilaruvi.in Sectional view of the ovary www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
33
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
6. Meiotic division during oogenesis is different
3. In case of spermatogenesis, all the stages of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.infrom thatwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
in spermatogenesis. Explain how meiosis take place quickly after one another
amilaruvi.inand why?www.tamilaruvi.in and
www.tamilaruvi.in there is no time lag
www.tamilaruvi.in between them. In
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
case of oogenesis, meiosis is suspended at
amilaruvi.in It is true that meiotic division during oogenesis
the Prophase I stage. Meiosis resumes only
www.tamil
is different from that in spermatogenesis.
once the puberty www.tamil
begins. Following are some
Following are the significant differences
amilaruvi.inbetween www.tamilaruvi.in possible reasons
www.tamilaruvi.in for this difference in patterns
them:
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of
www.tamilaruvi.in oogenesis and spermatogenesis:
1. In case of spermatogenesis, meiotic division
amilaruvi.in begins www.tamilaruvi.in 4. Male
www.tamilaruvi.in gametes need to be formed
www.tamilaruvi.in in very large
www.tamil
at the time of puberty. This is the time
number to ensure fertilization.
amilaruvi.in whenwww.tamilaruvi.in
spermatogenesis begins in a male. On
the other hand, oogenesis begins in female 5. Female gametes are not exposed to external
hazards and hence a less number of them
www.tamil
when the female is still in the womb. Thus,
amilaruvi.in it can www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
be said that meiotic division during
www.tamilaruvi.in
would be enough. www.tamil
Limiting the production
amilaruvi.in oogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in
begins when the girl child www.tamilaruvi.in
is still in of female gametes helps in conservation
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the womb.
www.tamilaruvi.in resources
www.tamilaruvi.in from the female
www.tamilaruvi.in body. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in2. Formation of primary
www.tamilaruvi.in oocytes stop by the 6. The
www.tamilaruvi.in resources can then be
www.tamilaruvi.in properly utilized
www.tamil
20th week of gestation of the female child. during development of foetus.
On the contrary, production of spermatocytes
amilaruvi.in continues
www.tamilaruvi.in
throughout the reproductive www.tamilaruvi.in
phase www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of a www.tamilaruvi.in
male. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
- 3 | Reproductive Health
CHAPTER
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in REPRODUCTIVE
www.tamilaruvi.in HEALTH
3
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Reproductive total  PCPNDT Actwww.tamilaruvi.in
health refers to awww.tamilaruvi.in (Preconception and Prenatal www.tamil
wellbeing
amilaruvi.in in all aspects
www.tamilaruvi.in of reproduction. diagnostic
www.tamilaruvi.in technique act-1994)
www.tamilaruvi.in is to ban the
www.tamil
identification of sex and to prevent the
 Providing
amilaruvi.in medical facilities and carewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in to the www.tamilaruvi.in
use of prenatal diagnostic techniqueswww.tamil
for
problems like menstrual irregularities,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in selective abortion.
pregnancy related aspects, medical
termination of pregnancy, STI,www.tamilaruvi.in
birth  POCSO Actwww.tamilaruvi.in
- implemented based www.tamil on
control,
amilaruvi.in infertility, post natal child
www.tamilaruvi.in and recommendations
www.tamilaruvi.inJustice Verma
www.tamil
maternal management are the important Committee, in 2013.
amilaruvi.in
aspect www.tamilaruvi.in
of the Reproductive and Childwww.tamilaruvi.in
Health www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 India’s population is 1.26 billion and is
Care programmes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
expected to become the largest country in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 Creating www.tamilaruvi.in
awareness and providing medical www.tamilaruvi.in
population size.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
assistance
amilaruvi.in to build a
www.tamilaruvi.in healthy society. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Birth control is the only solutionwww.tamil for
Introducing
amilaruvi.in
 sex education
www.tamilaruvi.in in schools population
www.tamilaruvi.in explosion.
to provide information about adolescence
related changes.
www.tamilaruvi.in
 The voluntary www.tamilaruvi.in
use of contraceptive www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in procedures
www.tamilaruvi.in to prevent
www.tamilaruvi.in fertilization or
www.tamil
 India is the first few countries to initiate the prevent implantation of a fertilized egg
amilaruvi.in
‘Familywww.tamilaruvi.in
planning programme’ sincewww.tamilaruvi.in
1951 in the uterus iswww.tamilaruvi.in
termed as birth control. www.tamil
 Globally, about 800 women die every  Types of contraception : – Temporary and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
day ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
preventable diseases related www.tamilaruvi.in
to Permanent. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
pregnancy
amilaruvi.in and childbirth
 Temporary www.tamilaruvi.in
methods include Natural, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in infant mortality rate is 44 perwww.tamilaruvi.in
 India’s www.tamilaruvi.in 1,000 chemical, mechanical and hormonal barrier
live. methods
 India
amilaruvi.in maternal mortality
www.tamilaruvi.in rate is higher  Natural
www.tamilaruvi.in method include
www.tamilaruvi.inRhythm method
www.tamil
than many developing nations. (safe period) , coitus interruptus,
continuous www.tamilaruvi.in
abstinence and lactational www.tamil
 So Government of India has taken many
amilaruvi.in amenorrhoea.
Healthwww.tamilaruvi.in
care programmes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 It include Child immunization, Janani
 In Barrier methods, the ovum and sperm www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in are prevented
www.tamilaruvi.in from meeting so www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in that
Suraksha Yojana, Janani Shishu Suraksha
fertilization does not occur.
Karyakaram,
amilaruvi.in etc.,
 Types of varrier method - Chemical
Amniocentesis
amilaruvi.in
 is a
www.tamilaruvi.in prenatal technique
barrier, Mechanical barrier, Hormonal
used to detect any chromosomal
abnormalities in the foetus
www.tamilaruvi.in
barrier www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Condoms forwww.tamilaruvi.in
male - it is used to coverwww.tamil
the
 It is being often misused to determine the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in penis,
www.tamilaruvi.in Cervix - for female it
www.tamilaruvi.in is used to cover
www.tamil
sex of the foetus.
vagina and cervix
 In India, the child sex ratio has decreased
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Hormonal
www.tamilaruvi.in barrier - It
www.tamilaruvi.in prevents the
www.tamil
from 927 to 919 female per 1000 males.
release of ovum from ovaries by thickening
amilaruvi.in
 Femalewww.tamilaruvi.in
foeticide is ‘aborting the www.tamilaruvi.in
female www.tamilaruvi.in
the cervical fluid www.tamil
in the mother’s
amilaruvi.in womb’;
 Birth controlwww.tamilaruvi.in
pill - It contains synthetic www.tamil
 Femalewww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in infanticide is ‘killing the www.tamilaruvi.in
female progesterone www.tamilaruvi.in
and estrogen hormones. www.tamil
child
amilaruvi.in after her birth’.
www.tamil
35
amilaruvi.in
| Reproductive Health
www.tamil
 Pills are used to prevent ovulation
 Avoid sex with unknown partner/ multiple
www.tamil
partners,Use www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
condoms
 IUDs are inserted into uterus through the
amilaruvi.in
vagina.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Cervical cancer www.tamilaruvi.in
is caused by Human www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Papilloma virus
www.tamilaruvi.in (HPV).
 Available devices are copper releasing
IUDs, hormone
amilaruvi.in releasing IUDs and
www.tamilaruvi.in non-  It is a sexually
www.tamilaruvi.in transmitted diseases. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
medicated
amilaruvi.in IUDs.
 Inability to conceive or produce children
 Copper
amilaruvi.in releasing IUDs
www.tamilaruvi.in differ from each even
www.tamilaruvi.in after unprotected sexual
www.tamilaruvi.in course is called
www.tamil
other by the amount of copper. infertility.
 E.g. Cu T-380 A, Nova T, Cu 7, Cu T 380  Causes for infertility - Long-term stress
Ag, Multiload 375, etc.
damages the menstrual cycle, Ingestion
www.tamil
of toxins,Alcohol, www.tamilaruvi.in
tobacco and marijuana, www.tamil
 Hormone releasing IUDs increase the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Injuries in gonads,
www.tamilaruvi.in Aging,etc.,
viscosity of the cervical mucus and
amilaruvi.in prevent the entry of sperms
therebywww.tamilaruvi.in  Some Womenwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in do not have functional uterus. www.tamil
This condition is called Mayer-Rokitansky
 E.g. Progestasert and LNG – 20 are www.tamilaruvi.in
often
syndrome.
called
amilaruvi.in as intrauterine
www.tamilaruvi.in systems (IUS).
 ART - handling of gametes and/or
 Permanent
amilaruvi.in birth control
www.tamilaruvi.in methods -These
embryos outside the body to achieve a
methods is suitable for those don’t want
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in pregnancy, www.tamilaruvi.in
children anymore.
 Tubectomy à is the surgical methods in
www.tamilaruvi.in
 It increases the www.tamilaruvi.in
chance of pregnancy. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
women.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 ART includes www.tamilaruvi.in
- Intra-Uterine Insemination www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (IUI),
www.tamilaruvi.in In Vitro Fertilization,
www.tamilaruvi.in (IVF),Embryo
www.tamil
 Vasectomy à is the surgical procedure for
Transfer (ET), Zygote Intra-Fallopian
male www.tamilaruvi.in
Transfer (ZIFT),Gamete Intrafallopian
amilaruvi.in
 MTP iswww.tamilaruvi.in
a voluntary termination www.tamilaruvi.in
of Transfer (GIFT), www.tamilaruvi.in
Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm www.tamil
pregnancy
amilaruvi.in by non-surgical
www.tamilaruvi.in or non-invasive Injection
www.tamilaruvi.in (ICSI), Preimplantation
www.tamilaruvi.in Genetic
www.tamil
way. Diagnosis, Oocyte and Sperm Donation
and Surrogacy.
 MTP is extremely safe upto 12 weeks (the
first trimester) of pregnancy
 Male infertility prevention -Micro-testicular
www.tamil
sperm extraction www.tamilaruvi.in
(TESE) www.tamil
 Government of India legalized MTP in 1971
amilaruvi.in
to avoid www.tamilaruvi.in
sex discrimination and www.tamilaruvi.in
illegal  Amniocentesiswww.tamilaruvi.in
involves taking out amniotic www.tamil
femalewww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in foeticides. fluid which www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in surrounds the foetuswww.tamil to
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in diagnose
www.tamilaruvi.in for chromosomal abnormalities.
 Sexually transmitted diseases ( STD)
,Venereal
amilaruvi.in diseases (VD) ,
www.tamilaruvi.in Reproductive  Chorionic villus
www.tamilaruvi.in sampling is taking
www.tamilaruvi.in a
www.tamil
tract infections (RTI) are called as Sexually sample of the placental tissue to test for
transmitted infections (STI). www.tamilaruvi.in
chromosomal www.tamilaruvi.in
abnormalities. www.tamil
 Bacterial STI : Gonorrhoea, Syphilis,  Foetoscope is used to monitor the foetal
www.tamil
Chancroid, Chlamydiasis www.tamilaruvi.in
And heart rate www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Lymphogranuloma
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inVenereum. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Viral
amilaruvi.in
 STI : Genital Herpes,
www.tamilaruvi.in Genital Warts,
Hepatitis-B And AIDS.
 Protozoan
amilaruvi.in STI - Trichomoniasis
 Fungal
amilaruvi.in STI - Candidiasis
 Condoms
amilaruvi.in usage reduces the risk,
www.tamilaruvi.in but
does not completely eliminate the risk of
transmission of STI.
 Prevention of STDs
amilaruvi.in
d. Intra uterine Increases phagocytosis of
amilaruvi.in PART-A
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.indevice www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
sperms, suppresses sperm
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in motility and fertilizing
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
TEXTUAL
www.tamilaruvi.in (1 MARK)
www.tamilaruvi.in capacity
www.tamilaruvi.in of sperms www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b
www.tamil
1. Which of the following is correct regarding HIV, 6. Read the given statements and select the
amilaruvi.inhepatitis B, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis?
correct option. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Gonorrhoea is a
www.tamilaruvi.inSTD whereas others are not.
www.tamilaruvi.in
Statement 1:www.tamilaruvi.in
Diaphragms, cervical caps www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.inb) Trichomoniasis
www.tamilaruvi.inis a viral disease whereas vaults are made
www.tamilaruvi.in of rubber and are insertedwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in into
others are bacterial. the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix
c) HIV is a pathogen whereas others are diseases. before coitus.
amilaruvi.ind) Hepatitis
www.tamilaruvi.in
B is eradicated completely whereas
Statement 2: They are chemical barriers of
amilaruvi.in others www.tamilaruvi.in
are not. www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : c www.tamilaruvi.in
conception and are reusable.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
one of the following groups includes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.insexuallywww.tamilaruvi.in
transmitted diseases caused by
www.tamilaruvi.in
statement www.tamilaruvi.in
2 is the correct explanation www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.inbacteria only?
www.tamilaruvi.in statement
amilaruvi.ina) Syphilis, gonorrhoea
www.tamilaruvi.in and candidiasis b) Both statements
www.tamilaruvi.in 1 and 2 are correctwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in but
b) Syphilis, chlamydiasis and gonorrhoea statement 2 is not the correct explanation of
c) Syphilis, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis statement 1.
d) Syphilis, trichomoniasis and pediculosis c) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is
Ans: b incorrect.
3. Identify the correct statements from the
d) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.infollowing
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
c
amilaruvi.ina) Chlamydiasis
www.tamilaruvi.in
is a viral disease. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
7. Match column I with column II and select the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Gonorrhea
is caused by a spirochete bacterium, correct optionwww.tamilaruvi.in
from the codes given below. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Treponema palladium
www.tamilaruvi.in . www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) The incubation
www.tamilaruvi.inperiod for syphilis is 2 to 14
www.tamilaruvi.in Column I
www.tamilaruvi.in Column II www.tamil
days in males and 7 to 21 days in females.
A. Copper releasing IUD i) LNG-20 www.tamil
d) Both syphilis and gonorrhoea are easily cured
amilaruvi.in with www.tamilaruvi.in
antibiotics. www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: d www.tamilaruvi.in
B. Hormone releasing www.tamil
ii) Lippes loop IUD
4. A contraceptive pill prevents ovulation by
C. Non medicated IUD iii) Saheli
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) blocking
www.tamilaruvi.in
fallopian tube www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
D. Mini pills iv) Multiload-375
amilaruvi.inb) inhibiting
www.tamilaruvi.in
release of FSH and LH www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) stimulating
www.tamilaruvi.in
release of FSH and LH a) A-(iv), B-(ii),www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in C-(i), D-(iii) www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) causing
www.tamilaruvi.in
immediate degeneration of released b) A-(iv), B-(i),www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in C-(iii), D-(ii) www.tamil
amilaruvi.in ovum.
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) A-(i), B-(iv),www.tamilaruvi.in
C-(ii), D-(iii) www.tamil
5. The approach which does not give the www.tamilaruvi.in
defined d) A-(iv), B-(i),www.tamilaruvi.in
C-(ii), D-(iii) www.tamil
Ans: d
amilaruvi.inaction of contraceptive
www.tamilaruvi.in is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
8. Select the incorrect action of hormonal
amilaruvi.ina. H owww.tamilaruvi.in
r m o n a l Prevents entry of sperms, contraceptivewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in pills from the following www.tamil
amilaruvi.in contraceptive
www.tamilaruvi.in prevent ovulation and
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Inhibition ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
spermatogenesis. www.tamil
fertilization
amilaruvi.inb. Vasectomy
Prevents spermatogenesis b) Inhibition ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
ovulation. www.tamil
c) Changes in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
cervical mucus impairing its ability
amilaruvi.inc. Barrier method Prevents fertilization
www.tamilaruvi.in to allow passage
www.tamilaruvi.in and transport of sperms.www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in d) Alteration inwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in uterine endometrium is to make it
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in unsuitable
www.tamilaruvi.in for implantation.
www.tamil
www.tamil
37
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
b) Transferring of an embryo with more than 8
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART-B,C AND D
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in blastomereswww.tamilaruvi.in
into uterus is called IUT. www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
c) Multiload 375 www.tamilaruvi.in
is a Copper releasing IUD. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
(2,3 AND 5 MARKS) www.tamilaruvi.in
12. Which method do you suggest the couple
www.tamil
to have a baby, www.tamilaruvi.in
if the male partner fails www.tamil
to
9. What is amniocentesis? Why a statutory ban
amilaruvi.inis imposed
www.tamilaruvi.in inseminate
www.tamilaruvi.in the female
www.tamilaruvi.in or due to very low
www.tamil
on this technique?
sperm count in the ejaculate?
amilaruvi.in• Amniocentesis
is a prenatal technique www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Intra-Uterine Insemination (IUI)
amilaruvi.in usedwww.tamilaruvi.in
to detect any chromosomal www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• In Vitro Fertilization, (IVF)
amilaruvi.in abnormalities and metabolic disorders
the foetus. • Embryo Transfer (ET)
• It is being often misused to determine the • Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT)
amilaruvi.in sex www.tamilaruvi.in
of the foetus.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in •
www.tamilaruvi.in Gamete Intra Fallopian
www.tamilaruvi.inTransfer (GIFT) www.tamil
• Once the sex of the foetus is known, there
amilaruvi.in may www.tamilaruvi.in • Intra-Cytoplasmic
www.tamilaruvi.in Sperm Injection (ICSI)www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
be a chance of female foeticide.
amilaruvi.in• Hence, www.tamilaruvi.in • Pre implantation
www.tamilaruvi.in Genetic Diagnosis, www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
a legal ban on amniocentesis is
amilaruvi.in compulsory.
www.tamilaruvi.in • Oocyte and www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in sperm donation and surrogacy. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
10. Select thewww.tamilaruvi.in
correct term from the bracket www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and 13. Expand the following www.tamil
amilaruvi.incomplete the given branching tree
• ZIFT - Zygote www.tamilaruvi.in
Intra-Fallopian Transfer www.tamil
amilaruvi.in(Barriers, Lactational
www.tamilaruvi.in amenorrhoea,www.tamilaruvi.in
CuT, www.tamilaruvi.in
• ICSI - Intra-Cytoplasmic www.tamil
Sperm Injection
amilaruvi.inTubectomy)
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (ICSI) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inA. Barriers
14. What are the www.tamilaruvi.in
strategies to be implemented www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.inB. Lactationalamenorrhoea
www.tamilaruvi.in India
www.tamilaruvi.in to attain total reproductive
www.tamilaruvi.in health? www.tamil
amilaruvi.inC. Tubectomy
www.tamilaruvi.in •
www.tamilaruvi.in Child immunization,
amilaruvi.inD. CuT www.tamilaruvi.in • Supply of nutritional
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.infood to the pregnant
www.tamil
women,
www.tamilaruvi.in Janani Suraksha Yojana,
www.tamilaruvi.in Janani Shishu Suraksha
www.tamilaruvi.in Karyakaram, www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in RMNCH+Aapproach
www.tamilaruvi.in (an integrated
www.tamil
approach for reproductive, maternal, new
born, child and adolescent health), www.tamil
• Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Abhiyan www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
15. Differentiate foeticide and infanticide.
www.tamil
11.
amilaruvi.inCorrect the following
www.tamilaruvi.in statements www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Transfer of an ovum collected from donor into S.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Foeticide
www.tamilaruvi.in infanticide www.tamil
No.
the fallopian tube is called ZIFT.
1. It is an www.tamilaruvi.in
abortion, It is the killingwww.tamil
of
amilaruvi.inb) Transferring of an
www.tamilaruvi.in embryo with more than 8
www.tamilaruvi.in especially killing
www.tamilaruvi.in an infant www.tamil
blastomeres into uterus is called GIFT. of a foetus
c) Multiload 375 is a hormone releasing IUD. 2. Abortion is Infanticide is the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inthe legal www.tamilaruvi.in
and unlawful and www.tamil
Answer :
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inhumane way of inhumane
a) Transfer of an ovum collected from donor into killing a foetus murder of a
amilaruvi.in the fallopian
www.tamilaruvi.in
tube is called GIFT.
foetus
amilaruvi.in
16. Describe the major STDs and their symptoms. 19. The procedure of GIFT involves the transfer
www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
of female gametes into the fallopain tube,
Disease Symptom can gametes be transferred to the uterus to
Symptoms : Pain and
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
achieve the same result? Explain.
pus discharge www.tamilaruvi.in
Gonorrhoea • Transfer of gametes to the uterus will not
amilaruvi.in burning sensation during
give the same result.
urination.
Symptoms : Pain during
www.tamilaruvi.in
• This Process www.tamilaruvi.in
includes (inseminationwww.tamil
to
amilaruvi.inGenital www.tamilaruvi.in implantation)
www.tamilaruvi.in
urination, bleeding between www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
herpes • After ovulation, ovum enters the fallopian
amilaruvi.in periods.
Swelling in the groin nodes. tube.
Tumour on the external www.tamilaruvi.in
• Sperm needs www.tamilaruvi.in
to reach the ampulla www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.inGenital warts genitalia,
www.tamilaruvi.in cervix www.tamilaruvi.in
and fertilise the www.tamilaruvi.in
egg. www.tamil
perianal region. the place of implantation,
• Uterus is www.tamilaruvi.in
Fatigue, jaundice, fever, Fertilisation will not take place inside the
rash and stomach www.tamilaruvi.in
pain. uterus.
amilaruvi.inHepatitis-B Liver cirrhosis and
www.tamilaruvi.in liver
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Hence, transferwww.tamilaruvi.in
of female gamete directlywww.tamil
into
failure occur in the later
stage. the
www.tamilaruvi.in uterus will not give
www.tamilaruvi.inthe same result .
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Enlarged lymph nodes,
www.tamilaruvi.in 20. Amnicentesis,www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the foetal sex determination www.tamil
prolonged fever, test, is banned in our country, Is it necessary?
amilaruvi.inAIDS www.tamilaruvi.in
prolonged
www.tamilaruvi.in
diarrhoea, comment.
weight reduction,www.tamilaruvi.in
night www.tamilaruvi.in
• Yes Is it necessary. Because Amniocentesis www.tamil
is
amilaruvi.in sweating.
www.tamilaruvi.in misused
www.tamilaruvi.in to find out thesex
www.tamilaruvi.in of the foetus
www.tamil
Symptom : Vaginal itching leading to female foeticides, itis necessary.
or soreness, www.tamilaruvi.in
abnormal www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Candidiasis • Amniocentesis is a prenatal technique
amilaruvi.in vaginal discharge and
www.tamilaruvi.in pain
www.tamilaruvi.in
used to www.tamilaruvi.in
detect any chromosomal www.tamil
during urination.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in abnormalities
www.tamilaruvi.in and metabolic disorders
www.tamil
Symptoms: Vaginitis, the foetus.
greenish yellow www.tamilaruvi.in
vaginal www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Trichomoniasis discharge, itching and • Hence, a legal ban on amniocentesis is
necessary.
burning sensation, urethritis,
epididymitis and prostatitis www.tamilaruvi.in
21. Open Book Assessment www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
17. How are www.tamilaruvi.in
STDs transmitted? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• Healthy reproduction, legally checked www.tamil
birth
amilaruvi.in• STDswww.tamilaruvi.in control
www.tamilaruvi.in measures and proper
www.tamilaruvi.in family planning
www.tamil
are transmitted during sexual contact programmes are essential for the survival of
amilaruvi.in withwww.tamilaruvi.in
an infected partner. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
mankind’ Justify. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Eg. Person
www.tamilaruvi.in
with Hepatitis-B and HIV. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Theywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
are also transferred by sharing needles,
PART-A
amilaruvi.in surgical instruments, with infectedwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in people, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in or blood transfusion or from infectedwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in mother ADDITIONAL QUESTIONSwww.tamilaruvi.in(1 MARK) www.tamil
to baby.
• 15 to 24 years people are prone to these 1. When was family planning initiated?
amilaruvi.in infections.
a) 1950
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) 1951
www.tamil
c) 1952
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) 1953
www.tamil
Ans: b
18. Write the preventive measures of STDs.
Preventive measure include : 2. What are the major tasks under reproductive
and child health care programs?
www.tamil
• Avoid sex with unknown partner/ multiple
amilaruvi.in partners
a) Create awareness www.tamil
about reproductive health
amilaruvi.in• Use www.tamilaruvi.in
condoms
www.tamilaruvi.in
among people www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Educate peoplewww.tamilaruvi.in
about reproductive process www.tamil
• In case of doubt, consult a doctor for
amilaruvi.in diagnosis
www.tamilaruvi.in
and get complete treatment. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Establish reproductive www.tamil
health care in society
d) Both a) andwww.tamilaruvi.in
c) www.tamil
Ans: d
www.tamil
39
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
3. How is information about reproductive health 10. Which are the permenent methods of family
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inis givenwww.tamilaruvi.in planning ? www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
in schools?
amilaruvi.ina) By introducing
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Vasectomy, www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
sex education as a subject Tubectomy www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) By discussion
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Condom
www.tamilaruvi.in for female, condom
www.tamilaruvi.in for male www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) By orators
www.tamilaruvi.in
on sex education c) Copper
www.tamilaruvi.in T and pills
amilaruvi.ind) By arranging
www.tamilaruvi.in d)
question-answer session.www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: b Vasectomy, copper T
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 11. In Vasectomywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in which part is tied and cut ?www.tamil
4. What is the rank of India in population
amilaruvi.ingrowth.? www.tamilaruvi.in a) Epididymis
amilaruvi.ina) First www.tamilaruvi.in b) Second b) Vas
www.tamilaruvi.in deferens www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Thirdwww.tamilaruvi.in d) Fourth Ans: b c) Ejeculatory
www.tamilaruvi.in duct
d) Urinogenitial duct Ans: b
amilaruvi.in
5. What www.tamilaruvi.in
is the main factor affecting www.tamilaruvi.in
the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inpopulation growth?
www.tamilaruvi.in 12. Which
www.tamilaruvi.in part is cut and tied
www.tamilaruvi.in in tubectorny ?
www.tamil
a) Funnel of fallopian tube
amilaruvi.ina) Increase in health case facilities
b) Better life style b) Ovaries
c) Fallopian tube
amilaruvi.inc) Increase in birth
www.tamilaruvi.in rate and decrease in death
rate d) Uterus Ans: c
d) Industrialization. Ans: c 13. When did Induced abortion act was passed
by Indian Government ? www.tamil
6.
amilaruvi.inWhat is our main
www.tamilaruvi.ingoal to control population
growth?
a) 1970 b) 1971
c) 1972 www.tamilaruvi.in
d) 1980 www.tamil
Ans: b
a) Decrease in death rate
14. In which of the following Induced Abortion is www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Decreasing the birth rate
www.tamilaruvi.in not neccessory
www.tamilaruvi.in ?
c) Organizing several programmes
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Chromosomal
www.tamilaruvi.in abnormality in foetus
d) Promote family planning programmes Ans: b b) Where the pregnancy is the result of rape
7.
amilaruvi.inWhat is the reason
www.tamilaruvi.in for popularity of barrier c) When
www.tamilaruvi.in the foetus is not of
www.tamilaruvi.in desired sex. www.tamil
method of family planning? d) Unwanted pregnancy. Ans: c
a) Least or no side effects
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 15. What are sexually
www.tamilaruvi.in trasmitted diseases ? www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Comparatively more reliable a) Diseases transmitted through sexual
c) Protection from sexually transmitted diseases. intercourse
b) Diseases spread through bacteria.
www.tamil
d) Both a and b Ans: d
c) Diseases spread through virus.
www.tamil
8. Which of the following is not a natural familly
amilaruvi.inplaningwww.tamilaruvi.in
method?
d) Diseases spread through protozoAns: Ans: www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.ina) Periodic
www.tamilaruvi.in
abstinence
16. Which microbes cause gonorrhoea ?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Interruption
www.tamilaruvi.in
coitus
a) Neisseria gonorrhoeae
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Hormonal
www.tamilaruvi.in
method
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Treponema www.tamilaruvi.in
pallidum www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Lactational
www.tamilaruvi.in
amenorrhea
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: c c) Herpis simplexwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) Tricomonas www.tamilaruvi.in
vaginitis www.tamil
Ans: a
9. Which is not related with reference to
amilaruvi.inhormonal www.tamilaruvi.in
contraceptive pills ?
www.tamilaruvi.in
17. Which microbes www.tamilaruvi.in
cause syphilis ? www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Prevent
www.tamilaruvi.in
ovum to release from the ovary www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Neisseria gonorrhoeae www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Thicken
www.tamilaruvi.in
the cervical mucous. www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Treponema www.tamilaruvi.in
pollidium www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Inhibits
www.tamilaruvi.in
sperm penetration. www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Herpes simplexwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Partial
activation of cervical mucous Ans: c d) Trichomonaswww.tamilaruvi.in
vaginalis www.tamil
Ans: b
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
18. Which disease is diagnosed through ELISA 26. In which Assisted Reproductive technology
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inTest ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
embryo is transferred towww.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
the very young the
amilaruvi.ina) Gonorrhoea
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Syphilis fallopian
www.tamilaruvi.in tube insted of the
www.tamilaruvi.in uterus ? www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) AIDSwww.tamilaruvi.in d) Herpes a) IVF
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: c b)
www.tamilaruvi.in ZIFT www.tamil
amilaruvi.in c) GIFT d) ART. Ans: b
disease is diagnosed by www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inidentification
of antibiodies against antigen ? 27. In which Assisted www.tamilaruvi.in
reproductive technology www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Gonorrhoea
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Syphilis and
www.tamilaruvi.insperms are transferred
www.tamilaruvi.in in the fallopian of
www.tamil
woman ?
amilaruvi.inc) Hepatitis
www.tamilaruvi.in d) AIDS www.tamilaruvi.in
a) IVF b) ZIFT
amilaruvi.in
20. Give fullwww.tamilaruvi.in
form of ELISA ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) GIFT d) ART. Ans: c
amilaruvi.ina) Enzyme
www.tamilaruvi.in
Linked Immuno sorbant Assay
amilaruvi.inb) Enzyme
www.tamilaruvi.in 28. When
www.tamilaruvi.in does a previously
www.tamilaruvi.in frozen embryos
www.tamil
Linking Immuno soluble Assay needed ?
amilaruvi.inc) Enzyme
Live Implantations separate Assay
a) Fertilization cannot occur in woman
d) Enzyme Live Immuno solute Absorbant b) To care infertility
c) Problem in coitus
21. What are the principles to prevent STD
d) Both a and b Ans: d
amilaruvi.indiseaseswww.tamilaruvi.in
? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Avoidwww.tamilaruvi.in 29. Find
www.tamilaruvi.in out correct option
www.tamilaruvi.in of column I (aids)
www.tamil
sex with unknown persons
of family planning and method of family
amilaruvi.inb) Always
www.tamilaruvi.in
use condom during coitus www.tamilaruvi.in
planning .
amilaruvi.inc) with www.tamilaruvi.in
unknown persons www.tamilaruvi.in
Column-I
www.tamilaruvi.in
Column-II
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) All above
Ans: d P-Copper T
www.tamilaruvi.in
i) Permanent method
www.tamil
Q-Vasectomy
www.tamilaruvi.in
ii) Temporary method
www.tamil
22. What is the meaning of infertility ?
a) Unable to produce sperms R-Pills iii) Intrauterine method
b) Unable to produce ova. S-Condom iv) Hormone method.
c) Unable to produce children a) (P - iii) (Q - ii) (R - iv)(S - i)
d) Unable to coitus. Ans: c b) (P - iii) (Q - i) (R - iv)(S - ii)
23. Full name of GIFT is.... c) (P - iii) (Q - ii) (R - iv)(S - i)
d) (P - ii) (Q - iii)(R - iv)(S - i) Ans: b
amilaruvi.ina) Gamete Intra fallopian transfer
amilaruvi.inb) Gamete Inferfile Transfer.
www.tamilaruvi.in 30. Find out true www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in options from column I and II. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Gamete In vitro fertilization tube
www.tamilaruvi.in Column-I www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in column-II www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Gamete Intra fellopion tube.
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a P-Male condom
www.tamilaruvi.in (i) uterus
amilaruvi.in
does IVF method is useful ? www.tamilaruvi.in Q-Female condom (ii)
www.tamilaruvi.in penis www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Woman’s
www.tamilaruvi.in R-Diaphram www.tamilaruvi.in
fallopian tubes are blocked www.tamilaruvi.in (iii) vagina www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Man www.tamilaruvi.in
produces very few sperms www.tamilaruvi.in
S-Copper T www.tamilaruvi.in (iv) cervix. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Womanwww.tamilaruvi.in
produces very few ova www.tamilaruvi.in
a) (P - ii) (Q - www.tamilaruvi.in
iv) (R - i) (S - iii) www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Bothwww.tamilaruvi.in
a and b www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: d b) (P - ii) (Q - www.tamilaruvi.in
iii) (R - iv) (S - i) www.tamil
c) (P - ii) (Q - www.tamilaruvi.in
i) (R - iv) (S - iii) www.tamil
25. In which Assisted Reproduchive Technology
amilaruvi.inthe verywww.tamilaruvi.in
young embryo is transferredwww.tamilaruvi.in
to the d) (P - ii) (Q - www.tamilaruvi.in
iii) (R - iv) (S - i) www.tamil
Ans: d
amilaruvi.inwomanwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ina) IVF www.tamilaruvi.in b) ZIFT www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) GIFTwww.tamilaruvi.in d) ART Ans: a
www.tamil
41
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
31. Match following column I and II for STDs and
b) A surgical sterilization method for females
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inits carrier
www.tamilaruvi.in
and select correct option www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
c) A diaphragm for females
amilaruvi.incolumn-I www.tamilaruvi.in column-II www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
d) A surgical method of sterilization in male www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inP- Gonorrhoea
i) Chlamydia trachomatis www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inQ-Syphilis
ii) Neisseria gonorrhoeae 38. The method of www.tamilaruvi.in
directly injecting a sperm www.tamil
into
amilaruvi.inR- Chlamydiasis
www.tamilaruvi.in ovum
www.tamilaruvi.in in assisted by reproductive technology
iii) Trichomonas vaginalis
is called:
amilaruvi.inS-Trichomoniasis
iv) Treponema pallidium www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) GIFT b) ZIFT
amilaruvi.ina) (P - ii)
www.tamilaruvi.in
(Q - i) (R - iii) (S - iv) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) ICSI d) ET Ans: c
amilaruvi.inb) (P - iii)
www.tamilaruvi.in
(Q - iv) (R - ii) (S - i) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
39. Intensely lactating mothers do not generally
amilaruvi.inc) (P - ii)
www.tamilaruvi.in
(Q - iii) (R - i) (S - iv)
conceive due to the:
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) (P - ii)
www.tamilaruvi.in
(Q - iv) (R - i) (S - iii)
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: d a) Suppressionwww.tamilaruvi.in
of gonadotropins www.tamil
b) Hyper secretion www.tamilaruvi.in
of gonadotropins www.tamil
32. What is the function of copper-T
c) Suppressionwww.tamilaruvi.in
of gametic transport www.tamil
a) Checks mutation
d) Suppressionwww.tamilaruvi.in
of fertilization www.tamil
Ans: a
b) Stop fertilization
40. Emergency contraceptives are effective if
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Stops zygote formation
used within: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Stops oblituation
www.tamilaruvi.in of blastocoel Ans: b
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) 72 hrs of coituswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
33.
amilaruvi.inA contraceptive pill
www.tamilaruvi.in contains ... b) 72 hrs of ovulation
amilaruvi.ina) Progesterone and estrogen
www.tamilaruvi.in c) 72 hrs of menstruation
amilaruvi.inb) Oxytocin
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans:
d) 72 hrs of implantation a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Relaxin
41. Choose the right www.tamilaruvi.in
one among the statements www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Nonewww.tamilaruvi.in
of these Ans: a given
www.tamilaruvi.in below: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) IUDs are generally inserted by the user herself
34. Amniocettesis involves the analysis ofwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Amnionwww.tamilaruvi.in b)
www.tamilaruvi.in IUDs increase phagocytosis
www.tamilaruvi.in reaction in the
www.tamil
uterus
amilaruvi.inb) Bodywww.tamilaruvi.in
fluid of amniotes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) IUDs suppress gametogenesis
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Amino www.tamilaruvi.in
acids of protein
d) IUDs once inserted need not be replaced
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Amniotic
www.tamilaruvi.in
fluid
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: d Ans: b www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
42. From the sexually www.tamilaruvi.in
transmitted diseases www.tamil
35. In amniocentesis the fluid is taken from
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in mentioned below,
www.tamilaruvi.in identify the one which
a) Foetal blood does not specifically affect the sex organs:
b) Mother’s blood a) Syphilis b) AIDS
c) Body fluid of mother c) Gonorrhea d) Genital warts
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans:b www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Fluid surrounding
www.tamilaruvi.in foetus Ans: d
43. Condoms are one of the most popular
36.
amilaruvi.inMedical termination
www.tamilaruvi.in of the pregnancy (MTP)
www.tamilaruvi.in
contraceptives www.tamilaruvi.in
because of the following www.tamil
is considered safe up to how many weeks of reasons:
amilaruvi.inpregnancywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Six weeks
www.tamilaruvi.in These are effective barriers
www.tamilaruvi.in for insemination
www.tamil
b) Eight weeks
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in b)
www.tamilaruvi.in They do not interfere with
www.tamilaruvi.in coital act www.tamil
c) Twelve weeks d) Eighteen weeks
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c)
www.tamilaruvi.in These help in reducing the
www.tamilaruvi.in risk of STDs www.tamil
Ans: c
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in d)
www.tamilaruvi.in All of the above
www.tamil
37. Saheli is
amilaruvi.ina) An oral
www.tamilaruvi.in
contraceptive for females
www.tamilaruvi.in
44. Choose the correct www.tamilaruvi.in
statement regardingwww.tamil the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in ZIFT
www.tamilaruvi.in procedure: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ina) Ova www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
collected from a female donor are 49. Test tube baby means a baby born when
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in transferred
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
to the fallopian tube to facilitate a) It is developed in a test tube
amilaruvi.in zygote formation.
b) It is developed through tissue culture method
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) Zygote is collected from a female donor
c) The ovum is fertilised externally and there
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in transferred to the
www.tamilaruvi.in fallopian tube www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
after implanted in the uterus
amilaruvi.inc) Zygote is collected
www.tamilaruvi.in from a female donor and
www.tamilaruvi.in
transferred to the uterus d) It develops www.tamilaruvi.in
from a non-fertilized egg Ans: www.tamil
c
Ova collected from a female donor and 50. In Vitro fertilisation is a technique that involves
amilaruvi.ind) transferred
www.tamilaruvi.in
to the uterus
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: b
www.tamilaruvi.in
transfer of which one of the following intowww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in fallopian tube?
45. The correct surgical procedure as a
amilaruvi.incontraceptive
www.tamilaruvi.in
method is:
a) Zygote onlywww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ina) Ovariectomy
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Hysterectomy b) Embryo only,
www.tamilaruvi.in upto 8 cell stage
amilaruvi.inc) Vasectomy
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Either zygote
d) Castration www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: c or early embryo upto 8 cell stage
d) Embryo of 32 www.tamilaruvi.in
cell stage www.tamil
Ans: c
46. Purpose of tubectomy is to prevent:
51. The Test-tube www.tamilaruvi.in
Baby programme employs www.tamil
a) Egg formation
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in which
www.tamilaruvi.in one of the following
www.tamilaruvi.in techniques? www.tamil
b) Embryonic development
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Gamete Intra
www.tamilaruvi.in Fallopian Transfer(GIFT) www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Fertilization
b) Zygote Intrawww.tamilaruvi.in
Fallopian Transfer(ZIFT) www.tamil
d) Coitus Ans: c
c) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection(ICSI) www.tamil
47.
amilaruvi.inA contraceptive pill
www.tamilaruvi.in is: www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Intra Uterinewww.tamilaruvi.in
Insemination (IUI) www.tamil
Ans: b
amilaruvi.ina) Blocking fallopian
www.tamilaruvi.in tube www.tamilaruvi.in
52. Which of the www.tamilaruvi.in
following is incorrect regardingwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Inhibiting release of FSH & LH
vasectomy? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Stimulating release of FSH & LH
a) Vasa deferentia is cut and tied www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Causing immediately degeneration of released
b) Irreversible www.tamilaruvi.in
sterility www.tamil
amilaruvi.in ovum
c) No Sperm occurs in seminal fluid
48. Given www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in below are four methods (A-D) and
d) No sperm occurs in epididymis www.tamil
Ans: d
their modes of action (a-d) in achieving
amilaruvi.incontraception.
Select their correct matching 53. Estrogen is used to avoid pregnancy because
www.tamil
amilaruvi.infrom thewww.tamilaruvi.in
four options that follow www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Prevents fertilization
www.tamil
b) prevents ovulation and implantation
www.tamil
Method Mode of Action
amilaruvi.inA. Thewww.tamilaruvi.in
pill
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Prevents sperms reaching
c) Inhibit sperm motility
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in cervix www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) forms cervical plug Ans: b
amilaruvi.inB. Condom b) Prevents fertilisation
amilaruvi.in C. Vasectomy c)
www.tamilaruvi.in Prevents ovulation 54. Which
www.tamilaruvi.in of the following is
www.tamilaruvi.in natural method of
www.tamil
contraception?
amilaruvi.inD. Copper T d) Semen contains no sperms
Matching a) Sterilization b) IUD
a) A-c), B-d), C-a), D-b) c) Diaphragm d) Periodic abstinence
d
amilaruvi.inb) A-b), B-c), C-a),
www.tamilaruvi.inD-d) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
55. In which of the following technique is in-
amilaruvi.inc) A-c),www.tamilaruvi.in
B-a), C-d), D-b) www.tamilaruvi.in
vivo? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) A-d), B-a), C-b),
www.tamilaruvi.in D-c) Ans: c
a) ZIFT b) GIFT
c) ICSI www.tamilaruvi.in
d) IUT www.tamil
Ans; b
www.tamil
43
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
56. Which of the following technique is banned in 62. Assertion: - A variety of barrier method
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inIndia? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
suitable for www.tamilaruvi.in
both man and woman www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
are
amilaruvi.ina) USG www.tamilaruvi.in available
b) Sterilizationwww.tamilaruvi.in in family planning.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) Amniocentesis
www.tamilaruvi.in d) IVF Reason
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: c : The aim of these methods
www.tamilaruvi.in is to prevent
www.tamil
live sperms from meeting the ovum.
amilaruvi.inThese questions
consits of two statements www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ineach, www.tamilaruvi.in
printed as Assertion and Reason. a)
www.tamilaruvi.in a b) b c) c
www.tamilaruvi.in d) d Ans: a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inWhile www.tamilaruvi.in
answering these questions you are 63. Assertion: Chemical
www.tamilaruvi.in methods of family
required to choose any one of the following planning are temporary.
amilaruvi.infour response.
amilaruvi.inIf both Assertion
www.tamilaruvi.in Reason : It reduces locomotion of sperms.
& Reason are True & thewww.tamilaruvi.in
Reason www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inis a correct
www.tamilaruvi.in
explanation of the Assertion www.tamilaruvi.in a) a b) b c) c
www.tamilaruvi.in d) d Ans: c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inIf both Assertion
www.tamilaruvi.in is 64. Assertion: - Intra
www.tamilaruvi.in
& Reason are True but Reason Uterine method of family
amilaruvi.innot a correct explanation of the Assertion.
www.tamilaruvi.in planning
www.tamilaruvi.in is permanent.
amilaruvi.inIf Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
www.tamilaruvi.in Reason : Copper
www.tamilaruvi.in T is included in it.
amilaruvi.inIf both Assertion & Reason
www.tamilaruvi.in are false. a)
www.tamilaruvi.in a b) b c) c
www.tamilaruvi.in d) d Ans: d
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Reproductive health is define www.tamilaruvi.in
by 65. Assertion: - www.tamilaruvi.in
Contraceptive pills are taken www.tamil
amilaruvi.inWHO. www.tamilaruvi.in orally.
amilaruvi.inReason : It is a world
www.tamilaruvi.in health organization. Reason
www.tamilaruvi.in : Progesterone and
www.tamilaruvi.in estrogen are
www.tamil
compoundly present in it.
amilaruvi.ina) a www.tamilaruvi.in
b) b c) c d) dwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) a b) b c) c d) d Ans: a
58. Assertion: - Reproductive and childwww.tamilaruvi.in
health www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.incare programme is popular.
www.tamilaruvi.in 66. Assertion: - www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in “Saheli” pills are produced in
www.tamil
CDRI lucknow.
: It gives explanation about only STD
amilaruvi.indiseases. www.tamilaruvi.in Reason
www.tamilaruvi.in : “Saheli” pills have
www.tamilaruvi.in high contracaptive
www.tamil
value.
b) b c) c Ans: b
d) dwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) a b) b c) c d) d Ans: b
amilaruvi.in
- By Introducing sex education www.tamilaruvi.in
in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inschools, true information
www.tamilaruvi.in can be provided to 67. Assertion:
www.tamilaruvi.in - Two method of
www.tamilaruvi.in family planning
www.tamil
adolescence. a vasectomy and tubectomy are permanent
barrier methods. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Reason : sex education misguides students.
Reason : In which www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a small portion of vas deferens
amilaruvi.in a) a b) b
www.tamilaruvi.in c) c d) d Ans: c
and fallopian tube are removed.
60. Assertion:
amilaruvi.in - Non government organizations
a) a www.tamilaruvi.in
b) b c) c d) d Ans:www.tamil
a
do not implement programme of reproductive
amilaruvi.inhealth care.
68. Assertion: - In natual methods of family
www.tamil
: Implementation needs professional
planning withdrawal or interruption coituswww.tamil
amilaruvi.inexpertisewww.tamilaruvi.in method
www.tamilaruvi.in is not completly reliable.
and materials.
amilaruvi.ina) a www.tamilaruvi.in Reason
www.tamilaruvi.in : At 14th day of
www.tamilaruvi.inmenstruation cycle
www.tamil
b) b c) c d) d Ans:d
ovulation occur.
61. Assertion: - Birth rate and death rate are not a) a b) b c) c d) d Ans: b
amilaruvi.inmain factors
www.tamilaruvi.in
affecting population growth www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
: Increase in health and hygiene or 69. Assertion:
www.tamilaruvi.in -Volunatary
www.tamilaruvi.in termination www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.infacilitiedwww.tamilaruvi.in pregnancy
www.tamilaruvi.in before foetus
www.tamilaruvi.inbecome viable is
www.tamil
by improvement in lifestyle.
called MTP.
Reason : It is not accepted in many countries.
a) a b) b c) c d) d Ans: d
amilaruvi.in
44 SURYA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
70. Assertion: - Abortion is illegal in our country. 79. Assertion:
www.tamilaruvi.in
Lactation provide
www.tamil
nature
amilaruvi.inReasonwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
contraceptionwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
: when conception is due to the rape. for 6 months.
Reason : High www.tamilaruvi.in
level of prolactin cause www.tamil
a) a b) b c) c d) d Ans: b
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in amenorrhoea.
71. Assertion: -STDs is a major problem in our
amilaruvi.incountry.www.tamilaruvi.in a) A
www.tamilaruvi.in b) B c) C
www.tamilaruvi.in d) D Ans: a
www.tamil
: Seen more in 15-24 age group.
PART-B
a) a b) b c) c d) d Ans: a
72.
amilaruvi.inAssertion: -Number
www.tamilaruvi.in of couples are facing ADDITIONAL
www.tamilaruvi.in QUESTIONS
www.tamil
infertility.
1. What is amniocentesis ? www.tamil
Reason : The problem can be both in male or
amilaruvi.infemale partner.
• Amniocentesis www.tamilaruvi.in
is a prenatal technique www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) a www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inused to www.tamilaruvi.in
detect any chromosomal www.tamil
b) b c) c d) d Ans: a abnormalities in the foetus.
73. Assertion: -The method used to achieve • It is being often misused to determine the
amilaruvi.inpregnancy
by artificial or partialy artificial
sex of the foetus.
amilaruvi.inmeans www.tamilaruvi.in
is known as ART. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Once the sex of the foetus is known, there
: ZIFT is one of them. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
may be a chance of female foeticide.
www.tamil
• Hence, a legal ban on amniocentesis is
www.tamil
74. Assertion: High does of progesterone is
www.tamilaruvi.incompulsory.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inpresentwww.tamilaruvi.in
in emergency contraceptive pills. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
2. Define them Female foeticide and female
www.tamil
: Progesterone cause cervical www.tamilaruvi.in
mucous infanticide www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inthickening and stops entry of sperms inwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in uterine www.tamilaruvi.in
• Female foeticide is ‘aborting the female www.tamil
amilaruvi.incavity. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inin the mother’s womb’;
b) B c) C Ans: b
d) Dwww.tamilaruvi.in
• Female infanticide is ‘killing the female
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in child after her birth’.
75. Assertion: GIFT is method used fromwww.tamilaruvi.in
in-vivo www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.infertilization.
www.tamilaruvi.in 3. List
www.tamilaruvi.in out various measures
www.tamilaruvi.in adopted by
www.tamil
government to reduce differences in the sex
: Embryo is transferred directly in uterus
www.tamilaruvi.in
ratio. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
during GIFT.
• Ensure of www.tamilaruvi.in
survival, provide better www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in c) C d) D Ans: c
www.tamilaruvi.innutrition, www.tamilaruvi.in
education, protection www.tamil and
76. Assertion:
amilaruvi.in Cervical diaphragm makeswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in barrier empowerment of girls help to reduce
differences in the sex ratio.
amilaruvi.infor sperm to enter in cervix.
Reason : Cervical diaphragm contain spermicide 4. What is POSCO act?
amilaruvi.inwhich prevent
the entry of sperm into cervix.
www.tamilaruvi.inPOCSO Act (Prevention
www.tamilaruvi.in of children from
www.tamil
a) A b) B c) C d) D Ans: a sexual offences),
77. Assertion: Copper releasing IUD prevent • Sexual harassment at workplace
(Prevention, prohibition and redressal) Act
www.tamil
fertilization.
and the changes in the Criminal law based www.tamil
Reason : Copper ions inhibit motility of sperms
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inon the recommendations
www.tamilaruvi.in of Justice Verma
www.tamil
a) A b) B c) C d) D Ans: a Committee, 2013 aims at creating a safe
and secure environment for both females
78. Assertion:
amilaruvi.in Condom provide protection www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in against
and maleswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
STDs
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 5. Define Birth control.
Reason : Side-effect of condoms are very less.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • The voluntary
www.tamilaruvi.in use of contraceptive
www.tamilaruvi.in c) C d) D Ans: b
www.tamilaruvi.inprocedures to prevent
www.tamilaruvi.in fertilization or
www.tamil
www.tamil
45
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in prevent www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
implantation of a fertilized egg 11. What is Foetoscope
amilaruvi.in in thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
uterus is termed as birth control. • Foetoscope is used to monitor the foetal
6. Differentiate temporary and permanent www.tamilaruvi.in
birth heart rate www.tamilaruvi.in
and www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.incontrol method
• Also other functions during late pregnancy
amilaruvi.in Temporary birth
www.tamilaruvi.in Permanent birth
www.tamilaruvi.in and labour. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
control control
amilaruvi.inIt is used
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in foetal heart rate :120 and www.tamil
• The averagewww.tamilaruvi.in 160
to delay or It is used avoid
amilaruvi.inavoid www.tamilaruvi.in beats per minute.
the pregnancy p r e g n a www.tamilaruvi.in
n c y www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in permanently www.tamilaruvi.in • An abnormal foetal heart
www.tamilaruvi.in rate or pattern
www.tamil
Reversible is Reversible is not indicates other problems related to heart.
amilaruvi.inpossible www.tamilaruvi.in possible
amilaruvi.inEg. www.tamilaruvi.in 12. Why
www.tamilaruvi.in are copper containing
www.tamilaruvi.in intrauterine
www.tamil
IUD, Barrier Eg. Tubectomy for devices considered an ideal contraceptive for
amilaruvi.inmethod, www.tamilaruvi.in
Natural female, www.tamilaruvi.in
human females? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inmethod, Hormonal Vasectomy forwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in male www.tamilaruvi.in
contraceptive • Copper releasing IUDs differ from www.tamil
each
7. What is locatational amenorrhoea
www.tamilaruvi.in other by thewww.tamilaruvi.in
amount of copper. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Menstrual
cycles resume 6 to 8 weeks after
• They release www.tamilaruvi.in
copper and copper saltswww.tamil
into
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the uterus to suppress sperm
www.tamilaruvi.in motility. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Normal www.tamilaruvi.in •
www.tamilaruvi.in Duration : 5 - 10 years.
ovarian cycles may be delayed for
amilaruvi.in six months during breastfeeding. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in • Example : Cu T-380 A, Nova
www.tamilaruvi.in T, Cu 7, Cu T
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• This www.tamilaruvi.in 380 Ag, Multiload 375, etc.
delay in ovarian cycles iswww.tamilaruvi.in
called www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in lactational amenorrhoea.
www.tamilaruvi.in 13. Why
www.tamilaruvi.in is “Saheli” considered
www.tamilaruvi.in an effective
www.tamil
8. How chemical act as a barrier for the entry of contraceptive pill for women who need space
between child?
sperm?
amilaruvi.in• In these
www.tamilaruvi.in
methods, the ovum and sperm
• Eg. Saheli, contraceptive pill
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in are prevented
www.tamilaruvi.in
from meeting by chemicalwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• Saheli’ is an oral contraceptive pill
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in method, so that fertilization does notwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in occur. containing www.tamilaruvi.in
non-steroidal preparation calledwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Chemical barrier
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in centchroman. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Foamingwww.tamilaruvi.in • It has high www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
tablets, melting suppositories, contraceptive value with little www.tamil
amilaruvi.in jellies and creams are used to inactivate
www.tamilaruvi.in side effects.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
sperms in the vagina. is considered as effective
• Hence, it www.tamilaruvi.in
9. What is MTP ?when it is consider as a safe ? contraceptive pill.
• MTP is a voluntary termination of 14. List any four characteristics of an ideal
amilaruvi.in pregnancy
by non-surgical or non-invasive
contraceptive.
amilaruvi.in way.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• It must be safe and user friendly.
amilaruvi.in• MTP www.tamilaruvi.in
is extremely safe upto 12 weeks www.tamilaruvi.in
(the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
first trimester) of pregnancy • It must be easily available.
• MTP during the second trimester is more • It must be reversible with little or no side
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in effects.
risky because foetus is associated with the
amilaruvi.in mother www.tamilaruvi.in
tissue
• It must in no way interfere with the sexual
10. Explain Cryopreservation technique
www.tamilaruvi.in drive, desire www.tamilaruvi.in
or sexual act of the user. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Cryopreservation
is the preservation www.tamilaruvi.in
of 15. Name two intrauterine www.tamil
contraceptive devices
amilaruvi.in embryos for future
www.tamilaruvi.in use. www.tamilaruvi.in
that affect thewww.tamilaruvi.in
motility of sperms. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Embryo cryopreservation
www.tamilaruvi.in can provide
an additional opportunity for pregnancy, • Cu T-380 A, Nova T, Cu 7, Cu T 380www.tamil
Ag,
amilaruvi.in through www.tamilaruvi.in
a Frozen embryo transfer (FET), www.tamilaruvi.in Multiload 375, etc.
amilaruvi.in without undergoing
www.tamilaruvi.in another ovarian
amilaruvi.in stimulation and
www.tamilaruvi.in retrieval. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
16. Name two hormones that are constituents of 21. What is the significance of progesterone-
www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
pills. Why do they have high estrogen combination as a contraceptive
amilaruvi.inand effective contraceptive
www.tamilaruvi.in value? Name a measure?
commonly prescribed non-steroidal oral pill.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Significance
www.tamilaruvi.in of contraceptive
www.tamilaruvi.in pill are www.tamil
• Pills are used to prevent ovulation • They are convenient as they need towww.tamil
be
• Pills inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH taken orally.
amilaruvi.in hormones.
amilaruvi.in• Birthwww.tamilaruvi.in • They
www.tamilaruvi.in have least side effects
www.tamilaruvi.in and hence
www.tamil
control pill - It contains synthetic are user-friendly.
amilaruvi.in progesterone
www.tamilaruvi.in
and estrogen hormones. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
22. Males in whom testes fail to descend to the
amilaruvi.in• Eg. Saheli,
www.tamilaruvi.in
contraceptive pill www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
scrotum are generally infertile. Why?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• It iswww.tamilaruvi.in
prepared by Central Drug Research www.tamilaruvi.in
• Sperm
www.tamilaruvi.in
production need
www.tamil
optimum
amilaruvi.in Institute
www.tamilaruvi.in
(CDRI) in Lucknow www.tamilaruvi.in
temperature www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of testis should be lower than
amilaruvi.in• Saheli,
www.tamilaruvi.in
contains centchroman (awww.tamilaruvi.in
non- the body temperature.
amilaruvi.in steroidal)
www.tamilaruvi.in • If testes failwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in to descend to scrotum thenwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in
17. Name any www.tamilaruvi.in
two copper releasing IUDs.www.tamilaruvi.in temperature of testis would
www.tamilaruvi.in be same as
www.tamil
that of body temperature.
amilaruvi.in• Two www.tamilaruvi.in
copper releasing IUDs are CuT www.tamilaruvi.in
Multiload 375. • Hence they are generally infertile.
amilaruvi.in
Surrogacy? 23. Define
www.tamilaruvi.in Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome
amilaruvi.in• It is www.tamilaruvi.in
a method of assisted reproduction or • All
www.tamilaruvi.in women are born with ovaries,
www.tamilaruvi.in but some do
www.tamil
not have functional uterus. This condition is
amilaruvi.in agreement.
called Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Surrogate woman agrees to carry
www.tamilaruvi.in a
pregnancy for another person, PART-C
amilaruvi.in• Through in vitro fertilization
www.tamilaruvi.in (IVF), embryos
are created in a lab and are transferred into
amilaruvi.in the surrogate
www.tamilaruvi.in ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (3 MARKS)
www.tamil
mother’s uterus.
19. Name any four methods to overcome 1. List out the aims of RCH.
amilaruvi.ininfertility
www.tamilaruvi.in
in human couples. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• Creating awareness and providing medical www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Intra-Uterine
www.tamilaruvi.in
Insemination (IUI), www.tamilaruvi.in
assistancewww.tamilaruvi.in
to build a healthy society. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• In Vitro
www.tamilaruvi.in
Fertilization, (IVF) www.tamilaruvi.in
• Introducingsexwww.tamilaruvi.in
education in schools www.tamil
to
amilaruvi.in• Embryowww.tamilaruvi.in provide information
www.tamilaruvi.in about adolescence related
Transfer (ET), changes.
amilaruvi.in• Zygotewww.tamilaruvi.in
Intra-Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT),
• Educating marriageable age groups
amilaruvi.in• Gametewww.tamilaruvi.in
Intra fallopian Transfer (GIFT),
www.tamilaruvi.in
about the www.tamilaruvi.in
birth control methods www.tamil and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in family planning
www.tamilaruvi.in norms.
20. The present population growth rate in India
amilaruvi.inis very www.tamilaruvi.in
high. Suggest ways to check it.www.tamilaruvi.in • Creating awareness for care for pregnant
amilaruvi.in• Increasing
www.tamilaruvi.in women,
www.tamilaruvi.in post-natal care
www.tamilaruvi.inof mother and child
www.tamil
public awareness about the and the importance of breast feeding.
amilaruvi.in benefits
www.tamilaruvi.in
of small family. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Encouraging and supporting governmental and
amilaruvi.in• Improving
www.tamilaruvi.in
child care and mother care. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
non-governmental agencies to identify newwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Improving
www.tamilaruvi.in methods to
www.tamilaruvi.in
access to various contraceptive improve upon the existing
amilaruvi.in methods for the masses.
www.tamilaruvi.in methods
www.tamilaruvi.in of birth control.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 2. Explain
www.tamilaruvi.in various types of IUDS
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Intrauterine
www.tamilaruvi.in Devices (IUDs)
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • IUDs are inserted
www.tamilaruvi.in into uterus throughwww.tamil
vagina.
www.tamil
47
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Available
devices - copper releasing IUDs,
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Then the zygote is allowed to divide to form
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in hormone www.tamilaruvi.in
releasing IUDs andwww.tamilaruvi.in 8 celled blastomere and then transferred
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
non-
amilaruvi.in medicated IUDs.
www.tamilaruvi.in the uterus.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in• IUDs increase phagocytosis
www.tamilaruvi.in of sperm 4. What is MTP ?www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in State its significance www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• It is also used to
www.tamilaruvi.indelay pregnancy. voluntary terminationwww.tamil
• MTP is awww.tamilaruvi.in
• Its success rate is 95 to 99%. pregnancy by non-surgical or non-invasive
way.
• Copper releasing IUDs differ from each
amilaruvi.in otherwww.tamilaruvi.in
by the amount of copper. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• MTP is extremely safe upto 12 weeks (the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Theywww.tamilaruvi.in
release copper and copper salts www.tamilaruvi.in
into www.tamilaruvi.in
first trimester) of pregnancy www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the uterus to suppress sperm motility.
• MTP duringwww.tamilaruvi.in
the second trimester is more www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Duration :5 - 10 years.
www.tamilaruvi.in risky because
www.tamilaruvi.in foetus is associated withwww.tamil
mother tissue.
amilaruvi.in• Example : Cu T-380 A, Nova T, Cuwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in 7, Cu T www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
380 Ag, Multiload 375, etc. • Government of India legalized MTP in 1971
amilaruvi.in• Hormone-releasing
www.tamilaruvi.in IUDs
www.tamilaruvi.in
to avoid sex www.tamilaruvi.in
discrimination and illegal www.tamil
increase the viscosity of the cervical
www.tamilaruvi.in
female foeticides. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in mucus www.tamilaruvi.in
and thereby prevent the entry www.tamilaruvi.in
of • If MTP performedwww.tamilaruvi.in
by unqualified person www.tamil
then
amilaruvi.in spermswww.tamilaruvi.in it
www.tamilaruvi.in is unsafe and fatal.
• They
amilaruvi.in steel. are made up
www.tamilaruvi.in of plasticor stainless • MTP
www.tamilaruvi.in of the first conception
www.tamilaruvi.in result in serious
www.tamil
psychological consequences
amilaruvi.in• Lippes www.tamilaruvi.in
loop is a double S-shapedwww.tamilaruvi.in
plastic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in device. www.tamilaruvi.in 5. Write
www.tamilaruvi.in notes on foetoscope
amilaruvi.in• Examplewww.tamilaruvi.in 20 are •
: Progestasert and LNG –www.tamilaruvi.in Foetoscope is used to
www.tamilaruvi.inmonitor the foetal
www.tamil
often called as intrauterine systems (IUS). heart rate and
3. Define the term ‘Test tube baby’ Explain its • Also other functions during late pregnancy
amilaruvi.inprocedure.
and labour. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inTest tubewww.tamilaruvi.in
baby Procedure :
www.tamilaruvi.in
• The averagewww.tamilaruvi.in
foetal heart rate : 120 and www.tamil
160
amilaruvi.in• sperm www.tamilaruvi.in beats per minute.
and eggs are allowed to unite
amilaruvi.in outside • An abnormal
the body in a laboratory. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in foetal heart rate indicates
amilaruvi.in• One www.tamilaruvi.in
or more fertilized eggs may be transferred other
www.tamilaruvi.in problems related to
www.tamilaruvi.in heart. www.tamil
into the woman’s uterus for implantation. • A hand-held doppler device is often used
to count the
www.tamilaruvi.in
foetal heart rate.
www.tamil
IVF was used to treat women with
amilaruvi.in• Initially,
www.tamilaruvi.in
blocked, www.tamilaruvi.in
damaged, or absent fallopian www.tamilaruvi.in
• During labour, continuous electronic foetal
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in tubes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
monitoringwww.tamilaruvi.in
is often used. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Today, IVF is used to treat infertility.
6. Explain the permanent birth control methods
amilaruvi.in• Steps : ovarian stimulation www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in à egg in males and www.tamilaruvi.in
females. List its advantagewww.tamil and
retrieval à fertilization à embryo culture, one disadvantage.
amilaruvi.in à embryowww.tamilaruvi.in
transfer. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Egg www.tamilaruvi.in • Permanent birth control methods is
retrieval - by minor surgerywww.tamilaruvi.in
34 to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
hours after hCG (human chorionic suitable for those don’t want children
amilaruvi.in 37 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
anymore. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
gonadotropin) injection.
• Eg. Surgical www.tamilaruvi.in
sterilisation methods. www.tamil
• The eggs are prepared and exposed.
amilaruvi.in• At the www.tamilaruvi.in
same time, sperm preparation is
www.tamilaruvi.in
• It blocks the www.tamilaruvi.in
duct which transport ofwww.tamil the
amilaruvi.in done. www.tamilaruvi.in gametes and
prevents conception. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Thenwww.tamilaruvi.in
sperms, the eggs are brought www.tamilaruvi.in
o Tubectomy www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in together.
• It is the surgical methods in women. www.tamil
• 10,000-1,00,000
amilaruvi.in needed www.tamilaruvi.in motile sperms are
• In this, both fallopian tubes are cut www.tamiland
for each egg.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in tied
www.tamilaruvi.in up through a small
www.tamilaruvi.in incision www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in• This www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
prevents entry of the ovum into the 9. What are the conditions in which IVF and ET
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in uterus.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
methods are advised?
amilaruvi.ino Vasectomy
IVF - In Vitrowww.tamilaruvi.in
Fertilization. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
the surgical procedure for male www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• In this technique, sperm from the male www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• In this
www.tamilaruvi.in
both vas deferens are cut and www.tamilaruvi.in
tied and ovum www.tamilaruvi.in
from the female are taken out. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in through a small incision
www.tamilaruvi.in • Ovum is then
www.tamilaruvi.in fertilized in the laboratory.
amilaruvi.in• It prevent the entry of sperm into
www.tamilaruvi.in the • ET stands for
www.tamilaruvi.in embryo transfer
urethra. There by prevent fertilization • It is the next procedure after IVF.
o Advantage : to 8 blastomere stage
• Embryo upwww.tamilaruvi.in is
• There is No side effects transferred in the fallopian tube.
o Disadvantage • This method are often called test tube
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inbabies. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Result of Reversibility of this method is
amilaruvi.in verywww.tamilaruvi.in
poor.
www.tamilaruvi.in
• These methodswww.tamilaruvi.in
are parts of Assisted www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inReproductive Technologies (ART). www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
7. Suggest some important steps to improve the
amilaruvi.inreproductive
www.tamilaruvi.in
health standards in India. • These methods
www.tamilaruvi.in are used when medical
amilaruvi.in• Properwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intreatment and psychotherapy
www.tamilaruvi.in may have
www.tamil
education of girls and boys right fail
the school level to make themwww.tamilaruvi.in
aware www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
about reproduction-related aspects. • These methods require very high degree of
precision and specialized doctors. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Prevention of child
www.tamilaruvi.in marriage. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• These technologies require costly
amilaruvi.in• Prevention of female
www.tamilaruvi.in foeticide. www.tamilaruvi.inequipment. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Strict regulation
www.tamilaruvi.in and monitoring of MTP.
www.tamilaruvi.in
10. What are thewww.tamilaruvi.in
conditions in which medical www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Free distribution of
www.tamilaruvi.in contraceptives for poor termination
www.tamilaruvi.in of pregnancy
www.tamilaruvi.inis advised? www.tamil
people. • MTP can be advised under following conditions
• Effective healthcare for workers in small • When there is risk to the pregnant lady or
amilaruvi.in villages.
to the foetus.
8. Write short notes on cervical cancer.
• if the foetus has some genetic defects.
amilaruvi.inCervicalwww.tamilaruvi.in
cancer
• In case of unwanted pregnancy.
amilaruvi.in• Cervical
cancer is caused by Human 11. All reproductive tract infections RTIs are
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Papilloma
www.tamilaruvi.in
virus (HPV). www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
STDs, but all STDs are not RTIs. Justify with
www.tamil
a sexually transmitted diseases. www.tamilaruvi.in
example. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Causeswww.tamilaruvi.in
: abnormal growth of cervicalwww.tamilaruvi.in
cells or www.tamilaruvi.in
• All Reproductive Tract Infections canwww.tamil
be
amilaruvi.in cervical dysplasia (senseless).
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intransmitted through coitus and hence
www.tamilaruvi.in all
www.tamil
RTIs are STDs.
amilaruvi.in• Symptoms : pelvic pain, vaginal discharge
and vaginal bleeding. • But some STDs may not affect the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inreproductivewww.tamilaruvi.in
system at all, www.tamil
The risk factors are :
• e.g. AIDS andwww.tamilaruvi.in
Hepatitis B. www.tamil
• Having multiple sexual partners
• Hence, all STDs need not be RTIs. www.tamil
• Prolonged use of contraceptive pills
• Diagnostic test : Papanicolaous smear (PAP
amilaruvi.in smear) www.tamilaruvi.in
combined with an HPV test.
amilaruvi.in• X-Ray,www.tamilaruvi.in
CT scan, MRI and a PET scan.
amilaruvi.in• Treatment
: radiation therapy, surgery and
amilaruvi.in chemotherapy.
www.tamil
49
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
• In these methods, the ovum and sperm are
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART-D
preventedwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
from meeting so that fertilization
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in does
www.tamilaruvi.in not occur.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Chemical
www.tamilaruvi.in barrier
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Foaming
www.tamilaruvi.in tablets, melting
www.tamilaruvi.in suppositories,
www.tamil
1. What is sex ratio ? Why it is decreased in jellies and creams are used to inactivate the
amilaruvi.inIndia . www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
sperms in thewww.tamilaruvi.in
vagina. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Sex www.tamilaruvi.in
ratio is ratio of males to the femaleswww.tamilaruvi.in
b) Mechanical www.tamilaruvi.in
barrier www.tamil
amilaruvi.in in a population.
• Condoms -www.tamilaruvi.in
for male it is used to coverwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in• In India,
www.tamilaruvi.in penis.
www.tamilaruvi.in
the child sex ratio has decreased www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
927 to 919 female per 1000 www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in fromwww.tamilaruvi.in males. • Cervix - for female it is used to cover
vagina and cervix
amilaruvi.in• So steps are needed to change the
www.tamilaruvi.in mind
set and attitudes of people • They prevent the entry of semen into the
female reproductive tract. www.tamil
• Female foeticide and infanticide is main
amilaruvi.in reason www.tamilaruvi.in
for this gender gap. www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Hormonal www.tamilaruvi.in
barrier www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Female www.tamilaruvi.in
foeticide is ‘aborting the www.tamilaruvi.in
female • It prevents www.tamilaruvi.in
the release of ovum www.tamilfrom
amilaruvi.in in the mother’s womb’;
www.tamilaruvi.in ovaries
www.tamilaruvi.in by thickens the cervical
www.tamilaruvi.in fluid www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Female infanticide
www.tamilaruvi.in is ‘killing the female • Cervical
www.tamilaruvi.in fluid keeps the
www.tamilaruvi.insperm away from
www.tamil
child after her birth’. ovum.
• These have resulted in imbalance in sex iii) Oral contraceptives :
amilaruvi.in ratio. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Pills are used to prevent ovulation
2. Write an essay on various types of birth • Pills inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH
amilaruvi.incontrolwww.tamilaruvi.in
methods in India. www.tamilaruvi.in
hormones. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inBirth control
www.tamilaruvi.in
methods : www.tamilaruvi.in
Birth control www.tamilaruvi.in
pill – www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• The www.tamilaruvi.in
voluntary use of contraceptive www.tamilaruvi.in
• It containswww.tamilaruvi.in
synthetic progesterone www.tamiland
amilaruvi.in procedures to
www.tamilaruvi.in prevent fertilization or estrogen
www.tamilaruvi.in hormones.
amilaruvi.in prevent
in the
implantation of a fertilized egg
www.tamilaruvi.in
uterus is termed as birth control.
• Eg. Saheli,www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in contraceptive pill www.tamil
amilaruvi.inTypes www.tamilaruvi.in iv) Intrauterine
www.tamilaruvi.in Devices (IUDs)
of contraception : – temporary and
amilaruvi.inpermanent.www.tamilaruvi.in • IUDs
www.tamilaruvi.in are inserted into
www.tamilaruvi.inuterus through the
www.tamil
vagina.
amilaruvi.ini) Temporary methods : Natural, chemical,
• Available devices - copper releasing IUDs,
www.tamil
mechanical and hormonal barrier methods
hormone www.tamilaruvi.in
releasing IUDs and non- www.tamil
a) Natural method - prevent meeting of sperm medicatedwww.tamilaruvi.in
IUDs.
ovum. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Eg. Rhythm
www.tamilaruvi.in • IUDs increase phagocytosis of spermwww.tamil
method (safe period) ,www.tamilaruvi.in
coitus www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in interruptus, continuous abstinence
www.tamilaruvi.in and • It is also used
www.tamilaruvi.in to delay pregnancy.
amilaruvi.in lactational amenorrhoea.
www.tamilaruvi.in • Its
www.tamilaruvi.in success rate is 95 to
www.tamilaruvi.in 99%. www.tamil
a) Continuous abstinence • Eg. Copper releasing IUDs and Hormone-
releasing IUDs
www.tamil
• It is the simplest and most dependable
amilaruvi.in waywww.tamilaruvi.in
to avoid pregnancy is not to have
v) Permanent birth control methods
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in coitus www.tamilaruvi.in
for a defined period that www.tamilaruvi.in
prevent www.tamilaruvi.in
• These methods is suitable for those who don’t
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in fertilization.
want childrenwww.tamilaruvi.in
anymore. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Coitus interruptus
• Eg. Surgical www.tamilaruvi.in
sterilisation methods. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• It is the oldest family
www.tamilaruvi.in planning method. • It blocks the
www.tamilaruvi.in duct which transport ofwww.tamil
• The male partner withdraws his penis before gametes and prevents conception.
amilaruvi.in ejaculation,
thereby preventing deposition
amilaruvi.in of semen www.tamilaruvi.in • Eg.
www.tamilaruvi.in Tubectomy, Vasectomy
into the vagina.
amilaruvi.inii) Barrier
www.tamilaruvi.in
methods : www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
3. List out the aims of RCH
• The zygote continues its natural divisions
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Creating
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
awareness and providing medical and migrates towards the uterus where it
amilaruvi.in assistance
www.tamilaruvi.in gets
to build a healthy society.www.tamilaruvi.in implanted.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in• Introducing
www.tamilaruvi.in
sex education in schools Intra
www.tamilaruvi.in
to uterine transfer (IUT)
amilaruvi.in provide information
www.tamilaruvi.in about adolescence related • Embryo
www.tamilaruvi.in with more than
www.tamilaruvi.in 8 blastomeres is
www.tamil
changes. inserted into uterus to complete its further
amilaruvi.in• Educating
www.tamilaruvi.in
marriageable age groups
www.tamilaruvi.in
development. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in aboutwww.tamilaruvi.in
the birth control methods www.tamilaruvi.in
and www.tamilaruvi.in
Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT) www.tamil
amilaruvi.in family planning norms.
• Transfer of www.tamilaruvi.in
an ovum into the fallopian www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Creating awareness for care for pregnant
www.tamilaruvi.in tube.
women, post-natal care of mother and child • In this eggs are collected from the ovaries
amilaruvi.in and thewww.tamilaruvi.in
importance of breast feeding.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and placed with the sperms in one of the
amilaruvi.in• Encouraging
www.tamilaruvi.in
and supporting governmentalwww.tamilaruvi.in
fallopian tubes. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in non-governmental
www.tamilaruvi.inagencies to identify new
www.tamilaruvi.in
• The zygote www.tamilaruvi.in
travels toward the uterus www.tamil
methods to improve upon the existing and gets implanted in the inner lining ofwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in methodswww.tamilaruvi.in
of birth control.
uterus.
4. How breast-feeding the baby acts as a natural 6. List out the reasons responsible for the cause
www.tamilaruvi.in
for the mother. www.tamilaruvi.in
of infertility.
amilaruvi.in• Menstrual
www.tamilaruvi.in
cycles resume 6 to 8 weeks www.tamilaruvi.in
after Causes :
• Tumours www.tamilaruvi.in
in the pituitary or reproductive www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Normal ovarian cycles
www.tamilaruvi.in may be delayed for organs,
six months during breastfeeding. • Inherited mutations fail to produce sex
hormones
• This delay in ovarian cycles is called
amilaruvi.in lactational
www.tamilaruvi.in
amenorrhoea. www.tamilaruvi.in
• Malformation www.tamilaruvi.in
of the cervix or fallopian www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• It serves
www.tamilaruvi.in tubes
www.tamilaruvi.in
as a natural, but an unreliable www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in formwww.tamilaruvi.in
of birth control. • Indequate
www.tamilaruvi.in nutrition before
www.tamilaruvi.in adulthood. www.tamil
• Long-term stress damages the menstrual
amilaruvi.in• Reason : breast-feeding stimulates
www.tamilaruvi.in
cycle.
pituitary to secrete prolactin hormone in
amilaruvi.in orderwww.tamilaruvi.in
to increase milk production. www.tamilaruvi.in
• Ingestion www.tamilaruvi.in
of toxins (eg. cadmium), www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• This www.tamilaruvi.in
high prolactin concentration prevent www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• Alcohol, tobacco and marijuana, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in menstrual • Injuries inwww.tamilaruvi.in
cycle by suppressing thewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in release gonads www.tamil
of GnRH (Gonadotropin
amilaruvi.in fromwww.tamilaruvi.in Releasing Hormone) • Aging
www.tamilaruvi.in . www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
hypothalamus and gonadotropin Other causes of infertility
amilaruvi.in secretion
www.tamilaruvi.in
from the pituitary. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) ,
amilaruvi.in
any three Assisted Reproductive www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Uterine fibroids and endometriosis
amilaruvi.inTechnologies in detail
• Low body fat or anorexia in women.
amilaruvi.inIntra-uterine insemination (IUI)
• Undescended testes and swollen veins
amilaruvi.in• This is for men with
www.tamilaruvi.in low sperm count.
www.tamilaruvi.in
(varicocoele)www.tamilaruvi.in
in scrotum. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Procedure :Semen
www.tamilaruvi.in is collected from the
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Tight clothingwww.tamilaruvi.in
(Raise the temperature inwww.tamil
the
husband /a healthy donor introduced scrotum and affect sperm production)
amilaruvi.in intowww.tamilaruvi.in
the uterusà through the vagina www.tamilaruvi.in
by a www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in catheter
www.tamilaruvi.in • Under
www.tamilaruvi.in developed ovaries
www.tamilaruvi.in or testes. www.tamil
• Female may develop antibodies against
sperms reach fallopian tubes
amilaruvi.in• The www.tamilaruvi.in and
sperm.
amilaruvi.in fertilize the egg,
www.tamilaruvi.inresulting in pregnancy.
• Males may develop an autoimmune
Zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIFT) response to their own sperm.
• As in IVF, the zygote (8 blastomere stage)
amilaruvi.in is transferred
to the fallopian tube by
amilaruvi.in laparoscopy.
www.tamil
51
amilaruvi.in
7. Discuss the mode of action and advantages/disadvantages of hormonal contraceptives.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inMode of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
Action of Hormonal Contraceptives:
amilaruvi.in• Thesewww.tamilaruvi.in
contraceptives prevent ovulation www.tamilaruvi.in
and implantation. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
also alter the quality of cervical www.tamilaruvi.in
mucus which suppresses www.tamilaruvi.in
the entry of sperms intowww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in uterus.
amilaruvi.inAdvantages:
amilaruvi.inThese are available as
www.tamilaruvi.in oral pills. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
They do not disturb the normal sexual activity of the couple.
• They have less side effects.
Disadvantages:
amilaruvi.in• Somewww.tamilaruvi.in
long term side effects.
amilaruvi.in• Thesewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
may result in increased cholesterol level and may cause obesity.
can also alter the menstrual cycle in some cases.
8. Write notes on any two bacterial STD
amilaruvi.in Disease Causative
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Incubation
www.tamil
Symptom
agent period
Bacterial STI
Gonorrhoea N e i s s e r i a • Affects the urethra, rectum and throat and in 2 to 5 days
gonorrhoeae
www.tamilaruvi.in
females the cervix also get affected.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Symptoms: www.tamilaruvi.in
Pain and pus dischargewww.tamilaruvi.in
and burning www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in sensation during urination.
amilaruvi.in Syphilis T r e p
www.tamilaruvi.ino n e m a Primary stage
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 10 to 90
www.tamil
palladium • painless ulcer on the external genitalia. days
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Secondary www.tamilaruvi.in
stage
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Skinwww.tamilaruvi.in
lesions, rashes, swollen www.tamilaruvi.in
joints and fever www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and www.tamilaruvi.in
hair loss. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Tertiary stage
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • chroniculcers www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
on nose, lower legs and palate.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Loss www.tamilaruvi.in
of movement, mental www.tamilaruvi.in
disorder, visual www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in impairment, heart problems, gummas
www.tamilaruvi.in (soft non-
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in cancerous growths)
www.tamilaruvi.inetc www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
9. Describe
amilaruvi.in any two viral STDs diseases www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in . www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Diseasewww.tamilaruvi.in
Causative agent www.tamilaruvi.inSymptom www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Incubation period
amilaruvi.inGenital www.tamilaruvi.in
Human papilloma Tumour www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
on the external genitalia, cervix and 1-8 monthswww.tamil
amilaruvi.in warts virus
www.tamilaruvi.in(HPV) perianal region.
amilaruvi.in Hepatitis-B Hepatitis
www.tamilaruvi.in B virus Fatigue, jaundice,
www.tamilaruvi.in fever, rash and
www.tamilaruvi.in 30-80 days www.tamil
(HBV) stomach pain.
Liver cirrhosis and liver failure www.tamilaruvi.in
occur in www.tamil
the later stage. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in AIDS Human
www.tamilaruvi.in immuno Enlarged lymph
www.tamilaruvi.in nodes, prolonged fever, 2
www.tamilaruvi.in to 6 weeks - 10
www.tamil
deficiency virus prolonged diarrhoea, weight reduction, years.
(HIV)
www.tamilaruvi.in
night sweating.
amilaruvi.in
CHAPTER
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE
www.tamilaruvi.in AND
www.tamilaruvi.inVARIATION www.tamil
4
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Points to Remember
amilaruvi.in
 Genetics www.tamilaruvi.in
is a branch of biology that www.tamilaruvi.in
deals  Sex www.tamilaruvi.in
chromosomes may be www.tamil
similar
amilaruvi.in study of heredity and variations.
with thewww.tamilaruvi.in (homomorphic)
www.tamilaruvi.in dissimilar
www.tamil
 Gene is the unit of heredity and www.tamilaruvi.in
gene is (heteromorphic).
the inherited factor.  Homomorphic individuals - produce only
 Variation - is the degree of difference in
one type of gametes (homogametic) www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
progenywww.tamilaruvi.in
from their parents. www.tamilaruvi.in
 Heteromorphic www.tamilaruvi.in
individuals - produce www.tamil
two
 All genes have two alternative forms types
www.tamilaruvi.in of gametes (heterogametic).
-Dominant
amilaruvi.in and recessive alleles E.g
www.tamilaruvi.in : tall  Heterogametic
www.tamilaruvi.in Sex Determination -www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in In
vs dwarf (T and t). this one sexes produces similar gametes
 Multiple alleles : When three or more
www.tamilaruvi.in
and the other www.tamilaruvi.in
sex produces dissimilar www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
alleleswww.tamilaruvi.in
of a gene that control a particular gametes.
trait
amilaruvi.in occupy the same
www.tamilaruvi.in locus  Heterogametic
www.tamilaruvi.in Males -In
www.tamilaruvi.in this Males are
www.tamil
on the homologous chromosome of an heterogametic producing dissimilar gametes
organism, they are called multiple alleles
Females are homogametic producing
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 Multiple www.tamilaruvi.in
allelism: inheritance of multiple www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
similar gametes. www.tamil
alleles is
amilaruvi.in called multiple allelism. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in  It is of two kinds XX-XO type and XX-XY
 Karl Landsteiner - discovered two kinds of type.
antigens called antigen ‘A’ and antigen ‘B’  XX-XO Type -This type is seen in bugs,
 Based on the presence or absence of these
www.tamilaruvi.in
cockroacheswww.tamilaruvi.in
and grasshoppers. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
antigens www.tamilaruvi.in
blood groups are classified. They www.tamilaruvi.in
are  XX-XY type www.tamilaruvi.in
- This type seen in human www.tamil
Type ‘A’,
amilaruvi.in Type ‘B’, Type ‘O’ (universal
www.tamilaruvi.in beings
www.tamilaruvi.in and in Drosophila.
donor),Type
amilaruvi.inA ‘AB’ (universal
www.tamilaruvi.in recipient)  Heterogametic
www.tamilaruvi.in Females
www.tamilaruvi.in - type seen in
www.tamil
 I and I are dominant to I , but co-
B O insects, fishes, reptiles and birds
amilaruvi.in
dominant www.tamilaruvi.in
to each other (IA=IB). www.tamilaruvi.in
Male produce www.tamilaruvi.in
a similar gametes www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 The Rh www.tamilaruvi.in
factor or Rh antigen is found www.tamilaruvi.in
on the Female producewww.tamilaruvi.in
dissimilar gametes. www.tamil
surface
amilaruvi.in of RBC.
 ZO-ZZ Type -www.tamilaruvi.in
is seen in moths, butterflies www.tamil
 Fisher
amilaruvi.in and Race hypothesis
www.tamilaruvi.in - Rh factor and
www.tamilaruvi.in domestic chickens.
involves three different pairs of alleles  ZW-ZZ type - This type seen in insects
amilaruvi.in
locatedwww.tamilaruvi.in
on three different loci www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
(gypsy moth),fishes, reptiles and birds.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 This systemwww.tamilaruvi.in
is uses the ‘Cde’ nomenclature.www.tamilaruvi.in
 Sex determiningwww.tamilaruvi.in
Genes are located on www.tamil
two
Wiener
amilaruvi.in
 Hypothesis
www.tamilaruvi.in -He proposed eight sex
www.tamilaruvi.in chromosomes, called
www.tamilaruvi.in allosomes. www.tamil
alleles (R1, R2, R0, Rz, r, r1, r11, ry).  In human 22 pairs of autosomes (44A)
 Dominant ‘R allele’ (R1, R2 ,R0 ,Rz) will produce + one pair of allosomes (XX or XY) =23
Rh+ positive phenotype www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
pairs of chromosomes www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 Doublewww.tamilaruvi.in
recessive genotypes (rr, rr , rr 1 www.tamilaruvi.in
11
, rr )  In 1949, Barr
y www.tamilaruvi.in
and Bertram observed www.tamil
a
will
amilaruvi.in give rise to Rh-negative
www.tamilaruvi.in phenotype. condensed
www.tamilaruvi.in body in the
www.tamilaruvi.in nerve cells of
www.tamil
 Rh incompatability has great impact on female cat which was absent in the male.
child birth.
 This condensed body was called sex
www.tamil
 It is resultin Erythroblastosis foetalis
chromatin later it was referred as Barr www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in body.
 Sex chromosomes determine the www.tamilaruvi.in
sex of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the individual.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Lyon’s
www.tamilaruvi.in hypothesis - Mary
www.tamilaruvi.in Lyon - Barr bodies
www.tamil
represented an inactive chromosome,
 Autosomes
amilaruvi.in - chromosomes
www.tamilaruvi.in other than the
which in females becomes tightly coiled
sex chromosomes
www.tamil
53
amilaruvi.in
Chapter - 4www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
| Principles of inheritance and variation
XII Std - Zoology ´ Unit II
into a heterochromatin, a condensed and  These disorders may be dominant or recessive
www.tamil
visible form of chromatin . www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
and autosomal
www.tnpsnote.com
or sex linked.
 Haplodiploidy
amilaruvi.in mechanism
www.tamilaruvi.in of www.tamilaruvi.in
sex  Thalassemiawww.tamilaruvi.in
is an autosomal recessive www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
determination is common in hymenopteran disorder.
insects Eg. honeybees,
 Types of Thalassemia ( based on chain
amilaruvi.in
 In this, www.tamilaruvi.in
sex of the offspring is determinedwww.tamilaruvi.in
by affected) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the number
amilaruvi.in of sets of chromosomes
www.tamilaruvi.in it  Alpha Thalassemia
, Beta Thalassemia www.tamil
receives.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Phenylketonuria
www.tamilaruvi.in is an inborn errorwww.tamil
 Fertilized eggs develop into females Phenylalanine metabolism
amilaruvi.in
(Queenwww.tamilaruvi.in
or Worker) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Causes : pair of autosomal recessive
 Unfertilized eggs develop into www.tamilaruvi.in
males genes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
(drones)
amilaruvi.in by parthenogenesis.
 It is also caused due to mutation inwww.tamil
the
 The inheritance of X or Y linked genes is called gene PAH located on chromosome 12www.tamil
sex-linked inheritance.
amilaruvi.in It is an inborn errorwww.tamil
 Albinism - www.tamilaruvi.in of
 Genes www.tamilaruvi.in
present on region of Xwww.tamilaruvi.in
or Y metabolism,
chromosomes
amilaruvi.in are called sex linked genes.
 Caused by an autosomal recessive gene.
 X-linked
amilaruvi.in gene inheritance
www.tamilaruvi.in are www.tamilaruvi.in
 Huntington’swww.tamilaruvi.in
chorea is an autosomal www.tamil
Red-green
amilaruvi.in colour blindness
www.tamilaruvi.in or daltonism, dominant
www.tamilaruvi.in lethal gene in man.
Haemophilia, Duchenne’s muscular
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Symptoms
www.tamilaruvi.in : involuntary
www.tamilaruvi.in jerking of the
www.tamil
dystrophy
body and progressive degeneration of the
amilaruvi.in
 Haemophiliawww.tamilaruvi.in
is caused by a recessive www.tamilaruvi.in
nervous system,www.tamilaruvi.in
accompanied by gradualwww.tamil
X-linked
amilaruvi.in gene.
www.tamilaruvi.in mental and physical
www.tamilaruvi.in deterioration. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Colour blindness is Due to dominant X –  Chromosomal Abnormalities are caused
linked gene which is necessary for the
by errors in the number or structure of
amilaruvi.in
formationwww.tamilaruvi.in
of cones www.tamilaruvi.in
chromosomes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The recessive
amilaruvi.in form - incapable of producing
 E.g - www.tamilaruvi.in
Down’s syndrome, Turner’s www.tamil
cone cells. syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome,
 The are unable to distinguish red and Patau’s syndrome
green colour. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Several autosomal aneuploidies have been
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 Y-linkedwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
genes for hypertrichosis (excessive www.tamilaruvi.in
reported in human being www.tamil
development
amilaruvi.in of hairs on pinna of the ear)
www.tamilaruvi.in are  Down’s syndrome
(21-Trisomy), www.tamil
transmitted directly from father to son
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Patau’s syndrome
www.tamilaruvi.in (13-Trisomy).
 Karyotyping is a technique through which a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Down’s
www.tamilaruvi.in Syndrome/Trisomy
www.tamilaruvi.in – 21 www.tamil
complete set of chromosomes is separated
from awww.tamilaruvi.in
cell and the chromosomes are  Several sex chromosomal abnormalities
have been detected.
www.tamil
arranged in pairs.
 Ideogram - diagrammatic representation of  Eg. Klinefelter’s syndrome and Turner’s
www.tamil
chromosomes. syndrome. www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
 Pedigree www.tamilaruvi.in drawn  Klinefelter’s www.tamilaruvi.in
is a “family tree” which iswww.tamilaruvi.in Syndrome (XXY Males) www.tamil
with standard
amilaruvi.in show  Causes: presence
genetic symbols, itwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of an additional copy
www.tamil
the inheritance pathway the X chromosome resulting in a karyotype
 Pedigree analysis is the study of traits as
www.tamilaruvi.in
of 47 / XXY.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
they havewww.tamilaruvi.in
appeared in a given family www.tamilaruvi.in
line  These Persons www.tamilaruvi.in
have 47 chromosomes www.tamil
for
amilaruvi.in several past generations.
www.tamilaruvi.in (44AA+XXY).
 Genetic Disorders Types : Mendelian  Turner’s Syndrome (XO Females)
disorders and chromosomal disorders.
 Causes: loss of a X chromosome resulting
amilaruvi.in
 Alteration www.tamilaruvi.in
or mutation in a single www.tamilaruvi.in
gene in a karyotype www.tamilaruvi.in
of 45,X. www.tamil
causes www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Mendelian disorders. www.tamilaruvi.in
 Persons withwww.tamilaruvi.in
this syndrome have www.tamil
45
 Mendelian
amilaruvi.in disorders
www.tamilaruvi.in are Thalassemia, chromosomes
www.tamilaruvi.in (44 autosomes
www.tamilaruvi.in and one X
www.tamil
albinism, phenylketonuria, sickle cell anaemia, chromosome) (44AA+XO)
Huntington’s chorea. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Chapter - 4 | Principles of inheritance and variation
www.tamil
7. Which of the following is true about Rh factor
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART
www.tamilaruvi.in –A www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
in the offspring of a parental combination Dd
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (1 MARKS) X Dd
www.tamilaruvi.in (both Rh positive)?
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.inAll will be Rh-positive
1.
amilaruvi.inHaemophilia is more
www.tamilaruvi.in common in males b) Half will be www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Rh positive www.tamil
because it is a c) About ¾ will be Rh negative
amilaruvi.ina) Recessive character
www.tamilaruvi.in carried by Y-chromosome d) About one fourth
www.tamilaruvi.in will be Rh negative Ans:
www.tamilaruvi.in d
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Dominant character
www.tamilaruvi.in carried by Y-chromosome
www.tamilaruvi.in
8. What can bewww.tamilaruvi.in
the blood group of offspring www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Dominant trait carried by X-chromosome
www.tamilaruvi.in when both parents
www.tamilaruvi.in have AB blood group?www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ind) Recessive trait carried by X-chromosome
www.tamilaruvi.in a) AB only
www.tamilaruvi.in b) A, B and AB www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: d c) A, B, AB andwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in O d) A and B only www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
2. ABO blood www.tamilaruvi.in
group in man is controlled www.tamilaruvi.in
by www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Multiple
www.tamilaruvi.in
alleles 9. If the child’s www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Lethal geneswww.tamilaruvi.in blood group is ‘O’ and fathers www.tamil
blood group is ‘A’ and mother’s blood group is
amilaruvi.inc) Sex linked
www.tamilaruvi.in
genes d) Y-linked geneswww.tamilaruvi.in
‘B’ the
genotype of the parents will be
www.tamil
3. Three children of a family have blood groups
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) IA IA and IB Io
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) IA Io and IB Io
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inA, AB andwww.tamilaruvi.in
B. What could be the genotypes www.tamilaruvi.in
c) IA Io and IoIo d) IoIo and IB IB
amilaruvi.intheir parents?
b
amilaruvi.ina) IA IB www.tamilaruvi.in
and ii b) IA Io and IBIowww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
10. XO type of sex determination and XY type of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) IBIB and
www.tamilaruvi.in
IAIA d) IA IA and ii www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: b sex determination www.tamilaruvi.in
are examples of www.tamil
a) Male heterogamety www.tamil
4. Which of the following is not correct?
b) Female heterogamety www.tamil
a) Three or more alleles of a trait in the population
amilaruvi.in are called
www.tamilaruvi.in
multiple alleles.
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Male homogametywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) Both b) and c) Ans: a
www.tamil
b) A normal gene undergoes mutations to form
amilaruvi.in manywww.tamilaruvi.in
alleles
11. In an accident there is great loss of blood and
amilaruvi.inc) Multiple
alleles map at different loci of a there is no time www.tamilaruvi.in
to analyse the blood group www.tamil
amilaruvi.in chromosome
which blood can www.tamilaruvi.in
be safely transferred? www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) A diploid
organism has only two alleles out of
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) ‘O’ and Rh negative www.tamil
b) ‘O’ and Rh positive
amilaruvi.in manywww.tamilaruvi.in
in the population www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) ’B’ and Rh negative d) ‘AB’ and Rh positive
www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.in
of the following phenotypeswww.tamilaruvi.in
in the 12. Father of a child www.tamilaruvi.in
is colourblind and mother is
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inprogenywww.tamilaruvi.in
are possible from the parental www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
carrier for colourblindness, the probability www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.incombination AxB?
www.tamilaruvi.in child being colourblind
www.tamilaruvi.in is www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) A andwww.tamilaruvi.in
B only b) A,B and AB www.tamilaruvi.in
only a) 25% b) 50% c)
www.tamilaruvi.in100% d) 75% www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) AB only
d) A,B,AB and www.tamilaruvi.in
O www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: d 13. A marriage between
www.tamilaruvi.in a colourblind man and
www.tamilaruvi.in a
www.tamil
normal woman produces
amilaruvi.in
of the following phenotypeswww.tamilaruvi.in
is not www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a. All carrier daughters and normal sons
amilaruvi.inpossiblewww.tamilaruvi.in
in the progeny of the parental www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ingenotypic combination IAIO X IAIB? www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in b. 50% carrier daughters, 50%
www.tamilaruvi.in normal daughters
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) AB www.tamilaruvi.in
b) O c) A c.
d) Bwww.tamilaruvi.in 50% colourblind sons, 50%
www.tamilaruvi.in normal sons www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b d.
www.tamilaruvi.inAll carrier offsprings
www.tamilaruvi.inAns: a www.tamil
www.tamil
55
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
14. Mangolism is a genetic disorder which 23. Co-dominant blood group is
amilaruvi.inis causedwww.tamilaruvi.in
by the presence of anwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
extra
a) A b) AB c) B d) O Ans: b
amilaruvi.inchromosome number
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
24. Which of the following is incorrect regarding
b) 21 c) 4 d) 23www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
ZW-ZZ type of sex determination?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b
a. It occurs in birds and some reptiles
15. Klinefelters’
amilaruvi.in syndrome is characterized
www.tamilaruvi.in by a
karyotype of b. Females are homogametic and males are
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inheterogametic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) XYY b) XO
www.tamilaruvi.in c) XXX d) XXY
Ans: d c. Male produce two types of gametes
d. It occurs in www.tamilaruvi.in
gypsy moth www.tamil
Ans: b
16. Females with Turners’ syndrome have
amilaruvi.ina) Smallwww.tamilaruvi.in
uterus www.tamilaruvi.inPART – B,C AND D
amilaruvi.inb) Rudimentary ovaries
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS (2.3 AND 5 MARKS)
amilaruvi.inc) Underdeveloped breasts
amilaruvi.ind) All of these
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: d 25. What
www.tamilaruvi.in is haplodiploidy?
17. Pataus’www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in syndrome is also referred to as •
www.tamilaruvi.inIt is a sex determination
www.tamilaruvi.in mechanism
www.tamil
which is common in hymenopteran insects
amilaruvi.ina) 13 -Trisomy
www.tamilaruvi.in b) 18-Trisormywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
E.g : honeybees, ants and wasps
amilaruvi.inc) 21-Trisormy
www.tamilaruvi.in d) None of thesewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a •
www.tamilaruvi.inIn this, sex of the offspring
www.tamilaruvi.in is determined by
www.tamil
the number of sets of chromosomes it
amilaruvi.in
18. Who iswww.tamilaruvi.in
the founder of Modern Eugenics www.tamilaruvi.inreceives. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inmovement?www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
26. Distinguish between heterogametic and
amilaruvi.ina) Mendelwww.tamilaruvi.in b) Darwin www.tamilaruvi.in
homogameticwww.tamilaruvi.in
sex determination systems. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Fransis Galton
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Karl pearson Ans: c
S. Heterogametic Homogametic sex
19. Improvement www.tamilaruvi.in
of human race by encouraging www.tamilaruvi.in
No. sex determination determination www.tamil
amilaruvi.inthe healthy persons
www.tamilaruvi.in to marry early and
www.tamilaruvi.in
1 www.tamilaruvi.in
In this type two In this type www.tamil
produce large number of children is called types of gametes only one types
a) Positive eugenics b) Negative eugenics are produced of gamete is
produced www.tamil
c) Positive euthenics d) Positive euphenics
Ans: a 2 www.tamilaruvi.in
Sex chromosomes Sex chromosomes www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in are dissimilar are similar
20. The _______deals with the control of several 3 These organisms These organisms
amilaruvi.ininheritedwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
human diseases especially inborn
www.tamilaruvi.in
are called as are called as
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inerrors ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
metabolism www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Heteromorphic Homomorphicwww.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Euphenics
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Eugenics www.tamilaruvi.in individuals individuals
amilaruvi.inc) Euthenics
www.tamilaruvi.in d) All of these www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: a 27. What is Lyonisation?www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
21. “Universal Donor” and “Universal Recipients”
• It is an condition Where there are two www.tamil
or
amilaruvi.inblood www.tamilaruvi.in
group are _____ and_______ www.tamilaruvi.inmore haploid sets of
www.tamilaruvi.inX- Linked genes
www.tamil
respectively in each cell all but one of the genes are
inactivated apparently at random and have
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) AB, Owww.tamilaruvi.in b) O, AB www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
no phenotypic expression.
amilaruvi.inc) A, B www.tamilaruvi.in d) B, A Ans: b
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Lyonization www.tamilaruvi.in
is usual but it is not common www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.in
22. ZW-ZZ www.tamilaruvi.in
system of sex determination occurs www.tamilaruvi.in
in all loci www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Fisheswww.tamilaruvi.in b) Reptiles www.tamilaruvi.in
• Lyonization www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
occurs in men with the Klinefelter
amilaruvi.inc) Birdswww.tamilaruvi.in d) All of these www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: d (XXY) karyotype
amilaruvi.in
Chapter - 4 | Principles www.tamil
of inheritance and variation
28. What is criss-cross inheritance?
34. Explain the genetic basis of ABO blood
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
type of inheritance of recessive sex linked grouping man.
amilaruvi.in character from father to daughter
www.tamilaruvi.in • Blood group www.tamilaruvi.in
is determined by -three www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in then from the
www.tamilaruvi.in daughter to her sons is
www.tamilaruvi.in autosomal alleles located
www.tamilaruvi.in on chromosome
www.tamil
known as criss-cross inheritance or sex 9.
amilaruvi.in linked www.tamilaruvi.in
or X-linked inheritance. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • The gene controlling
www.tamilaruvi.inblood type are ‘L’
www.tamil
29. Why are sex linked recessive characters more (L-Landsteiner) or I (I - isoagglutination).
amilaruvi.incommon www.tamilaruvi.in
in the male human beings? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• I gene occurs in three allelic forms, IA, IB
amilaruvi.in• Sex linked
inherited traits are more common and IO. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in in males than females
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  IA denoteswww.tamilaruvi.in
A antigen. www.tamil
is because, males are hemizygous (has
 IB denotes B antigen
www.tamil
only one X gene)
 IO denotes no antigen.
www.tamil
30.
amilaruvi.inWhat are holandric
www.tamilaruvi.in genes? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Y- linked or holandric genes – The genes • IA and IB are dominant to IO, but co-
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in dominant www.tamilaruvi.in
to each other (IA=IB). www.tamil
present in the region of Y chromosome
Y linked genes have no corresponding
www.tamilaruvi.in • Dominance www.tamilaruvi.in
hierarchy is - (IA=IB> IO). www.tamil
amilaruvi.in allele www.tamilaruvi.in
in X chromosome. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• A child receives www.tamil
one of three alleles from
amilaruvi.in• Y linked
genes inherit along with Y chromosome each parent, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and result in six possible
amilaruvi.in and phenotypically
www.tamilaruvi.in express only in the
www.tamilaruvi.in genotypes and four
www.tamilaruvi.in possible blood
www.tamil
male. groups (phenotypes).
31. Mention the symptoms of Phenylketonuria. • The genotypes : IA IA, IA IO - A group
amilaruvi.in• Symptoms of
www.tamilaruvi.inphenylketonuria include
www.tamilaruvi.in  I I
B B
, I I
B O
- B
www.tamilaruvi.ingroup www.tamil
severe mental retardation, light  I I
A B
- AB Group
amilaruvi.in pigmentation
www.tamilaruvi.in
of skin and hair. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Phenylpyruvic
www.tamilaruvi.in  I I
O O
- O Group
acid is excreted in thewww.tamilaruvi.in
urine. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 35. How is sex determined
www.tamilaruvi.in in human beings?www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
32. Mention the symptoms of Downs syndrome.
amilaruvi.in• Severewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Sex chromosomes determine the sex
www.tamil
mental retardation,
amilaruvi.in• Defective
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the individual.
development of the central nervous
amilaruvi.in system,www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Autosomes - chromosomes
www.tamilaruvi.in other than the
www.tamil
sex chromosomes
amilaruvi.in• Increased
www.tamilaruvi.in
separation between the eyes, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Sex chromosomes may be similar
amilaruvi.in• Flattened
www.tamilaruvi.in
nose, www.tamilaruvi.in (homomorphic)
www.tamilaruvi.in
and
www.tamil
dissimilar
amilaruvi.in• Ears www.tamilaruvi.in
are malformed, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
(heteromorphic). www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Mouth www.tamilaruvi.in
is constantly open and the www.tamilaruvi.in
tongue • Homomorphic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
individuals - produce only
amilaruvi.in protrudes
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in one type of gametes (homogametic) www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
33. Differentiate
amilaruvi.in Intersexes from Supersexes
amilaruvi.in The presence of
www.tamilaruvi.in both male and female
reproductive
amilaruvi.in individual
www.tamilaruvi.in characteristics in one
is common both, but Supersex
amilaruvi.in is a www.tamilaruvi.in
natural condition while intersex www.tamilaruvi.in
is a www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in disorder.
amilaruvi.in Supersex individuals
www.tamilaruvi.in are able to
reproduce while intersex individuals are
amilaruvi.in usuallywww.tamilaruvi.in
not. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Supersexes
www.tamilaruvi.in
are found among animals www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and www.tamilaruvi.in
plants, but intersex individuals are
amilaruvi.in found among humans.
www.tamil
57
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Heteromorphic
www.tamilaruvi.in
individuals - produce www.tamilaruvi.in
two www.tamilaruvi.in
 Females are homogametic with XX
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in types www.tamilaruvi.in
of gametes (heterogametic). www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
chromosome,
amilaruvi.in• Females
www.tamilaruvi.in
are homogametic with www.tamilaruvi.in
XX  Males arewww.tamilaruvi.in
heterogametic with X and www.tamil
Y
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in chromosome,
www.tamilaruvi.in chromosome.
amilaruvi.in• Males are heterogametic with Xwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in and Y  Females produce only one kind of egg,
amilaruvi.in chromosome.
www.tamilaruvi.in each
www.tamilaruvi.in with one X chromosome,
amilaruvi.in• Females produce
www.tamilaruvi.in only one kind of egg,  Males
www.tamilaruvi.in produce two kinds
www.tamilaruvi.in of sperms (1.with
www.tamil
each with one X chromosome, X chromosome and 2. with Y chromosome.
• Males produce two kinds of sperms (1.with  Gender - depends on the type of fertilizing
amilaruvi.in X chromosome
www.tamilaruvi.in
and 2. with Y chromosome.www.tamilaruvi.in
sperm
amilaruvi.in• Genderwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
- depends on the type of fertilizing
amilaruvi.in sperm. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
36. Explain male heterogamety.
amilaruvi.in• In this
www.tamilaruvi.in
Males are heterogametic producing
amilaruvi.in dissimilar
www.tamilaruvi.in
gametes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
are homogametic producing www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in similar gametes.
of two kinds XX-XO type andwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in• It is www.tamilaruvi.in XX-XY www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in type. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
37. Brief about female heterogamety.
amilaruvi.inXX-XO Type
Heterogametic Females
• In this type www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
seen in insects, fishes, reptiles
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and birds www.tamilaruvi.in
• Male produce www.tamilaruvi.in
a similar gametes www.tamil
• Female produce www.tamilaruvi.in
dissimilar gametes. www.tamil
• Female sex www.tamilaruvi.in
- ‘X’ chromosome or one ‘X’www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in one ‘Y’ chromosome.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Thus females
www.tamilaruvi.in are heterogametic www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in produce
www.tamilaruvi.in two types of eggs.
• This type is seen in bugs, cockroaches and • In this ‘Z’ and ‘W’ are used here instead of X
amilaruvi.in graswww.tamilaruvi.in
shoppers. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and Y respectively.
amilaruvi.in• Femalewww.tamilaruvi.in
- two X chromosomeswww.tamilaruvi.in
- XX www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Heterogametic females are of two types, ZO-
amilaruvi.in (homogametic)
ZZ type and ZW-ZZ type.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Males www.tamilaruvi.in
- only one X chromosome www.tamilaruvi.in
- XO ZO-ZZ Type
amilaruvi.in (heterogametic)
amilaruvi.in• Unpaired X chromosomes
www.tamilaruvi.in determines
the male sex.
amilaruvi.in• The males produce
www.tamilaruvi.in two types of sperms,
1.one half with X chromosome 2. other half
amilaruvi.in withoutwww.tamilaruvi.in
X chromosome.
• The sex of the offspring depends upon
amilaruvi.in the sperm
www.tamilaruvi.in
that fertilizes the egg. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inXX-XY www.tamilaruvi.in
type (Lygaeus Type) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in • This
www.tamilaruvi.in type is seen in moths,
www.tamilaruvi.in butterflies and
www.tamil
type seen in human beings and in domestic chickens.
amilaruvi.in Drosophila.
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in• Female www.tamilaruvi.in
have single ‘Z’ chromosome www.tamilaruvi.in• Double recessivewww.tamilaruvi.in
genotypes (rr, rr1, rr11,www.tamil
rry)
amilaruvi.in (heterogametic
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in will give risewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
-ZO) to Rh-negative phenotype.
amilaruvi.in• Two www.tamilaruvi.in
kinds of eggs some organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
are 39. Explain the mode www.tamilaruvi.in
of sex determination www.tamil
in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
‘Z’ chromosome and without ‘Z’
www.tamilaruvi.inhoneybees. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inHaplodiploidywww.tamilaruvi.in
in Honeybees www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Male have two
www.tamilaruvi.in ‘Z’ chromosomes
• Haplodiploidy mechanism of www.tamil
sex
(homogametic - ZZ)
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in determination is common
www.tamilaruvi.in in hymenopteranwww.tamil
ZW-ZZ type insects
E.g : honeybees, ants and wasps
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in• In this, sex of the offspring
www.tamilaruvi.in is determined by
www.tamil
the number of sets of chromosomes it
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in receives. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in• Fertilized www.tamilaruvi.in
eggs : develop into females www.tamil
(Queen or Worker) www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in• Unfertilized www.tamilaruvi.in
eggs : develop into males www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• This type
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (drones) by
www.tamilaruvi.inparthenogenesis. www.tamil
seen in insects (gypsy moth),fishes,
amilaruvi.in reptiles www.tamilaruvi.in
and birds. www.tamilaruvi.in• So males have half
www.tamilaruvi.in the number of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Female www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in chromosomes (haploid),
www.tamilaruvi.in Females have
www.tamil
has one ‘Z’ and one ‘W’ double the number
amilaruvi.in chromosome (ZW)
www.tamilaruvi.in which producing
two types of eggs, some carrying the Z (diploid), hence this system of sex determination
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in is known aswww.tamilaruvi.in
the name haplodiplody. www.tamil
chromosomes and some carry the W
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in• This method www.tamilaruvi.in
assists the evolutionwww.tamil of
male sex has two ‘Z’ chromosomes www.tamilaruvi.in sociality in www.tamilaruvi.in
which only one diploid www.tamil
female
amilaruvi.in (homogametic
www.tamilaruvi.in-ZZ) www.tamilaruvi.in becomes awww.tamilaruvi.in
queen www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and lays the eggs for the colony.
38. Give an account of genetic controlwww.tamilaruvi.in
of Rh www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.infactor. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in• Kin Selection - All diploid females which
amilaruvi.inFisher www.tamilaruvi.in
and Race hypothesis: www.tamilaruvi.in developed from fertilized
www.tamilaruvi.ineggs help to raise
www.tamil
the queen’s
amilaruvi.in• Rh factor
www.tamilaruvi.in
involves three different pairswww.tamilaruvi.in
eggs and so contribute to the queen’s
amilaruvi.in alleles located on three different www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in loci
reproductive www.tamilaruvi.in
success and indirectly to www.tamil
their
system is uses the ‘Cde’ nomenclature.
amilaruvi.in• This www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in own, a www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
pairs of Rh alleles are Cc, Dd and
amilaruvi.in• Threewww.tamilaruvi.in Ee
www.tamilaruvi.inphenomenon known www.tamilaruvi.in
as Kin Selection. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Genotypes will be one C or c, one www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in D or d, www.tamilaruvi.in
• The queen constructs www.tamil
their social environment
amilaruvi.in one E or e from
www.tamilaruvi.ineach chromosome. www.tamilaruvi.in by releasing a hormone that suppresses
amilaruvi.inE.g : C DE/cde; CdE/cDe;
www.tamilaruvi.in cde/cde; CDe/CdE
www.tamilaruvi.in fertility of the workers.
etc.,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 40.
www.tamilaruvi.inDiscuss the genic balance
www.tamilaruvi.inmechanism of sex
www.tamil
• Atleast one dominant genotypes‘D’ allele determination with reference to Drosophila.
amilaruvi.in will www.tamilaruvi.in
produce Rh+ positive phenotype
amilaruvi.in• Double www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
recessive genotype ‘dd’ will produce
amilaruvi.in Rh- www.tamilaruvi.in
negative phenotype. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inWienerwww.tamilaruvi.in
Hypothesis : www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• He proposed
eight alleles (R1, R2, R0, R z
, r, r1, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in r , rwww.tamilaruvi.in
11 y
). www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Dominantwww.tamilaruvi.in
‘R allele’ (R , R ,R ,R ) will www.tamilaruvi.in
1 2 0 z
produce www.tamilaruvi.in
XX-XY type (Lygaeus Type)
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Rh +
positive phenotype
www.tamil
59
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
type seen in human beings www.tamilaruvi.in
and in only one Xwww.tamilaruvi.in
gene) www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Drosophila.
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
• X - linked and Y - linked genes (non
www.tamilaruvi.in
are homogametic with www.tamilaruvi.in
XX homologus www.tamilaruvi.in
region) do not www.tamil
undergo
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in pairing or www.tamilaruvi.in
crossing over during meiosis. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Males are heterogametic with Xwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in and Y 43. What is extra www.tamilaruvi.in
chromosomal inheritance? www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in Explain
www.tamilaruvi.in with an example.
amilaruvi.in• Females produce
www.tamilaruvi.in only one kind of egg, •
www.tamilaruvi.in Transmission of characters
www.tamilaruvi.in dependent on
www.tamil
each with one X chromosome, some factor which is not connected with the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in chromosomes
• Males produce two kinds of sperms
amilaruvi.in (1. www.tamilaruvi.in
with X chromosome and 2. www.tamilaruvi.inwith Y www.tamilaruvi.in
• It is also known as cytoplasmic inheritance
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in chromosome.)
• Example: Cytoplasmic inheritance of
amilaruvi.in• Genderwww.tamilaruvi.in
- depends on the type of fertilizingwww.tamilaruvi.in chloroplastswww.tamilaruvi.in
and mitichondria. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in sperm. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
44. Comment on the methods of Eugenics
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
41. What are www.tamilaruvi.in
the applications of Karyotyping? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Classical eugenics
amilaruvi.in• It helps
www.tamilaruvi.in
in gender identification. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Advocacy for sexual abstinence
used to detect the chromosomal www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Sex education in schools.
amilaruvi.in aberrations like
www.tamilaruvi.in deletion, duplication,
translocation, nondisjunction of chromosomes. • Promoting the use of contraception.
• It helps to identify chromosomal • Research for better contraceptives.
abnormalities like aneuploidy. • Voluntary sterilization.
• It is also used to predict the evolutionary • Abortion.
amilaruvi.in relationships
www.tamilaruvi.in
between species.
amilaruvi.in• It iswww.tamilaruvi.in Negative
www.tamilaruvi.in eugenics
used to Genetic diseases can be
amilaruvi.in detected.
www.tamilaruvi.in Incentives for sterilization.
www.tamilaruvi.in Incentives for women
www.tamilaruvi.in on welfare to use
www.tamil
42. Explain the inheritance of sex linked contraceptions.
amilaruvi.incharacters
www.tamilaruvi.in
in human being. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Compulsory sterilization of the “mentally
amilaruvi.in• The inheritance
www.tamilaruvi.in
of X or Y linked genes www.tamilaruvi.in
is called www.tamilaruvi.in
retarded” and criminals.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in sex-linked inheritance.
Positive eugenics.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Genes present on region of Xwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in or Y www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
chromosomes are called sex linked genes. • Financial incentives to have children.
• X linked genes - The genes present in the l • Taxation of the childless.
region of “X” chromosome. • Eugenic immigration
• The X–linked genes have no corresponding New eugenics
amilaruvi.in alleleswww.tamilaruvi.in
in the Y chromosome.
• Artificial insemination by donor.
amilaruvi.in• Y- linked
www.tamilaruvi.in
or holandric genes – The genes
• Egg donation.
amilaruvi.in presentwww.tamilaruvi.in
in the region of Y chromosome www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Pre implantation and prenatal diagnosis of
Y linked genes have no corresponding www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
genetic disorders www.tamil
and pregnancy terminations
amilaruvi.in allele in X chromosome.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of defectivewww.tamilaruvi.in
fetuses. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Y linked genes inherit along with Y chromosome
• Embryo selection. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and phenotypically
www.tamilaruvi.in express only in the
• Genetic engineering. www.tamil
male.
• Gene therapy www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Sex linked inherited traits are more common
amilaruvi.in in males
www.tamilaruvi.in
than females
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Cloning www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
is because, males are hemizygous (has
amilaruvi.in
7. A child is blood group is ‘O’. His parents blood
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART-A
group can notwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
be:-
a) B & O www.tamilaruvi.in
b) A & O www.tamil
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) AB d) www.tamilaruvi.in
A&B www.tamil
Ans: c
1. If a genetic
amilaruvi.in disease is transferred www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in from a www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
normal but carrier female to 8. If one parent has blood group A and the other
amilaruvi.inphenotypically
only some
parent has bloodwww.tamilaruvi.in
group B. The off springs www.tamil
amilaruvi.inof the male
www.tamilaruvi.in
progeny, the disease is:
www.tamilaruvi.in
have which bloodwww.tamilaruvi.in
group:- www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Autosomal
www.tamilaruvi.in
dominant www.tamilaruvi.in
a) AB only www.tamilaruvi.in
b) O only www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Autosomal
www.tamilaruvi.in
recessive www.tamilaruvi.in
c) B only www.tamilaruvi.in
d) A,B, AB, O Ans: www.tamil
d
amilaruvi.inc) Sex-linked
www.tamilaruvi.in
dominant www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
9. A Child of O blood group, has B- blood father,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Sex-linked
www.tamilaruvi.in
recessive www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: d the genotype www.tamilaruvi.in
of father would be:- www.tamil
2. Person having genotype IA, IB would show
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) IOIO www.tamilaruvi.in
b) IBIB www.tamil
amilaruvi.inthe blood www.tamilaruvi.in
group as AB. This is becausewww.tamilaruvi.in
of: c) IAIB
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) IBIO
www.tamil
Ans: d
amilaruvi.ina) Pleiotropy
10. Sickle cell anaemia induces due to
amilaruvi.inb) Co-dominance
a) Change of Amino Acid in - Chain of Haemoglobin
amilaruvi.inc) Segregation
amilaruvi.ind) Incomplete dominance
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b b)
www.tamilaruvi.in Change of Amino Acid - Chain
www.tamilaruvi.in of Haemoglobin
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
3. ZZ / ZW www.tamilaruvi.in
type of sex determination is seen
c)
www.tamilaruvi.in
in:
Change of Amino Acid in
www.tamilaruvi.inboth and chain of
www.tamil
haemoglobin
amilaruvi.ina) Platypus
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Snails www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) Change of Amino acid either or Chain of
amilaruvi.inc) Cockroach
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Birds www.tamilaruvi.in
haemoglobin
amilaruvi.in
4. Motherwww.tamilaruvi.in
and father of a person with www.tamilaruvi.in
‘O’ www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
b
amilaruvi.inblood www.tamilaruvi.in
group have ‘A’ and ‘B’bloodwww.tamilaruvi.in
group www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
11. If mother has blood group B, father has A
amilaruvi.inrespectively.
group the offspring will be out:- www.tamil
amilaruvi.inWhat would be the
www.tamilaruvi.in genotype of both
motherand father? a) A b) O
amilaruvi.ina) Mother www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is homozygous for ‘A’ blood group and c) AB
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Any of the above
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in fatherwww.tamilaruvi.in
is heterozygousfor ‘B’ www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
d
amilaruvi.inb) Mother www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is heterozygous for ‘A’ blood group and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
12. A colour blind man marries a normal lady
amilaruvi.in fatherwww.tamilaruvi.in
is homozygousfor ‘B’ www.tamilaruvi.in
whose father www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
was colour blind. If it produces
mother and father are heterozygous for
www.tamilaruvi.in
two sons & two www.tamilaruvi.in
daughters, how many of them www.tamil
‘A’ and ‘B’ bloodgroup, respectively
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in would be suffer
d) Both mother and father are homozygous for ‘A’
amilaruvi.in and ‘B’ www.tamilaruvi.in
bloodgroup, respectively a) Both sons www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: d www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in b) Both daughters
5. AB-Bloood group shows:-
amilaruvi.ina) Co-dominance
c) One son & onewww.tamilaruvi.in
daughter www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Complete
www.tamilaruvi.in
dominance www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Both sons &www.tamilaruvi.in
both daughters www.tamil
Ans: c
amilaruvi.inc) Mixedwww.tamilaruvi.in
inheritance www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
13. A colourblind daughter is born when
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Composite
www.tamilaruvi.in
inheritance www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Father is colourblind, mother is normal
www.tamil
6. ABO blood group is an example of
b) Mother is colourblind, father is normal
amilaruvi.ina) Epistasis
b) Multiple allelism
c) Mother is carrier, father is normal
amilaruvi.inc) Pleotropism
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Complementarywww.tamilaruvi.in
d) Mother is carrier, father is colourblind
amilaruvi.in genes
d
www.tamil
61
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
14. In which of the following the inheritance 21. Which of the following symbols are used for
www.tamil
amilaruvi.intakes place
chromosomes of birds: www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
only by male:- representing sex
amilaruvi.ina) Nuclear
a) ZZ –ZW www.tamilaruvi.in
b) XX – XY www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) Cytoplasmic
c) XO – XX www.tamilaruvi.in d) ZZ – WW Ans: www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.inc) Co-dominance
22. In which of the following sex is determined www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Holandric
www.tamilaruvi.in
inheritance
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: d
www.tamilaruvi.in
by female individual www.tamil
a) Human www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Drosophila www.tamil
15. Which of the following is not a sex linked
amilaruvi.incharacters
c) Birds www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Grasshopper Ans: www.tamil
c
23. Male heterogamy found in case of www.tamil
a) Haemophilia b) Colour blindness
a) XO type male in Grasshopper
www.tamil
c) Hypertrichosis d) Baldness Ans: d
b) XY type male in human
www.tamil
16. The condition
amilaruvi.in in which only one allele
www.tamilaruvi.in of a
pair is present in a diploid organism is known c) ZW male in birds
amilaruvi.inas www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) 1 and 2 both Ans: d
amilaruvi.ina) Homozygous
24. Which is a dominant trait:
b) Heterozygous a) Colour blindness b) Albinism
c) Hemizygous c) Haemophilia d) Rh factor Ans: d
d) Incomplete dominance Ans: c 25. Parents are carrier for albinism. What will be
17. Sex-linked disorders are generally the first three children:
a) Some normal, heterozygous & albino
amilaruvi.ina) Lethal
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Recessive www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Dominant
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Not inherited b)
www.tamilaruvi.in All normal www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b c)
www.tamilaruvi.in All heterozygous, albino
18. If a colour blind woman marries with awww.tamilaruvi.in
normal d) No normal www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inman. The offspring will be:
www.tamilaruvi.in 26. Which one of www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the following character in www.tamil
man
is controlled by recessive gene:
amilaruvi.ina) All www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) All daughters normal and all son www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in will be a) Colourblindness b)
www.tamilaruvi.inWoolly hair www.tamil
amilaruvi.in colourblind
www.tamilaruvi.in c)
www.tamilaruvi.in Brachy-dactyly d)
www.tamilaruvi.inCurly hairs Ans: a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) All normal
www.tamilaruvi.in 27. If a colourblind
www.tamilaruvi.in woman marries a normal
visioned man, their sons will be –
amilaruvi.ind) All daughters will be colourblind and www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in all sons www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in will be normal
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b a)
www.tamilaruvi.in All normal visined
19. How the
amilaruvi.in sex of offspring determined
www.tamilaruvi.in in b) One – half colourblind
www.tamilaruvi.in and one – half normal
amilaruvi.inhumans www.tamilaruvi.in c)
www.tamilaruvi.in Three – forthscolourblind
www.tamilaruvi.in and one- fourth
www.tamil
a) Sex chromosome of mother normal
b) Size of ovum d) All colourblind Ans: d
amilaruvi.inc) Size of sperm
www.tamilaruvi.in 28. ABo
www.tamilaruvi.in blood groups in humans
www.tamilaruvi.in are controlled
www.tamil
by the gene I. It has three alleles – IA, IB and
amilaruvi.ind) Sex chromosome of father
www.tamilaruvi.in
I0. Since there www.tamilaruvi.in
are three different alleles,www.tamil
six
20. Which chromosome set is found in male grass different
www.tamilaruvi.in genotypes are possible.
www.tamilaruvi.in How many
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inhopper:-www.tamilaruvi.in phenotypes can
www.tamilaruvi.in occur?
amilaruvi.ina) 2A+XYwww.tamilaruvi.in b) 2A + XO www.tamilaruvi.in a) Four b)
www.tamilaruvi.inTwo www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) 2A +www.tamilaruvi.in
YY d) 2A+XX c)
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: b Three d)
www.tamilaruvi.inOne Ans: a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Chapter - 4 | Principleswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
consists of two statements
amilaruvi.ineach, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in PART-B
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
printed as Assertion and Reason.
amilaruvi.inWhile answering
www.tamilaruvi.in these questions you are
required to choose any one of the following
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ina) If both
Assertion & Reason are True & the 1. Define Allels.
amilaruvi.in Reason www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is a correct explanation of the Assertion • Acording towww.tamilaruvi.in
Mendelian inheritance all genes www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) If both
www.tamilaruvi.in
Assertion & Reason are True butwww.tamilaruvi.in
Reason have two alternative
www.tamilaruvi.in forms, these
www.tamil
alternative form of a same gene is known as
amilaruvi.in is notwww.tamilaruvi.in
a correct explanation of the Assertion. www.tamilaruvi.in alleles www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) If Assertion is True but the Reason is www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in False.
• Dominant www.tamilaruvi.in
and recessive alleles e.g. tall www.tamil
vs
amilaruvi.ind) If both Assertion & Reason are false. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in dwarf (T and t).
amilaruvi.in
29. Assertionwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
: Inheritance is the basis of heredity 2. Define variation. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
: Inheritance is the process by www.tamilaruvi.in
which • Variation www.tamilaruvi.in
is the degree of difference www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.incharacters are passed
www.tamilaruvi.in on from parent to progeny.
www.tamilaruvi.in progeny from their parents.
www.tamilaruvi.in c) C d) Dwww.tamilaruvi.in
3. Define multiple www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
alleles and multiple allelism.
Ans: a
• When threewww.tamilaruvi.in
or more alleles of a gene www.tamil
that
30.
amilaruvi.inAssertion : Multiple
www.tamilaruvi.in alleles can be found only
www.tamilaruvi.in control a particular trait
www.tamilaruvi.in occupy the same
www.tamil
when population studies are made. locus on the homologous chromosome of an
organism, they are called multiple alleles
www.tamil
Reason : Occasionally, a single gene product
amilaruvi.inmay produce
www.tamilaruvi.in
more than one effect
• The inheritance of multiple alleles is called
www.tamil
b) B c) C
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) D Ans: b
www.tamilaruvi.in
multiple allelism. www.tamil
• Multiple allelism www.tamilaruvi.in
occurs in humans blood www.tamil
31. Assertion : XO type, XY type & ZW type are groups.
amilaruvi.inthe example
www.tamilaruvi.in
of male heterogamety. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
: Male produces two types of sperms 4. Define the www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in tem Eugenics, Euthenics, www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) A www.tamilaruvi.in Euphenics.
b) B c) C d) Dwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in Eugenics is a measure
www.tamilaruvi.in to improve
www.tamil
Ans: d
the quality of human population by
amilaruvi.in
32. Assertionwww.tamilaruvi.in
: Sickle-cell anaemia is caused www.tamilaruvi.in
by encouragingwww.tamilaruvi.in
or discouraging reproductionwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inthe substitution of glumatic acid by valine
www.tamilaruvi.in at
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Euthenics www.tamilaruvi.in
is a measure to improve www.tamilthe
amilaruvi.inthe sixth position
www.tamilaruvi.in of the beta globin chain of
www.tamilaruvi.in environment in order to improve health,
www.tamilaruvi.in or
www.tamil
the haemoglobin molecule. well being of society
Reason : It is due to the single base substitution • Euphenics is a measure to improve the
amilaruvi.inat the sixth
www.tamilaruvi.in
codon of the beta globin gene www.tamilaruvi.in
from www.tamilaruvi.in
individual or phenotype by biological
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inGUG to www.tamilaruvi.in
GAG www.tamilaruvi.in method www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) B c) C Ans: c 5. Define Gene. www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Dwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
33. Assertionwww.tamilaruvi.in
: Male is haploid and female www.tamilaruvi.in
is www.tamilaruvi.in
• Gene is the unit of heredity and gene is
www.tamil
amilaruvi.indiploid www.tamilaruvi.in
in honey bee. www.tamilaruvi.in the inherited www.tamilaruvi.in
factor www.tamil
: Sex depends on paired and unpaired www.tamilaruvi.in
• Genetics iswww.tamilaruvi.in
a branch of biology that dealswww.tamil
amilaruvi.inchromosomes in every
www.tamilaruvi.in organism www.tamilaruvi.in with the study of heredity
www.tamilaruvi.in and variations.
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in c) C d) D Ans: c 6. List out the www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in genes that control the blood www.tamil
34. Assertion
amilaruvi.in : Most of the X – linked disorders
www.tamilaruvi.in group.
amilaruvi.incan not be eliminated
www.tamilaruvi.in easily from nature and •
www.tamilaruvi.in I I
A A
, I I
A O
- A group
Our gene pool • I I
B B
, IB O
I - B group
Reason : X –linked disorders are due to recessive • I I
A B
- AB Group
a) A b) B c) C d) D Ans: a • I I
O O
- O Group
www.tamil
63
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
7. Define secretor.
13. Compare the size of x and y chromosome.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Individuals
www.tamilaruvi.in
who possess A antigenwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
and B • Y chromosome - 60 Mb in size with 60
amilaruvi.in antigen in saliva are called secretors.
functional genes www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in• Secretors can be found in tears, www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in saliva, • X chromosomes www.tamilaruvi.in
- 165 Mb in size with aboutwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in urine, semen, gastric
www.tamilaruvi.in juice and milk.
www.tamilaruvi.in 1,000 genes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
8. List outwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in the enzyme produced by I and A
I , I . 14. What is heterogametic
B O
sex determination? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• I allele
A
produces N-acetyl galactose
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • In this one www.tamilaruvi.in
sexes produces similar www.tamil
transferase and can add N-acetyl gametes www.tamilaruvi.in
and the other sex produces
amilaruvi.in galactosamine
www.tamilaruvi.in
(NAG)
amilaruvi.in• IB allele
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in dissimilar gametes.
produces galactose transferase
amilaruvi.in that www.tamilaruvi.in
adds galactose. www.tamilaruvi.in • The sex of the offspring
www.tamilaruvi.in is determined at
www.tamil
the time of fertilization
amilaruvi.in• IO/IOwww.tamilaruvi.in
allele will not produce transferase www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in enzymewww.tamilaruvi.in 15.
www.tamilaruvi.in What is Barr Body?
amilaruvi.in null allele? Why it is called so? www.tamilaruvi.in • In 1949, Barr and Bertram
www.tamilaruvi.in observed a
www.tamil
condensed body in the nerve cells of
allele will not produce any transferase
amilaruvi.in• IO/IOwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in female catwww.tamilaruvi.in
which was absent in the male. www.tamil
enzyme therefore they are called “null”
amilaruvi.in allelewww.tamilaruvi.in
moreover it cannot add NAG or
• This condensed body was called sex
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in galactose.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in chromatinwww.tamilaruvi.in
later it was referred as Barr www.tamil
amilaruvi.in body.
Rh factor. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Rh factor or Rh antigen is foundwww.tamilaruvi.in
on the 16. “Genes contain www.tamilaruvi.in
the information thatwww.tamil is
amilaruvi.in surface of RBC.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in required to express a particular
www.tamilaruvi.in trait.” Explain.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Discovered by Karl Landsteiner
www.tamilaruvi.in • After Mendel’s period, scientists
www.tamilaruvi.in discover that
www.tamil
genes are present on chromosomes and
amilaruvi.in Alexander Wiener in 1940
they were responsible for inheritance of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• From - blood of rhesus monkey, Macaca
www.tamilaruvi.in
rhesusand later in human beings.
www.tamilaruvi.in characters. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• ‘Rh factor’
www.tamilaruvi.in
means “immunogenic Dantigen
www.tamilaruvi.in • Hence, it iswww.tamilaruvi.in
said that genes contain www.tamil the
Rh blood group system. www.tamilaruvi.in information that is required
www.tamilaruvi.in to express a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Person
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in particular trait.
with D antigen are Rh D positive
amilaruvi.in (Rh+) www.tamilaruvi.in 17. In our societywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in a woman is often blamedwww.tamil for
without D antigen are Rh D negative not bearing male child. Do you think it is
amilaruvi.in• Person
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in right? Justify.
amilaruvi.in (Rh-)”.
11. Explain weiner hypothesis. • Based on sex determination in humans, Y
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in chromosome www.tamilaruvi.in
which is present in males comes www.tamil
• He proposed eight
amilaruvi.in 11 www.tamilaruvi.in alleles (R 1
, R 2
, R 0
, R z
, r, r1
,
www.tamilaruvi.in from the father and not from the mother.www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
r , ry).
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Females www.tamilaruvi.in
are homogametic with www.tamil XX
• Dominant ‘R allele’ (R1, R2 ,R0 ,Rz) will produce
amilaruvi.in Rh www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in chromosome, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
+
positive phenotype
amilaruvi.in• Double
www.tamilaruvi.in
recessive genotypes (rr, rr , rr 1 www.tamilaruvi.in
11
, rr )
y • Males are heterogametic
www.tamilaruvi.in with X and Y
www.tamil
rise to Rh-negative phenotype. chromosome.
amilaruvi.in will give
• Females produce only one kind of egg,
amilaruvi.in
the term HDN. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
each with one X chromosome,
amilaruvi.in• Rh incompatability
www.tamilaruvi.in in mother and foetus www.tamilaruvi.in
blood www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
has great impact on child birth. • Males produce two kinds of sperms (1.with
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in X chromosome www.tamilaruvi.in
and 2. with Y chromosome. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• It Causes haemolysis
www.tamilaruvi.in of foetal RBCs result
in haemolytic jaundice and anaemia. • Gender - depends on the type of fertilizing
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in sperm so we www.tamilaruvi.in
should not blame women www.tamil
• This condition is known as
amilaruvi.in Erythoblastosisfoetalis
www.tamilaruvi.inor Haemolytic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in disease of the new born (HDN). www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
18. Can a child have blood group O if his parents
chromosomes (ZW) and is heterogametic.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inhave blood
www.tamilaruvi.in
group ‘A’ and‘B’. Explain. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
22. Human population shown variations in blood
amilaruvi.in• A child ‘A’ and
from parents with blood groupwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in groups. Explain www.tamilaruvi.in
the genetic basis for www.tamil
this
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
‘B’ can have child with O blood group. variation seen in the population.
• If genotype of one parent is IA IO and that of • ABO blood groups are controlled by gene I.
amilaruvi.in another www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
parent is IB IO; then gametes from the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in parents can have any one of the genotype,
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in has three alleles I , I and I www.tamil
• The gene I www.tamilaruvi.in A B O
• This phenomenon is known as multiple

amilaruvi.in i.e. Iwww.tamilaruvi.in
I or I I or I I
A O B O O O
www.tamilaruvi.in allelism.
• If fertilization happens between gametes with
amilaruvi.in IOIO,www.tamilaruvi.in
then the child’s genotype will www.tamilaruvi.in
be IOIO www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and hence the child can have bloodwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in group PART-C
O.
19. What is Down’s syndrome? Give its symptoms ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
amilaruvi.inand cause.
1. Write short notes on Rh factor.
amilaruvi.in• Down’s www.tamilaruvi.in
syndrome is a chromosomal
• The Rh factor or Rh antigen is found on the
amilaruvi.in disorder.
surface of RBC.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Trisomic condition
www.tamilaruvi.in of chromosome - 21
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Discovered www.tamilaruvi.in
by Karl Landsteiner www.tamil and
results in Down’s syndrome
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Alexanderwww.tamilaruvi.in
Wiener in 1940 www.tamil
amilaruvi.inSymptoms :
www.tamilaruvi.in • From - blood
www.tamilaruvi.in of rhesus monkey, Macaca
 Severe mental retardation, rhesus and later in human beings.
 Defective development of the central • ‘Rh factor’ means “immunogenic D antigen
amilaruvi.in nervous www.tamilaruvi.in
system, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of the Rh blood group system. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Increased
www.tamilaruvi.in
separation between the www.tamilaruvi.in
eyes, • Person withwww.tamilaruvi.in
D antigen are Rh D positive www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Flattened nose,
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (Rh+) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Earswww.tamilaruvi.in
are malformed, •
www.tamilaruvi.in Person without D antigen
www.tamilaruvi.in are Rh D negative
www.tamil
(Rh-)”.
amilaruvi.in Mouth is constantly open and the www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in tongue www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
protrudes. • Rhesus factor is dominant inherited trait.
• Normally Anti D antibodies are absent in
www.tamil
20. Why is
amilaruvi.inblindness the frequency
www.tamilaruvi.in of red-green colour
www.tamilaruvi.in
is many times higher in males than the plasmawww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inthat in www.tamilaruvi.in
the females? www.tamilaruvi.in
• If Rh negativewww.tamilaruvi.in
person is exposed towww.tamil
Rh
genes that produce photo pigments are
www.tamilaruvi.in positive cells for the first time, anti
www.tamilaruvi.in D
www.tamil
present on X-chromosomes. antibodies are formed in the blood of that
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in individual. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• If some of the gene is missing or damaged,
amilaruvi.in it canwww.tamilaruvi.in
result in colourblindness. www.tamilaruvi.in
• If Rh positivewww.tamilaruvi.in
person receives Rh negative www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Sincewww.tamilaruvi.in
males have only one X-chromosome, www.tamilaruvi.in blood no effect is seen.
chances of colour blindness www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in the www.tamilaruvi.in is very 2. Explain fisherwww.tamilaruvi.in
and race hypothesis. www.tamil
high in males.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Fisher and Race
www.tamilaruvi.in hypothesis:
21.
amilaruvi.inIdentify the correct
www.tamilaruvi.in statement. •
www.tamilaruvi.in Rh factor involves three
www.tamilaruvi.in different pairs of
www.tamil
a) Female of many birds has a pair of alleles located on three different lociwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in dissimilar
www.tamilaruvi.in
ZW chromosomes, www.tamilaruvi.in
while www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in the www.tamilaruvi.in
males possess a pair of similar ZZ
chromosomes.
b) Female of many birds has a pair of
amilaruvi.in similar www.tamilaruvi.in
ZZ chromosomes, while www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in males possess a pair of dissimilar
www.tamilaruvi.in ZW
chromosomes.
• Statement (a) is correct.
• In birds, the male has two homomorphic sex
amilaruvi.in chromosomes
www.tamilaruvi.in
(ZZ) www.tamilaruvi.in
and is homogametic, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the female has two heteromorphic sex
www.tamilaruvi.in is uses the ‘Cde’ nomenclature.
• This systemwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
65
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Threewww.tamilaruvi.in
pairs of Rh alleles are Cc, Dd and www.tamilaruvi.in
Ee www.tamilaruvi.in
• Small head with small eyes, cleft palate,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Genotypes
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
will be one C or c, one D or d, malformation of the brain and internal
amilaruvi.in one www.tamilaruvi.in
E or e from each chromosome. www.tamilaruvi.in organs www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in E.g :www.tamilaruvi.in
CDE/cde; CdE/cDe; cde/cde; www.tamilaruvi.in
CDe/ www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in CdE www.tamilaruvi.in
etc., www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Atleast one dominant genotypes ‘D’
www.tamilaruvi.in allele
amilaruvi.in will produce Rh+
www.tamilaruvi.in positive phenotypewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in • Double recessive genotype
www.tamilaruvi.in ‘dd’ will produce
Rh- negative phenotype.
3.
amilaruvi.in Compare genetic basis
www.tamilaruvi.in of the human ABO
blood grouping.
Antigens Antibodies
amilaruvi.inGenotype www.tamilaruvi.in
Blood group
present
www.tamilaruvi.in
present in
phenotype
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in on RBC bloodwww.tamilaruvi.in
plasma www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
IAIA Type A A Anti -B
IAIo Type A A Anti -B
amilaruvi.inIBIB www.tamilaruvi.in
Type B B www.tamilaruvi.in
Anti -A www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inIBIo www.tamilaruvi.in
Type B B www.tamilaruvi.in
Anti -A www.tamilaruvi.in
5. If a colour blind man Marry a normal visioned www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Neither Anti woman.
www.tamilaruvi.in What would be
www.tamilaruvi.inprobability of her
www.tamil
IAIB Type AB A and B -A sons and daughters to be colour blind?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in nor Anti-B www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Explain with the help of a pedigree chart.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Neither Anti -A www.tamilaruvi.in
& www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
IoIo Type O F generation:
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in A nor B anti - www.tamilaruvi.in
B 1 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Autosomal anueploidy in www.tamilaruvi.in
human  They produce normal visioned
www.tamilaruvi.in male and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inbeings.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.infemale carriers.
amilaruvi.in• Several autosomal aneuploidies have
www.tamilaruvi.in been F2 generationwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in : www.tamil
amilaruvi.in reported in human
www.tamilaruvi.in being They producewww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in • Down’s syndrome
www.tamilaruvi.in (21-Trisomy), www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1. Normal visioned carrier daughter,
amilaruvi.in • Patau’s syndrome
www.tamilaruvi.in (13-Trisomy). www.tamilaruvi.in
2. Colourblind www.tamilaruvi.in
daughter www.tamil
(i). Down’swww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Syndrome/Trisomy – 21 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
3. Normal visioned son
amilaruvi.in• Trisomic condition of chromosome
www.tamilaruvi.in - 21
results in Down’s syndrome. 4. Colourblind son
 The marriage between a F1 normal visioned
amilaruvi.in• Symptoms:severe
www.tamilaruvi.in mental retardation,
defective development of the central carrier woman and a normal visioned
amilaruvi.in nervous www.tamilaruvi.in
system, increased separation
male will produce
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in between www.tamilaruvi.in
the eyes, flattened nose, www.tamilaruvi.in
ears www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1. One normal visioned female,
amilaruvi.in are malformed,
www.tamilaruvi.in mouth is constantly
open and the tongue protrudes. 2. One carrier female,
(ii).
amilaruvi.in Patau’s Syndrome/Trisomy-13
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in3. One normal visioned male
amilaruvi.in • Trisomic condition
www.tamilaruvi.in of chromosome 13
www.tamilaruvi.in4. One colour blind male.
amilaruvi.in results in Patau’s syndrome.
www.tamilaruvi.in  Colour blindness
www.tamilaruvi.in is inherited from the male
amilaruvi.in • Causes : Meiotic non
www.tamilaruvi.in disjunction. www.tamilaruvi.inparent to his grandson
www.tamilaruvi.in through carrier
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in • Symptoms: multiple
www.tamilaruvi.in and severe body
www.tamilaruvi.indaughter. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
malformations and deep mental  Colour blindness is an example of criss –
amilaruvi.in deficiency.
cross pattern of inheritance.
amilaruvi.in
6. Describe the individuals having following 9. Differentiate between male and female
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inchromosomal
heterogamety. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
abnormalities. a) XXY b) XO
amilaruvi.ina) XXYwww.tamilaruvi.in
- Klinefelter’s Syndromewww.tamilaruvi.in
(XXY Male heterogametywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Males)www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in sex determination mechanism
• The type of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Causes: presence of an additional copy of shown in female XX with male XY is called
male heterogamety because male produces
www.tamil
the X chromosome resulting in a karyotype
amilaruvi.in of 47www.tamilaruvi.in
/ XXY. www.tamilaruvi.intwo different www.tamilaruvi.in
types of gametes. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Thesewww.tamilaruvi.in
Persons have 47 chromosomes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Example – Drosophila www.tamil
amilaruvi.in (44AA+XXY).
www.tamilaruvi.in Female heterogamety
are usually sterile males, tall,www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in obese, • The type of sex determination mechanism
amilaruvi.in with long limbs,
www.tamilaruvi.in high pitched voice,
www.tamilaruvi.inshown in female ZW with
www.tamilaruvi.in male ZZ is female
www.tamil
under developed genitalia and have weak heterogamety because female produces
amilaruvi.in breast www.tamilaruvi.in
(gynaecomastia) development. www.tamilaruvi.intwo different www.tamilaruvi.in
types of gametes. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Turner’s
www.tamilaruvi.in
Syndrome (XO Females)www.tamilaruvi.in Example - Birdswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Causes: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
loss of a X chromosome resulting www.tamilaruvi.in
10. Why is haemophilia generally observed www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.in in a karyotype of
www.tamilaruvi.in 45,X. human males?
www.tamilaruvi.in Explain the conditions under
amilaruvi.in Persons with this syndrome have
www.tamilaruvi.in 45 which a human
www.tamilaruvi.in female can be haemophilic.
amilaruvi.in chromosomes (44
www.tamilaruvi.in autosomes and one X •
www.tamilaruvi.inHaemophilia is genetically
www.tamilaruvi.indue to the presence
www.tamil
chromosome) (44AA+XO) of a recessive sex linked gene ‘h’, carried
by X chromosome. www.tamil
 They are sterile females.
• It is generallywww.tamilaruvi.in
observed in males as a single www.tamil
 Symptoms : Low stature, webbed neck,
amilaruvi.in under www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.ingene for the defect is
www.tamilaruvi.in able to express
www.tamil
developed breast, rudimentary
itself as the Y chromosome is devoid of any
amilaruvi.in gonads lack of menstrual cycle www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in during
corresponding www.tamilaruvi.in
allele (XhY). www.tamil
amilaruvi.in puberty.
amilaruvi.in the phenomena of co-dominance and
www.tamilaruvi.in PART-D
multiple allelism in human population?
• In the ABO system, there are four blood ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
amilaruvi.in groups www.tamilaruvi.in
A, B, AB and O.
• ABO blood groups are controlled by gene I. 1. Explain the genetic basis of ABO – blood
groups in human www.tamilaruvi.in
population. www.tamil
• The gene I has three alleles IA, IB and Io this
amilaruvi.in phenomenon
is known as multiple allelism. www.tamilaruvi.in
Multiple allele inheritance of ABO blood groups www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• IA and www.tamilaruvi.in
IB are completely dominant over IO
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Chemical naturewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of Blood differs individually.
amilaruvi.in• Whenwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
IA and IB are present together they
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Different incompatible blood groupswww.tamil
are
amilaruvi.in bothwww.tamilaruvi.in
express themselves and produce www.tamilaruvi.inmixed, agglutination
www.tamilaruvi.in(clumping) of RBC
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in blood group AB.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inoccurs. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• This phenomenon is
www.tamilaruvi.in known as codominance. 
www.tamilaruvi.inThis is due to the presence
www.tamilaruvi.in of different
www.tamil
antigens (surface antigens) on the membrane
8. Differentiate between dominance and www.tamilaruvi.in
co- of RBC
amilaruvi.indominance.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Karl Landsteiner - discovered two kinds of
Co-dominance antigens called antigen ‘A’ and antigenwww.tamil
‘B’
Dominance
amilaruvi.in(i) F iswww.tamilaruvi.in
similar to the
www.tamilaruvi.in
F1 is different from  Based on the www.tamilaruvi.in
presence or absence of these www.tamil
1
amilaruvi.in dominant www.tamilaruvi.in
parent. either of the two www.tamilaruvi.inantigens blood groups are classified. Theywww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in are
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in parents. 1. Type ‘A’, www.tamilaruvi.in
(ii) In F1 hybrid, the In F1 hybird, both
amilaruvi.in dominant www.tamilaruvi.in
trait
www.tamilaruvi.in
the alleles express
2. Type ‘B’, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in is completely
www.tamilaruvi.in themselves www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
3. Type ‘O’ (universal donor) www.tamil
amilaruvi.in expressed.
www.tamilaruvi.in independently. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
67
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
2. Type ‘AB’ (universal recipient) rare group was
amilaruvi.indiscovered
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
in 1902 by two of Landsteiner’s
amilaruvi.instudents Von De Castelle
www.tamilaruvi.in and Sturli. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Bernstein in
www.tamilaruvi.in1925 discovered that the
inheritance of blood groups is determined
amilaruvi.in by multiple
www.tamilaruvi.in
allelic series.
amilaruvi.in Bloodwww.tamilaruvi.in
group is determined by -three
amilaruvi.in autosomal
www.tamilaruvi.in
alleles located on chromosome www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 9. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• This type ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
mechanism also seen in insects www.tamil
gene controlling blood type www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in are ‘L’ like gypsy moth,fishes, reptiles and birds.
amilaruvi.in (L-Landsteiner) or
www.tamilaruvi.in I (I - isoagglutination).
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Female has one ‘Z’ and one www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in ‘W’
amilaruvi.in I gene IA, IB
occurs in three allelic forms,www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in chromosome (ZW) which
www.tamilaruvi.in producing
www.tamil
and IO. two types of eggs, some carrying the Z
amilaruvi.in A www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
chromosomes and some carry the W
www.tamil
 I denotes A antigen.
chromosome. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in I B
denotes B antigen
• The male sex has two ‘Z’ chromosomes
amilaruvi.in I O
denotes no antigen.
www.tamilaruvi.in (homogametic
www.tamilaruvi.in -ZZ)
amilaruvi.in Individuals who
www.tamilaruvi.inpossess these antigens in
www.tamilaruvi.in
4. Differentiate www.tamilaruvi.in
between ‘ZZ’ and ‘XY’ type www.tamil
of
saliva are called secretors.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in sex-determination
www.tamilaruvi.in mechanisms.
 Each allele produces a transferase enzyme.
amilaruvi.in A www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
S. www.tamilaruvi.in
ZZ-sex XY-sex www.tamil
 I allele produces N-acetyl galactose No. determination determination
amilaruvi.in transferase
www.tamilaruvi.inand can add
www.tamilaruvi.in
N-acetyl
amilaruvi.in galactosamine
www.tamilaruvi.in 1
www.tamilaruvi.in This is This
(NAG)
chromosomal sex chromosomal sex
amilaruvi.in IB allele
www.tamilaruvi.in
produces galactose transferase www.tamilaruvi.indeterminationwww.tamilaruvi.in
determination www.tamil
adds galactose.
amilaruvi.in that www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inwhere www.tamilaruvi.in where male arewww.tamil
allele will not produce transferase
amilaruvi.in I /I www.tamilaruvi.in
O O
www.tamilaruvi.in females are heterogametic,
heterogametic i.e, they produce
amilaruvi.in enzyme therefore
www.tamilaruvi.in they are called “null”
www.tamilaruvi.ini.e, theywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
produce two types
allele moreover it cannot add NAG or
amilaruvi.in galactose.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intwo typewww.tamilaruvi.in
of of gametes www.tamil
gametes, (ZW) (XY), while the
amilaruvi.in IA and www.tamilaruvi.in
IB are dominant to IO, but co-
www.tamilaruvi.inwhile the www.tamilaruvi.in
females are
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in dominantwww.tamilaruvi.in
to each other (IA=IB). www.tamilaruvi.in male are www.tamilaruvi.in
homogametic www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Dominance
www.tamilaruvi.in
hierarchy is - (IA=IB> IO).www.tamilaruvi.in homogametic i.e,. they possess
i.e, they produce similar type of
amilaruvi.in A childwww.tamilaruvi.in
receives one of three alleles www.tamilaruvi.in
similar type of gamete (XX).
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in eachwww.tamilaruvi.in
parent, and result in six possible www.tamilaruvi.ingametewww.tamilaruvi.in
(ZZ). www.tamil
amilaruvi.in genotypes and four possible www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in blood www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
groups (phenotypes).
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 2
www.tamilaruvi.in The females The
www.tamilaruvi.in females www.tamil
 The genotypes : produce two produce one
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intype ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
eggs (A + type of egg (X)
www.tamil
o IA IA, IA IO - A group
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inZ) www.tamilaruvi.in
and (A while the maleswww.tamil
amilaruvi.in o I I
B B
, I I
B O
www.tamilaruvi.in - B group www.tamilaruvi.in + W), while the produce two www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
males produce types of sperms
amilaruvi.in o Iwww.tamilaruvi.in
I - AB Group www.tamilaruvi.in
A B
only
www.tamilaruvi.in
one type of (X) and (Y).
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in o I I
O O
www.tamilaruvi.in - O Group www.tamilaruvi.insperm www.tamilaruvi.in
(A + Z). www.tamil
amilaruvi.in mechanism of sex-determination www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
mechanism in birds. 3 Eg : birds, fish, Eg : Humans and
• Mechanism of Sex-determination in some reptiles, Drosophila.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inetc www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
birds ZW-ZZ type
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Chapter - 4 | Principleswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
5. Write the types of sex-determination
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Beta Thalassemia
amilaruvi.inmechanisms
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
the following crosses show. Give • Alpha Thalassemia – due to Mutation or
amilaruvi.inan example of each
www.tamilaruvi.in type. www.tamilaruvi.in deletion ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
alpha gene alleles www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ina) Female XX with
www.tamilaruvi.in male XO www.tamilaruvi.in
• It is controlled www.tamilaruvi.in
by HBA1 and HBA2 gene www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Female ZW with male ZZ.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in which is on chromosome 16.
type of sex determination mechanism • Beta Thalassemia
www.tamilaruvi.in – due to production
www.tamil
shown in female XX with male XO is called beta globin chain is affected.
amilaruvi.in malewww.tamilaruvi.in
heterogamety. In this case male are
amilaruvi.in heterogametic
www.tamilaruvi.in It is controlled by a single
www.tamilaruvi.in gene (HBB) on
www.tamil
with half the male gametes
chromosome 11.
amilaruvi.in carrying X-chromosome while the
www.tamilaruvi.in other
half being devoid of it. • Thalassemia is also known as Cooley’s
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in anaemia.
amilaruvi.in Example - Grasshopper
 The type of sex determination mechanism • In this disorder the alpha chain production
amilaruvi.in shown www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in female ZW with male ZZ is female is increased www.tamilaruvi.in
and damages the membranes www.tamil
amilaruvi.in heterogamety
because female produces two of RBC. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in different types of
www.tamilaruvi.ingametes. www.tamilaruvi.in
7. Write short www.tamilaruvi.in
notes on Haemophilia andwww.tamil its
amilaruvi.in Example - Birds
www.tamilaruvi.in symtopms
amilaruvi.in
6. What iswww.tamilaruvi.in •
www.tamilaruvi.in
mendlian disorder ? list out Mendelian It is commonly known
www.tamilaruvi.in as bleeder’s disease.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.indisorders. Explain in
www.tamilaruvi.in detail about Thalassemia •
www.tamilaruvi.in This is more common
www.tamilaruvi.in in men than women.
www.tamil
Mendelian disorders
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • First reported
www.tamilaruvi.in by John Cotto in 1803. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Alteration or mutation in a single gene
amilaruvi.in causes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in is caused by a recessive
• Haemophiliawww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Mendelian disorders.
amilaruvi.in• Thesewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in X-linked gene.
disorders are transmitted to the
amilaruvi.in offsprings
www.tamilaruvi.in This persons lacks
www.tamilaruvi.in a normal clotting
www.tamil
by Mendelian pattern of
substance (thromboplastin) in blood,
amilaruvi.in inheritance.
hence minor injuries cause continuous
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Mendelian disorders are Thalassemia,
bleeding, leading to death. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in albinism, phenylketonuria,
www.tamilaruvi.in sickle cell
anaemia, Huntington’s chorea, etc., • The females are carriers of the disease
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and transmit the disease to 50% of their
• These disorders may be dominant or recessive sons even if the male parent is normal.
amilaruvi.in and autosomal
www.tamilaruvi.in
or sex linked. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inThalassemia
www.tamilaruvi.in Characteristic feature :
www.tamilaruvi.in criss - cross pattern
www.tamil
of inheritance.
an autosomal recessive disorder. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Causeswww.tamilaruvi.in 8. Define
www.tamilaruvi.in pedigree analysis.
www.tamilaruvi.in State the
www.tamil
: gene mutation resulting in conclusions that can be drawn from pedigree
amilaruvi.in excessive destruction of RBC’s www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in analysis. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
also due to the formation of abnormal
amilaruvi.in• It is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• Pedigree analysis www.tamilaruvi.in
is the study of traits www.tamil
as
amilaruvi.in haemoglobin molecules.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in they have www.tamilaruvi.in
appeared in a given familywww.tamil line
amilaruvi.in• Haemoglobin is made up of four polypeptide
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in for several past generations
chains (two alpha and two beta globin • Pedigree analysis is useful in following ways:
amilaruvi.in chains)www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Thalassemia
www.tamilaruvi.in i) It is useful in finding the possibility of absence
patients have defects inwww.tamilaruvi.in
either www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
or presence of that trait in a particular
amilaruvi.in the alpha
www.tamilaruvi.in
or beta globin chain www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
individual and his family members.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Resultwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in the less production of haemoglobin www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
ii) It is useful in detecting genetic defects like
amilaruvi.in molecules leads to
www.tamilaruvi.in anaemia. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
haemophilia, colourblindness,phenylketonuria,
amilaruvi.in• Types of Thalassemia
www.tamilaruvi.in ( based on chain
www.tamilaruvi.in thalassemia,www.tamilaruvi.in
sickle cell anaemia, www.tamil
affected)
iii) It helps to www.tamilaruvi.in
detect sex-linked characters www.tamil
 Alpha Thalassemia and other linkages.
www.tamil
69
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
9. List out the difference between chromosomal
(DOPA) into melanin pigment inside the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.indisorderwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
and Mendelian disorder? melanocytes.
Mendelian
www.tamilaruvi.in
Chromosomal
• In an albino, www.tamilaruvi.in
melanocytes are present www.tamil
in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inNo. www.tamilaruvi.in
Disorder www.tamilaruvi.in
Disorder normal numbers but they
www.tamilaruvi.in lack melanin
www.tamil
pigment.
amilaruvi.ini) This disorder is
www.tamilaruvi.in This disorderwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
mainly due to is caused due 3,4 dihydroxy phenylalanine (DOPA)Tyro sin ase
 → Melanin
alteration or to absence
mutation in the or excess orwww.tamilaruvi.in
• 3, 4 dihydroxy www.tamilaruvi.in
phenylalanine (DOPA) Melanin www.tamil
amilaruvi.in single gene.
www.tamilaruvi.in abnormal www.tamilaruvi.in Huntington’s chorea
arrangement
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • It is an autosomal
www.tamilaruvi.in dominant lethal gene
of one or more
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in in man. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
chromosomes.
amilaruvi.inii) This follows
www.tamilaruvi.in This does not •
www.tamilaruvi.in Symptoms :involuntary
www.tamilaruvi.in jerking of the
www.tamil
Mendel’s follow Mendel’s body and progressive degeneration of the
principles of principles of
www.tamilaruvi.in nervous www.tamilaruvi.in
system, accompanied by www.tamil
gradual
inheritance. inheritance. www.tamilaruvi.in mental and physical deterioration. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.iniii) This may be
www.tamilaruvi.in This is always • This patients
www.tamilaruvi.in die between the age of 35 www.tamil
amilaruvi.in recessive or
www.tamilaruvi.in dominant inwww.tamilaruvi.in 40. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
dominant in nature.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 11. Write
www.tamilaruvi.in short notes on Erythroblastosisfoetails.
nature.
amilaruvi.iniv) E.g www.tamilaruvi.in
: haemo- E.g : Turner’s Erythroblastosisfoetalis
amilaruvi.in philia, sickle-cell
www.tamilaruvi.in syndrome. •
www.tamilaruvi.in Rh incompatability has
www.tamilaruvi.in great impact on
www.tamil
anaemia. child birth.
10. Explain the causes, inheritance pattern and • Condition : Woman is Rh negative
amilaruvi.insymptoms www.tamilaruvi.in
of any two Mendelian genetic
• Man is Rh positive,
amilaruvi.indisorders.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Foetus Rh positive (inherited the factor
amilaruvi.inColourblindness
www.tamilaruvi.inand thalassemia www.tamilaruvi.in
are www.tamilaruvi.in
from its father)
www.tamil
amilaruvi.incategorised as Mendelian disorders because
• Mother becomes sensitized by carrying Rh
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inof the following reasons:
positive foetus.
amilaruvi.in• Alteration or mutation
www.tamilaruvi.in in a single gene causes
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Due to damage www.tamilaruvi.in
of blood vessels, during www.tamil
Mendelian disorders. child birth,www.tamilaruvi.in
the mother’s immune system
• These disorders are transmitted to recognizes the
offspringsby Mendelian pattern of
Rh+ antigens and get activated.
amilaruvi.in inheritance.
• Then mother produces Rh antibodies.
amilaruvi.in• Mendelian
www.tamilaruvi.in
disorders are Thalassemia,www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• IgG antibodies cross placenta and enter
amilaruvi.in albinism, phenylketonuria, sickle cell anaemia,
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the foetal www.tamilaruvi.in
circulation. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Huntington’s chorea, etc.,
• Before this time the child is delivered. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• These disorders
www.tamilaruvi.in may be dominant or
recessive and autosomal or sex linked. • Usually no effects in first child birth. www.tamil
• In next pregnancy Rh positive children www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. Albinism
carried by the same mother, IgG antibodies www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• It is an inborn error
www.tamilaruvi.in of metabolism, www.tamilaruvi.in cross placenta and enter
www.tamilaruvi.in into foetal blood
www.tamil
• Caused by an autosomal recessive gene. circulation.
• Melanin pigment is responsible for skin • Causes:haemolysis of foetal RBCs result in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in haemolyticwww.tamilaruvi.in
jaundice and anaemia. www.tamil
colour.
• This www.tamilaruvi.in
condition is known www.tamil
as
• Absence of melanin results albinism.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Erythoblastosisfoetalis
www.tamilaruvi.in or Haemolytic www.tamil
• A person with the recessive allele lacks the disease ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
the new born (HDN).
amilaruvi.in tyrosinase
www.tamilaruvi.in
enzyme which is useful www.tamilaruvi.in
in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in conversion of dihydroxyphenyl alanine
www.tamilaruvi.in Prevention of Eryhroblastosisfoetalis
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in• Antiwww.tamilaruvi.in
D antibodies should be administered www.tamilaruvi.in
• Patients :www.tamilaruvi.in
Homozygous recessive femaleswww.tamil
amilaruvi.in to the mother (28th and 34th week
recessive males (X Y)www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
(X X ) Hemizygous
www.tnpsnote.com
c c c
amilaruvi.in gestation)
• The are unable to distinguish red www.tamil
and
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in• Anti D antibodies
www.tamilaruvi.in should be administered green colour.
to the mother soon after delivery.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Marriage between
www.tamilaruvi.in colour blind man www.tamil
12.
amilaruvi.inExplain X-linked in
www.tamilaruvi.in heritance with an example. normal
www.tamilaruvi.in visioned woman
amilaruvi.inInheritance of X -
www.tamilaruvi.in linked genes F generation:
www.tamilaruvi.in
1 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• X-linked gene
www.tamilaruvi.in inheritance are Red- They
www.tamilaruvi.in produce normal visioned
www.tamilaruvi.in male and
www.tamil
female carriers.
amilaruvi.in green
Haemophilia
colour blindness or daltonism,
www.tamilaruvi.in Duchenne’s
www.tamilaruvi.in
muscular
F2generation :
amilaruvi.in dystrophy
www.tamilaruvi.in
Haemophilia www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
They produce
commonly known as bleeder’s disease. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Normal visioned carrier daughter,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Colourblind
www.tamilaruvi.in daughter
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.inNormal visioned son
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Colourblind
www.tamilaruvi.in son
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in The
www.tamilaruvi.inmarriage between a) F1
www.tamilaruvi.in normal visioned
www.tamil
carrier woman and a normal visioned male
will produce
• One normal visioned female,
www.tamil
• One carrier female,
www.tamil
is more common in men than women.
amilaruvi.in• This www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
reported by John Cotto in 1803.
amilaruvi.in• First www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Haemophilia
www.tamilaruvi.in
is caused by a recessive www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in X-linked gene.
persons lacks a normal clotting
amilaruvi.in• This www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
substance (thromboplastin) in blood,
amilaruvi.in hencewww.tamilaruvi.in
minor injuries cause continuous
amilaruvi.in bleeding,
www.tamilaruvi.in
leading to death. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
females are carriers of the disease www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• One normal visioned male
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and transmit the disease to 50% of
www.tamilaruvi.in their
• One colour blind male.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in sons even if the
www.tamilaruvi.in male parent is normal.
 Colour blindness is inherited from the male
amilaruvi.in• Characteristic feature
www.tamilaruvi.in :criss - cross pattern
www.tamilaruvi.in
parent to www.tamilaruvi.in
his grandson through carrier www.tamil
of inheritance.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in daughter. www.tamilaruvi.in
 Colour blindness
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Colour blindness
www.tamilaruvi.in is an example of criss
www.tamilaruvi.in –
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Due to dominant
www.tamilaruvi.in X – linked gene which cross
www.tamilaruvi.in pattern of inheritance.
is necessary for the formation of cones (
amilaruvi.in Colour www.tamilaruvi.in b) Marriage
www.tamilaruvi.in between normal
www.tamilaruvi.in visioned man
www.tamil
sensitive cells)
and colour blind woman
amilaruvi.in• The recessive
form - incapable of producing www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
F1 generation :
amilaruvi.in conewww.tamilaruvi.in
cells. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
71
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. Colourblind
www.tamilaruvi.in
sons
in a karyotype of 45 XO
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in2. Normal
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
visioned daughters. • Persons with this syndrome have 45
amilaruvi.in3. F carrier
www.tamilaruvi.in
female + colourblind male
www.tamilaruvi.in chromosomes www.tamilaruvi.in
(44 autosomes and one www.tamil
X
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
1
amilaruvi.in Result
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in chromosome) (44AA+XO)
in the F2 generation:
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • They are sterile
www.tamilaruvi.in females.
1. Normal visioned carried daughter
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Symptomswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in : Low stature, webbed neck, www.tamil
2. Normal visioned son under developed breast, rudimentary
3. Colourblind son. gonads lack of menstrual cycle during
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in puberty.
13.
amilaruvi.inExplain Allosomal abnormalities
www.tamilaruvi.in in human
beings. 14. Write short notes on phenylketonuria
Allosomal abnormalities in human beings  It is an inborn error of Phenylalanine
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in metabolism www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Causes : Mitotic or meiotic non-
amilaruvi.in disjunction
of sex chromosomes. Several
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Causes : pair of autosomal recessive
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in sex www.tamilaruvi.in
chromosomal abnormalities www.tamilaruvi.in
have genes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in been detected.
 It is also caused due to mutation in www.tamil the
amilaruvi.in E.g : Klinefelter’s
www.tamilaruvi.insyndrome and Turner’s
www.tamilaruvi.in gene PAH (phenylalanine
www.tamilaruvi.in hydroxylase gene)
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in syndrome.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in located on chromosome
www.tamilaruvi.in 12 www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Klinefelter’s Syndrome
www.tamilaruvi.in (XXY Males) 
www.tamilaruvi.in PAH gene synthesis
www.tamilaruvi.in hepatic enzyme
www.tamil
• Causes: presence of an additional copy of “phenylalanine hydroxylase”
the X chromosome resulting in a karyotype  This enzyme convert phenylalanine into
amilaruvi.in of 47www.tamilaruvi.in
/ XXY.
www.tamilaruvi.in tyrosine.
amilaruvi.in• Thesewww.tamilaruvi.in
Persons have 47 chromosomes
 In Affected individual phenylalanine gets
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in (44AA+XXY).
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in converted www.tamilaruvi.in
to phenylpyruvic acid www.tamil and
are usually sterile males, tall, obese, other derivatives.
long limbs, high pitched www.tamilaruvi.in
voice,  Symptomswww.tamilaruvi.in
: severe mental retardation, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in under developed
www.tamilaruvi.ingenitalia and have weak
www.tamilaruvi.in light pigmentation of
www.tamilaruvi.in skin and hair. www.tamil
breast (gynaecomastia) development.  Phenylpyruvic acid is excreted in the urine.
 Turner’s Syndrome (XO Females)
Phenylalanine Phenylalanine hydroxylase
→ www.tamil
Tyrosinase
• Causes:loss of a X chromosome resulting
amilaruvi.in
CHAPTER
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in MOLECULAR
www.tamilaruvi.in GENETICS
5
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
POINTS TO REMEMBER
amilaruvi.in
 Mendel’s www.tamilaruvi.in
theory explain the inheritance www.tamilaruvi.in
of base, a five www.tamilaruvi.in
carbon sugar(pentose) and www.tamil
a
character
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in phosphate group.
from one generation to thewww.tamilaruvi.in
next. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 DNA directs
amilaruvi.in the synthesis of proteins.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in types of nucleic acids (based
 There are twowww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Proteins
amilaruvi.in determine-shapes of cell and
www.tamilaruvi.in rate on type
www.tamilaruvi.in of pentose sugar)
of chemical reactions.  DNA - contain Deoxyribose sugar.
 Genome is defined as Totality of gene  RNA - contain Ribose sugar.
 A gene is a basic physical and functional  DNA and RNA both have four bases (two
amilaruvi.in
unit ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
heredity. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
purines and two pyrimidines)
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 In 1909, www.tamilaruvi.in
Wilhelm Johannsen, coined www.tamilaruvi.in
the  Purines base arewww.tamilaruvi.in
Adenine (A) and Guanine
www.tamil
term
amilaruvi.in ‘gene’,
(G) have doublewww.tamilaruvi.in
carbon–nitrogen ringwww.tamil
‘Gene’
amilaruvi.in
 is used to
www.tamilaruvi.in refer the factor for structures
inheritance. Pyrimidines base are Thymine(T),
 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Genes - defined as distinct particles that Cytosinec) and Uracil (U) have
amilaruvi.in
follow www.tamilaruvi.in
Mendelian rules of inheritance, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
single ring structure
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
occupy www.tamilaruvi.in
a definite locus in the chromosome www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Thymine is unique for DNA, while Uracil is
www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in are responsible
www.tamilaruvi.in for the expression of
specific phenotypic character. unique for RNA.
 Several genes are located on the same  The phosphate functional group is derived
www.tamil
chromosome. from phosphoric
www.tamilaruvi.in acid(H3PO4).
amilaruvi.in
 Genes www.tamilaruvi.in linear  Nucleoside =nitrogenous
are arranged in a single www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inbase + sugar
www.tamil
order like beads on a string. (at the 1-carbon of the sugar)
 In 1940, George Beadle and Edward  Nucleotide = Nucleoside +phosphate
group (attached to the 5’ carbon of the same
Tatum conducted experiment inNeurospora
crassa (the red bread mould) and proposed www.tamilaruvi.in
sugar) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
one gene
amilaruvi.in -one enzyme hypothesis.
 Base pair Ruleswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
- It was proposed by Erwin
 In 1944
amilaruvi.in Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod
www.tamilaruvi.in Chargaff
and Maclyn McCarty - repeated Griffith’s  Adenine pairs with Thymine(A=T) with
experiments in an ‘in vitro’ www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
two hydrogen bonds and
 These experiments prove that DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
is the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Guanine pairs with Cytosine(G ≡ C) with
geneticwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in material and not proteins www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
three hydrogen bonds.
Griffith,
amilaruvi.in
 Avery and
www.tamilaruvi.in others, believed that
protein was the hereditary material, not  The ratios between Adenine with Thymine
amilaruvi.in
DNA.
and Guanine with Cytosine are constant www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in equal.
 Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of equal
amilaruvi.in
amounts www.tamilaruvi.in
of protein and DNA.  The term
www.tamilaruvi.in ‘RNA world’ was
www.tamilaruvi.in first used by
www.tamil
Walter Gilbert in 1986
 Alfred www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Hershey and Martha Chasewww.tamilaruvi.in
(1952) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
conducted experiments on bacteriophages  This hypothesies reveals that RNA as the
first genetic www.tamilaruvi.in
material on earth. www.tamil
 They proved that DNA carries the hereditary
information from virus tobacteria.
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Hershey and www.tamilaruvi.in
Chase clearly explained www.tamil
that
 Nucleic acids are a long chain or polymer which
www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA acts as www.tamilaruvi.in
a genetic material. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
is made www.tamilaruvi.in
up of sequence of nucleotides. www.tamilaruvi.in
 But in Tobacco www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
mosaic virus (TMV), bacterio
amilaruvi.in
 Nucleotide www.tamilaruvi.in
consists of a nitrogenous phage,
www.tamilaruvi.in RNA acts as the genetic
www.tamilaruvi.in material.
www.tamil
www.tamil
73
amilaruvi.in
Chapter-5www.tamilaruvi.in
| Molecular genetics www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
 Self Replication, Stability, Information
contributed significantly to decipher the
www.tamil
genetic code. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
storage, Variation through mutation:
amilaruvi.in
 Lengthwww.tamilaruvi.in
of DNA double helix =www.tamilaruvi.in
Total  The genetic codewww.tamilaruvi.in
is universal. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
number
amilaruvi.in of base pairs
www.tamilaruvi.in x distance between two
 A non-overlapping codon means that www.tamil
the
consecutive base pairs same letter is not used for two different
 Chromatin consists of repeating units codons.
called nucleosomes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 For instance, the nucleotide sequence GUU
amilaruvi.in
 2 moleculeswww.tamilaruvi.in
of the four histone proteins www.tamilaruvi.in
H2A, GUC represents www.tamilaruvi.in
only two codons. www.tamil
H2B, H3www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in and H4 are organized to formwww.tamilaruvi.in
a unit  Genetic code www.tamilaruvi.in
is comma less, which means www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in eight molecules called
www.tamilaruvi.in histone octamere.
that the message would be read directly fromwww.tamil
 DNA
amilaruvi.in Replication takes
www.tamilaruvi.in place during S phase one
www.tamilaruvi.in end to the other i.e.,
www.tamilaruvi.in no punctuation
www.tamil
 During replication, each DNA molecule are needed between two codes.
gives rise to two DNA strands, identical to  Non-ambiguous code means that one codon
each other. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
will code for one aminoacid. www.tamil
 In prokaryotes, www.tamilaruvi.in
replication process requires www.tamilaruvi.in
 The code is always read in a fixed direction www.tamil
DNA
amilaruvi.in polymerase I,
www.tamilaruvi.in II, and III. i.e.
www.tamilaruvi.infrom 5’→3’ direction called
www.tamilaruvi.in polarity. www.tamil
 DNA polymerase
amilaruvi.in III is the main enzyme
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of a cell acts as a vehicle that
for  tRNA moleculewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
DNA
amilaruvi.in replication.
www.tamilaruvi.in picks
www.tamilaruvi.in up the amino acids
www.tamilaruvi.in scattered through
www.tamil
 DNA polymerase I & II are involved in DNA the cytoplasm and also reads specific codes
of mRNA molecules. Hence it is calledwww.tamil
an
repair mechanism.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in adapter molecule.
 Francis Crick proposed the Central dogma in
amilaruvi.in
molecularwww.tamilaruvi.in
biology.  Translation refers
www.tamilaruvi.in to the process www.tamil
polymerization of amino acids to form poly
amilaruvi.in
 The processwww.tamilaruvi.in
conversion of information www.tamilaruvi.in
peptide chain.
from DNA
amilaruvi.in to RNA is termed transcription.
 This ribosome binding site is called the Shine
 DNA has
amilaruvi.in three distinct regions namely,
www.tamilaruvi.in a
– Dalgarno sequence or S-D sequence. www.tamil
promoter, the structural gene and a
terminator.
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Elongation www.tamilaruvi.in
is the second phasewww.tamil of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in translation. www.tamilaruvi.in
 In prokaryotes, have three are major types of
RNAs: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.  Termination www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in is the third phasewww.tamil of
translation.
amilaruvi.in
 All three www.tamilaruvi.in
RNAs are needed to synthesize www.tamilaruvi.in
a www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
protein.www.tamilaruvi.in  Termination of protein synthesis occurs when
one of the three stop codons appears in
www.tamil
 The mRNA
amilaruvi.in provides the template, www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the ‘A’ site ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
the ribosome. www.tamil
 tRNA brings
amilaruvi.in amino acids and reads
www.tamilaruvi.in the  Regulation ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in gene expression has been www.tamil
genetic code, extensively www.tamilaruvi.in
studied in prokaryotes,
 rRNAs - act as catalytic factor for especially in E. coli.
translation.
 Gene expression can be controlled or
 DNA is the genetic material that carries
regulated at transcriptional or post
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
genetic www.tamilaruvi.in
information in a cell andwww.tamilaruvi.in
from transcriptionalwww.tamilaruvi.in
or translational level.www.tamil
generation
amilaruvi.in to generation.
 Each operon www.tamilaruvi.in
is a unit of gene expression www.tamil
 There
amilaruvi.in are 64 possible
www.tamilaruvi.in triplets, and 61 of and
www.tamilaruvi.in regulation and consists
www.tamilaruvi.in of one or more
www.tamil
them are used to represent amino acids. structural genes and an adjacent operator
gene that controls transcriptional activity www.tamil
of
 The remaining three triplet codons are
termination signals for polypeptide chains.
www.tamilaruvi.in
the structural www.tamilaruvi.in
gene. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 Marshall
www.tamilaruvi.in
Nirenberg, Severo
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ochoa
 The metabolism www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of lactose in E.coli requires
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in three
www.tamilaruvi.in enzymes permease,
www.tamilaruvi.in β-galactosidasewww.tamil
(enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase
(β-gal) and transacetylase.
called
amilaruvi.in Ochoa’s enzyme),
www.tamilaruvi.in Hargobind Khorana,
Francis Crick and many others have  Besides these, it has three structural genes
namely lac z,ywww.tamilaruvi.in
and lac a. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Chapter-5 www.tamilaruvi.in
| Molecular genetics www.tamil
 Human genome project was a mega project  The DNA finger printing technique was
www.tamil
by Alec Jeffreys in 1985 www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
and took 13 years to complete. first developed
amilaruvi.in
 Through www.tamilaruvi.in
this all the genes (approximately www.tamilaruvi.in
 Each of us have www.tamilaruvi.in
the same chemical structure www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
30000)www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in in human DNA has been identified. of DNA.
 Determine
amilaruvi.in the sequence
www.tamilaruvi.in of the three billion  But there are millions
www.tamilaruvi.in of differences inwww.tamil
chemical base pairs that make up the DNA sequence of base pairs.
amilaruvi.in
human www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 This makes the uniqueness among us so that
 The methodologies of the Human Genomewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
each of us except identical twins
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Project www.tamilaruvi.in
involved two major approaches. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 The DNA of a person and finger prints are
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 1. ETSSwww.tamilaruvi.in
– Expressed Sequence Tags www.tamilaruvi.in
and unique. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
2. Sequence www.tamilaruvi.in
Annotation. www.tamilaruvi.in
 Application of www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA finger printing www.tamil
 The fragments are sequenced www.tamilaruvi.in
using  Forensic www.tamilaruvi.in
analysis, Pedigree www.tamil
analysis,
automated
amilaruvi.in DNA sequencers (developed
www.tamilaruvi.in by Conservation www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of wild life, Anthropological www.tamil
Frederick Sanger). studies.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in grow
www.tamilaruvi.in for two generations.
www.tamilaruvi.in DNA extracted
www.tamil
PART-A from these cells is ultracentrifuged in a
cesium chloride www.tamilaruvi.in
density gradient. www.tamil
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS What
www.tamilaruvi.in
(1 MARK) density distribution
www.tamilaruvi.inof DNA would you
www.tamil
expect in this experiment?
1. Hershey and Chase experiment with a) One high and one low density band.
amilaruvi.inbacteriophage
www.tamilaruvi.in
showed that www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Protein
www.tamilaruvi.in b) One intermediate density band.
gets into the bacterial cells www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in c)
www.tamilaruvi.inOne high and one intermediate
www.tamilaruvi.in density band.
www.tamil
is the genetic material
amilaruvi.inc) DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in d)
www.tamilaruvi.inOne low and one intermediate
www.tamilaruvi.in density band.
www.tamil
contains radioactive sulphur Ans: d
amilaruvi.ind) Viruses
www.tamilaruvi.in
undergo transformation
Ans: b 6. What is the basis for the difference in the
www.tamil
synthesis of the leading and lagging strand of
www.tamil
2. DNA and RNA are similar with respect to
DNA molecules? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Thymine as a nitrogen base
a) Origin of replication occurs only at the 5’www.tamil
end
b) A single-stranded helix shape of the molecules.
amilaruvi.inc) Nucleotide containing sugars, nitrogen
www.tamilaruvi.in bases b) DNA ligase works
www.tamilaruvi.in only in the 3’ → 5’ direction.
and phosphates
c) DNA polymerasewww.tamilaruvi.in
can join new nucleotideswww.tamil
only
d) The same sequence of nucleotides for the to the 3’ end of the growing stand.
amilaruvi.in amino www.tamilaruvi.in
acid phenyl alanine www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in d) Helicases and
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: c single-strand binding proteins
that work at the 5’ end.
3. mRNA molecule is produced by www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
c
amilaruvi.ina) Replication
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Transcriptionwww.tamilaruvi.in
following is the correct www.tamil
sequence
amilaruvi.inc) Duplication
www.tamilaruvi.in of event with www.tamilaruvi.in
reference to the central dogma?
d) Translation www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: b Transcription, Translation,
www.tamilaruvi.inReplication www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
4. The total www.tamilaruvi.in
number of nitrogenous bases in b) Transcription,
www.tamilaruvi.in Replication, Translation
amilaruvi.inhumanwww.tamilaruvi.in
genome is estimated to be about c) Duplication,www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Translation, Transcription www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) 3.5 million
www.tamilaruvi.in b) 35000 www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Replication,www.tamilaruvi.in
Transcription, Translation www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) 35 million
www.tamilaruvi.in d) 3.1 billion www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: d
www.tamil
Ans: d 8. Which of the following statements about DNA
replication is www.tamilaruvi.in
not correct? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
5. E. coliwww.tamilaruvi.in
cell grown on 15N medium www.tamilaruvi.in
are a) Unwinding www.tamilaruvi.in
of DNA molecule occurswww.tamil as
amilaruvi.intransferred to 14N medium and allowed to
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inhydrogen bonds break.
www.tamil
75
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Replication
occurs as each base is paired with
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Repressor is unable to bind to the operator.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in anotherwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
exactly like it. c) Repressor is able to bind to the operator.
amilaruvi.inc) Process
www.tamilaruvi.in
is known as semi conservative www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Both (a) and (b) are correct.
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in replication because
www.tamilaruvi.in one old strand is conserved
in the new molecule. d
d) Complementary base pairs are held together
hydrogen bonds. www.tamilaruvi.in PART-B, C AND D
amilaruvi.in
9. Which of www.tamilaruvi.in
the following statements is not true TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
www.tamilaruvi.in (2,3 AND 5 MARKS)
amilaruvi.inabout DNA replication in eukaryotes? www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in 15. Give reasons:www.tamilaruvi.in
Genetic code is ‘universal’.www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Replication begins
www.tamilaruvi.in at a single origin of
replication.  The genetic code is universal.
amilaruvi.inb) Replication
is bidirectional from the origins.
www.tamilaruvi.in
 It means that in all living organism genetic
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Replication
www.tamilaruvi.in
occurs at about 1 million www.tamilaruvi.in
base code (tripletwww.tamilaruvi.in
codon) direct the synthesis www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in pairswww.tamilaruvi.in
per minute. www.tamilaruvi.in same kind of protein from
www.tamilaruvi.in amino acids.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) There are numerous
www.tamilaruvi.in different bacterial
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Eg. In mRNA (UUU) codon
www.tamilaruvi.in codes for
www.tamil
chromosomes, with replication ocurring in phenylalanine in all cells of all organisms.
at the same time.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 16. Name
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: d the parts marked ‘A’
www.tamilaruvi.inand ‘B’ in the given
www.tamil
transcription unit: A B 3’ 3’
amilaruvi.in
10. The firstwww.tamilaruvi.in
codon to be deciphered www.tamilaruvi.in
was www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in__________ which codes for ________.
amilaruvi.ina) AAA,www.tamilaruvi.in
proline b) GGG, alanine www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) UUU,www.tamilaruvi.in
Phenylalanine d) TTT, arginine www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
11.
amilaruvi.inMeselson and Stahl’s
www.tamilaruvi.in experiment provedwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Transduction
amilaruvi.inb) Transformation
c) DNA is the genetic material Ans :
amilaruvi.ind) Semi-conservative
www.tamilaruvi.in nature of DNA replication A
www.tamilaruvi.in– Promoter www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Ans: d B – Coding strand
12. Ribosomes are composed of two subunits; the 17. Mention any two ways in which single
amilaruvi.insmallerwww.tamilaruvi.in
subunit of a ribosome has a binding
nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) identified
amilaruvi.insite forwww.tamilaruvi.in
_________ and the larger subunit www.tamilaruvi.in
has www.tamilaruvi.in
in human genome can bring revolutionary
www.tamil
amilaruvi.intwo binding sites for two __________.
change in biological and medical science.www.tamil
Ans: mRNA, tRNA
 A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a
www.tamil
13.
amilaruvi.inAn operon is a:
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in variation www.tamilaruvi.in
in a single nucleotide www.tamil that
amilaruvi.ina) Protein that suppresses
www.tamilaruvi.in gene expressionwww.tamilaruvi.in occurs at a specific
www.tamilaruvi.in position in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Protein that accelerates gene expression
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the genome, where each
www.tamilaruvi.in variation is present
www.tamil
c) Cluster of structural genes with related to some appreciable degree within a population
function  E.g. the C nucleotide may appear in most
individuals, but in a minority of individuals,
www.tamil
d) Gene that switched other genes on or off
Ans: c the position www.tamilaruvi.in
is occupied by an A. www.tamil
 This means that there is a SNP at this
www.tamil
14. When lactose is present in the culture
amilaruvi.inmedium: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
specific position, and the two possible www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Transcription
www.tamilaruvi.in
of lac y, lac z, lac a geneswww.tamilaruvi.in
occurs. nucleotidewww.tamilaruvi.in
variations – C or A – are said to
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in be alleles for this position
amilaruvi.in
18. Differentiate - Leading stand and lagging 20. State any three goals of the human genome
www.tamil
amilaruvi.instrand www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
project.
amilaruvi.in Leading www.tamilaruvi.in
Strand Lagging Strand
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Identify all www.tamilaruvi.in
the genes (approximately www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 30000)
www.tamilaruvi.in in human DNA.
1. Its growth is
amilaruvi.in 1. This strand
www.tamilaruvi.in  Determinewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the sequence of the three www.tamil
discontinuous
grows billion chemical base pairs that makeup
amilaruvi.in continuously
www.tamilaruvi.in This strand formed in
short segments called the human DNA.
amilaruvi.in without any gap
www.tamilaruvi.in Okazaki fragments. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 To store this information in data bases.
amilaruvi.in 2. Itwww.tamilaruvi.in
does not www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2. DNA-ligase is  Improve tools for data analysis.
amilaruvi.in require DNA
required for joining www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
ligase for its  Transfer related technologies to other
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Okazaki fragments.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
growth. sectors, such as industries.
amilaruvi.in3. The www.tamilaruvi.in
direction www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Address the ethical, legal and social
www.tamil
3. The direction of
amilaruvi.in of growth of the
www.tamilaruvi.in growth of the laggingwww.tamilaruvi.in
issues (ELSI) www.tamilaruvi.in
that may arise from the project.www.tamil
leading strand is
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in strand is 3′ à 5′
21. In E.coli, three enzymes β- galactosidase,
www.tamil
5′ à 3′
amilaruvi.in4. Only www.tamilaruvi.in
a single 4. More number www.tamilaruvi.in
permease and www.tamilaruvi.in
transacetylase are produced www.tamil
amilaruvi.in RNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
primer is of RNA primer is in the
www.tamilaruvi.in presence of lactose.
www.tamilaruvi.in Explain why the
www.tamil
enzymes are not synthesized in the absence
amilaruvi.in required.
www.tamilaruvi.inrequired www.tamilaruvi.in of lactose. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
5. It is a rapid 5. it’s a slower
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inprocess. www.tamilaruvi.in
process. www.tamilaruvi.in
 If lactose is absent or lacking, the
www.tamil
transcription www.tamilaruvi.in
of lac mRNA stops. www.tamil
19. Differentiate - Template strand and coding
amilaruvi.instrand.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 The metabolism www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of lactose in E.coli requires
amilaruvi.in Templatewww.tamilaruvi.in three enzymes
www.tamilaruvi.in – permease, β-galactosidase
strand Coding strand
amilaruvi.in1. Template
www.tamilaruvi.in (β-gal)
www.tamilaruvi.in and transacetylase.
strand is 1. Coding strand is
amilaruvi.in directed in the 5’
www.tamilaruvi.in the 3’  The
directed in www.tamilaruvi.in enzyme permease is
www.tamilaruvi.in needed for entry
www.tamil
to 3’ direction to 5’ direction of lactose into the cell,
2. Transcribed into 2. Not transcribed  β-galactosidase brings about hydrolysis
mRNA into mRNAwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of lactose to glucose and galactose,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in3. Contains
www.tamilaruvi.in
the 3. Containswww.tamilaruvi.in
 Transacetylase transfers acetyl group
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in complementary
www.tamilaruvi.in same nucleotide
from acetyl Co A to β-galactosidase. www.tamil
nucleotide sequence to
amilaruvi.in sequencewww.tamilaruvi.in
as the www.tamilaruvi.in
mRNA, except  If lactose iswww.tamilaruvi.in
available as an energy source www.tamil
amilaruvi.in mRNA
www.tamilaruvi.in thymine for the bacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in then lactose enters the cell
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in4. www.tamilaruvi.in
Contains a
www.tamilaruvi.inresult of permease enzyme.
4. Contains codons
anticondons  Lactose acts as an inducer and interacts
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 5.
www.tamilaruvi.in
Contains the
with the repressor to inactivate it.
Contains the
complementary www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
same nucleotide  This allows RNA polymerase to bind to
amilaruvi.in sequencewww.tamilaruvi.in nucleotidewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
as the the promotor site and transcribe the operon
sequence as the
amilaruvi.in tRNA
to produce lac www.tamilaruvi.in
mRNA which enables formation www.tamil
tRNA
Hydrogen 6. No hydrogen of
www.tamilaruvi.in all the required enzymes
www.tamilaruvi.in needed for lactose
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in bonds are
www.tamilaruvi.in bonds are metabolism.
amilaruvi.in formed between
www.tamilaruvi.in formed between
the template the coding strand
strand and the www.tamilaruvi.in
and synthesizing www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in synthesizing mRNA.
www.tamilaruvi.in mRNAwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inWays towww.tamilaruvi.in
identify SNP www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. ETSSwww.tamilaruvi.in
– Expressed Sequence Tags. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in2. Sequence
www.tamilaruvi.in
Annotation. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
77
amilaruvi.in
| Molecular genetics www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
22. Distinguish between structural
gene, 25. From their examination of the structure of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inregulatory
www.tamilaruvi.in
gene and operator gene. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
DNA, What did Watson and Crick infer about
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the
www.tamilaruvi.in probable mechanism of
www.tamilaruvi.in DNA replication,
www.tamil
S. Structural Regulator Operator coding capability and mutation?
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Genes Gene www.tamilaruvi.in
Gene www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Watson and Crick explain the Semi –
conservative mode of DNA replication
www.tamil
1. This gene is It controls the It determines
amilaruvi.in connected
www.tamilaruvi.in
with f u n c t i o n i n g t www.tamilaruvi.in
h e www.tamilaruvi.in
 DNA Replication takes place during S phase
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in transcription
www.tamilaruvi.in of operator functioning www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 During replication, each DNA molecule
www.tamil
or formation gene. of structural
mRNA for genes.
www.tamilaruvi.ingives rise towww.tamilaruvi.in
two DNA strands, identical www.tamil
to
amilaruvi.in synthesis
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.ineach other and parent
amilaruvi.in2. It functions
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inHypotheses of DNA replication.
only Regulator gene Operator gene
amilaruvi.in when www.tamilaruvi.in
receives produces www.tamilaruvi.in
a functions only www.tamilaruvi.in
1. Conservative replication, www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in repressor or whenwww.tamilaruvi.in
it is 2. Dispersivewww.tamilaruvi.in
replication, www.tamil
n u c l e o t i d e s Apo repressor not blocked
amilaruvi.in andwww.tamilaruvi.in
RNA for blocking by repressor. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
3. Semi –conservativereplication. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in polymerase.
www.tamilaruvi.in operator gene www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Semi- conservative replication. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in3. M owww.tamilaruvi.in
d e r a t e l y Large gene. Smaller www.tamilaruvi.in
gene www.tamilaruvi.in
 Itwas proposed by Watson and Crick in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in long gene
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in1953. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in4. It www.tamilaruvi.in
functions It functions It www.tamilaruvi.in
function  This mechanismwww.tamilaruvi.in
is based on the DNA www.tamil
amilaruvi.in through the
www.tamilaruvi.in through the through the
www.tamilaruvi.inmodel. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
f o r m a t i o n formation of presence or  Initially two polynucleotide strandswww.tamil
of
mRNA for an mRNA of absence of
amilaruvi.in s t www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inDNA molecule unwind
www.tamilaruvi.inand start separating
www.tamil
r u c t u r a l repressor repressor.
at one end.
amilaruvi.in or enzymatic
polypeptide  During this process, covalent hydrogen
bonds are broken.
www.tamil
23. A low level
amilaruvi.in of expression of lac operonwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in occurs www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
at all the windows for treatment of various  The separated single strand then acts as
amilaruvi.ingeneticwww.tamilaruvi.in
disorders. Justify the statement.
www.tamilaruvi.intemplate for www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the synthesis of a new strand.
amilaruvi.in A verywww.tamilaruvi.in
low level of expression of lac
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Later, each www.tamilaruvi.in
daughter double helix www.tamil
amilaruvi.in operon www.tamilaruvi.in
has to be present in the cell www.tamilaruvi.in
all the carries one polynucleotide strand from
otherwise lactose cannot enter
amilaruvi.in time,www.tamilaruvi.in the
www.tamilaruvi.inthe parent and other
www.tamilaruvi.in strand is newly
www.tamil
cells synthesised.
 Any error in replication leads to Mutation
24. Why the
amilaruvi.in human genome project is called
www.tamilaruvi.in a
mega project? 26. Why tRNA is called an adapter molecule?
amilaruvi.in Human genome
www.tamilaruvi.in project was considered to  The transfer
www.tamilaruvi.in RNA, (tRNA) molecule of www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in acell
be a mega project because it had a specific acts as a vehicle that picks up the amino
amilaruvi.in goalwww.tamilaruvi.in
to sequence every base pairwww.tamilaruvi.in present www.tamilaruvi.in
acids scattered through the cytoplasm
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in in thewww.tamilaruvi.in
human genome. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and also reads specific codes of mRNA www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It took
www.tamilaruvi.in
around 13 years for its completion www.tamilaruvi.inmolecules. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and got accomplished
www.tamilaruvi.in in year 2003. 
www.tamilaruvi.inHence tRNA is called an adapter
www.tamilaruvi.in molecule.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It was a large
www.tamilaruvi.inscale project, which aimed  This term was
www.tamilaruvi.in postulated by Francis Crick.
amilaruvi.in at developing
www.tamilaruvi.in new technology and
generating new information in the field of
amilaruvi.in genomicwww.tamilaruvi.in
studies. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Chapter-5
www.tamilaruvi.in
27. What are the three structural differences 29. a) Identify the figure given below
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inbetween www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
RNA and DNA?
b) Redraw the structure as a replicating fork
amilaruvi.inComparison DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in RNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
and label thewww.tamilaruvi.in
parts www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Full Name Deoxyribonucleic
www.tamilaruvi.in Ribonucleic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Acid
Acid
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in RNA only www.tamilaruvi.in
has
amilaruvi.in DNA consists of
www.tamilaruvi.in one strand, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
two strands,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in but likewww.tamilaruvi.in
DNA, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
arranged in a
is made up of
amilaruvi.in double helix.
nucleotides. c) Write the source of energy for this
These strands www.tamilaruvi.in
RNA strands replicationwww.tamilaruvi.in
and name the enzyme involved www.tamil
amilaruvi.inStructure are made up of
www.tamilaruvi.in are shorter in this process.
amilaruvi.in subunits
www.tamilaruvi.in called than DNA
d) Mention the differences in the synthesis of
nucleotides. strands.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in protein, based
www.tamilaruvi.in on the polarity of the www.tamil
Each nucleotide RNA sometimes template strands.
amilaruvi.in contains a
www.tamilaruvi.in forms a
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : a www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in phosphate,
www.tamilaruvi.in a secondary
5-carbon sugar double helix a) Given structure represents replicating fork.
molecule and www.tamilaruvi.in
structure, www.tamilaruvi.in
the two parental strands of DNA unwind atwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in a nitrogenous
www.tamilaruvi.in but only start
www.tamilaruvi.in of replication.
amilaruvi.in base.
www.tamilaruvi.in intermittently. b)
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in RNA molecules
DNA is a much
Length are shorter
amilaruvi.in longer than
www.tamilaruvi.in than long www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
DNA
RNA.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in polymers. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in RNA contains
The sugar in DNA
amilaruvi.in Sugar www.tamilaruvi.in ribose sugar
is deoxyribose
molecules
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in RNA shares www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Adeninewww.tamilaruvi.in
(‘A’), www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
The bases in DNA
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Guanine (‘G’)
are Adenine
and Cytosine
amilaruvi.inBases www.tamilaruvi.in
(‘A’), Thymine
(‘C’) withwww.tamilaruvi.in
DNA, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
(‘T’), Guanine
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in but contains
(‘G’) and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Uracil (‘U’)
www.tamilaruvi.in Mechanism
Cytosine (‘C’).
rather than of replication showing a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Thymine. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Deoxy nucleotide triphosphate
replication fork www.tamil
- provide energy
amilaruvi.in Adenine and
www.tamilaruvi.in Adenine and for replication
amilaruvi.in Thymine pair
www.tamilaruvi.in Uracilwww.tamilaruvi.in
pair d) DNA-polymerase
www.tamilaruvi.in can polymerise
www.tamil
Base Pairs (A-T) (A-U) nucleotides only in 5’→3’ direction on
Cytosine and Cytosine www.tamilaruvi.in
3’→ 5’ strand because it adds them at the 3′
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Guanine pair
www.tamilaruvi.in Guanine pair
www.tamilaruvi.in
end. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in (C-G)
www.tamilaruvi.in (C-G)
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Since the www.tamilaruvi.in
two strands of DNA runwww.tamil in
28. Name the anticodon required to recognize
amilaruvi.inthe following
www.tamilaruvi.in
codons:
antiparallel
www.tamilaruvi.in directions,
www.tamilaruvi.in the two templates
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inAAU, CGA,UAU,GCA.
www.tamilaruvi.in provide different
www.tamilaruvi.in ends for replication.
amilaruvi.inAns : www.tamilaruvi.in  Replication
www.tamilaruvi.in over the
www.tamilaruvi.in two templates thus
www.tamil
proceeds in opposite directions.
amilaruvi.inCodon www.tamilaruvi.in
- Anti Codon www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
AAU - UUA  One strand with polarity 3′→5′forms its
complementary
www.tamilaruvi.in
strand
www.tamil
continuously
CGA - GCU
amilaruvi.inUAU www.tamilaruvi.in
- AUA
because 3’ end of the latter is always open www.tamil
for
amilaruvi.inGCA www.tamilaruvi.in
- CGU elongation.
www.tamil
79
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It is www.tamilaruvi.in
called leading strand.
amilaruvi.in Replication
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
is discontinuous on the other
amilaruvi.in templatewww.tamilaruvi.in
with polarity 5′→3′ because www.tamilaruvi.in
only www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in a short segment of DNA strand can bewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in built in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 5′→3′direction due
www.tamilaruvi.in to exposure of a small
stretch of template at one time
30. If the coding sequence in a transcription unit
amilaruvi.inis written
www.tamilaruvi.in
as follows:
amilaruvi.in‘5’ TGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGC
3’ Write
amilaruvi.indown the www.tamilaruvi.in
sequence of mRNA. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inAns : mRNA
www.tamilaruvi.in
- www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in‘5’ACGUACGUACGUACGUACGUACGUACG
www.tamilaruvi.in 3’
amilaruvi.in
31. How iswww.tamilaruvi.in
the two stage process of www.tamilaruvi.in
protein www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.insynthesis advantageous?
amilaruvi.in In eukaryote, Transcription
www.tamilaruvi.in take place in
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Phages were www.tamilaruvi.in
allowed to infect bacteria www.tamil
amilaruvi.in membrane bound
www.tamilaruvi.in nucleus containingwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the radioactive isotopes www.tamil
35S
amilaruvi.in Translation – take
www.tamilaruvi.in place in cytoplasm or
www.tamilaruvi.in32P in the medium.
(outside of nucleus  The bacteriophage that grew in the presence
 This two stage of protein synthesis enable of 35S had labelled proteins
amilaruvi.in eukaryotes
to regulate gene expression
 Bacteriophages grown in the presence of
amilaruvi.in in much www.tamilaruvi.in
more complicated way, and www.tamilaruvi.in
also www.tamilaruvi.in
32P had labelled DNA.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in contributing to the richness of eukaryotic
form and functions.  They mixed the labelled phages with
unlabeled E.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
coli and allowed bacteriophages
32. Why did
amilaruvi.in Hershey and Chase use radioactively
to infect www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
labelled phosphorous and sulphur only?
amilaruvi.inWould www.tamilaruvi.in
they have got the same result if they
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Before lysiswww.tamilaruvi.in
of bacteria the bacterial cellswww.tamil
amilaruvi.inuse radiolabelled
www.tamilaruvi.in
carbon and nitrogen? were gently
www.tamilaruvi.in agitated to loosen particles.www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inHersheywww.tamilaruvi.in
and Chase experiment www.tamilaruvi.in
on T2  Findings : www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inbacteriophage
www.tamilaruvi.in  32P was found
www.tamilaruvi.in inbacterial cells
amilaruvi.in Alfred Hershey and Martha Chasewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in (1952)  35S was found in medium
conducted experiments on bacteriophages
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Phage progeny
www.tamilaruvi.in carry only 32P and not 35S.
 T2 - bacteriophages is a virus that infects
amilaruvi.in the bacterium
www.tamilaruvi.in
Escherichia coli.
Results :
amilaruvi.in Experiment
www.tamilaruvi.in
- phages are added to
www.tamilaruvi.in
 DNA only www.tamilaruvi.in
entered the bacterial cellswww.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in bacteriawww.tamilaruvi.in
 some material enters not
www.tamilaruvi.in
the protein coat
amilaruvi.in bacteriumbacterium
www.tamilaruvi.in lyses and release  Hence
www.tamilaruvi.in its proved that
www.tamilaruvi.in DNA carries the
www.tamil
many progeny. hereditary informationfrom virus to bacteria.
 They wanted to check which part entered 33. Explain the formation of a nucleosome.
amilaruvi.in the bacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in
(DNA or protein)
amilaruvi.in All www.tamilaruvi.in  Ineukaryotes,nucleus
www.tamilaruvi.in organization
www.tamilaruvi.in is much
www.tamil
nucleic acids contain phosphorus, more complex.
contain sulphur(also aminowww.tamilaruvi.in
acid - www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Chromatin consists of repeating units
amilaruvi.in cysteine and methionine).
called nucleosomes.
amilaruvi.in Hershey and Chase
www.tamilaruvi.in designed an experiment
 2 molecules of the four histone proteins
amilaruvi.in Radioactive isotopes
www.tamilaruvi.in of Sulphur (35S) H2A, H2B, H
www.tamilaruvi.in and H4 are organized to www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in form
3
and phosphorus (32P) to keep separate a unit of eight molecules called histone
amilaruvi.in pathway www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of the viral protein and nucleic acids
octamere.
amilaruvi.in during www.tamilaruvi.in
the infection process. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Molecular geneticswww.tamil
negatively charged DNA is wrapped
 Hence DNA is a double stranded molecule, its
amilaruvi.in around www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
the positively charged histone resisted changes
amilaruvi.in octamere to form a structurewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in called  Some RNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
molecules function as gene www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
nucleosome. regulatorswww.tamilaruvi.in
when it binding with DNA www.tamil
 Nucleosome contains 200 bp of DNA helix. viruses RNA act as genetic
 In Some www.tamilaruvi.in
 DNA is coiled on the outside of material.
amilaruvi.in nucleosome.
 Andrew Fire and Craig Mellow state that RNA
amilaruvi.in Adjacent
www.tamilaruvi.in
nucleosomes are connected www.tamilaruvi.in
by www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
is an active ingredient in the chemistry of
amilaruvi.in linker www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA(H1) that is exposed to enzymes.www.tamilaruvi.inlife. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in TheDNA makes two complete turns www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in around www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
histone octameres and the two turns
www.tamilaruvi.in PART-A
are sealed off by an H1 molecule.
 Chromatin without H1 has a beads-on-a-
amilaruvi.in string www.tamilaruvi.in ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
www.tamilaruvi.in(1 MARK)
appearance in which DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
enters www.tamil
leaves the nucleosomes at www.tamilaruvi.in
random 1. Who proved DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
as a genetic material www.tamil
amilaruvi.in places.
a) Griffith b) Bacteria
amilaruvi.in Further folding is
www.tamilaruvi.in due to interaction between
H1 of one nucleosomes c) PPLO d) Hershey and Chase
d
34.
amilaruvi.inIt is established that
www.tamilaruvi.in RNA is the first genetic
material. Justify giving reasons. 2. Double helix model of DNA is proposed by
a) Watson and Crick
www.tamil
b) Schleiden Schwann
RNAworld
c) Singer and Nicholoson d) Kornberg and
www.tamil
 A cell contains RNA which is ten times
amilaruvi.in morewww.tamilaruvi.in
than DNA. www.tamilaruvi.in Khurana www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Becausewww.tamilaruvi.in
RNA play a variety of roles www.tamilaruvi.in
in the www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in cell. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
3. Substance commonwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
in DNA molecules is made
amilaruvi.in Fraenkel-Conratand
www.tamilaruvi.in Singer (1957) first up
www.tamilaruvi.in of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in demonstrated that
www.tamilaruvi.in RNA is the genetic a)
www.tamilaruvi.inHexose Sugar b) Histamine
material in TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) c) Thymine www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Phosphate Groups
 They separated RNA from the protein of Ans: d
amilaruvi.in TMVwww.tamilaruvi.in
viruses. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In 1980’s
www.tamilaruvi.in 4. Nucleotide is
(Molecular biologists www.tamilaruvi.in
- Leslie www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Orgel, www.tamilaruvi.in a)
www.tamilaruvi.in
Francis Brick and Carl Woese) proposed Nitrogen base base, pentose
www.tamilaruvi.in sugar and
www.tamil
phosphoric acid
amilaruvi.in the ‘RNA world’ as the first stagewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in in the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
evolution of life. b) Nitrogen, Hexose sugar and phosphoric acid
 RNA catalysed all molecules necessary for c) Nitrogen base, pentose sugar
amilaruvi.in survivalwww.tamilaruvi.in
and replication.
d) Nitrogen base, trioses and phosphoric acid
amilaruvi.in The term
‘RNA world’ first used by Walter
a
amilaruvi.in Gilbert www.tamilaruvi.in
in 1986 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
5. DNA differs from RNA in
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in
hypothesizes reveals that RNA www.tamilaruvi.in
as the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Only sugar
amilaruvi.in first genetic material
www.tamilaruvi.in on earth. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 RNA act as both genetic material and b) Nitrogen base only
catalyst. c) Nitrogen base and sugar
 The catalytic RNA is known as ribozyme. d) None Ans: c
being a catalyst was reactive and 6. DNA is not present in ____
amilaruvi.in RNA www.tamilaruvi.in
hence unstable.
amilaruvi.in Thiswww.tamilaruvi.in
lead to evolution with certain
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Mitochondria www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Chloroplast www.tamil
amilaruvi.in modifications.
c) Bacteriophagewww.tamilaruvi.in
d) TMV www.tamil
Ans: d
www.tamil
81
amilaruvi.in
7. Prokaryotic genetic system contains:
15. The back bone of RNA is consists of which of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
the following www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
& histones sugar?
amilaruvi.inb) RNA www.tamilaruvi.in
& histones
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Deoxyribosewww.tamilaruvi.in
b) Ribose www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) Eitherwww.tamilaruvi.in
DNA or histones
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Sucrose www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Maltose www.tamil
Ans: b
16. DNA is acidic due to ____ www.tamil
d) DNA but no histones Ans: d
a) Sugar www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Phosphoric acidwww.tamil
8. Which of the following is not a pyrimidine N2
amilaruvi.inbase? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Purine www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Pyrimidine Ans:www.tamil
b
amilaruvi.ina) Thymine
www.tamilaruvi.in b) cytosine
17. DNA polymerase is needed for ____ www.tamil
a) Replication www.tamilaruvi.in
of DNA www.tamil
b) Synthesis of DNA
c) Guanine d) Uracil Ans: c
c) Elongation of DNA d) All of above www.tamil
9. Number of H – bonds between guanine and
amilaruvi.incytosinewww.tamilaruvi.in
are ____
d
amilaruvi.ina) One www.tamilaruvi.in 18. DNA Replication
www.tamilaruvi.in occurs at ____
b) Two
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Go & G-1 www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in b) G2 – stages www.tamil
c) Three d) Four Ans: c
c) S – Stage www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Mitotic Phase www.tamil
10. What is the nature of the 2 strands of a DNA
amilaruvi.induplex www.tamilaruvi.in
?
c
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 19. Method
www.tamilaruvi.in of DNA replication
www.tamilaruvi.in in which two
www.tamil
a) Identical & Complimentary strands of DNA separates and synthesize new
strands ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Ant parallel & Complimentary
a) Dispersive
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Conservative
www.tamil
c) Dissimilar & non complimentary
c) Semiconservative
www.tamil
d) Non conservative
amilaruvi.ind) Anti parallel & non
www.tamilaruvi.incomplimentary Ans: b
c
11.
amilaruvi.inChargaff’s rule is given
www.tamilaruvi.in as www.tamilaruvi.in
20. The direction www.tamilaruvi.in
of DNA replication is ____ www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Onlywww.tamilaruvi.in
about Puriness b) A+ G =T+Cwww.tamilaruvi.in a) From 5’ endwww.tamilaruvi.in
towards 3’ end www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) A+U=G+C
www.tamilaruvi.in d) A+T / G+C = Const.
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) From 3’ endwww.tamilaruvi.in
towards 5’ end www.tamil
c) Amino terminus to carboxy terminus
12. Similarity
amilaruvi.in in DNA and RNA is ____
d) Carboxy terminus to amino terminus
amilaruvi.ina) Bothwww.tamilaruvi.in
are polymer of nucleotides www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.inb) Bothwww.tamilaruvi.in
have similar pyrimidine www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
21. Semiconservation replication of DNA www.tamil
was
have similar sugar given by ____www.tamilaruvi.in
are genetic material a) Watson andwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: a Crick www.tamil
13. Bond between phosphate and sugar
b) Betason andwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
in a
Punnett www.tamil
amilaruvi.innucleotide is ____
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Messelson and
www.tamilaruvi.in Stahi
amilaruvi.ina) H-Bond
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Covelent blood d) Avery, McCarty
www.tamilaruvi.in and Mactleod
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Phosphodiester
www.tamilaruvi.in 22. Which of the following
www.tamilaruvi.in
bond d) Sulphide bond enzyme is used towww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in join
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in fragments ?
14. Nucleoside
amilaruvi.in is ____
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Terminase
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Endonuclease
amilaruvi.ina) Polymer
www.tamilaruvi.in
of nucleic acid c) Ligase
www.tamilaruvi.in d) DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in polymerase
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Phosphoric
www.tamilaruvi.in
acid + base www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c
www.tamil
23. The strand of DNA, which does not code for
amilaruvi.inc) Phosphoric
www.tamilaruvi.in
acid + sugar + base www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
anything is referred to as ____
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Sugarwww.tamilaruvi.in
+ nitrogen base www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: d www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Template strand
www.tamil
b) Antisense strand
c)Coding strand
d) Non coding strand
c
amilaruvi.in
24. t- RNA attach to larger sub unit of ribosome 33. One – gene – one enzyme hypothesis was
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inwith thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
help of which loop ? proposed by ____
amilaruvi.ina) DHUwww.tamilaruvi.in
– loop b) T C loop www.tamilaruvi.ina) Beadle and www.tamilaruvi.in
Tatum b) Jacob and Monod www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) Anticodon
www.tamilaruvi.in
loop d) Minor loop www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: b c) Lederberg www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Watson and Crick www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
25. Methodwww.tamilaruvi.in
by which information reaches www.tamilaruvi.in
from www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inDNA to RNA is ____
34. A gene containing www.tamil
multiple exons and at least
amilaruvi.ina) Transcription
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Translation one
www.tamilaruvi.in intron is termed as ____
amilaruvi.inc) Transformation
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Transduction a) Split gene www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Operator gene www.tamil
Ans: a c) Synthetic gene d) Epistatic gene www.tamil
26. DNA acts as a template for synthesis of ____
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) RNA www.tamilaruvi.in b) DNA 35. What does “lac”
www.tamilaruvi.in refer to, in what we callwww.tamil
c) Both a and b d) Protein Ans: c lac operon?
27. Geneticwww.tamilaruvi.in
code was deciphered by chemically a) Lactose b) Lactase
synthesizing the trinucleotides by ____ c) Lac insect d) The number 1,00,000
a
a) Watson & Crick b) Beadle & Tatum
amilaruvi.inc) Briggs & King
www.tamilaruvi.in d) M.W.Nirenberg 36. Functioning of structural genes is controlled
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: d by ____
amilaruvi.in
28. Codonswww.tamilaruvi.in
constitute genetic code because www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Operator
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Promoter
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Therewww.tamilaruvi.in
was 64 types of amino acid
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Ligase
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Regulator gene
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) 64 types
www.tamilaruvi.in
of t-RNA
d
amilaruvi.inc) Genetic
www.tamilaruvi.in
code is triplet
37. Regulation of lac operon by repressor is
www.tamil
referred to aswww.tamilaruvi.in
____ www.tamil
d) There are 64 enzymes Ans: c
29. Termination of chain growth in protein
a) Positive regulation www.tamil
b) Nagative regulation
amilaruvi.insynthesis
www.tamilaruvi.in
is brought about by______.www.tamilaruvi.in c) Both (1) and www.tamilaruvi.in
(2) d) None www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) UUG,www.tamilaruvi.in
UGC, UCA b) UCG, GCG, ACCwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) UAA,www.tamilaruvi.in
UAG, UGA d) UUG, UAG, www.tamilaruvi.in
UCG 38. The change of www.tamilaruvi.in
chromosomal parts between www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c non homologous
www.tamilaruvi.in pairs of chromosome is ____
30.
amilaruvi.inGenetic code determines
www.tamilaruvi.in the a) Crossing over
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Translocation www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ina) Structural pattern of an organism
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Inversion www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Transition www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Sequence of amino acid in protein chain
a
amilaruvi.inc) Variation in offsprings
39. Who supported Griffith effect by molecular
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Constancy
www.tamilaruvi.in
of morphological trait Ans: b
www.tamilaruvi.in
explanation ?www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
31. A sequence of how many nucleotides www.tamilaruvi.in
in a) Hershay andwww.tamilaruvi.in
chase www.tamil
amilaruvi.inmessager RNA makes
www.tamilaruvi.in a codon for an amino
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Watson, crickwww.tamilaruvi.in
Ninenberg www.tamil
amilaruvi.inacid? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
(c) Avery, Mc Carty and Macleod
amilaruvi.ina) Threewww.tamilaruvi.in b) Four www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Griffith and www.tamilaruvi.in
Avery www.tamil
Ans: c
amilaruvi.inc) One www.tamilaruvi.in d) Two Ans: a
40. Synthesis of nucleic acids always takes place
32. Translation
amilaruvi.in is the process in which ____
amilaruvi.ina) DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
is formed on DNA template www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) 3’ – 5’direction b) 5’ – 3’ directionwww.tamil
is formed on DNA Template www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Both ways www.tamilaruvi.in
d) in any directionwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
is formed on RNA template www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Protein
www.tamilaruvi.in
is formed from RNA www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
83
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
41. What is called Griffith effect ?
c) Hexokinase and aldolase
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
transcription d) Ligase and endo nuclease Ans: b
translation
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
50. Okazaki fragments are Synthesized on
amilaruvi.inc) Bacterial
www.tamilaruvi.in
transformation
www.tamilaruvi.in Leading strands of DNA only
d) Bacterial transduction Ans: c b) Lagging Strands of DNA only
42. Genetic information is carried by the long c) Leading and LaggingStrands
amilaruvi.inchain molecules
which are made up of ____
amilaruvi.ina) Aminowww.tamilaruvi.in d)
www.tamilaruvi.in Complementary DNA Strand
www.tamil
acids b) Nucleotides
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 51. Which of the
www.tamilaruvi.in following is used in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in DNA
c) Chromosomes d) Enzymes Ans: b multiplication?
43. By which bonds the purine & pyrimidine a) RNA polymerase b) DNA endonuclease
amilaruvi.inpairs ofwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Complementary Strands of DNA held
amilaruvi.intogether?
www.tamilaruvi.in
?
c) DNA exonuclease
www.tamilaruvi.in d) DNA Polymerase
Ans: d
amilaruvi.ina) H - bonds
www.tamilaruvi.in b) O - bonds www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) C - bonds
www.tamilaruvi.in 52. t - RNA attaches aminoacid at it’s
d) N – bonds www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a a)
www.tamilaruvi.in 3’ end b)
www.tamilaruvi.in 5’ end www.tamil
44.
amilaruvi.inThe code AUG stands
www.tamilaruvi.infor ____ c)
www.tamilaruvi.in Anticodon d)
www.tamilaruvi.in Loop Ans: a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Glycine
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Methionine www.tamilaruvi.in
53. DNA acts as awww.tamilaruvi.in
template for synthesis of ____ www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) N-formyl methionine
www.tamilaruvi.in d) A lanine www.tamilaruvi.in
a) RNA www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Lipid www.tamil
Ans: b
c) Both ‘a’ andwww.tamilaruvi.in
‘b’ d) Protein www.tamil
Ans: a
45.
amilaruvi.inA Sequence of three
www.tamilaruvi.inConsecutiue bases in a
t- RNA molecule which Specifically binds to a 54. Antiparallel strand in DNA is due to
amilaruvi.incomplementary
www.tamilaruvi.in
Codon Sequence in mwww.tamilaruvi.in
- RNA www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Disulphide linkage b) Hydorgen bondwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inis known as ____
c) Phosphodiester bond d) Ionic bond
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Triplet Codon
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Non - Sensewww.tamilaruvi.in
Codon www.tamilaruvi.in Ans:www.tamil -c
amilaruvi.inc) Anti www.tamilaruvi.in
Codon d) Terminationwww.tamilaruvi.in
Codon 55. Multiplicationwww.tamilaruvi.in
of DNA is called as ____ www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
46. A Codon is made up of a) Translation www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Replication www.tamil
c) Transduction
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Transcription
www.tamil
a) Single nucleotide b) two nucleotides
b
c) three nucleotides d) Four nucleotides
Ans: c 56. Which is the smallest RNA ?
www.tamil
47. DNA replication requires
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) r RNA
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) m RNA
www.tamil
polymerase only
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) t - RNA
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) nuclear RNA
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
polymerase and ligase
c
amilaruvi.inc) Ligase
www.tamilaruvi.in
only
57. Genetic information are transfered from
www.tamil
nucleus to cytoplasm of cell through www.tamil
d) RNA polymerase Ans: b
a) DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
b) RNA www.tamil
48. The enzyme involved in transcription is ____
c) Lysosomes www.tamilaruvi.ind) Anticodon Ans: www.tamil
b
amilaruvi.ina) RNA polymerase
www.tamilaruvi.in b) DNA polymerase I
58. The information from RNA to DNA are
amilaruvi.inc) DNA polymerase II
www.tamilaruvi.in d) DNA polymerase
www.tamilaruvi.in
transfered bywww.tamilaruvi.in
which process? www.tamil
Ans: a
49. Enzymes needed for formation of repliction
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Replication www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Transcription www.tamil
amilaruvi.infork is ____
c) Translation www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) Reverse transcription
amilaruvi.ina) RNA www.tamilaruvi.in
polymerase and DNA polymerasewww.tamilaruvi.in
I www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: d
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Helicase
www.tamilaruvi.in
and gyrase www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
59. In a transcription unit promotor is said to be 65. Which is not the step of translation ?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inlocatedwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
towards a) Initiation b) Replication
amilaruvi.ina) 3’ end
www.tamilaruvi.in
of structural gene www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Elongation
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Termination
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) 5’ end
www.tamilaruvi.in
of structural gene www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
b
amilaruvi.inc) 5’ end
www.tamilaruvi.in
of template strand www.tamilaruvi.in
66. The enzyme www.tamilaruvi.in
amino acyl t-RNA-synthetase www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) 3’ end
www.tamilaruvi.in
of template strand Ans: d facilitates
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Joining twowww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in neighbouring amino acidswww.tamilon
60. Non - sense codons take part in
amilaruvi.ina) formation
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inribosomes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of unspecified aminoacids
www.tamilaruvi.inAdoption of amino acids by
www.tamilaruvi.in a t-RNA molecule
www.tamil
b) Terminating gene controlled protein synthesis c) Insertion of amino acyl t-RNA into the ribosome
c) Releasing t-RNA from polynucleotide chain sites
d) Conversion of sense DNA in to non-sense one d) Transfer of amino acyl t-RNA from the
Ans: b ribosomal ‘A’www.tamilaruvi.in
site to ‘P’ site www.tamil
Ans: b
61. Select the correct sequence of following in 67. State the anticodon of initiation codon of
amilaruvi.inDNA replication
protein synthesiswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Singlewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
stranded binding proteins - Helicase - a) UAC b)www.tamilaruvi.in
UUU c) CAU d) AUG www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Topoisomerase
www.tamilaruvi.in
- DNA polymerase www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Helicase
www.tamilaruvi.in
- single stranded binding www.tamilaruvi.in
proteins 68. What does a gene www.tamilaruvi.in
consist of ? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in -Topoisomerase -
www.tamilaruvi.inDNA polymerase www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Promoter www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Helicase - DNA polymerase
www.tamilaruvi.in - Topoisomerase -
b) Initiation site & termination site www.tamil
Single stranded binding proteins
c) coding sequence www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Helicase - Topoisomerase
www.tamilaruvi.in - DNA polymerase -
d) All the above d
Single stranded binding proteins Ans: b
69. Name the enzymes www.tamilaruvi.in
needed for lactose www.tamil
62. Which of the following enzymes can detect
amilaruvi.inand correct
www.tamilaruvi.in Catabolism inwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in E.coli ? www.tamil
the wrong inserted base during
amilaruvi.inDNA replication?
www.tamilaruvi.in a) β - galactosidase,
www.tamilaruvi.in permease transacetylase
polymerase-I b) β - galactosidasee
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Transacetalase Lactase, transacetylasewww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) Primase
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Ligase (c) β - galactosidase,
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: a lactase, permease
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in d) Lactase, permease,
www.tamilaruvi.in transacetylase
www.tamil
63. Which one is a ribozyme ?
amilaruvi.ina) Helicase
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Catalytic RNA
www.tamilaruvi.in
70. What does operon www.tamilaruvi.in
contain ? www.tamil
a) Regulator genewww.tamilaruvi.in
+ promotor gene www.tamil
c) ligase d) Both (b) & (c)
Ans: b b) Operator gene www.tamilaruvi.in
+ structural gene www.tamil
64. Which of the following pairs is not correctly
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Regulator genewww.tamilaruvi.in
+ promotor gene structural www.tamil
amilaruvi.inmatched www.tamilaruvi.in
? www.tamilaruvi.ingene www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Recombinant
www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA - DNA forming by union of Regulator gene + promotor
www.tamilaruvi.in gene + operator
www.tamil
gene + structural gene Ans: d
amilaruvi.in segments of DNA from different Sources
amilaruvi.inb) Purines 71. Select
- Nitrogenous bases Cytosine , www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in thymine correct match with
www.tamilaruvi.in respect to lac-
www.tamil
operon model
amilaruvi.in and Uracil
c) ATP - The principal energy carrying compound a) Active represser + inducer =Inactive repressor
inthe cell b) Active repressor + corepressor =Inactive
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inrepressor www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
k) r-RNA - RNA molecules found in ribosomes
Ans: b
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Inactive repressor www.tamil
+ inducer =Active repressor
d) Inactive repressor + corepressor = Active www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inrepressor www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
a
www.tamil
85
amilaruvi.in
72. Which is not correct regarding the activity of 79. In Which of the following DNA not directly
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inhelicasewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
involved ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
during DNA replication ?
amilaruvi.ina) Cutswww.tamilaruvi.in
hydrogen bonds a) Replication www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Transcription www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) Requires
www.tamilaruvi.in
ATP c) Translation www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Transformation www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) separates
www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA strands www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Stabilizes
www.tamilaruvi.in 80. Transcription www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in begins when one of www.tamil the
single strands Ans: c following enzymes binds to promotor site.
73. Which of the following enzyme is not produced
a) DNA polymerase b) RNA polymerase
amilaruvi.inby E. coli
www.tamilaruvi.in
during lactose catabolism ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) helicase d) Gyrase Ans: b
amilaruvi.ina) β - galactosidase
81. In the genetic code dictionary how many
amilaruvi.inb) Thio www.tamilaruvi.in
glactoside translacetylase www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
codons are used to code for all the 20 essential
amilaruvi.inc) Lactose
www.tamilaruvi.in
dehydrogenase www.tamilaruvi.in
amino-acids? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Lactose
www.tamilaruvi.in
permease a) 20
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: c b) 64 c) 61
www.tamilaruvi.in d) 60 www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b
www.tamil
74. DNA replication in eukaryotes is ____
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 82. Which one ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the following triplet codes, is
www.tamil
a) Unidirectional with many origin correctly matched with its specificity for an
aminoacid in protein www.tamil
synthesis or as ‘start’ or
b) Bidirectional with many origin
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in ‘stop’ codon ?www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) Unidirectional with single origin
www.tamilaruvi.in a) UCG - start www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in b) UUU – stop www.tamil
d) Bidirectional with single origin Ans: b c) UGU - Leucine d) UAC – Tyrosine
75. Aminoacids lysine, serine and arginine are Ans: d
coded by how many codons ? 83. The following ratio is generally constant for a
a) 6, 4, and 3 respectively given species
b) 4, 2 and 2 respectively a) A + G / C + T b) T + C / G + A
c) G + C / A + T
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) A + C / T + G
www.tamil
c) 6 codons
c
d) 4 codons Ans: c
84. During transcription if the nucleotide www.tamil
76. Which of
amilaruvi.in the following amino acid is coded
www.tamilaruvi.in by sequence of www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the DNA strand that is being www.tamil
3 codons ? coded is ATACG then the nucleotide sequence
in the m RNA would be
www.tamil
a) Serine b) Proline
a) T A T G C
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) T C T G G
www.tamil
c) Tryptophan d) Isoleucine Ans: d
c) U A U G C
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) U A T G C Ans: c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of the following enzymes helpwww.tamilaruvi.in
in the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
process of formation of phosphor di-ester 85. Which one of the following makes use of RNA
amilaruvi.inbond during
www.tamilaruvi.in
reverse transcription ?
template to synthesize DNA www.tamil
- dependant RNA polymerase
a) DNA polymerase b) RNA polymerase www.tamil
dependant DNA polymerase
c) Reverse transcriptase d) DNA dependantwww.tamil

amilaruvi.inc) RNA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in RNA
www.tamilaruvi.in polymerase www.tamil
- dependant RNA polymerase Ans: c
d) RNA - dependant DNA polymerase Ans: d 86. Protein synthesis is an animal cell occurs
78. DNA replication in lagging strand of most of a) only on the ribosomes present in cytosol
amilaruvi.inthe eukaryotic
www.tamilaruvi.in
organisms is ____
b) only on ribosomes attached to the nuclear
amilaruvi.ina) conservative
www.tamilaruvi.in
and continuous
envelope and endoplasmic reticulum
www.tamil
c) On ribosomes present in the nucleolus as well
b) semi conservative but discontinuous
as in cytoplasm www.tamil
c) conservative and semi - discontinuous
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in d) on ribosomes
www.tamilaruvi.in present in cytoplasm as well
www.tamil
d) semi conservative but continuous Ans: b in mitochondria Ans: d
amilaruvi.in
87. Aminoacid Sequence in protein synthesis is 94. Intiation codon of protein synthesis (in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.indecidedwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
eukaryotes) iswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
by the sequence of ____
amilaruvi.ina) r RNAwww.tamilaruvi.in b) t RNA www.tamilaruvi.in
a) GUA www.tamilaruvi.in
b) GCA www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) m RNAwww.tamilaruvi.in d) c DNA Ans: c
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) CCA www.tamilaruvi.in
d) AUG www.tamil
Ans: d
88. Polysome is formed by ____ www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
95. Semiconservative DNA replication using 15 N www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) a ribosome
www.tamilaruvi.in
with several subunits www.tamilaruvi.in
was demonstrated www.tamilaruvi.in
by www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) ribosomes
www.tamilaruvi.in
attached to each other in www.tamilaruvi.in
a linear a) Meselson www.tamilaruvi.in b) Taylor www.tamil
amilaruvi.in arrangement
c) Meselson and www.tamilaruvi.in
stahl d) Hershey and chasewww.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) several ribosomes
www.tamilaruvi.inattached to a single m RNA
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) many ribosomes
www.tamilaruvi.in attached to a strand of
96. Termination of polypeptide chain is brought
endoplasmic reticulum
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in about by
Ans: c
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) UUG , UAG www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in and UCG b) UAA , UAG and www.tamil
UGA
89. Semiconservative replication of DNA was first
amilaruvi.indemonstrated
www.tamilaruvi.in
in c) UUG , UGC www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in and UCA d) UCG , GCG andwww.tamil ACC
Ans: b
amilaruvi.ina) Escheirchia
www.tamilaruvi.in
coli www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) streptococus
www.tamilaruvi.in
pneumoniae 97. Correct
www.tamilaruvi.in sequence of code
www.tamilaruvi.in transfer during
www.tamil
polypeptide formation is ____
amilaruvi.inc) Salmonella
www.tamilaruvi.in
typhimurium www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) DNA , mRNA , t RNA and amino acids
amilaruvi.ind) Drosophila melanogaster
b) DNA , t RNA , r RNA and m RNA
amilaruvi.in
90. Whose www.tamilaruvi.in
experiments cracked the DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.indiscovered unequivocally
www.tamilaruvi.in that a genetic code c)
www.tamilaruvi.inm RNA , t RNA , DNA and
www.tamilaruvi.in amino acids www.tamil
is a “triplet” d) r RNA , DNA ,m RNA and t RNA Ans: a
amilaruvi.ina) Hershey and chase
www.tamilaruvi.in 98. Best method to
www.tamilaruvi.in determine paternity is ____
amilaruvi.inb) Morgan and sturtevant
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Protein analysis
www.tamilaruvi.in b) chromosome counting
amilaruvi.inc) Beadle and Tatum
www.tamilaruvi.in c) gene counting
www.tamilaruvi.in d) DNA finger printingwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ind) Nirenberg and Mathai
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: d
www.tamil
91. The lacwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in opern consists of ____ 99. Nucleotide arrangement
www.tamilaruvi.in in DNA can be seen
by
amilaruvi.ina) four www.tamilaruvi.in
regulatory genes only www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) One www.tamilaruvi.in a)
www.tamilaruvi.inX - ray crystallography b)
www.tamilaruvi.inElectron microscope
www.tamil
regulatory gene and three structural
amilaruvi.in geneswww.tamilaruvi.in c)
www.tamilaruvi.inUltra centrifuge d)
www.tamilaruvi.inLight microscope
www.tamil
Ans: a
amilaruvi.inc) Two www.tamilaruvi.in
regulatory genes and three structural
genes 100.Pneumococcus experiment proved that
d) three regulatory genes and three structural a) Bacteria do www.tamilaruvi.in
not reproduce asexuallly
genes
www.tamilaruvi.inBacteria undergo binary fission
Ans: b
www.tamilaruvi.inDNA is genetic material
92. Ribosomal RNA is actively synthesized by __
amilaruvi.ina) Lysosomes
www.tamilaruvi.inRNA may sometimes control
www.tamilaruvi.in a production of
www.tamil
b) nucleolus DNA and protein
c
c) nucleoplasm d) ribosomes
101.A DNA nucletotide chain has A G C T T C G A
93. If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous
sequence The nucleotide sequence of other
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inbase sequence
www.tamilaruvi.in
as ATCTG, What wouldwww.tamilaruvi.in
be the chain would be www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.incomplementary
www.tamilaruvi.in RNA strand Sequence
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) T C G A A Gwww.tamilaruvi.in
CT b) G C T A A G C Twww.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) TTAGUwww.tamilaruvi.in b) UAGAC www.tamilaruvi.in
c) T A G C A Twww.tamilaruvi.in
AT d) G A T C C T A Gwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) AACTGwww.tamilaruvi.in d) ATCGU Ans: b
www.tamil
www.tamil
87
amilaruvi.in
102.A functional unit in synthesis of protein is
www.tamilaruvi.in
110.Which step does not involve in DNA finger
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Lysosome
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
b) Peroxisome printing?
amilaruvi.inc) Polysome
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Dictyosome
a) Southern blotting www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Gel electrophoresis www.tamil
103.VNTR is employed for
c) Restriction enzyme digestion www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Protoplasmic
www.tamilaruvi.in
culture
d) Northern blotting www.tamil
d
finger printing
111.Southern blotting is used for the identification
c) Regulation of plant growth hormones
b) RNA www.tamil
d) Enhancing photosynthesis in desert plant
Ans: b c) Protein www.tamilaruvi.in
d) All the above www.tamil
104.Okazaki fragments are joined by enzyme
www.tamil
112.The approximate www.tamilaruvi.in
number of genes containedwww.tamil
a) DNA helix b) DNA ligase
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in in the genomewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of Kalpana Chawla was www.tamil
c) DNA polymerase II d) RNA polymerase II
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) 40,000
www.tamilaruvi.in b) 30,000
Ans: b
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) 80,000
www.tamilaruvi.in d) 1,00,000
www.tamil
105.Heat killed pathogenic cells and live non
amilaruvi.inpathogenic
cells are mixed and injected into 113.Which of the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
following is not associated with
amilaruvi.inMice the result would be
www.tamilaruvi.in HGP
www.tamilaruvi.in ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Micewww.tamilaruvi.in
develop disease and die a) Bioinformatics
amilaruvi.inb) Micewww.tamilaruvi.in b) Cloning vectors
die without developing disease www.tamilaruvi.in BAC & YAC
amilaruvi.inc) Micewww.tamilaruvi.in
remain healthy c) Automated www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in DNA sequencers www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) 50%www.tamilaruvi.in
mice develop discease and die www.tamilaruvi.in
d) VNTR www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: d
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
114.Which step www.tamilaruvi.in
is not correct in DNA finger www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
106.Geneticwww.tamilaruvi.in
mutations occur in printing ?
amilaruvi.ina) DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in b) RNA a) Isolation of www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in DNA www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Protein
d) RNA & protein both b) Digestion ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
DNA by DNA ligase enzyme www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Separation ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
DNA by electrophoresis www.tamil
107.The locus of mutation is www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Hybridisationwww.tamilaruvi.in
using labelled VNTR probe www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Genewww.tamilaruvi.in b) Chromosome www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Centromere
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Nucleus www.tamilaruvi.in
115.Both deoxyribosewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and ribose belong to a class
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a of sugars called
www.tamilaruvi.in as ____
amilaruvi.in
108.Which www.tamilaruvi.in
of the following causes mutation a) trioses
www.tamilaruvi.in b) hexoses
amilaruvi.ina) Crossing-over
www.tamilaruvi.in c) pentoses
www.tamilaruvi.in d) polysaccharides
b) Nacl Ans: c
amilaruvi.inc) Colchicine
www.tamilaruvi.in d) UV rays
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 116.The
www.tamilaruvi.in net electric charge on DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in and histones
www.tamil
Ans: d
is ____
109.The minimum requirement for mutation is
a) both positive
amilaruvi.ina) Change
www.tamilaruvi.in
of triplet codon
b) both negative
amilaruvi.inb) Change
www.tamilaruvi.in
in single nucleotide
amilaruvi.inc) Change
www.tamilaruvi.in c) negative
www.tamilaruvi.in and positive, respectively
in whole DNA d) zero Ans: c
d) Change in single strand of DNA
amilaruvi.in
117.The promoter site and the terminator site for
These questions consists of two statements each,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.intranscription
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
are located at printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering
amilaruvi.ina) 3’ (downstream)
www.tamilaruvi.in
end and 5’ (upstream) these
www.tamilaruvi.in
end, questions you are required
www.tamilaruvi.in to choose any
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
one of the following four response.
amilaruvi.in respectively of the transcription unit www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) 5’ (upstream) end and 3’ (downstream)
www.tamilaruvi.in end, a)
www.tamilaruvi.in are True &
www.tamil
the Reason is a correct explanation of the
amilaruvi.in respectively of the transcription unit www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Assertion. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) the 5’ (upstream) end
b) If both Assertion & Reason are True but Reason
amilaruvi.ind) the 3’ (downstream)
www.tamilaruvi.in end www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is not a correct www.tamil
explanation of the Assertion.
Ans: b
c) If Assertionwww.tamilaruvi.in
is True but the Reason is False. www.tamil
118.One
amilaruvi.in of the following
www.tamilaruvi.in is true with respect to
AUG d) If both Assertion & Reason are false.
124.Assertion : Lac operon is an inducible system
www.tamil
a) It codes for methionine only
b) It is also an initiation codon Reason : Transcription occurs in the presence
of lactose www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) It codes for methionine in both prokaryotes
amilaruvi.in and eukaryotes
a) A
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) B c) C d) D
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) All ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
the above
a
Ans: d 125.Assertion : Operon www.tamilaruvi.in
concept was given by
www.tamil
119.The first genetic material could be
Hershey and chase www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) protein
b) carbohydrates
www.tamilaruvi.in
Reason : Separation of DNA fragmentswww.tamil
are
amilaruvi.inc) DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in done by centrifugation
www.tamilaruvi.in technique
d) RNA
Ans: d a) A www.tamilaruvi.in
120.Discontinuous synthesis of DNA occurs in one
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: d
www.tamil
amilaruvi.instrand,www.tamilaruvi.in
because www.tamilaruvi.in
126.Assertion : DNA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
is cut into Sections by using
amilaruvi.ina) DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in restriction
www.tamilaruvi.in endonucleases
molecule being synthesised is very long
dependent DNA polymearse catalyses Reason : Ligase
www.tamilaruvi.in is used to join DNA nucleotides
amilaruvi.in polymerisation only in one direction (5’
www.tamilaruvi.in → 3’)
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) A www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) It is www.tamilaruvi.in
a more efficient process www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
ligase has to have a role Ans: b 127. Assertion : Helicase
is called unwindase www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
121.Controlwww.tamilaruvi.in
of gene expression takes place www.tamilaruvi.in
at the Reason : DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
helix uncoils and splits www.tamil
into
amilaruvi.inlevel ofwww.tamilaruvi.in single strandswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in by breaking of hydrogen bonds www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) DNA-replication
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Transcription between complementary
www.tamilaruvi.in bases
amilaruvi.inc) Translation
www.tamilaruvi.in d) None of thewww.tamilaruvi.in
above a) A b) B c) C
www.tamil
122.In some
amilaruvi.in viruses, DNA is synthesised by
www.tamilaruvi.in using 128.Assertion : Formation
www.tamilaruvi.in of Lagging strand
www.tamil
slow
amilaruvi.inRNA aswww.tamilaruvi.in
template. Such a DNA is called as ____
a) A-DNA b) B-DNA Reason : Formation of lagging strand begins
bit later than that of leading strand
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) c DNA www.tamilaruvi.in d) r DNA Ans: c
a) A b) B c) C d) D
123.The amino
amilaruvi.in acid attaches to the tRNA at
www.tamilaruvi.in it’s
a
amilaruvi.ina) 5’ - end
www.tamilaruvi.in b) 3’ – end www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Anti www.tamilaruvi.in
codon site d) DHU loop www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
89
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
129.Assertion : Mutations effect protein structure 137.Assertion : In DNA fingerprinting, after
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inand functions
hybridization www.tamilaruvi.in probe, www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
with VNTR the
amilaruvi.inReason : Only one
www.tamilaruvi.inchanged codon may be autoradiogram
www.tamilaruvi.in gives many
www.tamilaruvi.in bands of different
www.tamil
missense when it changes insertion of one sizes
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inaminoacid
Reason : It differs www.tamil
from individual to individual
in a population www.tamilaruvi.in
except fraternal twins. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
130.Assertion
amilaruvi.in : Catching criminals could become
easier and quicker using DNA fingerprints
c
Reason : The process begins with blood or PART-B
amilaruvi.incell www.tamilaruvi.in
sample from which DNA is extracted
b) B c) C d) D
www.tamilaruvi.in
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
www.tamil
131.Assertion
amilaruvi.in :Mutation results in changes
www.tamilaruvi.in in the 1. How
www.tamilaruvi.in is the information in
www.tamilaruvi.in DNA used for an
www.tamil
organism ?
amilaruvi.ingenotype and the phenotype of an organism
 Based on the information on DNA synthesis
www.tamil
Reason : Mutation is a phenomenon, which
amilaruvi.inresults www.tamilaruvi.in
in alternation of DNA sequences: www.tamilaruvi.inof proteinswww.tamilaruvi.in
will take place. www.tamil
b) B c) C d) Dwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Proteins determine the shapes of cellwww.tamil
and
www.tamilaruvi.inrate of chemical reactions.
132.Assertion :Normally the genetic code is 2. Define genome
amilaruvi.indegenerate.
 Genome is the totality of gene
: One amino acid is coded by www.tamilaruvi.in
more www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
than one codon.  It is the hereditary nature of living organism
a) A b) B c) C d) D  It consists of a long sequence of nucleic
acids that carry information. www.tamil
Ans: a
 Genome carry www.tamilaruvi.in
hereditary information www.tamil
of
133.Assertion: There occur 64 codons in dictionary
amilaruvi.inof genetic
www.tamilaruvi.in
code www.tamilaruvi.inan organism. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inReasonwww.tamilaruvi.in  Genome divided
www.tamilaruvi.in into nucleic acid molecules.
: Genetic code is quadraplete.
amilaruvi.ina) A www.tamilaruvi.in 3. Define
www.tamilaruvi.in gene www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) B c) C d) D
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c 
www.tamilaruvi.inA gene is a basic physical
www.tamilaruvi.in and functional
www.tamil
unit of heredity.
amilaruvi.in
134.Assertionwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
:Replication and transcription www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Genes is defined as distinct particles that
amilaruvi.inoccur in the nucleus
www.tamilaruvi.inbut translation occurs in
the cytoplasm. follow Mendelian rules of inheritance,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inoccupy a definite locusin the chromosome
Reason : Transcription and translation are and are responsible for the expression of
amilaruvi.inunidirectional
specific phenotypic character. www.tamil
4. List out the Properties of Gene
www.tamil
I. Several genes are located on the same
135.Assertion
amilaruvi.in : Base pairing between www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in purine chromosome. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and pyrimidines allows uniforms distance
amilaruvi.inbetween www.tamilaruvi.in II. The genes are
www.tamilaruvi.in arranged in a single linear
two strands of the helix
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inorder like beads on a string.
Reason : Number of hydrogen bonds between III.Locus - Each gene occupies a specific
amilaruvi.inpairingwww.tamilaruvi.in
bases are constant. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
position called locus.
www.tamil
IV. Alleles - Genes may exist in several
www.tamil
alternate forms called alleles. www.tamil
136.Assertion :DNA is a chemically and structurally
amilaruvi.inmore stable.
V. Mutationswww.tamilaruvi.in
- genes may www.tamil
undergo
amilaruvi.inReasonwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inmutations (sudden change
www.tamilaruvi.in in positions
www.tamil
: DNA have no catalytic properties. and composition
b) B c) C d) D
VI. Genes are capable of self-duplication
www.tamil
producing their own copies. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
5. List out the contributions of scientist in 10. Classify nitrogen base.
amilaruvi.inresearch www.tamilaruvi.in
related to genetic materialwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
of an  The bases in the genetic materials are
amilaruvi.inorganism www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
nitrogen containing molecules
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in In1848,Wilhelm Hofmeister,
www.tamilaruvi.in observed that
 DNA and RNA both have four bases www.tamil(two
nuclei organize themselves into small,
amilaruvi.in rod www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inpurines andwww.tamilaruvi.in
two pyrimidines) www.tamil
like bodies during mitosis called
amilaruvi.in chromosomes.
www.tamilaruvi.in  Purines base
www.tamilaruvi.in are Adenine and Guanine
amilaruvi.in In 1869,
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in(G) have double carbon–nitrogen
www.tamilaruvi.in ring
www.tamil
Friedrich Miescher, isolated a
structures
amilaruvi.in substance from the cell nuclei and
www.tamilaruvi.in called
it as nuclein.  Pyrimidines base are Thymine(T),
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inCytosinec)
www.tamilaruvi.in
and Uracil (U) have
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Altman renamed
www.tamilaruvi.in nucleic acid as DNA.
single ring structure
amilaruvi.in By 1920 - it became clear that chromosomes
 Thymine iswww.tamilaruvi.in
unique for DNA, while Uracil www.tamil
is
are made up of proteins and DNA.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inunique forwww.tamilaruvi.in
RNA. www.tamil
experiment proved that DNA is the
amilaruvi.in Griffith's
www.tamilaruvi.in
genetic material.
11. Differentiate Nucleoside and nucleotide www.tamil
6. Why One gene-one enzyme hypothesis
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Nucleosidewww.tamilaruvi.in
=nitrogenous base + sugar www.tamil
amilaruvi.inmodified www.tamilaruvi.in
into one gene-one polypeptide www.tamilaruvi.in(at the 1-carbon of the sugar)
amilaruvi.inhypothesis
www.tamilaruvi.in  Nucleotidewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in = Nucleoside +phosphate www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Enzyme may be composed
www.tamilaruvi.in of more than
www.tamilaruvi.ingroup (attached to the
www.tamilaruvi.in5’ carbon of the same
www.tamil
one polypeptide chain and a gene can code sugar
amilaruvi.in for onlywww.tamilaruvi.in
one polypeptide chain.
amilaruvi.in Hence www.tamilaruvi.in 12. How
www.tamilaruvi.in will you calculate
www.tamilaruvi.in the size of DNA
www.tamil
One gene-one enzyme hypothesis molecule
amilaruvi.in modifiedwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
into one gene-one polypeptide www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The distance between base pairs of the
amilaruvi.in hypothesis.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inDNA is 0.34nmwww.tamilaruvi.in
(0.34×10-9m) www.tamil
7. State one
amilaruvi.in gene-one polypeptide hypothesis.
 Length ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
DNA double helix = Total www.tamil
amilaruvi.in One www.tamilaruvi.in
gene-one polypeptide hypothesis states
www.tamilaruvi.innumber ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
base pairs x distance between www.tamil
amilaruvi.in that one gene controls
www.tamilaruvi.in the production of
www.tamilaruvi.intwo consecutive base
www.tamilaruvi.in pairs www.tamil
only one polypeptide chain of an enzyme Eg. 6.6 × 10 -9
× 0.34 ×10 -9
m/bp), which is
amilaruvi.in moleculewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
approximately 2.2 m for mammalian nucleus
8. List out the functions of DNase, RNase,
 If the length of E. coli DNA is 1.36 mm, the
amilaruvi.inProtease www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.innumber of www.tamilaruvi.in
base pairs in E. coli is 4 ×10 www.tamil
6
m
amilaruvi.in DNase www.tamilaruvi.in
- an enzyme which destroys DNA www.tamilaruvi.in(1.36 × 10 )
www.tamilaruvi.in
3
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in RNase www.tamilaruvi.in
- an enzyme which destroys RNA www.tamilaruvi.in
13. Define genophorewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inProteases-an
www.tamilaruvi.in
enzyme which destroys www.tamilaruvi.in
protein) www.tamilaruvi.in
 DNA of prokaryotes is almost circular www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inlacks chromatin organization,
www.tamilaruvi.in hence it
www.tamil
9. Explain the chemical nature of nucleic acid
termed as genophore.
amilaruvi.inand how www.tamilaruvi.in
they are classified ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Nucleicwww.tamilaruvi.in 14. Define
www.tamilaruvi.in
acids are a long chain or polymer histone octamere
amilaruvi.in which is made
www.tamilaruvi.in up of sequence of 
www.tamilaruvi.in2 molecules of the four
www.tamilaruvi.in histone proteins
www.tamil
nucleotides. H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are organized to form
a unit of eight molecules called histone www.tamil
 Nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inoctamere.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a five carbon sugar(pentose) and a
amilaruvi.in phosphate
www.tamilaruvi.in
group. www.tamilaruvi.in
two types of chromatin ? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Therewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
are two types of nucleic acids (based on Chromatins arewww.tamilaruvi.in
two types they are www.tamil
amilaruvi.in type www.tamilaruvi.in
of pentose sugar www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
1. Loosely packed chromatin are referred www.tamil
as
amilaruvi.in1. DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
- contain Deoxyribose sugar. www.tamilaruvi.in euchromatin - transcriptionally active
amilaruvi.in2. RNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
-contain Ribose sugar. 2. Tightly packed
www.tamilaruvi.in chromatin are called
www.tamil
91
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in as www.tamilaruvi.in
heterochromatin transcriptionally
which has replaced the traditional sequencing
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in inactive.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inmethods. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in
the term exon and intron 23. Distinguish
www.tamilaruvi.in between
www.tamilaruvi.in heterochromatin www.tamil
and euchromatin. Which of the two is
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in In eukaryotes, the monocistronic structural
transcriptionally www.tamilaruvi.in
active? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in genes have interrupted
www.tamilaruvi.in coding sequences
known as exons (expressed sequences) and Heterochromatin Euchromatin
amilaruvi.in non-www.tamilaruvi.in
coding sequences called www.tamilaruvi.in
introns www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
i) They are darkly
amilaruvi.in (intervening sequences).
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in staining www.tamilaruvi.in i) Euchromatin www.tamil
and
is not readily
the term splicing, tailing . www.tamilaruvi.in are scattered or
www.tamilaruvi.in
17. Define stainable andwww.tamil
is
amilaruvi.in Splicing
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in accumulated near the
- The introns are removed by a dispersed.
nuclear envelope.
amilaruvi.in process called splicing.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in ii) These are www.tamil
ii) These are
amilaruvi.in Tailing-hnRNA
www.tamilaruvi.in undergoes additional
transcriptionally less
transcriptionallywww.tamil
processing called as capping and tailing. active.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in active orwww.tamilaruvi.in
inactive www.tamil
18. Define genetic code.
 Genetic code is the sequence relationship 24. What is the cause of discontinuous synthesis
www.tamilaruvi.in
ways through alternate www.tamilaruvi.in
splicing of DNA on one of the parental
www.tamilaruvi.in strands of
www.tamil
a mechanism known to play an DNA? What happens to these short stretches
amilaruvi.in patterns,
of synthesised DNA?
www.tamil
important
amilaruvi.in and functional role
www.tamilaruvi.inin generating both protein
diversity in animals.  DNA polymerase catalyses polymerization
19. What is Translation ?
www.tamilaruvi.inin only onewww.tamilaruvi.in
direction, i.e. 5’ – 3’. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Translation
www.tamilaruvi.in
refers to the process of
www.tamilaruvi.in is continuous onwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Due to this, replication one
amilaruvi.in polymerization
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.instrand (3’ – 5’), while it
www.tamilaruvi.in is discontinuouswww.tamil
of amino acids to form
on another strand (5’ – 3’).
amilaruvi.in poly peptide chain.
 The fragments which is discontinuous is
amilaruvi.in The decoding process
www.tamilaruvi.in is carried out by
www.tamilaruvi.inlater joined www.tamilaruvi.in
by DNA ligase. www.tamil
ribosomes that bind mRNA and charged
amilaruvi.in tRNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
molecules. www.tamilaruvi.in
25. Name a fewwww.tamilaruvi.in
enzymes involved in www.tamil DNA
amilaruvi.in The mRNA
www.tamilaruvi.in replication other
www.tamilaruvi.in than DNA polymerase www.tamil
is translated starting at the 5’ end.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in ligase.
www.tamilaruvi.in Name its functions.
20. Define operon .  Primase- It adds RNA primers to template
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.instrands.
 Extra cellular or intracellular metabolites
amilaruvi.in triggerinitiation
www.tamilaruvi.in or inhibition ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
 RNAse - Removes the RNA primer.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in expression.
 Exonuclease-
www.tamilaruvi.in
Initiate cleaving
www.tamil
of
clusters of gene with related functions
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.innucleotides www.tamilaruvi.in
one at a time. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in are called operons.
26. Name any three viruses which have RNA as
21. Why Human
amilaruvi.in Genome Projectcalled as
www.tamilaruvi.in mega the genetic material.
amilaruvi.inprojectwww.tamilaruvi.in
? 1. Ebola viruswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in 2. Tobacco Mosaic Virus www.tamil
 It was a mega project and took 13 years to 3. SARS 4. HIV Virus
amilaruvi.in complete.
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in 27. Why is DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in considered a better genetic www.tamil
human genome is about 25 times material?
amilaruvi.in largerwww.tamilaruvi.in
than the genome of any organism www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
sequenced to date and is the first vertebrate  DNA is chemically less reactive and
structurally more stable as its nucleotides
www.tamil
genome to be completed.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inare not exposedwww.tamilaruvi.in
except when they are www.tamil
to
 Human genome is said to have approximately express their effect.
amilaruvi.in 3×10 www.tamilaruvi.in
9
bp. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.inDNA is capable of undergoing
www.tamilaruvi.in slow
www.tamil
22. Define Shotgun sequencing mutations.
 It has power of repairing.
www.tamil
 The latest method of sequencing even longer
amilaruvi.in fragmentsis
www.tamilaruvi.in
by a method called Shotgun www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Hence DNA is a better material for the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in sequencing using
www.tamilaruvi.in supercomputers,
www.tamilaruvi.instorage ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
genetic information. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
28. State the dual role of deoxyribonucleoside 33. What is aminoacylation?.
amilaruvi.intriphosphates
www.tamilaruvi.in
during DNA replication.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
 Aminoacylation or charging of the tRNA is
amilaruvi.in Deoxyribonucleoside
www.tamilaruvi.in triphosphates www.tamilaruvi.in
(or the processwww.tamilaruvi.in
during which the amino-acyl- www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in phosphorylated nucleotides)
www.tamilaruvi.in i.e., deATP,
www.tamilaruvi.in adenylateenzyme complex reacts with
deCTP, deGTP and deTTP serve dual tRNAspecific for the amino acid to form
amilaruvi.in purpose www.tamilaruvi.in
during DNA replication.
aminoacyl-tRNA complex.
www.tamil
 They act as substrates for the replication 34. How is the translation of mRNA terminated?
amilaruvi.in process www.tamilaruvi.in
as well as provide energy www.tamilaruvi.in
for the Explain. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in polymerisation of nucleotides. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in  Polypeptidewww.tamilaruvi.in
chain synthesis is terminated when www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
29. Compare www.tamilaruvi.in
the roles of the enzymes www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA a nonsense codon of mRNA reacheswww.tamil
amilaruvi.inpolymerase and DNA ligase in the replication.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in A-site of ribosome during
www.tamilaruvi.in protein synthesis.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.in There are three nonsense
www.tamilaruvi.in codons-UAA, UAG
www.tamil
polymerase DNA ligase and UGA.
The discontinuously www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
DNA polymerase  These codons do not specify any amino
amilaruvi.in catalyse www.tamilaruvi.in
the
www.tamilaruvi.in
synthesised fragments acid. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inelongationwww.tamilaruvi.in are joined by the
of a new  So, translation is stopped.
enzyme DNA ligase
30. State the difference between the structural 35. Differentiate between the following: Inducer
amilaruvi.ingenes in www.tamilaruvi.in
a transcription unit of prokaryotes
www.tamilaruvi.in
and repressorwww.tamilaruvi.in
in lac operon. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inand eukaryotes.
 Inducer iswww.tamilaruvi.in
a chemical, which come www.tamil and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in contact with the repressor,
www.tamilaruvi.in and change it into
www.tamil
S. Structural gene Structural gene non-DNA binding state so as to free the
amilaruvi.in No www.tamilaruvi.in
in prokaryotes www.tamilaruvi.in
in eukaryotes operator gene.
Consists of Consists ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
both www.tamilaruvi.in
 Repressor is a regulator protein meant
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 1. functional coding
www.tamilaruvi.in exons and introns.
www.tamilaruvi.in for blockingwww.tamilaruvi.in
the operator gene so thatwww.tamil the
sequences.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in genes are unable to form
structural www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Information is split
Information is mRNAs.
continuous as only
www.tamilaruvi.in
due to presence of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in introns in between 36. How
www.tamilaruvi.in does DNA polymorphism
www.tamilaruvi.in arise in a
www.tamil
exons are present.
exons. population?
Splicing occur to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Splicing does  DNA polymorphism in a population arise due
not take place.
www.tamilaruvi.in
make functional to mutations. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in mRNA. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
37. Write the full form of VNTR. How is VNTR
31. State www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in the functions of the following in
www.tamilaruvi.in
different fromwww.tamilaruvi.in
‘Probe’? www.tamil
aprokaryote: a) tRNA b) rRNA
 VNTR stands www.tamilaruvi.in
for Variable Numberwww.tamil of
amilaruvi.ina) tRNA helps in transferring
www.tamilaruvi.in amino acids to
www.tamilaruvi.in Tandem Repeats.
ribosome for synthesis of polypeptide chain.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in short nucleotide repeats
 VNTRs are www.tamilaruvi.in in
www.tamil
b) tRNA acts as an adapter molecule. DNA that are specific to each individual and
vary in number from person to person.
www.tamil
c) rRNAplays structural and catalytic role
amilaruvi.in during www.tamilaruvi.in
translation. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 DNA probes, are radioactive, have repeated
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in base sequence www.tamilaruvi.in
complementary to VNTRs www.tamil
.
32. Differentiate between exons and introns.
38. Explain the significance of satellite DNA in
www.tamil
Introns Exons
amilaruvi.in i) Regions
www.tamilaruvi.in
of a gene
DNA fingerprinting technique www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Regions of a gene
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Satellite DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
are very specific in www.tamil
each
which do not
which become part individual, vary in number from person to
amilaruvi.in form part of
www.tamilaruvi.in of mRNAwww.tamilaruvi.in person and
www.tamilaruvi.in
are inherited.
www.tamil
mRNA.
ii) Removed during  These sequences show high degree of
amilaruvi.in thewww.tamilaruvi.in Code for the
processing of polymorphism.
different proteins.
amilaruvi.in mRNA
www.tamil
93
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
individual inherits the satellite DNA
4. These two strands are complementary to
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in from, www.tamilaruvi.in
his/her parents which are www.tamilaruvi.in each otherwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
used as
amilaruvi.in genetic markers
www.tamilaruvi.inin DNA fingerprinting.
If the sequence on one strand is knownwww.tamil
we
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
39.
amilaruvi.inGenetic code is specific
www.tamilaruvi.in and nearly universal.
www.tamilaruvi.incan predict www.tamilaruvi.in
sequence of other strand. www.tamil
Justify.
2. List out the enzymes www.tamil
used in DNA replication
 Genetic code is specific as one codon
amilaruvi.in codes www.tamilaruvi.in
for only one amino acid and www.tamilaruvi.in
it is www.tamilaruvi.in
 In prokaryotes, www.tamil
replication process requires
amilaruvi.in nearly www.tamilaruvi.in
universal as the same codonwww.tamilaruvi.in
would DNA polymerase I, II, and III.
amilaruvi.in codewww.tamilaruvi.in
for same amino acid from bacteria to  DNA polymerase
www.tamilaruvi.in III is the main enzyme
www.tamil
human. DNA replication.
amilaruvi.in Hence it is universal
www.tamilaruvi.in and specific 
www.tamilaruvi.inDNA polymerase I & II are
www.tamilaruvi.in involved in DNA
www.tamil
40. What are the Contributions of Watson and repair mechanism.
Crick?  Eukaryotes have five types of DNA
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inpolymerases
 A simple model of DNA was available because
amilaruvi.in of them.
 Errors replication are corrected by nucleases
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
replication could be easily understood. enzymes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
model brought revolution in
 Deoxy nucleotide www.tamil
triphosphate provides
amilaruvi.in understanding
of biology at a molecular energy for polymerization
www.tamilaruvi.in reaction. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in level.www.tamilaruvi.in  DNA helicase,
www.tamilaruvi.in Unwind the DNA strand
amilaruvi.in
Central dogma ? Who proposed www.tamilaruvi.in
it? www.tamilaruvi.in
 Gap in the strands www.tamil
are joined by DNA ligase
amilaruvi.in Central
www.tamilaruvi.in
dogma was proposed by Crick. www.tamilaruvi.in
 At the point www.tamilaruvi.in
of origin of repliction, www.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in It refers
www.tamilaruvi.in helicases and topoisomerases (DNA
to the flow of information fromwww.tamilaruvi.in
DNA to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
gyrase) unwind and pull apart the
amilaruvi.in mRNA (transcription) and then decoding
strands, forming a Y-Shaped structure called
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the information
www.tamilaruvi.in present in mRNA in the
the replication fork.
formation of polypeptide chain or protein
amilaruvi.in (translation).
3. Explain Wobble www.tamilaruvi.in
Hypothesis www.tamil
 It is a hypothesis proposed by Crick (1966) www.tamil
42. How do histones acquire positive charge?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inwhich states that tRNA anticodon haswww.tamil
 Histones are rich in basic amino acids ability to wobble at its 5’ end by pairing
amilaruvi.in lysine www.tamilaruvi.in
and arginine, hence they www.tamilaruvi.in
with even non-complementary base of mRNA
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in positively
www.tamilaruvi.in
charged. www.tamilaruvi.incodon. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 According www.tamilaruvi.in
to this hypothesis, in codonwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART-C
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inanticodon www.tamilaruvi.in
pairing the third base maywww.tamil
not
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inbe complementary.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)  The third base of the codon is called wobble
base and this position is called wobble
amilaruvi.in
1. State Basewww.tamilaruvi.in
pair Rules www.tamilaruvi.inposition.
amilaruvi.in It waswww.tamilaruvi.in
proposed by Erwin Chargaffwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 The actual base pairing occurs at first two
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. Adenine
www.tamilaruvi.in
pairs with Thymine (A=T) www.tamilaruvi.in
with www.tamilaruvi.in
positions only. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in two hydrogen bonds
www.tamilaruvi.in and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G ≡www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in C) with www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in three hydrogen bonds.
amilaruvi.in2. The ratios between
www.tamilaruvi.in Adenine with Thymine
and Guanine with Cytosine are constant and
amilaruvi.in equal. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
base pairing confers a unique
amilaruvi.in property
www.tamilaruvi.in
to the polynucleotide chain.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in The importance
of Wobbling hypothesis is that
www.tamilaruvi.in
to use this information for profit or for
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in it reduces
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
the number of tRNAs required political power.
amilaruvi.in for polypeptide
www.tamilaruvi.insynthesis and it overcomes
 Insurance companies may refuse to insurewww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
the effect of code degeneracy.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in people at ‘genetic
www.tamilaruvi.in risk’ and this would www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in save
amilaruvi.in In the above example
www.tamilaruvi.in though the codon and the
www.tamilaruvi.in companies the expense
www.tamilaruvi.in of uture medical
www.tamil
the anti codon do not match perfectly, bills incurred by ‘less than perfect’ people.
amilaruvi.in yet www.tamilaruvi.in
the required amino acid is brought www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Another fear is that attempts are being
amilaruvi.in perfectly.
made to “breed out” certain genes of
www.tamil
enables the economy of tRNA, GUU, www.tamilaruvi.in
GUC, people fromwww.tamilaruvi.in
the human population in order www.tamil
to
amilaruvi.in GUAwww.tamilaruvi.in
and GUG code for the aminoacid- create a ‘perfectrace’.
Valine.
4. Write short notes on Structure of the operon:
7. List out the Application www.tamil
of DNA finger printing
amilaruvi.in Operonwww.tamilaruvi.in
is a unit of gene expression and
 Forensic analysis - It can be used inwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in regulation
www.tamilaruvi.in identification
www.tamilaruvi.in of a person involved
www.tamilaruvi.in in
www.tamil
and consists of one or more
criminal activities, for settling paternity
amilaruvi.in structural genes and an adjacent operator
or maternity disputes, and in determining
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in gene.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
relationshipswww.tamilaruvi.in
for immigration purposes. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Operator gene that
www.tamilaruvi.in controls transcriptional
 Pedigree analysis – inheritance pattern of
activity of the structural gene
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in genes through
www.tamilaruvi.in generations and for detecting
1. The structural gene codes for proteins, inherited diseases.
amilaruvi.in rRNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
and tRNA required by the cell.
amilaruvi.in2. Promoters
www.tamilaruvi.in  Conservation
www.tamilaruvi.in of wild life
www.tamilaruvi.in – protection of
www.tamil
are the signal sequences in DNA endangered species, by maintaining DNA
initiate RNA synthesis. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
records for identification of tissues of the dead
amilaruvi.in3. RNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
polymerase binds to the promoter www.tamilaruvi.in
endangeredwww.tamilaruvi.in
organisms. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in priorwww.tamilaruvi.in
to the initiation of transcription. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Anthropological studies–It is usefulwww.tamilin
operators are present between the determining
www.tamilaruvi.in the origin and migration
amilaruvi.in promoters and structural genes. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of humanwww.tamilaruvi.in
populations and genetic www.tamil
diversities.
repressor protein binds www.tamilaruvi.in
to the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
operator region of the operon. 8. Define transformation in Griffith’s experiment.
Discuss how it helps in the identification of
www.tamil
5. List out the aims of Human GenomeProject
DNA as the genetic material. www.tamil
 The main goals of Human Genome Project are
amilaruvi.in as follows
 During the www.tamilaruvi.in
course of Griffith’s experiment,www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. Identify
www.tamilaruvi.in bacteria changed
www.tamilaruvi.in its physical form. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
all the genes(approximately
amilaruvi.in 30000) www.tamilaruvi.in
in humanDNA.  This was termed
www.tamilaruvi.in as transformation. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in2. Determine
www.tamilaruvi.in
the sequence of thewww.tamilaruvi.in
three www.tamilaruvi.in
 In this experiment, the DNA of the S strainwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in billion chemical base pairs that www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in makeup bacteria survived after heating.
amilaruvi.in the humanDNA.
www.tamilaruvi.in  When
www.tamilaruvi.in a mice was injected
www.tamilaruvi.in with mixture of
www.tamil
killed S strain and R strain, the mice died
amilaruvi.in3. To store this information in databases.
of pneumonia.
amilaruvi.in4. Improve tools for
www.tamilaruvi.in dataanalysis. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 This showed that DNA had the capability
amilaruvi.in5. Transfer related technologies
www.tamilaruvi.in to other sectors,
of surviving adverse circumstanceswww.tamil and
such as industries.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in manifestingwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in itself on return of favourable www.tamil
amilaruvi.in6. Address the ethical, legal and www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in social conditions. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
issues(ELSI) that may arise from the project.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Stability
www.tamilaruvi.in and survival
www.tamilaruvi.inare key factor for a
www.tamil
6. What are the Applications and future material to be classified as genetic material.
challenges of HGP
 Thus, transformation in Griffith’s experiment
amilaruvi.in Oncewww.tamilaruvi.in
genetic sequence becomes easier to
helped in identification of DNA as genetic
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in determine,
www.tamilaruvi.in
some people may attempt www.tamilaruvi.in
material. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
95
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
9. Discuss the significance of heavy isotope
amilaruvi.inof nitrogen
www.tamilaruvi.in
in the Meselson and www.tamilaruvi.in PART-D
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
Stahl’s
amilaruvi.inexperiment.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in The heavy isotope
www.tamilaruvi.in of nitrogen was used in
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS www.tamil
(5 MARKS)
Meselson and Stahl’s experiment for various
amilaruvi.in reasons.
1. List out Properties of A molecule that can act
heavy DNA molecule (containing 15N)
as a genetic material: www.tamil
amilaruvi.in couldwww.tamilaruvi.in
be easily distinguished from www.tamilaruvi.in
(a) Self Replication: www.tamil
amilaruvi.in normal DNA by centrifugation in awww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Cesium  It should bewww.tamilaruvi.in
able to replicate. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in chloride (CsCl) density
www.tamilaruvi.in gradient. www.tamilaruvi.in According www.tamilaruvi.in
to the base pair rule www.tamil and
amilaruvi.in It could be easily
www.tamilaruvi.in separated from lighter
www.tamilaruvi.in complementarity, both nucleic acids (DNA
amilaruvi.in nitrogen (14N) on the basis of density.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and RNA) have the ability
 Use of lighter and heavier nitrogen made to duplications. Proteins will not replicate.www.tamil
task of identifying transfer of DNAs
amilaruvi.in throughwww.tamilaruvi.in (b) Stability:
subsequent generationwww.tamilaruvi.in
quite www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in easier.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in It should be stable
www.tamilaruvi.in structurally and
www.tamil
chemically.
10. Retroviruses do not follow central Dogma. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Comment.  The genetic material should be stable
through out the life.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Francis and Crick
www.tamilaruvi.in proposed the central dogma
in molecular biology.  Stability of genetic material was clearly
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in explained bywww.tamilaruvi.in
Griffith’s experiments. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in According to this,
www.tamilaruvi.in genetic information flows
www.tamilaruvi.in Heat did notwww.tamilaruvi.in
destroy some of the properties www.tamil
from DNA --> RNA --> Protein.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of genetic material.
 In retroviruses, genetic information flows in
amilaruvi.in reversewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in RNA is catalytic and reactive.
direction, i.e. Protein --> RNA -->
amilaruvi.in DNA.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in is chemically more stable www.tamil
 Hence,DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in than
RNA.
amilaruvi.in Hence,www.tamilaruvi.in
it is said that retroviruses www.tamilaruvi.in
do not www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in follow central dogma.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Presence of thymine
www.tamilaruvi.in in DNA provide
www.tamil
additional stability to DNA.
amilaruvi.in The process followed by retroviruseswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in is also www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
called reverse transcription because of the (c) Information storage:
opposite sequence of the process involved.  It should be able to express itself
11. Do you think that the alternate splicing of  RNA can directly code for protein synthesis
amilaruvi.inexons may
www.tamilaruvi.in
enable a structural gene to code
and can easily express the characters.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.infor several
 DNA depends on RNA for synthesis of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inisoproteins
www.tamilaruvi.in
from one and the same gene? www.tamilaruvi.in
If proteins. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inyes, how?
www.tamilaruvi.in
If not, why so? www.tamilaruvi.in DNA and www.tamilaruvi.in
RNA can act as a genetic www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In humans
www.tamilaruvi.in
about 95% of multi-exonic www.tamilaruvi.in material, but DNA stores
www.tamilaruvi.in the genetic
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in genes are alternatively
www.tamilaruvi.in spliced. www.tamilaruvi.in information and RNA transfers
www.tamilaruvi.in the genetic
www.tamil
information.
amilaruvi.in Alternative splicing
www.tamilaruvi.in helps in generating
amilaruvi.in many proteins
www.tamilaruvi.in from one and the same gene. (d) Variation through mutation:
 In this process, a particular exon may be  It should be able to mutate.
excluded from or included in a specific  Both DNA and RNA able to mutate.
amilaruvi.in RNA.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Splicing
www.tamilaruvi.in  RNA being unstable, mutates at a faster rate
which results in a single genewww.tamilaruvi.in
coding www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in for www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Thus RNA www.tamilaruvi.in
viruses have shorter life span www.tamil
multiple proteins is called alternative
can mutate and evolve faster.
amilaruvi.in splicing.
2. Explain different types of DNAReplication
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Replication takes place during S phase
www.tamilaruvi.in
 The ‘light’ culture was grown in a medium
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in During www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
nitrogen source contained www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
replication, each DNA molecule in which the light
amilaruvi.in giveswww.tamilaruvi.in isotope 14Nwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
rise to two DNA strands, identical www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in to each other and parent Hypotheseswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of DNA  Findings : DNA in the heavy culture contained
replication. only 15N and in the light culture only
14N.
 Conservative replication,
 Then heavy DNA is distinguished from light
www.tamil
 Dispersive replication,
DNA (15N www.tamilaruvi.in
from 14N) by Cesium Chloride www.tamil
 semi-conservativereplication. (CsCl) density gradient centrifugation
a. Conservative replication, technique.
 In this original double helix serves as a  Heavy and light DNA extracted from cells and
amilaruvi.in template.
separate bands (hybrid DNA).
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The original
strand is preserved unbroken and
www.tamilaruvi.in
 The heavy culture (15N) was then transferred
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in an entirely
new double stranded molecule into a medium www.tamilaruvi.in
that had only NH4Cl,www.tamil and
amilaruvi.in is synthesized.
www.tamilaruvi.in took
www.tamilaruvi.in samples at various
www.tamilaruvi.in time intervals (20
www.tamil
b. Dispersive replication, minutes duration).
 In this original molecule is broken into  After the first replication, they extracted DNA
and subjected www.tamilaruvi.in
it to density gradient www.tamil
fragments and each fragment serves
amilaruvi.in as www.tamilaruvi.in
a template for the synthesis www.tamilaruvi.in
centrifugation. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.infragments. www.tamilaruvi.in
 The DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
settled into a band that www.tamil was
amilaruvi.in Finallywww.tamilaruvi.in
two new molecules are www.tamilaruvi.in
formed intermediate in position
www.tamilaruvi.in between the
www.tamil
previously determined heavy and light
consist of both old and new fragments.
www.tamilaruvi.in
bands. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c. Semi- conservative
amilaruvi.in replication.
 After the second replication (40 minutes
amilaruvi.in It was proposed by Watson and Crick
www.tamilaruvi.in in duration),www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in they again extracted DNA samples, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 1953. www.tamilaruvi.in and
www.tamilaruvi.in this time found the
www.tamilaruvi.in DNA settling into two
www.tamil
bands, one at the light band position and one
mechanism is based on the DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
model. www.tamilaruvi.in
at intermediate position. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Initially two polynucleotide
www.tamilaruvi.in strands of DNA
molecule unwind and start separating at  These results confirm Watson and Crick’s
end. semi conservative
www.tamilaruvi.in replication hypothesis.
amilaruvi.in During www.tamilaruvi.in
this process, covalent hydrogen 4. Explain the mechanism
www.tamilaruvi.in of replication.
amilaruvi.in bonds are broken.
www.tamilaruvi.in begins at the initiation www.tamil
 Replicationwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in site
separated single strand then www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in acts as called the site of ‘origin
www.tamilaruvi.in of replication’ (ori).
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in template for the synthesis of a new strand.
www.tamilaruvi.in  In
www.tamilaruvi.in prokaryotes, there is
www.tamilaruvi.in only one origin of
www.tamil
replication,
each daughter double helix www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Later,www.tamilaruvi.in carries www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
one polynucleotide strand from the parent  Eukaryotes have several origins of
amilaruvi.in and other
www.tamilaruvi.in
strand is newly synthesised.
www.tamilaruvi.in
replicationwww.tamilaruvi.in
(replicons). www.tamil
 Replication www.tamilaruvi.in
occurs at replication fork. www.tamil
3. Explain the process of DNA replication with a
amilaruvi.inhelp ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
an Experiment. www.tamilaruvi.in
 DNA helicase, www.tamilaruvi.in
Unwind the DNA strand www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
mode of DNA replication was determined  In one strand www.tamilaruvi.in
(with 3' 5'polarity)www.tamil the
amilaruvi.in in 1958 www.tamilaruvi.in
by Meselson and Stahl. www.tamilaruvi.in replication is continuous and it is known
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in the
www.tamilaruvi.in
distinguish different types of replications leading strand.
amilaruvi.in method.
www.tamilaruvi.in  In
www.tamilaruvi.in other strand (with
www.tamilaruvi.in 5’ 3' polarity)
www.tamil
 They grew two cultures of E.coli in replication is discontinuous, known as the
lagging strand. www.tamil
separate media.
 Gap in the strands are joined by DNAligase. www.tamil
 The ‘heavy’ culture was grown in a
amilaruvi.in medium www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in which the nitrogen source(NH4Cl)  Discontinuous www.tamilaruvi.in
strands are called as Okazaki www.tamil
heavy isotope 15N www.tamilaruvi.in
fragmentswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
97
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Complementary
strands are connected by
www.tamilaruvi.in
 For transcription, DNA’s double helix drawn
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in covalent
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
bond and DNA polymerase. apart temporarily, and RNA is synthesized
amilaruvi.in Formation
www.tamilaruvi.in
of new strand requireswww.tamilaruvi.in
a RNA by RNA polymerase.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in primer for initiation.
www.tamilaruvi.in  RNA
www.tamilaruvi.in polymerase binds
www.tamilaruvi.in to DNA at the start
www.tamil
of a gene and opens the double helix.
primer removed gap from 5’www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in RNA www.tamilaruvi.in end in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the newly synthesized DNA strand.  Finally, RNA molecule is synthesized.
 Enzymes used :DNA polymerase.  The nucleotide sequence in the RNA is
complementary www.tamilaruvi.in
to the DNA. www.tamil
 Finally, all the gaps are sealed by
amilaruvi.in DNAligase.
 Both the strands of DNA are not copied www.tamil
amilaruvi.in At the
www.tamilaruvi.in during transcription
www.tamilaruvi.in for two reasons.www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
point of origin of repliction, the
amilaruvi.in helicases
www.tamilaruvi.in
and topoisomerases www.tamilaruvi.in
(DNA strands act as a template, they
 If both the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in gyrase) unwind and pull apart www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in would code for RNA
www.tamilaruvi.in with different
www.tamil
sequences.
amilaruvi.in the strands, forming a Y-Shaped structure
called the replication fork.  This will result in formation of different
amino acidwww.tamilaruvi.in
sequences. www.tamil
 Each region has two replication forks.
 This would www.tamilaruvi.in
result in one segment of DNA www.tamil
 The two strands are always antiparallel coding for two different proteins, hence
amilaruvi.in orientation.
complicate the genetic information transfer
mechanism.
 DNA polymerase eznymes catalyse the
amilaruvi.in addition
www.tamilaruvi.in
of a nucleotide to the newwww.tamilaruvi.in
strands www.tamilaruvi.in
 If two RNA molecules were produced
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in in thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
5’ 3’ direction, (it add nucleotides to www.tamilaruvi.in
simultaneously, double stranded RNA www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the 3’ carbon position)
www.tamilaruvi.in would
www.tamilaruvi.in be formed.
amilaruvi.in Transcription process in detail.  This
www.tamilaruvi.in would prevent
www.tamilaruvi.inRNA from being
www.tamil
translated into proteins.
amilaruvi.in Francis Crick proposed the www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Central www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
dogma in molecular biology which states that 6. Explain various regions of DNA
amilaruvi.in The process conversion
www.tamilaruvi.in of information  DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in has three distinct
www.tamilaruvi.in regions namely, a
www.tamil
promoter, the structural gene and a
DNA to RNA is termed transcription.
www.tamilaruvi.in
terminator. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 This process takes place in presence RNA
amilaruvi.in polymerase.
The promoterwww.tamilaruvi.in
: www.tamil
 It is located www.tamilaruvi.in
towards the 5’ end. www.tamil
 In some retroviruses, RNA act as the genetic
amilaruvi.in material(e.g,
www.tamilaruvi.in
HIV). www.tamilaruvi.in
 It is a DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
sequence act as a bindingwww.tamilsite
amilaruvi.in RNA www.tamilaruvi.in for
www.tamilaruvi.in
synthesizes DNA by reverse transcription, RNA polymerase.
transcribed into mRNA by transcription
amilaruvi.in thenwww.tamilaruvi.in  The presence
www.tamilaruvi.in of promoter defines www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and then into proteins
www.tamilaruvi.in by translation. template and
www.tamilaruvi.in coding strands.
 For a cell
amilaruvi.in expressed. to operate,
www.tamilaruvi.in its genes must be The terminator
www.tamilaruvi.in region :
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in  It
www.tamilaruvi.in is located towards the
www.tamilaruvi.in 3’ end causes the
www.tamil
means that the gene products, whether RNA polymerase to stop transcribing.
amilaruvi.in proteins
www.tamilaruvi.in
or RNA molecules must www.tamilaruvi.in
be www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
made.  In eukaryotes the promoter has AT rich
regions called TATA box (Goldberg
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The RNA that carries
www.tamilaruvi.in genetic information
-Hogness box)
is known as messenger RNA(mRNA).
 In prokaryoteswww.tamilaruvi.in
this region is called Pribnowwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in box.
 Apart fromwww.tamilaruvi.in
promoter, eukaryotes www.tamilalso
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in require
www.tamilaruvi.in an enhancer.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  DNA dependent
www.tamilaruvi.in RNA polymerase catalyses
the polymerization in only one direction,
amilaruvi.in
| Molecular geneticswww.tamil
amilaruvi.in the strand
www.tamilaruvi.in
that has the polarity 3’
www.tamilaruvi.in
5’ acts as
www.tamilaruvi.in
4. A non-overlapping codon means that the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in a template,
www.tamilaruvi.in
and is called the templatewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
strand. same letter is not used for two different
other strand which has the polarity www.tamilaruvi.in
5’ codons. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in 3’ has a sequence same as RNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in and is For instance, the nucleotide sequence GUU,
amilaruvi.in displaced during transcription.
www.tamilaruvi.in This strand is
www.tamilaruvi.inGUC represents only two
www.tamilaruvi.incodons. www.tamil
called coding strand. 5. It is comma less, which means that the
 The structural gene may be monocistronic message would be read directly from
amilaruvi.in (eukaryotes)
www.tamilaruvi.in or www.tamilaruvi.in
polycistronic one end to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the other i.e., no punctuation
amilaruvi.in (prokaryotes).
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inare needed www.tamilaruvi.in
between twocodes. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In eukaryotes,
www.tamilaruvi.in
each mRNA carries www.tamilaruvi.in
only a 6. A degenerate www.tamilaruvi.in
code means that more than www.tamil
amilaruvi.in single gene and encodes information
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inone tripletwww.tamilaruvi.in
codon could code for a specific
www.tamil
for only a single protein and is called amino acid.
amilaruvi.in monocistronic
www.tamilaruvi.in
mRNA.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inFor example, codons GUU,
www.tamilaruvi.in GUC, GUA and GUG
www.tamil
 In prokaryotes, clusters of related genes, code forvaline.
amilaruvi.in known www.tamilaruvi.in
as operon, are transcribed togetherwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
7. Non-ambiguous code means that one
amilaruvi.in to givewww.tamilaruvi.in
a single mRNA and hence www.tamilaruvi.in
are codon willwww.tamilaruvi.in
code for one aminoacid. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in polycistronic.
8. The code is always read in a fixed direction
amilaruvi.in Bacterial RNA polymerase
www.tamilaruvi.in consists of two
major components -core enzyme + sigma i.e. from 5’→3’ direction called polarity.
amilaruvi.in subunit.
9. AUG has dual functions. It acts as a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The core
enzyme (β1, β, and a) is responsible
www.tamilaruvi.in
initiator codon www.tamil
and also codes for the amino
amilaruvi.in for RNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
synthesis www.tamilaruvi.inacidmethionine.
amilaruvi.in Sigma www.tamilaruvi.in 10.UAA, UAG www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
subunit is responsible for recognition (tyrosine) and UGA (tryptophan)www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of the promoter.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incodons are designated
www.tamilaruvi.in as termination
www.tamil
(stop) codons and also are known as “non-
amilaruvi.in RNA www.tamilaruvi.in
polymerase opensup the DNA to www.tamilaruvi.in
form www.tamilaruvi.in
sense” codons.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the transcription
www.tamilaruvi.in bubble. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
8. Draw and explain the structure of tRNA. www.tamil
core enzyme moves www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in ahead, www.tamilaruvi.in
 The two dimensional www.tamil
clover leaf model of
manufacturing RNA leaving the sigma tRNA was proposed by Robert Holley. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in subunitwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Terminator sequence that forms a hair pin
amilaruvi.in structure
www.tamilaruvi.in
in the RNA. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
sub-class of terminators require www.tamilaruvi.in
a www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in recognition
www.tamilaruvi.in
protein, known as rho www.tamilaruvi.in
(ρ), to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in function.
amilaruvi.in
the salient features of geneticwww.tamilaruvi.in
code www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
genetic codon is a triplet code www.tamilaruvi.in
(61 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in codons code for
www.tamilaruvi.in amino acidsand 3
codons do not code for any amino acid
amilaruvi.in and function
www.tamilaruvi.in
as stop codon(Termination).
genetic code is universal.
E.g. the mRNA (UUU)codon codes for
amilaruvi.in phenylalanine
in all cells of all organisms. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in3. Somewww.tamilaruvi.in
exceptions are reported www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in prokaryotic,
mitochondrial and chloroplast www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in genomes. However
www.tamilaruvi.in similarities are more
common than differences.
www.tamil
99
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In actual
www.tamilaruvi.in
structure, the tRNA is a compact
 β-galactosidase hydrolysis of lactose
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in molecule
into glucosewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
which looks like an inverted L. and galactose,
amilaruvi.in tRNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
has three arms namely DHU www.tamilaruvi.in
arm,  transacetylasewww.tamilaruvi.in
à transfers acetyl group www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in middle arm and TΨC arm.
www.tamilaruvi.in from acetyl www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Co A to β-galactosidase. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Thesewww.tamilaruvi.in amino
arms have loops such as www.tamilaruvi.in  The lac operon consists of one regulator gene
amilaruvi.in acyl binding loop,
www.tamilaruvi.in anti codon loop and (‘i’
www.tamilaruvi.in gene refers to inhibitor)
www.tamilaruvi.in promoterwww.tamil
ribosomal binding loop attheir ends. sites(p), and operator site (o).
 In addition it also shows asmall lump called  Besides these, it has three structural genes
amilaruvi.in variable
www.tamilaruvi.in
loop or extra arm.
namely lac z,y and lac a.
aminoacid is attached to one end
 The lac ‘z’ gene codes for β-galactosidase,
amilaruvi.in (aminoacid
www.tamilaruvi.in
acceptor end) and the other www.tamilaruvi.in
end www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in consists of three anti codon nucleotides.
www.tamilaruvi.in  Lac
www.tamilaruvi.in ‘y’ gene codes for
www.tamilaruvi.in permease www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in mRNA
anti codon pairs with a codon inwww.tamilaruvi.in  Lac a’ gene codes for transacetylase.www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in ensuring that the
www.tamilaruvi.in correct amino acid is  In lac operon,
www.tamilaruvi.in a polycistronic structural gene
incorporated into the growing polypeptide is regulated by a common promoter and
amilaruvi.in chain.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
regulatory gene.
amilaruvi.in Fourwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
different regions of double-stranded RNA
 When the cell is using its normal energy source
amilaruvi.in are formed
www.tamilaruvi.in
during the folding process.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
as glucose, the ‘i’ gene transcribes a repressor
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Modified
www.tamilaruvi.in
bases are especially common www.tamilaruvi.in
in mRNA and www.tamilaruvi.in
after its translation, a repressor www.tamil
amilaruvi.in tRNA.www.tamilaruvi.in protein
www.tamilaruvi.in is produced.
amilaruvi.in Wobbling between anticodon andwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in codon  It binds to the operator region of the operon
amilaruvi.in allows some tRNA
www.tamilaruvi.in molecules to read more and
www.tamilaruvi.in prevents translation,
www.tamilaruvi.in as a result,
www.tamil
thanonecodon. β-galactosidase is not produced.
 The process of addition of amino acid to  When lactose is available as an energy
amilaruvi.in tRNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
is known as amino acylation or
source for the bacteria then lactose enters
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in charging
www.tamilaruvi.in
and the resultant product www.tamilaruvi.in
is called the cell as awww.tamilaruvi.in
result of permease enzyme. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in aminoacyl- tRNA (charged tRNA).
 Lactose acts as an inducer and interacts
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Without aminoacylation tRNA is known
with the repressor to inactivate it. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in uncharged tRNA
 The repressor protein binds to the operator
amilaruvi.in This aminoacylation
www.tamilaruvi.in is catalyzed by an enzyme of the operon
www.tamilaruvi.in and prevents RNA
aminoacyl –tRNA synthetase. polymerase from transcribing the operon.
 20 different aminoacyl – tRNA synthetases are
amilaruvi.in known.www.tamilaruvi.in  In the presence
www.tamilaruvi.in of inducer, such as lactose
www.tamil
allolactose, the repressor is inactivated
power to recognize codon on the
by interaction with the inducer.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in mRNA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
lies in th tRNA and not in the attached www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 This allows RNA polymerase to bind to the
amilaruvi.in amino acid molecule.
promotor www.tamilaruvi.in
site and transcribe the operon www.tamil
to
amilaruvi.in The tRNA charged
www.tamilaruvi.in with amino acid serves
www.tamilaruvi.in
produce lacwww.tamilaruvi.in
mRNA which enables formation www.tamil
adapter molecule to decode
amilaruvi.in as anwww.tamilaruvi.in the of all the www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in required enzymes neededwww.tamil for
information on mRNA. lactose metabolism.
 There are no tRNAs for stop codons.  Jacob and Monod proposed the classical
9. Explain in detail about Lac operon model. model of Lacoperon to explain gene expression
 The metabolism of lactose in E.coli requires  lac operon by the repressor is an example
of negative control of transcription
www.tamil
three enzymes permease, β-galactosidase
amilaruvi.in (β-gal)
www.tamilaruvi.in
and transacetylase. www.tamilaruvi.in
initiation. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Permease
à help In entry of lactose into the  Lac operonwww.tamilaruvi.in
is also under the controlwww.tamil of
amilaruvi.in cell www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
positive regulation as well. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
10. List out the Salient features ofHuman Genome
 The DNA of a person and finger prints are
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inProject:www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in unique. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in1. Humanwww.tamilaruvi.in
genome contains 3 www.tamilaruvi.in
billion  Thereare 23 www.tamilaruvi.in
pairs of human chromosomes www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in nucleotide bases,
www.tamilaruvi.in the DNA sequences that
www.tamilaruvi.in with 1.5 million pairs
www.tamilaruvi.in of genes. www.tamil
encode proteins make up only about 5% of  It is a well known fact that genes are
amilaruvi.in the genome.
segments of DNA which differ in thes
amilaruvi.in2. An average
gene consists of 3000 bases, the equence of www.tamilaruvi.in
their nucleotides. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in largest known human gene being dystrophin
 Not all segments www.tamilaruvi.in
of DNA code for proteins, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in with 2.4 million
www.tamilaruvi.in bases. www.tamilaruvi.in some DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
segments have a regulatory www.tamil
amilaruvi.in3. The function of
www.tamilaruvi.in50% of the genome is
www.tamilaruvi.in function, while others
www.tamilaruvi.in are intervening
www.tamil
derived from transposable elements such sequences (introns) and still others are
amilaruvi.in as LINEwww.tamilaruvi.in
and ALUsequence. www.tamilaruvi.in repeated DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
sequences. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in4. Geneswww.tamilaruvi.in
are distributed www.tamilaruvi.in
over 24  In DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
fingerprinting, short repetitive www.tamil
amilaruvi.in chromosomes.
www.tamilaruvi.inChromosome 19 has the
www.tamilaruvi.in nucleotidewww.tamilaruvi.in
sequences are specific for a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in highest gene density.
www.tamilaruvi.in Chromosome 13
www.tamilaruvi.in person. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and Y chromosome have lowest gene  These nucleotide sequences are called as
amilaruvi.in densities.
Variable number tandem repeats (VNTR).
chromosomal organization of www.tamilaruvi.in
human www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The VNTRs of two persons generally
amilaruvi.in genes shows diversity.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in show variations www.tamilaruvi.in
and are useful as genetic www.tamil
may be 35000-40000 geneswww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in6. Therewww.tamilaruvi.in in the markers. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in genome and almost
www.tamilaruvi.in 99.9 nucleotide bases 
www.tamilaruvi.in DNA finger printing
www.tamilaruvi.ininvolves identifying
www.tamil
are exactly the same in all people. differences in some specific regions in
DNA sequence called repetitive DNA, because
www.tamil
7. Functions for over 50 percent of the
amilaruvi.in discovered
www.tamilaruvi.in
genes are unknown. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in these sequences, a small stretch of DNA www.tamil
is
amilaruvi.in8. Lesswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in repeated many times.
than 2 percent of the genome codes
amilaruvi.in for proteins.
www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.in These sequences do
www.tamilaruvi.in not code for any
www.tamil
proteins, but theyform a large portion of
amilaruvi.in9. Repeated sequences make up very
www.tamilaruvi.in large
www.tamilaruvi.in human genome. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
portion of the human genome. Repetitive
amilaruvi.in sequences
have no direct coding functions  These sequences www.tamilaruvi.in
show high degree www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in but they
shed light on chromosome structure, www.tamilaruvi.in
polymorphism and form the basis of DNA www.tamil
amilaruvi.in dynamics and evolution (genetic diversity).
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in fingerprinting. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in10.Chromosome 1 has 2968 genes whereas
12. How are the following formed and involved www.tamil
in
chromosome ’Y’ has 231genes. DNA packaging?
11.Identification of ‘SNIPS’ is helpful in (i) Histone octamer (ii) Nucleosome (iii)
amilaruvi.in findingwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
chromosomal locations for disease
Chromatin
amilaruvi.in associated
www.tamilaruvi.in
sequences and tracing www.tamilaruvi.in
(i) Histone octamer :
amilaruvi.in history.
 Histones are positively charged proteins,
notes on DNA finger printing www.tamilaruvi.in
rich in basic amino acid residues lysines
www.tamil
amilaruvi.intechnique
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and arginines. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
technique was first developed by Alec
www.tamilaruvi.in
 These amino www.tamilaruvi.in
acids carry positive charges www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Jeffreys in 1985
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in on their side chains.
amilaruvi.in Each of us have
www.tamilaruvi.in the same chemical  There are five
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in H1,
types of histone proteins :www.tamil
structure of DNA. H A, H B, H and H .
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 2 2 www.tamilaruvi.in
3 4 www.tamil
 But there are millions of differences in the  Four of them (H A, H B, H and H ) are
amilaruvi.in DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
sequence of base pairs.
2 2 3 4 www.tamil
organised inpairs to from a unit of eight
makes the uniqueness among us
molecules called histone octamer.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in so thatwww.tamilaruvi.in
each of us except identical www.tamilaruvi.in
twins is www.tamilaruvi.in
 Negatively charged DNA wraps around this
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in different from each other genetically. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in octamer to www.tamilaruvi.in
form nucleosome. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in SURYA 101
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in(ii) Nucleosome
www.tamilaruvi.in
:
14. Explain the process of transcription in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
prokaryotes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
the compaction unit.
positively charged ends of histone
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Mechanism www.tamilaruvi.in
of transcription in prokaryotes: www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in octamer www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
attract the negatively charged In prokaryotes, transcription
www.tamilaruvi.in occurs in
www.tamil
contact with cytoplasm as their DNA lies in
amilaruvi.in strands of DNA.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the cytoplasm.
DNA is thus wrapped around the
positively charged histone octamer to a) Activation of ribonucleotides –
form a structure called nucleosome.  The four types of ribonucleotides are
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in adenosinewww.tamilaruvi.in
monophosphate www.tamil
(AMP),
 Around 200 bp of DNA is wrapped around
amilaruvi.in the body www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
or histone octamer for 134 turns. guanosinewww.tamilaruvi.in
monophosphate www.tamil
(GMP),
amilaruvi.in DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in uridine monophosphate
www.tamilaruvi.in (UMP) www.tamil
and
connecting two adjacent nucleosomes cytidine monophosphate (CMP).
amilaruvi.in is calledwww.tamilaruvi.in
linker DNA which bears H1www.tamilaruvi.in
histone www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 They occur freely in the nucleoplasm.
amilaruvi.in protein. Nucleosome and linker DNA together
amilaruvi.in constitute chromatosome.
www.tamilaruvi.in Prior to transcription
www.tamilaruvi.inthe nucleotides are
www.tamil
activated through phosphorylation.
amilaruvi.in Nucleosome chain gives a bead on
www.tamilaruvi.in string
appearance.  Enzyme phosphorylase is required along
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in with energy. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Chromatin :
 The activated www.tamilaruvi.in
or phosphorylated ribonucleo www.tamil
tides
 The nucleosomal organization has
amilaruvi.in approximately
10 nm thickness, which further are adenosinewww.tamilaruvi.in
triphosphate (ATP), www.tamil
guanosine
amilaruvi.in getswww.tamilaruvi.in
condensed and coiled to produce www.tamilaruvi.in
a triphosphatewww.tamilaruvi.in
(GTP), uridine triphosphate (UTP)www.tamil
and cytidine triphosphate (CTP).
amilaruvi.in solenoid (having 6 nucleosomes per www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in turn) of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
30 nm diameter. b) Binding of RNA polymerase to DNA
 This solenoid structure further undergoes duplex
coiling to produce a chromatin fibre of  On a signal from the cytoplasm, DNA
amilaruvi.in 30-80 www.tamilaruvi.in
nm thickness.
segment becomeready to transcribe.www.tamil
 The RNA www.tamilaruvi.in
polymerase enzyme binds to www.tamil
a
13. Mention the contributions of the following
amilaruvi.inscientists:
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in specific site,www.tamilaruvi.in
called promoter, in the www.tamil
DNA
amilaruvi.in(i) Maurice
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in double helix. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin (ii)
amilaruvi.in Erwinwww.tamilaruvi.in
Chargath  Prokaryotes
www.tamilaruvi.in have only one RNA
polymerase that synthesise all types of RNA.
amilaruvi.in(i) Maurice
www.tamilaruvi.in
Wilkins and Rosalind Franklinwww.tamilaruvi.in
(1953) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in carried out X-ray diffraction studies
www.tamilaruvi.in to 
www.tamilaruvi.in The promoter also determines
www.tamilaruvi.in which DNA
www.tamil
strand is to be transcribed.
amilaruvi.in study the structure of DNA molecule.
 Waston and Crick (1953) worked out the first  Thus, a promotor region has RNA
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in polymerase www.tamilaruvi.in
recognition site and www.tamil RNA
correct double helix model from the X-ray
amilaruvi.in photographs
www.tamilaruvi.in
of Wilkins and Franklin.www.tamilaruvi.in polymerase www.tamilaruvi.in
binding site. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in(ii) Erwinwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Chargaff (1950) proposed Chargaff’s c) Base pairing www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in ruleswww.tamilaruvi.in
(or base pair rules)about DNA. www.tamilaruvi.in  Ribonucleoside www.tamilaruvi.in
triphosphates present inwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in Adenine www.tamilaruvi.in
pairs with Thymine (A =www.tamilaruvi.in
T) with surrounding medium come
www.tamilaruvi.in to lie opposite
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in two hydrogen bonds
www.tamilaruvi.in and Guanine pairs
www.tamilaruvi.in the nitrogen bases of
www.tamilaruvi.in the DNA template
www.tamil
with Cytosine (G ≡ C) with three hydrogen (anti-sense strand).
amilaruvi.in bonds. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 They form complementary pairs; U opposite
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in A, A opposite www.tamilaruvi.in
T, C opposite G and www.tamil
G
 The ratios between Adenine with Thymine
amilaruvi.in and Guanine
with Cytosine are constant and opposite C.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in equal. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 A pyrophosphatewww.tamilaruvi.in
is released from www.tamil
each
base pairing confers a unique property ribonucleoside triphosphate to produce
to the polynucleotide chain. ribonucleotide.
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ind) Formation
www.tamilaruvi.in
of RNA chain
 It should be able to incorporate slow
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Withwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
which are requiredwww.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
the help of RNA polymerase the adjacent changes (mutation) for
amilaruvi.in ribonucleotides
www.tamilaruvi.in
held over DNA templatewww.tamilaruvi.in
join to evolution. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
RNA chain. www.tamilaruvi.in It should be able to express itself inwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in A single RNA polymerase recognise
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in form of Mendelian characters.
amilaruvi.in promoter and
www.tamilaruvi.in initiation region is
www.tamilaruvi.inBiochemistry of DNA and
www.tamilaruvi.inRNA: www.tamil
prokaryotes.  Both DNA and RNA show complementarity
 As the RNA chain formation initiates, the of base pairs and hence are capable of
amilaruvi.in sigma www.tamilaruvi.in
(s) factor of the RNA polymerase
www.tamilaruvi.in replication.
amilaruvi.in separates.
 As shown by Griffith’s experiment, DNA
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in RNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
polymerase (core enzyme) moves www.tamilaruvi.in
along is more www.tamilaruvi.in
stable than RNA because www.tamil
it
amilaruvi.in the DNA template causing elongationwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of RNA could survive even heat-killing during www.tamil
at the rate of some 30 nucleotides
amilaruvi.in chainwww.tamilaruvi.in per
www.tamilaruvi.in experiment.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
second.  2'-OH group is present in RNA. This
 RNA synthesis stops as soon as polymerase makes RNA labile and degradable; which
amilaruvi.in reaches www.tamilaruvi.in
the terminator region. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is not the case with DNA. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Rhowww.tamilaruvi.in
factor (r) has ATP-ase activity and
 Both RNA and DNA can carry on mutations.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in also www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
possesses 4-8 adenine ribonucleotides. But DNA beingwww.tamilaruvi.in
more stable is better suited www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Separation
of RNA chain – With the help of rho for long term storage of
www.tamilaruvi.in mutations. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in factor, the fully formed
www.tamilaruvi.in RNA chain is now
www.tamilaruvi.in Hence, DNA was preferred
www.tamilaruvi.in as the genetic
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in released.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in material during the course
www.tamilaruvi.in of evolution. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in One gene forms
www.tamilaruvi.in several molecules of RNA, 16.
www.tamilaruvi.inDiscuss the process of translation
www.tamilaruvi.in in detail.
www.tamil
which are released from the DNA template
amilaruvi.in one afterwww.tamilaruvi.in  The process of polymerization of amino
the other on completion. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in acid to form a polypeptide
www.tamilaruvi.in is called
www.tamil
released RNA is called primary translation.
amilaruvi.in transcript.
 Thus, the biological process through
amilaruvi.in(f) Duplexwww.tamilaruvi.in
formation www.tamilaruvi.in which proteinwww.tamilaruvi.in
is synthesized is called www.tamil
amilaruvi.in As the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
RNA chain is released, the transcribed translation. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in region of the DNA molecule gets hydrogen
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Translation www.tamilaruvi.in
happens in following main www.tamil
amilaruvi.in bonded to the
www.tamilaruvi.insense strand and the two
www.tamilaruvi.in steps: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
are spirally coiled to assume the original
amilaruvi.in doublehelical
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inInitiation: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
form.
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ribosome assembles around the target mRNA
protective protein coat is added again to
amilaruvi.in the DNA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and we know that ribosome
www.tamilaruvi.in is the site of
www.tamil
duplex.
protein synthesis.
amilaruvi.in
15. During www.tamilaruvi.in
the course of evolution why DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
was www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The first tRNA gets attached at the start
amilaruvi.inchosenwww.tamilaruvi.in
over RNA as genetic material? www.tamilaruvi.in
Give codon. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inreasons by first discussing
www.tamilaruvi.in the desired criteria
in a molecule that can act as genetic material  A codon is a triplet of amino acids.
amilaruvi.inand in www.tamilaruvi.in
the light of biochemical differenceswww.tamilaruvi.inElongation:
amilaruvi.inbetween DNA and RNA.
 The tRNA transfers an amino acid to the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inFollowing are the desired criteria in a molecule
tRNA corresponding to the next codon. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inthat can act as genetic
www.tamilaruvi.in material: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 This phase involves addition of subsequent
amilaruvi.in It should have the
www.tamilaruvi.in capability of replication.
www.tamilaruvi.in amino acids to form a long chain. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in It should chemically
www.tamilaruvi.in and structurally
www.tamilaruvi.in This step www.tamilaruvi.in
forms the bulk of the protein www.tamil
stable. synthesis.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inTranslocation:
 Cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
ribosome then moves to the next  According to Chargath’s Rule, purines and
amilaruvi.in mRNA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
codon and continues the process. pyrimidine www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
creates an amino acid chain. www.tamilaruvi.in  base pairs are www.tamilaruvi.in
in equal amount, thereforewww.tamil
amilaruvi.inTermination:
 Total nucleotides = 2000 www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Whenwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a stop codon is reached, the ribosome [A + G + Cwww.tamilaruvi.in
+ T] = 2000 www.tamil
amilaruvi.in releaseswww.tamilaruvi.in
the polypeptide. www.tamilaruvi.in[A] = [T] and www.tamilaruvi.in
[G] = [C] www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
an operon. Giving an example, www.tamilaruvi.in
explain Guanine = 600
amilaruvi.inan Inducible operon.
Therefore, A + 600 + 600 + T = 2000
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in A functioning unit of genomic DNA containing
A + T + 1200 = 2000
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in a cluster of genes
www.tamilaruvi.in under the control of a
single promoter is called operon. A + T = 2000– 1200
 An operon is generally transcribed into 2T = 800(A=T
amilaruvi.in polycistronic
www.tamilaruvi.in
mRNA.
T = 800/2= 400
amilaruvi.in A single
www.tamilaruvi.in
mRNA which codes for more than
 Therefore, total pyrimidine,
protein is called polycistronicwww.tamilaruvi.in
mRNA. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
C + T = [600 + 400] = 1000
amilaruvi.in An operon
www.tamilaruvi.in
is made up of 3 basic www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in components:
www.tamilaruvi.in 20. Difference
www.tamilaruvi.in between Prokaryotic
www.tamilaruvi.in Transcription
www.tamil
Eukaryotic Transcription
amilaruvi.inPromoter:www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in A nucleotide
www.tamilaruvi.in
sequence that enables awww.tamilaruvi.in
gene to Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
be transcribed is called promoter. Transcription Transcription
It occurs in cytoplasm It occurs inside the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It is recognized by
www.tamilaruvi.in RNA polymerase, which
nucleus www.tamil
then initiates transcription.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in There is no www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in specific Major part of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inOperator:www.tamilaruvi.in period
www.tamilaruvi.in for its transcription
www.tamilaruvi.in occurs
www.tamil
 A segment of DNA to which a repressor occurrence in G1 and G2 phases
It is coupled www.tamilaruvi.in
to Transcription www.tamil
and
binds is called operator.
translation www.tamilaruvi.in
translation www.tamil
are
Structural genes: spacially separated
 The genes that are co-regulated by the Products of Products of
amilaruvi.in operon www.tamilaruvi.in
are called structural genes.
T r a n s c r i p t i o n transcription come
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inInduciblewww.tamilaruvi.in
Operon:
www.tamilaruvi.in
become effective www.tamilaruvi.in
out of the nucleus www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Whenwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in for
www.tamilaruvi.infunctioning www.tamil
in
the operon is regulated by an inducer, it cytoplasm
amilaruvi.in is called
www.tamilaruvi.in
inducible operon. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
There is only one There are
www.tamil
three
amilaruvi.in An inducer
www.tamilaruvi.in
can switch on or off thewww.tamilaruvi.in
operon. RNA polymerase. www.tamilaruvi.in
types of www.tamil
RNA
amilaruvi.in E.g. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in polymerases.
Lac operon
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in mRNA
www.tamilaruvi.in is generally mRNA
www.tamilaruvi.in is generally
www.tamil
18. A DNA segment has a total of 2,000 polycistronic monocistronic
amilaruvi.innucleotides,
out of which 600 are Guanine www.tamilaruvi.in
Splicing is generally Splicing is required
www.tamil
amilaruvi.incontaining nucleotides.
not requiredwww.tamilaruvi.in
for www.tamil
removing
amilaruvi.inHow many www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
pyrimidine bases this segment intervening
www.tamilaruvi.in sequences
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inpossesse www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
CHAPTER
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EVOLUTION
amilaruvi.in 6 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in POINTS TO REMEMBER
amilaruvi.in
 The term www.tamilaruvi.in
evolution is used to describe www.tamilaruvi.in
homologouswww.tamilaruvi.in
structures that brings about www.tamil
heritable
amilaruvi.in changes
www.tamilaruvi.in in one or more divergent
www.tamilaruvi.in evolution.
characteristics of a population of species
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Organisms having
www.tamilaruvi.in different structural patterns
from one generation to the other.
but similar function are termed as analogous
 According Theory of special creation, life
www.tamilaruvi.in
structures.
was created by “God”. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Structures that are of no use to the possessor,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 Accordingwww.tamilaruvi.in
to the theory of spontaneous www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and are not necessary for their existencewww.tamil
are
generation
amilaruvi.in or
www.tamilaruvi.in living
Abiogenesis, www.tamilaruvi.in called vestigial orgAns:
organisms originated from non-living
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Eg. Human appendix,
www.tamilaruvi.in coccyx, wisdom teeth,
materials
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in ear
www.tamilaruvi.in muscles, body hair, mammae
www.tamilaruvi.in in male,
www.tamil
 Big bang theory explains the origin of nictitating membrane
universe as a singular huge explosion www.tamilaruvi.in
in  The organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
which possess the characters
www.tamil
physical
amilaruvi.in terms.
of two different www.tamil
groups (transitional stage)
amilaruvi.in
 Accordingwww.tamilaruvi.in
to the theory of biogenesis, are
www.tamilaruvi.in
life called connecting links.
arose
amilaruvi.in from pre-existing
www.tamilaruvi.in life.  Sudden appearance
www.tamilaruvi.in of vestigial organs
www.tamil
 According to the theory of chemical highly evolved organisms is called atavistic
orgAns:
evolution, primitive organisms in the
primordial environment of the
earth  E.g. presence of tail in a human baby
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
evolvedwww.tamilaruvi.in
spontaneously from inorganic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Embryology deals with the study of the
www.tamil
substances
amilaruvi.in and physical
www.tamilaruvi.in forces www.tamilaruvi.in
developmentwww.tamilaruvi.in
of individual from the egg www.tamil
to
 The Paleozoic
amilaruvi.in era is characterized
www.tamilaruvi.in by the adult stage.
abundance of fossils of marine  Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, postulate
invertebrates.
the theory of evolution in his famous book
‘Philosophie Zoologique’ in the year 1809.www.tamil
 Mesozoic era (dominance of reptiles) called
the Golden age of reptiles. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 The two principles of Lamarckian theory are:
www.tamil
 Cenozoic era (Age of mammals) is 1. The theory of use and disuse
subdivided www.tamilaruvi.in
into two periods namely Tertiary www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and Quaternary. 2. The theory of inheritance of acquired
characters
 Urey and
amilaruvi.in Miller (1953), paved way
understanding the possible synthesis  Lamarck’s “Theory of Acquired characters”
of organic compounds that led to the
www.tamilaruvi.in
was disprovedwww.tamilaruvi.in
by August Weismann www.tamil
appearance of living organisms. www.tamilaruvi.in
 Charles Darwin www.tamilaruvi.in
explained the theorywww.tamil
of
 Paleontology is the study of prehistoric life evolution in his
www.tamilaruvi.in book ‘The Origin of Species
through
amilaruvi.in fossils.
www.tamilaruvi.in by Natural Selection’.
 Fossilization 
is the process by whichwww.tamilaruvi.in
plant Darwin’s theory was based
www.tamilaruvi.inon www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in animal remains
www.tamilaruvi.in are preserved in  Over
www.tamilaruvi.in production (or)
www.tamilaruvi.in prodigality of
www.tamil
sedimentary rocks. They fall under three production,Struggle for existence,
main categories. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Universal occurrence of variations
www.tamil
 Actual remains, Petrifaction, Natural  Hugo de Vries put forth the Mutation theory.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
mouldswww.tamilaruvi.in
and casts www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Mutations are sudden random changes
 Structures which are similar in origin www.tamilaruvi.in
but that occur in www.tamilaruvi.in
an organism that is www.tamil
not
performwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in different functions are www.tamilaruvi.in
called heritable. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Evolution
 Mutations or discontinuous variation are
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in PART-A
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transmitted to other generations.
amilaruvi.in
 Sewellwww.tamilaruvi.in
Wright, Fisher, Mayer, Huxley, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Dobzhansky,
amilaruvi.in Simpson
www.tamilaruvi.in and Haeckel
www.tamilaruvi.in
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS www.tamilaruvi.in(1 MARK) www.tamil
explained Natural Selection in the light of
Post-Darwinian discoveries.
1. The first life on earth originated
 Five basic factors involved in the process of a) in air b) on land
amilaruvi.in
organicwww.tamilaruvi.in
evolution. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) in water d) on mountain
amilaruvi.in
 1. Gene www.tamilaruvi.in
mutation or Chromosomal www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Ans: c
mutation,
amilaruvi.in Genetic recombination, Natural
selection,
amilaruvi.in Reproductive
www.tamilaruvi.in isolation, 2. Who
www.tamilaruvi.in published the book “Origin
www.tamilaruvi.in of species by
www.tamil
Natural Selection” in1859?
 The evolutionary
amilaruvi.in process which produces
www.tamilaruvi.in new
species diverged from a single ancestral form a) Charles Darwin b) Lamarck
becomes adapted to newly invaded habitats
c) Weismann d) Hugo de Vries
amilaruvi.in
is calledwww.tamilaruvi.in
adaptive radiation. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Ans: a
amilaruvi.in
 There www.tamilaruvi.in
are mainly three types of www.tamilaruvi.in
natural www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
selection
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 3. Which
www.tamilaruvi.in of the following was
www.tamilaruvi.in the contribution
www.tamil
of Hugo de Vries?
 Stabilising
amilaruvi.in Selection (centipetal selection),
Directional Selection, Disruptive Selection a) Theory of mutation
(centrifugal selection): b) Theory of natural Selection
 Movement of genes through gametes or c) Theory of inheritance of acquired characters
amilaruvi.in
movement www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of individuals in (immigration) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.inGermplasm theory
www.tamil
and out (emigration) of a population is
referredwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in to as gene flow. 4. The wings of
www.tamilaruvi.in birds and butterflies iswww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in an
drift is a mechanism of evolution
 Geneticwww.tamilaruvi.in example of
in which allele frequencies of a population a) Adaptive radiation
change over generation due to chance
www.tamilaruvi.inconvergent evolution
(sampling error).
www.tamilaruvi.indivergent evolution
 Hominid evolution occurred in Asia and
Africa.www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in d)
www.tamilaruvi.invariation www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b
www.tamil
 Dryopithecus
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in were 5. The phenomenon
and Ramapithecuswww.tamilaruvi.in of“ Industrial Melanism”
hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees. demonstrates
 Australopithecus
amilaruvi.in lived in East www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in African a) Natural selection
grasslands about 5 mya and was called the b) induced mutation
Australian ape man. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) reproductivewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in isolation www.tamil
 Homo erectus the first human like being was
amilaruvi.in
aroundwww.tamilaruvi.in
1.7 mya and was much closer d)
www.tamilaruvi.in
to geographical isolation
www.tamil
human www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in in looks. www.tamilaruvi.in
6. Darwin’s finches www.tamilaruvi.in
are an excellent example www.tamil
of
 Neanderthal
amilaruvi.in human was found in Neander
a) connecting www.tamilaruvi.in
links www.tamil
b) seasonal migration
Valley,
amilaruvi.in Germany with
www.tamilaruvi.in a brain size of 1400 cc
c) adaptive radiation d) parasitism Ans: c
 Cro-Magnon
amilaruvi.in was one
www.tamilaruvi.in of the most talked
forms of modern human found from the rocks 7. Who proposed the Germplasm theory?
of Cro-Magnon, France and is considered www.tamilaruvi.in
as a) Darwin www.tamilaruvi.in
b) August Weismannwww.tamil
the ancestor
amilaruvi.in of modern EuropeAns:
c) Lamarck d) Alfred Wallace
 Homo sapiens arose in Africa some 25,000 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
b
years
amilaruvi.in ago and moved
www.tamilaruvi.in to other continents
amilaruvi.in
Chapter - 6 | Evolutionwww.tamil
8. The age of fossils can be determined by
3. Natural moulds and casts
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) electron
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microscope b) weighing the fossils i) Actual remains –
amilaruvi.inc) carbon
www.tamilaruvi.in
dating
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) analysis of bones
www.tamilaruvi.in
• This is the most common method of
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
fossilization. www.tamil
9. Fossils are generally found in
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Hard parts www.tamilaruvi.in
such as bones, teeth or shells www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) igneous
www.tamilaruvi.in are preserved
www.tamilaruvi.in as such in the earth’s
rocks b) meta morphic rocks
amilaruvi.inc) volcanic
www.tamilaruvi.in atmosphere.
rocks d) sedimentary rocks
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • If
www.tamilaruvi.inMarine animals die their
www.tamilaruvi.in parts are covered
www.tamil
Ans: d
with sediments and are protected.
10. Evolutionary history of an organism is called
• They get preserved as such as they are
amilaruvi.ina) ancestry
www.tamilaruvi.in b) ontogeny
preserved in vast ocean, the salinity in them
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) phylogeny
www.tamilaruvi.in d) paleontology
prevents decay. www.tamil
Ans: c • The sediments www.tamilaruvi.in
become hardened to www.tamil
form
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in definite layers
www.tamilaruvi.in or strata.
11. The golden age of reptiles was
amilaruvi.ina) Mesozoic
www.tamilaruvi.in • Eg. Woolly
www.tamilaruvi.in Mammoth fossils were
era b) Cenozoic era
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in preserved
www.tamilaruvi.in in the frozen coast
www.tamilaruvi.in of Siberia
www.tamil
c) Paleozoic era d) Proterozoic era
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Several
www.tamilaruvi.in human beings and
www.tamilaruvi.in animals ancient
www.tamil
Ans: a
city of Pompeii were preserved intact by
12. Which period was called “Age of fishes”?
www.tamilaruvi.in
volcanic ash
ii) Petrifaction
a)Permian b) Triassic
c) Devonian d) Ordovician Ans: c • When animals die the original portion of
their bodywww.tamilaruvi.in
may be replaced by minerals www.tamil
13. Modern man belongs to which period?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and the original
www.tamilaruvi.in substance being www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in lost
amilaruvi.ina) Quaternary
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Cretaceous through
www.tamilaruvi.in disintegration.
amilaruvi.inc) Silurian
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Cambrian Ans: a • This
www.tamilaruvi.in method of fossilization
www.tamilaruvi.in is called
www.tamil
14. The Neanderthal man had the brain capacity petrifaction.
of • Minerals involved - iron pyrites, silica,
calcium carbonate and bicarbonates of calcium
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) 650–800cc
www.tamilaruvi.in b) 1200cc www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and magnesium.
amilaruvi.inc) 900ccwww.tamilaruvi.in d) 1400cc Ans: d
iii) Natural moulds and casts
PART-B, C AND D www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• Even after disintegration, the body ofwww.tamil
an
animal might www.tamilaruvi.in
leave indelible impression www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in on the soft mud
www.tamilaruvi.in which later becomes hardened
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS (2,3 AND 5 MARKS) into stones.
15. List out the major gases seems to be found in • Such impressions are called moulds.
the primitive earth. • The cavities of the moulds may get filled
• Primitive earth contain ammonia, methane, up by hard minerals and get fossilized,
amilaruvi.in hydrogen
www.tamilaruvi.in
and water vapour.
which are called casts. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Due www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
to split up water molecules by UV rays
amilaruvi.in hydrogen
www.tamilaruvi.in
and oxygen also present. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
16. Explain the three major categories in which
amilaruvi.infossilization
www.tamilaruvi.in
occur? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inFossilization
www.tamilaruvi.in
occur in three ways they www.tamilaruvi.in
are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. Actual
www.tamilaruvi.in
remains www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in2. Petrifaction
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Evolution
17. Differentiate between divergent evolution
p = 0.3, q = 0.7 then,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inand convergent
www.tnpsnote.com
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evolution with one example
p2 = (0.3)2 = 0.09 = 9 % AA
amilaruvi.inforeach.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2pq = 2(0.3) (0.7) = 0.42 = 42 % Aa
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inConvergent www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
q2 = (0.7)2=0.49 = 49 % aa
www.tamil
Divergent Evolution
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in evolution www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
i. Development i. Development of • Hence the beetle population appears to be in
amilaruvi.in of different
similar adaptive
www.tamilaruvi.in
Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in functional
www.tamilaruvi.in functional www.tamilaruvi.in
• The major www.tamilaruvi.in
factors which disturb Hardy- www.tamil
amilaruvi.in structures from a
www.tamilaruvi.in structures www.tamilaruvi.in
in Weinberg www.tamilaruvi.in
equilibrium are www.tamil
common ancestral unrelated groups of
amilaruvi.in form. www.tamilaruvi.in organisms.
1. Gene migration or gene flow www.tamil
amilaruvi.inii. Homologous
ii. Analogous organs 2. Mutation www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in organs show
www.tamilaruvi.in show convergent
3. Genetic drift www.tamil
amilaruvi.in divergent evolution.
www.tamilaruvi.in evolution. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Eg. Darwin’s Eg. Australian 4. Recombination
amilaruvi.in finches,
Marsupials and www.tamilaruvi.in
5. Natural selection www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Australian
www.tamilaruvi.in placental mammals,
19. Explain how mutations, natural selection
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Marsupials,
www.tamilaruvi.in various aquatic
www.tamilaruvi.in
locomotion in vertebrates and and genetic www.tamilaruvi.in
drift affect Hardy Weinberg www.tamil
amilaruvi.in mammals.
www.tamilaruvi.in equilibrium.
www.tamilaruvi.in
wings of insect, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in bird and bat.  Allele frequencies
www.tamilaruvi.in in a population may change
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.indue to four fundamental
www.tamilaruvi.inforces of evolution
www.tamil
18. How does Hardy-Weinberg’s expression
such as natural selection, genetic drift,
amilaruvi.in(p2+2pq+q2=1)
www.tamilaruvi.in explain that genetic
equilibrium is maintained in a population? mutation and gene flow.
amilaruvi.inList anywww.tamilaruvi.in
four factors that can disturb the
 If these events are not possible the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ingeneticwww.tamilaruvi.in
equilibrium. www.tamilaruvi.inpopulationwww.tamilaruvi.in
will not be in Hardy www.tamil
–
amilaruvi.in• If a population
is in a state of Hardy Weinberg Weinberg www.tamilaruvi.in
equilibrium www.tamil
amilaruvi.in equilibrium, the frequencies of www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in alleles 20. How did Darwin www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
explain fitness of organisms?
and genotypes or sets of alleles in
population will remain same over
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Fitness is www.tamilaruvi.in
the state of being suitably www.tamil
amilaruvi.in generations.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inadapted towww.tamilaruvi.in
an environment. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Suppose
www.tamilaruvi.in  Darwin proved that fittest organisms www.tamil
can
we have a large population ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
beetles, www.tamilaruvi.in
survive and leave more progenies than
amilaruvi.in and appear in two colours dark greywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in (black) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the unfit ones through natural selection.
amilaruvi.in and light grey, and their colour is determined
by ‘A’ gene.  Because they will survive more and hence
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inare selectedwww.tamilaruvi.in
by nature. www.tamil
• ‘AA’ and ‘Aa’ beetles are dark grey
21. Mention www.tamilaruvi.in
the main objectionswww.tamil to
• ‘aa’ beetles are light grey.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inDarwinism. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
population let’s say that ‘A’ allele
amilaruvi.in• In a www.tamilaruvi.in has
objections against Darwinism are
frequency (p) of 0.3 and ‘a’ allele has a
amilaruvi.in frequency
www.tamilaruvi.in
(q) of 0.7. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
1. Darwin failed to explain the mechanism www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in• Thenwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.invariation. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
p+q=1.
amilaruvi.in• If awww.tamilaruvi.in 2. Darwinism explains
www.tamilaruvi.in the survival of the fittest
population is in Hardy Weinberg
amilaruvi.in equilibrium,
www.tamilaruvi.in but not the arrival of the fittest.
the genotype frequencywww.tamilaruvi.in
can be www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in estimated by Hardy
www.tamilaruvi.in Weinberg equation. 3.
www.tamilaruvi.inHe focused on small changing
www.tamilaruvi.in variations
www.tamil
that are mostly non-heritable.
amilaruvi.in (p +www.tamilaruvi.in
q)2= p2 + 2pq + q2 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
4. He did not distinguish between somatic
amilaruvi.in p2 =www.tamilaruvi.in
frequency of AA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and germinal variations.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 2pq= frequency of Aa
5. He could not explain the occurrence of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in q2=www.tamilaruvi.in
frequency of aa www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in vestigial
www.tamilaruvi.in
organs, over specialization of
recognized species differing in body size,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in somewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and feeding behavior. www.tamil
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organs beak shape
amilaruvi.inEg. largewww.tamilaruvi.in
tusks in mammoths, oversized antlerswww.tamilaruvi.in
in • Changes inwww.tamilaruvi.in
the size and form of the www.tamil
beak
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inIrish deer, etc.,
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in have enabled different species to utilize
amilaruvi.in different food resources such as insects,
22. Taking www.tamilaruvi.in
the example of Pepperedwww.tamilaruvi.in
moth, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
seeds, nectar from cactus flowers and blood
amilaruvi.inexplain the action
www.tamilaruvi.inof natural selection. What
from iguanas, all driven by Natural selection.
do you call the above phenomenon?
• Genetic variation in the ALX1 gene inwww.tamil
the
• Phenomenon - industrial melanism
DNA of Darwin finches is associated with www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Peppered moth – Bistonbetularia were
www.tamilaruvi.in
available in two colours, white and black.
www.tamilaruvi.in variation in the beak shape.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Mild mutation
www.tamilaruvi.in in the ALX1 gene leads
www.tamil
• Before industrialization peppered moth both phenotypic change in the shape of the beak
amilaruvi.in white www.tamilaruvi.in
and black coloured were common www.tamilaruvi.in
of the Darwin finches.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in England.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Eg.,Australian marsupials :
amilaruvi.in• Pre-industrialization
witnessed white coloured www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• A number of marsupials, each different
amilaruvi.in background of the
www.tamilaruvi.in wall of the buildings hence
from the other evolved from an ancestral
the white coloured moths escaped from
amilaruvi.in theirwww.tamilaruvi.in
predators.
www.tamilaruvi.in stock, butwww.tamilaruvi.in
all within the Australian island www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Post www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in continent. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
industrialization, the tree trunks
amilaruvi.in became www.tamilaruvi.in
dark due to smoke and dust www.tamilaruvi.in
let 24. Who disproved www.tamilaruvi.in
Lamarck’s Theory of acquired www.tamil
amilaruvi.in out from the industries.
www.tamilaruvi.in characters?
www.tamilaruvi.in How?
black moths masked on the
amilaruvi.in• The www.tamilaruvi.in dark 
www.tamilaruvi.in August Weismann disproved
www.tamilaruvi.in Lamarck’s
www.tamil
bark of the trees and the white moths were “Theory of Acquired characters”
easily identified by their predators.  He conducted experiments on mice for
twenty generations by cutting their tails
www.tamil
• Hence the dark coloured moth population
amilaruvi.in waswww.tamilaruvi.in
selected and their number increased
www.tamilaruvi.in and breeding www.tamilaruvi.in
them. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in whenwww.tamilaruvi.in
compared to the white moths. www.tamilaruvi.in  All mice born www.tamilaruvi.in
were with tail. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Nature www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
offered positive selection pressure  Weismann www.tamilaruvi.in
proved that change in www.tamil the
amilaruvi.in to the black coloured moths.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in somatoplasm will not be transferred
above proof shows that in a population,
www.tamilaruvi.in to the nextwww.tamilaruvi.in
generation but changes inwww.tamilthe
germplasm will be inherited.
amilaruvi.in organisms that can adapt will www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in survive www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and produce more progenies resulting 25. How does Mutation theory of De Vries differ
amilaruvi.in in increase
in population through natural
from Lamarck and Darwin’s view in the origin
amilaruvi.in selection.
of new species. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
23. Darwin’s www.tamilaruvi.in
finches and Australian marsupials www.tamilaruvi.in
 According to www.tamilaruvi.in
de Vries, sudden and large www.tamil
amilaruvi.inare suitable
www.tamilaruvi.in
examples of adaptive radiation www.tamilaruvi.in
– variations www.tamilaruvi.in
were responsible for www.tamil the
amilaruvi.inJustify the statement.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in origin of new species whereas
www.tamilaruvi.in Lamarck and
www.tamil
• The process of evolution of different Darwin believed in gradual accumulation
of all variations
www.tamil
species in a given geographical area
amilaruvi.in startingwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
from a point and literally radiating to
www.tamilaruvi.in
 According to Hugo de Vries, mutations are
www.tamil
areas of geography (habitats) www.tamilaruvi.in
is called sudden and www.tamilaruvi.in
heritable variations which www.tamil
amilaruvi.in adaptive radiation
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in causes evolution, hence called it saltation
amilaruvi.inE.g., Darwin’s finches.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (single step large mutations).
amilaruvi.in• Common ancestor of Darwin’s www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in finches  While Darwin’s theory of natural
www.tamilaruvi.in selection states
www.tamil
arrived on the Galapagos about 2 million that speciation is due to accumulation
of small, directional, and heritable
www.tamil
years ago.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in variations,www.tamilaruvi.in
and is a gradual process. www.tamil
• Darwin’s finches have evolved into 14
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Evolution
www.tamil
26. Explain stabilizing, directional and disruptive 27. Rearrange the descent in human evolution
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inselection
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
with examples. Austrolopithecus → Homo erectus →
amilaruvi.inThere are
mainly three types of natural selection Homosapiens→www.tamilaruvi.in
Ramapithecus→Homo habilis. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in1. Stabilising
www.tamilaruvi.inSelection www.tamilaruvi.in
(centipetal www.tamilaruvi.in
Answer : Ramapithecus → Homo habilis www.tamil
→
amilaruvi.in selection):
www.tamilaruvi.in Homo erectus
www.tamilaruvi.in → Homo sapiens
amilaruvi.in• This www.tamilaruvi.in stable 28. Differentiate www.tamilaruvi.in
type of selection operates in awww.tamilaruvi.in between the eating habit www.tamil
amilaruvi.in environment.
www.tamilaruvi.in and brain size
www.tamilaruvi.in of Australopithecus www.tamil
• The organisms with average phenotypes Ramapithecus.
survive whereas the extreme individuals
amilaruvi.in fromwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Australopithecus
www.tamilaruvi.in Ramapithecus
www.tamil
both the ends are eliminated.
amilaruvi.in• Therewww.tamilaruvi.in Eating
www.tamilaruvi.in It mainly ate fruit,
www.tamilaruvi.in It ate hard
www.tamil
is no speciation but the phenotypic pattern vege tables, nuts and
amilaruvi.in stability
is maintained within the population small lizards, seeds
and tubers.
amilaruvi.in over www.tamilaruvi.in
generation. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Brain size 350 – 450 cc Relatively
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in E.g., www.tamilaruvi.in
measurements of sparrows that www.tamilaruvi.in
survived www.tamilaruvi.in large brain www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the storm clustered
www.tamilaruvi.in around the mean, and
29. How does Neanderthal man differ fromwww.tamil
the
the sparrows that failed to survive the storm
amilaruvi.in clustered
www.tamilaruvi.in modern
www.tamilaruvi.in man in appearance?
around the extremes of the variation
amilaruvi.in2. Directional
www.tamilaruvi.in
Selection: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Neanderthal Modern human
environment which undergoes gradual
Neanderthals are an Humans refer to the
amilaruvi.in change www.tamilaruvi.in
is subjected to directional www.tamilaruvi.in
extinct species www.tamilaruvi.in
of primate www.tamil
species
amilaruvi.in selection
human. www.tamilaruvi.in
of to which modern www.tamil
type of selection removes
amilaruvi.in• This www.tamilaruvi.in the
www.tamilaruvi.in humans
www.tamilaruvi.in belong www.tamil
individuals from one end towards the Named as Homo Named as Homo
Neanderthalensis
www.tamilaruvi.in
sapiens
www.tamil
other end of phenotypic distribution.
Evolved www.tamilaruvi.in
about Evolved www.tamil
about
E.g., size differences between male and
amilaruvi.in female www.tamilaruvi.in 400,000 to www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in 40,000 200,000 years ago in
www.tamil
sparrows.
amilaruvi.in• Bothwww.tamilaruvi.in years
www.tamilaruvi.in ago in Europe Africa
male and female look alike externally and Southwestern to
amilaruvi.in but www.tamilaruvi.in
differ in body weight. www.tamilaruvi.in
central Asia www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
show directional selection inwww.tamilaruvi.in
relation Skull comprised a Skull is thin-walled,
amilaruvi.in to body weight.
www.tamilaruvi.in large
www.tamilaruvi.in middle part of dome
www.tamilaruvi.in shape, with a
www.tamil
the face, A huge flat, and near vertical
Disruptive Selection (centrifugal www.tamilaruvi.in
nose and angled www.tamilaruvi.in
forehead www.tamil
amilaruvi.in selection) :
www.tamilaruvi.in check bone www.tamilaruvi.in
homogenous environment changes
amilaruvi.in• Whenwww.tamilaruvi.in Brain was larger
www.tamilaruvi.in in Have special features
into heterogenous environment this type comparison to body in their skull to
amilaruvi.in of selection
www.tamilaruvi.in
is operational
overcome the large www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• The organisms
of both the extreme phenotypes
size of the brain www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in are www.tamilaruvi.in
selected whereas individuals Average
www.tamilaruvi.in
with height - Average
www.tamilaruvi.in height www.tamil
-
Males : 5 ft 5 Males : 5 ft 7
amilaruvi.in average phenotype are eliminated.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 1/2 www.tamil
Females was 5 ft 1 Females was 5 ft 2
amilaruvi.in• This www.tamilaruvi.in leads
is a rare form of selection butwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
to formation of two or more different 30. Mention any three similarities found common
in Neanderthal www.tamilaruvi.in
man and Homosapiens. www.tamil
species.
• Neanderthalwww.tamilaruvi.in
man and Homo sapiens www.tamil are
• It is also called adaptive radiation.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inbelongs towww.tamilaruvi.in
the genus –Homo www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• E.g., Darwin’s finches-beak size in relation to
www.tamilaruvi.in
seed size inhabiting Galapagos islands.
• Both are primates www.tamil
• Both Neanderthal man and Homo sapiens have www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.ina similar size brain
amilaruvi.in
Chapter - 6 | Evolution
31. According to Darwin, the organic evolution is 6. Which of the following provides most evident
www.tamil
amilaruvi.indue to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
proof of evolution?
amilaruvi.ina) Intrawww.tamilaruvi.in
specific competition www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Fossils www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Morphology www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) Interwww.tamilaruvi.in
specific competition www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Embryo www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Vestigial organswww.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Competition
within closely related species www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Reduced
feeding efficiency in one species due 7. What was thewww.tamilaruvi.in
basic principle of Lamarckism www.tamil
amilaruvi.in to thewww.tamilaruvi.in
presence of interfering species.www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Inheritance www.tamilaruvi.in
of acquired characters www.tamil
32. A population www.tamilaruvi.in
will not exist in Hardly- Weiberg www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Survival of the fittest www.tamil
amilaruvi.inequilibrium if
c) Natural selection www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Individuals mate selectively
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans:
d) Acquired characters www.tamil
c
amilaruvi.inb) Therewww.tamilaruvi.in
are no mutations www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
8. Book ‘PhilosophieZoologique’ published in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Therewww.tamilaruvi.in
is no migration www.tamilaruvi.in
the year 1809www.tamilaruvi.in
was written by www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) The www.tamilaruvi.in
population is large www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Darwin www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Lanmark www.tamil
c) De Vries www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Mendel www.tamil
Ans: b
amilaruvi.in PART-A
9. Who published the book “Orgin of species by
Natural Selection” in 1859 www.tamil
ADDITIONAL
www.tamilaruvi.in (1 MARK)
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) lanmarck www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Darwin www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
1. The mammalwww.tamilaruvi.in
like early reptiles which www.tamilaruvi.in
gave c) Wallace www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Oparin www.tamil
Ans: b
amilaruvi.inrise to mammals, are
www.tamilaruvi.in evolved in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
10. Neo-Darwinism believes that new species
amilaruvi.ina) Silurian
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Mississippian www.tamilaruvi.in
develop throughwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Devonian
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Permian Ans: d
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Mutations www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
2. Dinosaurs www.tamilaruvi.in
originated: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Hybridization www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Afterwww.tamilaruvi.in
evolution of mammals www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Mutations with natural selection www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Withwww.tamilaruvi.in
mammals www.tamilaruvi.in
d) None of thewww.tamilaruvi.in
above www.tamil
Ans: c
amilaruvi.inc) Muchwww.tamilaruvi.in
before mammals www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
11. Which one is linked to evolution?
amilaruvi.ind) Before
www.tamilaruvi.in
mammals and they formed them www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Extinction b) Competition
c) Variation d) Reproduction
3. Archaeopteryx www.tamilaruvi.in
is a connecting link because www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
c
amilaruvi.ina) It possessed
www.tamilaruvi.in
characters of reptiles andwww.tamilaruvi.in
aves www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
12. Ancestor of man who first time showed
amilaruvi.inb) It haswww.tamilaruvi.in
characters of reptiles and mammals www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
bipedal movement www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) It was
www.tamilaruvi.in
a reptile not a bird www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Cro-magnonwww.tamilaruvi.in
b) Australopithecuswww.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) It had
www.tamilaruvi.in
characters of non chordates and
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Java apeman www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Peking man www.tamil
amilaruvi.in chrodates
Ans: a www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
b
amilaruvi.in
4. Analogous www.tamilaruvi.in
organs are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
13. Cranial capacity of Neanderthal man waswww.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Similar
www.tamilaruvi.in
in origin
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Similar in structure a) 900 cc www.tamilaruvi.in
b) 1075 cc www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Non www.tamilaruvi.in
functional
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Similar in function c) 1450 cc
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) 1400 cc
www.tamil
Ans: d
14. Coloured rock paintings were first done by
5. Evolutionary history of an organism is known
a) Cro-magnon man b) Java ape man
amilaruvi.inas www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Peking man d) Neanderthal man
amilaruvi.ina) Phylogeny
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Ancestry www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.inc) Palaeontology
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Ontogeny www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Evolution
www.tamil
15. Primitive atmosphere was made up of the 23. Most modern hypothesis regarding origin of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inmixturewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
life was givenwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
of by
amilaruvi.ina) Oxygen,
www.tamilaruvi.in
ammonia, methane, water www.tamilaruvi.in a) Wallace www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Hugo de Vries www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) Hydrogen,
www.tamilaruvi.in
ammonia, methane, oxygen www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Oparin www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Charles Darwinwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Hydrogen,
www.tamilaruvi.in
steam, methane, ammoniawww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Oxygen,
www.tamilaruvi.in
methane, water, nickle www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: c 24. Which is vestigial organ in man www.tamil
16. What is most important for origin of life
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Pinna www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Pinna muscles www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Carbonwww.tamilaruvi.in b) Oxygen
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Lleum www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Teeth www.tamil
Ans: b
c) Water d) Nitrogen Ans: c 25. Miller and Urey performed an experiment to
prove the originwww.tamilaruvi.in
of life. They took gases www.tamil
NH3
17. Oxygen in atmosphere has been formed by and H2 along with
amilaruvi.ina) Evaporation of water
www.tamilaruvi.in a) N2 and H2O www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in b) H2O and CH4 www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Photosynthesis of
www.tamilaruvi.inblue green algae www.tamilaruvi.in d) CO2and NH3 Ans:
c) CH4 and N2 www.tamilaruvi.in b
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) metabolism of microorganisms
26. Peripatus is connecting link between www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) decaying organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Mollusca and www.tamilaruvi.in
Arthropoda www.tamil
18. Oparin’s
amilaruvi.in theory is based on
b) Flat worms www.tamilaruvi.in
and annelid www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Artificial synthesis
c) Annelida and www.tamilaruvi.in
Arthropoda www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Spontaneous
www.tamilaruvi.in
generation www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Reptilia andwww.tamilaruvi.in
Mammalia www.tamil
Ans: c
amilaruvi.inc) God’swww.tamilaruvi.in
well www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
27. Which of the following set has homologous
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) All
Ans: a organs www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
19. Which biologist www.tamilaruvi.in
gave most logical biochemical a) Hands of man,www.tamilaruvi.in
monkey and kangaroo www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.intheory www.tamilaruvi.in
of origin of life www.tamilaruvi.intrunk of elephant
amilaruvi.ina) Ureywww.tamilaruvi.in b) Oparin b) Wings of insects,
www.tamilaruvi.in birds and bats
amilaruvi.inc) Stanley
www.tamilaruvi.in
Miller d) Haeckel www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: b c) Hind limbs ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
grasshopper, horse and batwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in
20. Who did www.tamilaruvi.in
an experiment to prove that www.tamilaruvi.in
‘The d) bones such www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
as humerus, radius, ulna, carpals,
amilaruvi.inorganicwww.tamilaruvi.in
compounds were the basis of www.tamilaruvi.in
life’? metacarpalswww.tamilaruvi.in
and phalanges Ans: d
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Darwinwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
28. Who was thewww.tamilaruvi.in
first to explain recapitulationwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Stanely
www.tamilaruvi.in theory
Miller and Harold C.Urey
amilaruvi.inc) Melvinwww.tamilaruvi.in a) Weismann www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Haeckel www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Fox
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Darwin
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Malthus
www.tamil
Ans: b
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 29. Which of thewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in following sets do not have www.tamil
21. First life on earth was
amilaruvi.ina)Cyanobacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in homologous
www.tamilaruvi.in organs
amilaruvi.inb) similar
www.tamilaruvi.inWings of mosquito and butterfly
to the Monera
www.tamilaruvi.inWings of butterfly and bat
c) Autotrophs
www.tamilaruvi.inMouth parts of cockroach
www.tamilaruvi.inand butter fly www.tamil
d) Photoautotrophs Ans: b
www.tamilaruvi.inNone of them
www.tamil
22. Abiogenesis is the
30. Golden age ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
Dinosaurs was during www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Origin of life from
www.tamilaruvi.innon-living material www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Cenozoic era b) Palaeozic era www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Origin of life from
www.tamilaruvi.inliving organism www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Archeozoic era d) Mesaozoic era www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Origin of viruses and
www.tamilaruvi.in microbes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: d
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) none
amilaruvi.in
31. Evolution of birds and mammals occurred in
39. Convergent evolution of two species is
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Eocene
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
and Oligocene periods associated with
amilaruvi.inb) Silurian
www.tamilaruvi.in
and Devonian periods
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and Permian periods
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b) Recent commonwww.tamilaruvi.in
ancestor www.tamil
c) Homologouswww.tamilaruvi.in
organs www.tamil
d) Cretaceous and Triassic periods Ans: d
d) Different habitat www.tamil
a
32. The Mesozoic era of earth is called the
40. Darwin’s finches are an example of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Golden Age of amphibians
a) Divergent evolution
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amilaruvi.inb) Golden age Age of
www.tamilaruvi.in armoured fishes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Golden Age of primitive man b) Adaptive radiation
Ans: d c) Allopatric speciation
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d) All of these Ans: d
33. An era www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in “age of birds and mammals” www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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b) Palaeozoic www.tamilaruvi.in of the scientist who
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Theory
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a) Wallace b) Malthus
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34. Origin www.tamilaruvi.in
of life took place in which www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Dawin d) De Vries Ans: d
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b) Palaeozoic www.tamilaruvi.in ultimate source of variation
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d) Proterozoic www.tamilaruvi.in b) Sexual
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) natural
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35. A connecting link between reptiles and birds
amilaruvi.inis www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a
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amilaruvi.ina) Archaeopteryx
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43. Who is related with modern synthetic theory
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Ape man d) Whale Ans: a of evolution:
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Dobzhansky
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36. Evolution of heart from one to two, three and
amilaruvi.infour chambered proves
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amilaruvi.ina) Biogenetic law of Haeckel
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amilaruvi.inb) Lamarckism
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Weinberg’s law a) Lamarckism
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Darwinism
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Darwinism c) Ne- Lemarckism
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Ans: a d) Neo-Darwinismwww.tamil
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37. Potato www.tamilaruvi.in
and sweet potato www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Havewww.tamilaruvi.in 45. Struggle for www.tamilaruvi.in
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the
edible parts which are homologous fittest theories were given by
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a) Wallace b) Darwn
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edible which are analogous organs www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Lanmarck d) None of these
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same www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :b
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46. Which fossil man had cranial capacity almost
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are two species of the same genus www.tamilaruvi.in
equal to modern www.tamilaruvi.in
man www.tamil
a) Australopithecus b) Java ape man www.tamil
38. Fossils www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Neanderthal man d) Peking man Ans: c
amilaruvi.ina) Animals living in burrows
47. Homo habilis refers to
amilaruvi.inb) Remnants of extinct animals and plants
a) Wandering species b) Ancient man
amilaruvi.inc) Floating
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organisms www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Modern man d) Tool-maker Ans: d
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runners www.tamilaruvi.in
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| Evolution
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48. Which of the following ancestor of man was 55. By studying analogous structures we look for
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painting and weapons makingwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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______.
amilaruvi.ina) Neanderthal
www.tamilaruvi.in
man b) Cromagnonwww.tamilaruvi.in
man a. similarities www.tamilaruvi.in
in appearance and functionwww.tamil
but
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man d) Peking manwww.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: b different in structure.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in b. similarities www.tamilaruvi.in
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49. Hugo Devries worked on
amilaruvi.ina) Oenotheralamarckiana
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b) Lathrusodoratus
amilaruvi.inc) Pisumsativum
www.tamilaruvi.in c.
www.tamilaruvi.inSimilarities in organ structure.
d) Arachis hypogeal
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in d.
www.tamilaruvi.inSimilarities in cell make up.
Ans: a
Ans: a
50. (p+q)2= p2+2pq+q2=1 represents an equation
amilaruvi.inused inwww.tamilaruvi.in 56. The
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successive generations to prove Lamarck’s
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genetics www.tamilaruvi.in
theory was wrong www.tamilaruvi.in
was _____. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Menedelian
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a) Weismann www.tamilaruvi.in b) Haeckel www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Biometrics
c) Darwin www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Wallace www.tamil
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amilaruvi.ind) Molecular
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Ans: a 57. Human being www.tamilaruvi.in
belongs to the species of_____.
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51. Fossils are generally found in
a) Homo erectus b) Homo habillis
amilaruvi.ina) Sedimentary
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rocks b) Igneous rocks
c) Homo sapiens d) Hominidae Ans: c
c) Metamorphic rocks d) Any type of rock 58. Evidences of evolutionary relationships is
Ans: a found in ______.
52. The first human being like prehistoric man
a) atmosphere b) fossils
amilaruvi.inwas www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) ocean beds d) rocks Ans: b
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sapiens b) Homo erectus www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
59. The pre-cell which is gradually transformed
amilaruvi.inc) Homowww.tamilaruvi.in
habilis d) Neanderthalwww.tamilaruvi.in
man www.tamilaruvi.in
into living cells ______.
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a) prokaryotes b) coacervates
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53. What www.tamilaruvi.in
is sequence in the evolution www.tamilaruvi.in
c) eobionts d) chemoautotrophs
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b
amilaruvi.ina) Fish-amphibian-bird-mammals
60. The first organism to be found on a bare rock
amilaruvi.inb) Insect – fish –bird – mammals
is a (an) ______.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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– amphibian – reptile- mammals www.tamilaruvi.in a) moss www.tamilaruvi.in
b) alga www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Fish www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
– amphibian – reptile – bird – mammals c) lichen www.tamilaruvi.in
d) fern www.tamil
Ans: c
61. The era called ‘age of prokaryotic microbes’ is
54. The difference between Homo sapiens www.tamilaruvi.in
and ______. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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a. a) archaezoic b) precambrian www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina. Homo sapiens originated
www.tamilaruvi.in in Africa while Homo
c) phaenerozoic d) proterizoic Ans: b
erectus was in Asia
Homo erectus were much smaller in size than 62. The first photoautotroph organisms were
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sapiens.
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______. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a. a) bryophytes www.tamilaruvi.in
b) algae www.tamil
c. Homo erectus stayed in Africa while Homo
amilaruvi.in sapienswww.tamilaruvi.in
did not. www.tamilaruvi.in
c) cyanobacteria www.tamilaruvi.in
d) bacteria www.tamil
Ans: d
amilaruvi.ind. The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
size of their brain of Homo eructus was www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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to homo sapiens www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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63. Who performed this famous experiment to 71. The Jurassic period belongs to the ............
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amilaruvi.inprove origin
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of life ? era
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and Haldane www.tamilaruvi.in
a. a) proterozoicwww.tamilaruvi.in
b) archezoic www.tamil
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amilaruvi.inb) Spallanzani
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and Pasteur www.tamilaruvi.in
c) mesozoic www.tamilaruvi.ind) cenozoic www.tamil
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and Miller www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
72. Potato and sweet potato ______. www.tamil
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Pasteur www.tamilaruvi.in
a. have edible parts which are homologous
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64. Coacervates are www.tamilaruvi.in
organs www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) colloidal
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droplets www.tamilaruvi.in
b. have edible www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
part which are analogous organs
amilaruvi.inb) contain
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nucleoprotein www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c. have been introduced www.tamil
in India from the same
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b) place
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Ans: c above Ans: b
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65. According to abiogenesis life originate from 73. Which one is not a vestigial organ in man ?
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amilaruvi.in______.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Wisdom teeth www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) non-living
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matter www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Muscles of external ear-pinna www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) pre-exiting
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life www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Fossa ovalis www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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d) Ileum
d
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matter www.tamilaruvi.in
74. The tracking of evolutionary history of
66. Mesozoic era is associated with mass
organisms is ______. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inextinction
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of ______. www.tamilaruvi.in
a. a) ontogeny www.tamilaruvi.in
b) phylogeny www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) flowering
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plants b) trilobites www.tamilaruvi.in
c) analogy
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d) homology Ans: b
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amilaruvi.inc) Dodowww.tamilaruvi.in d) dinosaurs www.tamilaruvi.in
75. An old view about evolution states that the
amilaruvi.in
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appendix in man, nictitating organisms were www.tamilaruvi.in
created by a super organismwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inmembrane and wisdom teeth are ______.
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amilaruvi.ina) homologous organs b) analogous organs
www.tamilaruvi.in theory
www.tamilaruvi.in is called ______.
amilaruvi.inb. c) vestigial organs
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d) none of thewww.tamilaruvi.in
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c b) theory
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68. Which one
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correctly describe the relationship between d) theory of spontaneous generation Ans: a
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organs of animals like locust, bat,
amilaruvi.inswallow,www.tamilaruvi.in
and flying fish ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
76. Industrial melanism is an example of www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Atavism
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Analogous www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) natural selection b) mutation www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Homologous
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Vestigeal www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: b www.tamilaruvi.in
c) adaptive convergence d) gene flow www.tamil
Ans:a
69. Appearance of facial hair in some people is an 77. Who was the first civilized man ?
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amilaruvi.inexample www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Cro-magnon man
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b) Neanderthal man
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amilaruvi.ina) Vestigial
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organ www.tamilaruvi.in
b) analogous organs
c) Java ape man
d) Peking man Ans: a
amilaruvi.inc) atavistic
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organ d) all above www.tamilaruvi.in
78. Closest primate to man is ______.
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70. These www.tamilaruvi.in
are some examples of vestigial www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) gorilla b) rhesus monkey
amilaruvi.instructures in man
c) orangutan d) lemur Ans: a
amilaruvi.ina) wisdom tooth vermiform appendix, hair
amilaruvi.inb) wisdom tooth, vermiform appendix, coccyx
amilaruvi.inc) wisdom tooth, head, nails
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of these Ans: b
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| Evolution
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79. Match the features from the columns
C) If Assertion is True but the Reason is
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False.
Column – I Column – II
D) If both Assertion & Reason are false.www.tamil
a) Ape like primate 1. Homo erectus
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) Ancestor
www.tamilaruvi.in
of modern 2. Australopithecus
84. Assertion : Fossils are always remains of hard
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amilaruvi.in apes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
parts of life-forms found only in rocks www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Connecting
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Reason : Rocks www.tamilaruvi.in
are formed due to sediments www.tamil
amilaruvi.in between ape and
www.tamilaruvi.in man www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) First to use fire 4. Propliopethecus a) A b) B c) C d) D Ans: d
85. Assertion :According to Lamarck, evolution of
www.tamil
A B C D
life forms hadwww.tamilaruvi.in
occurred but driven by usewww.tamiland
a) 3 4 2 1 disuse of orgAns:
amilaruvi.inb) 4 3www.tamilaruvi.in 2 1 Reason : Usewww.tamilaruvi.in
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www.tamil
c) 3 4 1 2 change at genetic level
d) 4 2 1 3 Ans: b a) A b) B c) C d) D Ans: c
80. The first
amilaruvi.in human like being was
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www.tamilaruvi.in – Bang theory talks of a singular www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) neanderthal man
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Homo erectus huge
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www.tamilaruvi.in in physical
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terms to explain the origin of universe.
amilaruvi.inc) cro-magnon man
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Australopithecus
Ans: b Reason : Due to big-bang origin of life tooks
place. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
81.
amilaruvi.inHuman evolution actually
www.tamilaruvi.in started in ______.
a) A b) B c) C d) D Ans: c
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87. Assertion : Analogous structures are a result
amilaruvi.inc) Central Asia
d) a) and b) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of convergent evolution.
amilaruvi.in
of the following is correct www.tamilaruvi.in
match www.tamilaruvi.in
Reason : Different structures evolving for the
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same function www.tamilaruvi.in
and hence having similarity. www.tamil
respective fossil.
b) B c) C d) D Ans:www.tamil
a
a) Australopithecus – east Africa (350- 450 CC)
88. Assertion : Analogous organs show common
amilaruvi.inb) Homowww.tamilaruvi.in
erectus – 1400 cc www.tamilaruvi.in
ancestory. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Neanderthal – Africa
www.tamilaruvi.in (500–600 CC) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Reason : Analogous organ show evolution www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Homo sapiens – 650
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a) A b) B c) C d) D Ans: d
83. Which one
amilaruvi.in of the following ancestorswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of man www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
first time showed bipedal movement ? 89. The theory of spontaneous generation stated
that: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Australopithecus
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Cro-magnon www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) life arose from living forms only.
apeman d) Peking manwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) life can arise from both living and non-living.
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Ans: a
c) life can arise from non-living things only.
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These questions consits of two statements
printed as Assertion and Reason.
d) life arises spontaneously, neither from living
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answering these questions you www.tamilaruvi.in
are nor from thewww.tamilaruvi.in
non-living. www.tamil
Ans: c
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90. ______is a byproduct of human exploitation
of forests, oceans and fisheries or the use www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.inA) If both Assertion
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www.tamilaruvi.in herbicides or drugs
the Reason is a correct explanation of
amilaruvi.in the Assertion
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amilaruvi.inB) If both
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www.tamilaruvi.in d) natural selection www.tamil
Assertion & Reason are True but
amilaruvi.in Reason www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b
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is not a correct explanation of
amilaruvi.in the Assertion.
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Chapter - 6 | Evolution www.tamil
91. Palaentological evidences for evolution refer 98. Which of the following is an example for link
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species?
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of embryo www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Peripatus www.tamilaruvi.in b) Dodo bird www.tamil
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amilaruvi.inb) homologous
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a
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99. Match the scientistswww.tamilaruvi.in
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‘A’
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orgAns: with ideas listed
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Ans: c undercolumn ‘B’.
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of forelimbs of whale, bat, cheetah Column A
www.tamilaruvi.inColumn B
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(i) Darwin www.tamilaruvi.in
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amilaruvi.inb) they www.tamilaruvi.in
share a common ancestor (iii) Lamarck www.tamilaruvi.in
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perform the same function (iv
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b) (i) P; (ii) M; (iii) N; (iv) O
amilaruvi.in
93. Analogous www.tamilaruvi.in
organs arise due to: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) (i) N; (ii) P; (iii) O; (iv) M
amilaruvi.ina) divergent
www.tamilaruvi.in
evolution www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) (i) P; (ii) O; (iii) N; (iv) M Ans: b
amilaruvi.inb) artificial
www.tamilaruvi.in
selection www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) genetic
www.tamilaruvi.in 100.Variations
www.tamilaruvi.in during mutations
www.tamilaruvi.in of meiotic
www.tamil
drift
recombinations are:
amilaruvi.ind) convergent
www.tamilaruvi.in
evolution www.tamilaruvi.in
a) random and directionless
94. Evolution of life shows that life forms had a
b) random and directional
amilaruvi.intrend ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
moving from: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) random and small
amilaruvi.ina) land www.tamilaruvi.in
to water www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) random, small and directional Ans: a
amilaruvi.inb) dryland
www.tamilaruvi.in
to wet land www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) freshwww.tamilaruvi.in
water to sea water www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
PART-B www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) waterwww.tamilaruvi.in
to land www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
95. Fossils www.tamilaruvi.in
are generally found in: ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (2 MARKS)www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Sedimentary
www.tamilaruvi.in
rocks b) Igneous rockswww.tamilaruvi.in
1. Define Evolution.
amilaruvi.inc) Metamorphic
www.tamilaruvi.in
rocks d) Any type of www.tamilaruvi.in
rock www.tamilaruvi.in
• Evolution is describe heritable changesin
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.incharacteristics www.tamilaruvi.in
of a population of species www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.infrom one generation to the other.
96. Which type of selection is industrial melanism
amilaruvi.inobserved in moth, Bistonbitularia:
www.tamilaruvi.in • Types of evolution
www.tamilaruvi.in - chemical, organicwww.tamil
social or cultural evolution
amilaruvi.ina) Stabilising
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Directional www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Disruptive
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Artificial Ans: b 2. What is Abiogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in ?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • This one of the theory of origin of living
97. The most accepted line of descent inwww.tamilaruvi.in
organism on earth
amilaruvi.inevolution is:
• According to this theory living organisms
amilaruvi.ina) Australopithecus →
www.tamilaruvi.in Ramapithecus → Homo
www.tamilaruvi.inoriginatedwww.tamilaruvi.in
from non-living materialswww.tamil and
sapiens → Homohabilis
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inoccurred through evolution over millions
www.tamil
b) Homo erectus → Homo habilis → Homo years.
amilaruvi.in sapiens www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Ramapithecus
www.tamilaruvi.in 3. Did aquatic life forms get fossilised? If, yes
→ Homo habilis →www.tamilaruvi.in
Homo www.tamilaruvi.in
where do we come across such fossils?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in erectus www.tamilaruvi.in
→ Homo sapiens www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Many aquatic life forms too got fossilized.
amilaruvi.ind) Australopithecus
www.tamilaruvi.in
→ Ramapithecus →www.tamilaruvi.in
Homo www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
erectus → Homohabilis → Homo sapiens. • Many such fossils have been found from oil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inwells.
Ans: c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Evolution
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inMany www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
others have been found from 10. Define the term protobionts.
amilaruvi.insedimentary
 Abiotically www.tamilaruvi.in molecules www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
rocks because many water bodies produced can
amilaruvi.ingot filled up by sedimentation
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inspontaneously self assemble www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in coacervates ? www.tamilaruvi.indroplets that enclose a watery solution
and maintain a chemical environment
amilaruvi.in• Coacervates are large colloidal particles
different from their surroundings.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in precipitate out
www.tamilaruvi.in in aqueous medium www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Scientists call these spheres as ‘protobionts’.
amilaruvi.in• They are the first
www.tamilaruvi.in pre-cells which gradually
transformed into living cells. 11. What are the two types of cell that are formed
in Biological evolution? www.tamil
5. Explain Biogenesis theory.
Cell type 1 : www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• This one of the
www.tamilaruvi.in theory of origin of living
www.tamilaruvi.in
 One form ofwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the earliest cell contained clumps
organism on earth
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inof nucleoproteins embedded in the www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in cell
• According to the Theory of biogenesis, substance.
amilaruvi.in life arose
www.tamilaruvi.in
from pre-existing life. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• The www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.inSuch cells were similar to
www.tamilaruvi.in the Monera. www.tamil
term biogenesis also refers to the
amilaruvi.in biochemical
www.tamilaruvi.inThey are considered as ancestral
www.tamilaruvi.in to the
www.tamil
process of production of
modern bacteria and blue green algae.
amilaruvi.in living organisms.
Cell type 2 :
amilaruvi.in
chemical evolution theory. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The other form of earliest cells contained
amilaruvi.in• According
www.tamilaruvi.in
to the theory of chemical www.tamilaruvi.innucleoprotein www.tamilaruvi.in
clumps that condensed www.tamil
amilaruvi.in evolution, primitive
www.tamilaruvi.in organisms in the
www.tamilaruvi.ininto a centralwww.tamilaruvi.in
mass surrounded by a www.tamil
thin
primordial environment of the earth evolved membrane.
amilaruvi.in spontaneously
from inorganic substances
physical forces such as lightning, UV 12. How prokaryotes
www.tamilaruvi.in and Eukaryotes are evolved?
amilaruvi.in radiations, volcanic activities, etc.,
www.tamilaruvi.in  The atmospheric
www.tamilaruvi.in oxygen combined www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in with
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in methane and ammonia to form CO2 and
7. Why Mesozoic era known as Goldenwww.tamilaruvi.in
age of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
free nitrogen.
amilaruvi.inReptiles?www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The presence of the free O2 brought about
amilaruvi.in In Mesozoic era
www.tamilaruvi.in known as Golden age of
the evolution of aerobic respiration
Reptiles because reptiles are more dominated
amilaruvi.in at this www.tamilaruvi.in
era
www.tamilaruvi.inwhich couldwww.tamilaruvi.in
yield large amounts of energy www.tamil
by
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inoxidation ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
food stuffs. www.tamil
8. Difference between Relative dating of
amilaruvi.inAbsolute www.tamilaruvi.in  Thus
www.tamilaruvi.in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
dating.
evolved.
amilaruvi.in Relative
www.tamilaruvi.in
dating - is used to determine www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a 13. Define fossilization. www.tamil
by comparing it to similar rocks
amilaruvi.in fossilwww.tamilaruvi.in and
 Fossilization is the process by which plant
amilaruvi.in fossils of known age.
and animal remains are preserved in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Absolute dating is used to determine
www.tamilaruvi.insedimentary www.tamilaruvi.in
rocks. www.tamil
precise age of a fossil by using radiometric
amilaruvi.in dating www.tamilaruvi.in
to measure the decay of isotopes
14. What is petrifaction? www.tamil
 When animals www.tamilaruvi.in
die the original portion www.tamil
of
9. Write the significance of Cenozoic era?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intheir bodywww.tamilaruvi.in
may be replaced molecule www.tamil
 Cenozoic era is also Age of mammals for molecule by minerals and the original
 This era is subdivided into two periods namely substance being lost through disintegration.
amilaruvi.in Tertiarywww.tamilaruvi.in
and Quaternary.
 This type of fossilization is called petrifaction.
amilaruvi.in Tertiary
period is characterized by abundant
amilaruvi.in mammalian
www.tamilaruvi.in 15. Define
www.tamilaruvi.in moulds, cast.
fauna.
amilaruvi.in Quaternary
www.tamilaruvi.in  Moulds - after disintegration, the body of an
period characterized by www.tamilaruvi.in
decline www.tamilaruvi.in
animal might leave indelible impression
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of mammals and beginning of www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in human on the soft www.tamilaruvi.in
mud which later becomes www.tamil
amilaruvi.in social life.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inhardened into stones.
amilaruvi.in
Chapter - 6 | Evolution www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Suchwww.tamilaruvi.in
impressions are called moulds.
22. Define molecular evolution.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Castwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
- The cavities of the moulds may get  Molecular evolution is the process of
amilaruvi.in filledwww.tamilaruvi.in
up by hard minerals and www.tamilaruvi.in
get change in www.tamilaruvi.in
the sequence composition www.tamil
of
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in fossilized, to form
www.tamilaruvi.in a casts. www.tamilaruvi.in moleculeswww.tamilaruvi.in
such as DNA, RNA and proteins www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Divergent evolution? www.tamilaruvi.in across generations.
amilaruvi.in It’s awww.tamilaruvi.in
type of evolution in which structurally 23. What is molecular
www.tamilaruvi.in clock?
similar organs are produced but they perform  A slight change that occurs over time in
www.tamilaruvi.in
functions
these conserved molecules (DNA, RNA and
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in
also called homologous structures
protein) are often called molecular clocks.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in E.g. www.tamilaruvi.in
Thorn of Bougainvillea and the
 Molecules that have been used to study
amilaruvi.in tendrils
www.tamilaruvi.in
of Curcurbita and Pisumsativum www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
evolution are cytochrome c (respiratory www.tamil
amilaruvi.in represent homology.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in pathway) andwww.tamilaruvi.in
rRNA (protein synthesis). www.tamil
17. What are
amilaruvi.in Analogous structure?
24. What is the findings of August Weismann? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Organisms having different structural
 August Weismann found out that change www.tamil
in
patterns but similar function are termed
amilaruvi.in as analogous
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the somatoplasm will not be transferred
structures.
amilaruvi.in E.g. wings
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in to the next generation but changes inwww.tamil
of birds and insects are different germplasm will be inherited.
amilaruvi.in structurally
but perform the same function. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 25. Classify
www.tamilaruvi.in struggle denoted
www.tamilaruvi.inby Darwin. www.tamil
18. What are vestigial organs?
amilaruvi.in Organ www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.in Darwin denoted struggle
www.tamilaruvi.infor existence in three
www.tamil
which in not useful or not necessary ways –
amilaruvi.in for www.tamilaruvi.in
their existence are called www.tamilaruvi.in
vestigial www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
orgAns: 1. Intra specific struggle (between the same
species) for food, space and mate
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Vestigial organs may
www.tamilaruvi.in be considered as
leftovers of structures 2. Inter specific struggle (between different
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in species) forwww.tamilaruvi.in
food and space. www.tamil
 They were well developed and functional
amilaruvi.in in the www.tamilaruvi.in
ancestors, but disappeared inwww.tamilaruvi.in
course 3. Struggle www.tamilaruvi.in
with the environmentwww.tamil to
amilaruvi.in of evolution due to their non- utilization.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the climatic variations, flood,
cope with www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inE.g. Human appendix,mammae in male.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in earthquakes, drought, etc.,
amilaruvi.in
connecting link. Give an example. 26. What is mutation
www.tamilaruvi.in theory?
amilaruvi.in The organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in  Hugo de Vries
www.tamilaruvi.in
which possess the characters proposed Mutation theory.
amilaruvi.in of two different groups (transitional
www.tamilaruvi.in stage)  According to
www.tamilaruvi.in de Vries, sudden and large
are called connecting links. variations were responsible for the
E.g. Peripatus (connecting link between origin of new species
amilaruvi.in Annelida
www.tamilaruvi.in
and Arthropoda), www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
27. What is Adaptive Radiation?
amilaruvi.in Archeopteryx
(connecting link between www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The evolutionary process which produces
amilaruvi.in Reptiles and Aves).
new species diverged from a single
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Atavistic organs? www.tamilaruvi.in ancestral www.tamilaruvi.in
form becomes adapted to newly www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Suddenwww.tamilaruvi.in
appearance of vestigial organs www.tamilaruvi.in
in invaded habitats is called adaptive radiation.
amilaruvi.in highly evolved organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in is called atavistic E.g Darwin’s finches
www.tamilaruvi.in and Australian marsupials
orgAns:
28. Define gene flow. www.tamil
E.g. presence of tail in a human baby is an
amilaruvi.in atavistic
www.tamilaruvi.in
organ.
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Movement www.tamilaruvi.in
of genes through gameteswww.tamil or
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in movementwww.tamilaruvi.in
of individuals in (immigration www.tamil
21. Define embryology, and out (emigration of a population is
referred to as gene flow.
www.tamil
 Embryology is a branch of science which deals
amilaruvi.in aboutwww.tamilaruvi.in
the study of the development www.tamilaruvi.in
 Gene flow can be a strong agent of
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
from the egg to the adult www.tamilaruvi.in
stage. evolution. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Evolution
www.tamil
29. How do we compute the age of a fossil?
b) Theory of spontaneous generation
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Age www.tamilaruvi.in
of a fossil is computed by using www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
carbon  This theory based on Abiogenesis,
amilaruvi.in dating.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 It means living organisms originated from
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in• Relative
www.tamilaruvi.in
presenceof 14C (radioactive www.tamilaruvi.in
carbon) www.tamilaruvi.in
non-living materials and occurred through
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in is calculated to compute
www.tamilaruvi.in the age of a fossil.
evolution over millions of years.
amilaruvi.in the most important pre-condition for
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Thomas Huxley www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
coined the term abiogenesis.
amilaruvi.inadaptive radiation?
• Common ancestry is the most important c) Big bang theory
pre-condition for adaptive radiation.  According theory origin of universe as a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.insingular hugewww.tamilaruvi.in
explosion in physical terms. www.tamil
31. What is founder effect?
 Initially earthconsist of ammonia, methane,
www.tamil
• When a new species evolves by a small
amilaruvi.in number www.tamilaruvi.in
of individuals from a larger
www.tamilaruvi.inhydrogen and www.tamilaruvi.in
water vapour. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in population;
the loss of genetic variation in the  UV rays from www.tamilaruvi.in
the sun split up water www.tamil
species is called the founder effect
amilaruvi.in new www.tamilaruvi.in or
www.tamilaruvi.inmoleculeswww.tamilaruvi.in
into hydrogen and oxygen. www.tamil
founder principle
 Whentemperature cooled and thewater www.tamil
32.
amilaruvi.inAre the wing of a bird
www.tamilaruvi.in and the forelimb of a
www.tamilaruvi.invapour condensed to form rain.
horse homologous or analogous?
 Ammonia and www.tamilaruvi.in
methane in the atmosphere www.tamil
 Wing of bird and the forelimb of horse are
amilaruvi.in homologous
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incombined with oxygen
www.tamilaruvi.in to form carbon-
www.tamil
organs
amilaruvi.in Because
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.indioxide and other gases.
both have same fundamental
amilaruvi.in structures but have different functions
www.tamilaruvi.in 2. Write short notes
www.tamilaruvi.in on vestigial organ.
for flying in bird and in horse
amilaruvi.in i.e., www.tamilaruvi.in for
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Organ whichwww.tamilaruvi.in
in not useful or not necessary www.tamil
amilaruvi.in running.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.infor their existence
www.tamilaruvi.in are called vestigial
www.tamil
orgAns:
33. Convergent
amilaruvi.in evolution leads to analogous
structures. Give an example.  Vestigial organs may be considered as
leftovers of structures
www.tamil
• Convergent evolution is development of
amilaruvi.in similarwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
functional structure in different
 They were well developed and functional
amilaruvi.in organisms.
in the ancestors, www.tamil
but disappeared in course
will resulting in analogous organs www.tamilaruvi.in
in of evolutionwww.tamilaruvi.in
due to their non- utilization. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in unrelated organisms, which havewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in similar may be considered as leftover
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Vestigial organs www.tamil
functions but different developmental patterns. structures which were well developed
• E.g., the wings of bee, bird and bat. and functional in the ancestors, but
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.indisappeared www.tamilaruvi.in
in course of evolution due www.tamil
to
PART-C www.tamilaruvi.intheir non- utilization.
 E.g. Human www.tamilaruvi.in
appendix is the remnant www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (3 MARKS) www.tamilaruvi.incaecum which is functional
www.tamilaruvi.in in the digestive
www.tamil
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS tract of herbivorous animals like rabbit.
1. Explain any two theory which explain  Cellulose digestion takes place in the
caecum of these animals.
www.tamil
evolution of organism.
a) Theory of special creation  Due to change in the diet containing less
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incellulose, www.tamilaruvi.in
caecum in human became www.tamil
 It states that life was created by “God”.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and is reduced to a vermiform
functionlesswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 According to Hinduis - Lord Brahma created appendix, which is vestigial.
amilaruvi.in the Earth.
amilaruvi.in Christianity,
www.tamilaruvi.inOther vestigial organs
www.tamilaruvi.in - coccyx, wisdom
www.tamil
Islam and most religions believe teeth, ear muscles, body hair, mammae in
God created the universe, thewww.tamilaruvi.in
plants www.tamilaruvi.in
male, nictitating membrane of the eye, etc.,
www.tamil
the animals. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
3. List out the features of mutation theory.
5. Write short notes on Urey and miller
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in According
experiments. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
to de Vries, sudden and large
amilaruvi.in variations
www.tamilaruvi.in
were responsible for www.tamilaruvi.in
the Urey and Miller’swww.tamilaruvi.in
experiment : www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in origin of new species whereas Lamarck
www.tamilaruvi.in
 They paved www.tamilaruvi.in
way for understanding www.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in Darwin believed
www.tamilaruvi.in in gradual accumulation possible synthesis
www.tamilaruvi.in of organic compounds
of all variations that led to the appearance of living organisms.
 According to Hugo de Vries, mutations are  In their experiment, a mixture of gases
amilaruvi.in sudden www.tamilaruvi.in
and heritable variationswww.tamilaruvi.in
which www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
was allowed to circulate over electric
amilaruvi.in causes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
evolution, hence called it saltation discharge www.tamilaruvi.in
from an tungsten electrode. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in (single step large mutations).
 A small flask www.tamilaruvi.in
was kept boiling and the steamwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in Whilewww.tamilaruvi.in
Darwin’s theory of natural selection states
www.tamilaruvi.in
emanating www.tamilaruvi.in
from it was made to mix with www.tamil
that speciation is due to accumulation the mixture of gases (ammonia, methane
small, directional, and heritable
and hydrogen) in the large chamber that
amilaruvi.in variations,
www.tamilaruvi.in
and is a gradual process.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
was connected to the boiling water.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inSalientwww.tamilaruvi.in
features of Mutation Theory www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The steam condensed to form water
amilaruvi.in1. Mutations
www.tamilaruvi.in
or discontinuous variation www.tamilaruvi.in
are which ran downwww.tamilaruvi.in
the ‘U’ tube. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in transmitted to other generations.www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in  Experiment www.tamilaruvi.in
was conducted continuously www.tamil
for a
amilaruvi.in2. In naturally
breeding populations, mutations week and the liquid was analysed.
amilaruvi.in occur from time to time.
 Glycine, www.tamilaruvi.in
alanine, beta alanine www.tamil and
amilaruvi.in3. There are no intermediate
www.tamilaruvi.in forms, as they aspartic
www.tamilaruvi.in acid were identified.
are fully fledged.  Thus Miller’s experiments had an understanding
4. They are strictly subjected to natural as to the possibility of abiogenetic synthesis
selection. of large amount of variety of organic
compounds www.tamilaruvi.in
in nature from a mixture www.tamil
of
4. List the two main propositions of Oparin and
amilaruvi.inHaldane.www.tamilaruvi.in sample gases
www.tamilaruvi.in in which the only source
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Oparinwww.tamilaruvi.in carbon was www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in methane. www.tamil
proposed that the organic
amilaruvi.in compounds
www.tamilaruvi.in
could have undergone a 6. Identify the following
www.tamilaruvi.in pairs as homologous
amilaruvi.in serieswww.tamilaruvi.in
of reactions leading to more www.tamilaruvi.in
complex and analogous organs:
amilaruvi.in molecules.
www.tamilaruvi.in a. Sweet
www.tamilaruvi.in potato and potato
amilaruvi.in He www.tamilaruvi.in
proposed that the molecules www.tamilaruvi.in
formed b. Eye of octopus and eye
www.tamilaruvi.inof mammals www.tamil
colloidal aggregates or ‘coacervates’ in c. Thorns of www.tamilaruvi.in
Bougainvillea and tendrilswww.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in an aqueous
environment. The coacervates Cucurbita.
amilaruvi.in werewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
able to absorb and assimilate organic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d. Forelimbs of bat and whale.
amilaruvi.in compounds from the environment.
e. Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins.
amilaruvi.in “Haldane” proposed that the primordial
amilaruvi.in sea served as a
www.tamilaruvi.invast chemical laboratory Answer
www.tamilaruvi.in : www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
powered by solar energy. Homologous organs :
 The atmosphere was oxygen free and the 1. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of
amilaruvi.in combination
of CO2, NH3 and UV radiations
Cucurbita,
amilaruvi.in gavewww.tamilaruvi.in
rise to organic compounds. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2. Forelimbs of bat and whale.
sea became a ‘hot’ dilute soup containing www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Analogous organs:
amilaruvi.in largewww.tamilaruvi.in
populations of organic monomers www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and polymers.
www.tamilaruvi.in 1. Sweet potato and potato
amilaruvi.in They imagined that
www.tamilaruvi.in groups of monomers 2. Eye
www.tamilaruvi.in of Octopus and eye
www.tamilaruvi.inof mammals. www.tamil
and polymers acquired lipid membranes and 3. Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins.
amilaruvi.in furtherwww.tamilaruvi.in
developed into the first living www.tamilaruvi.in
cell. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Evolution
www.tamil
7. Explain Darwinian theory of evolution and
(including beneficial ones) and fixation of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inadd thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
factor responsible for it other alleles.
amilaruvi.in Charles
www.tamilaruvi.in
Darwin explained the theory www.tamilaruvi.in
of  Genetic driftwww.tamilaruvi.in
can have major effects, when www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in evolution in his
www.tamilaruvi.inbook ‘The Origin of Species
www.tamilaruvi.inthe population is reduced in sizewww.tamil
by Natural Selection’. natural disaster due to bottle neck effect or
when a small group of population splits from
amilaruvi.in During his journey around the Earth, he
www.tamilaruvi.in made
the main population to form a new colonywww.tamil
due
extensive observations of plants and animals.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.into founder’s effect.
 He noted a huge variety and remarkable
amilaruvi.in similarities
www.tamilaruvi.in
among organisms and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
their 10. Name the ancestors of a man based onwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in adaptive
www.tamilaruvi.in
features to cope up to features givenwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
their below : www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in a. Human like,www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in meat-eater with 900 cc brain, www.tamil
proved that fittest organisms
amilaruvi.in He www.tamilaruvi.in can
www.tamilaruvi.inlived around 1.7 mya
survive and leave more progenies than b. More human with brain size 1400 cc, lived in
amilaruvi.in the unfit
www.tamilaruvi.in
ones through natural selection.
neander valley, used hides and buried their
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.indead.
8. How does Darwin’s theory of natural selection
amilaruvi.inexplainwww.tamilaruvi.in
the appearance of new forms of life
c. Human like, vegetarian, bipedal locomotion
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inon earth?
with brain capacity between 650 cc andwww.tamil
800
amilaruvi.in• The theory
www.tamilaruvi.in
of natural selection is basedwww.tamilaruvi.in
on the cc. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in following factors
www.tamilaruvi.in : d. Man like primate,
www.tamilaruvi.in that existed about 14 mya.
amilaruvi.in1. Over production
www.tamilaruvi.in (or prodigality of Answer :
amilaruvi.in production
a Homo erectus,
amilaruvi.in2. Struggle for existence
b Homo sapines neanderthalensis,
amilaruvi.in3. Universal occurrence
www.tamilaruvi.in of variations www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c Homo habilis,
amilaruvi.in4. Origin of species
www.tamilaruvi.in by Natural Selection
d Ramapithecus
amilaruvi.in the term gene flow and genetic drift?
11. Mention any three characteristics of
amilaruvi.ina) Genewww.tamilaruvi.in
flow www.tamilaruvi.in
Neanderthal man www.tamilaruvi.in
that lived in near Eastwww.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in Movement
www.tamilaruvi.in
of genes through gametes Central Asia. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
or www.tamil
amilaruvi.in movement of individuals in (immigration)
www.tamilaruvi.in and • Characteristics
www.tamilaruvi.in of Neanderthal man:
out (emigration) size of 1400 cc
a) Their brain www.tamilaruvi.in
of a population is referred to as gene flow. between 34,000 - 1,00,000
b) They lived www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Organisms and
www.tamilaruvi.in gametes that enter the
www.tamilaruvi.inyears ago. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
population may have new alleles or may animal hides to protect their
c) They used www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in bringwww.tamilaruvi.in
in existing alleles but in differentwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
bodies, knew the use of fire and buried
amilaruvi.in proportions
www.tamilaruvi.in
than those already www.tamilaruvi.in
in the their dead.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in population.
d) They did not practice agriculture and
amilaruvi.in Gene flow can be
www.tamilaruvi.in a strong agent of evolution.
animal domestication. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Genetic drift /
www.tamilaruvi.in Sewall Wright Effect
12. State and explain any three factors affecting
amilaruvi.in Genetic drift is a
www.tamilaruvi.inmechanism of evolution in
www.tamilaruvi.in
allele frequencywww.tamilaruvi.in
in populations. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in which allele frequencies
www.tamilaruvi.in of a population
• Following are the three out of five factors
change over generation due to chance
amilaruvi.in (sampling
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inwhich affect allele frequency
www.tamilaruvi.in in populations:
www.tamil
error).
amilaruvi.in Genetic
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Genetic Drift:
drift occurs in all population sizes,
amilaruvi.in but itswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
effects are strong in a small population. is a mechanism of evolution
 Genetic driftwww.tamilaruvi.in in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It maywww.tamilaruvi.in which allele frequencies of a population
result in a loss of some www.tamilaruvi.in
alleles www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in change www.tamilaruvi.in
over generation due to chance
amilaruvi.in (sampling
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in PART-D
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
error).
www.tamilaruvi.in
drift occurs in all population www.tamilaruvi.in
sizes, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in but its effects are strong in a small population.
www.tamilaruvi.in ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (5 MARKS)www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It may result in a loss of some www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in alleles www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1. Explain the process of biological evolution.
amilaruvi.in (including beneficial
www.tamilaruvi.in ones) and fixation of
other alleles.  Abiotically produced molecules can
spontaneously www.tamilaruvi.in
self assemble www.tamilinto
amilaruvi.inb) Genetic Recombination:
www.tamilaruvi.in droplets that
www.tamilaruvi.in enclose a watery solutionwww.tamil
 Production of offspring with traits which maintain a chemical environment.
amilaruvi.in differwww.tamilaruvi.in
from parents is called genetic
amilaruvi.in recombination.
www.tamilaruvi.in  Scientists
www.tamilaruvi.in call these spheres
www.tamilaruvi.in as ‘protobionts’.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Natural
www.tamilaruvi.in  Some
www.tamilaruvi.in of the proteins inside
www.tamilaruvi.in the liposomes
www.tamil
Selection:
acquired the properties of enzymes
amilaruvi.in It occurs
www.tamilaruvi.in
when one allele (or combination www.tamilaruvi.in
resulting in www.tamilaruvi.in
fast multiplication of molecules. www.tamil
alleles of differences makes an
 Subsequently number of genes united to
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in organism more
www.tamilaruvi.in or less fit to survive and
form ‘proto viruses’ somewhat similar to
reproduce in a given environment.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in present
www.tamilaruvi.in day viruses.
 E.g. one gene’s allele frequencies might be
amilaruvi.in modified
www.tamilaruvi.in Cell
www.tamilaruvi.in type 1 : www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
by both gene flow and genetic
amilaruvi.in drift,www.tamilaruvi.in
for another gene, mutation may www.tamilaruvi.in
produce the earliest cell contained clumps
 One form ofwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in a new allele,
www.tamilaruvi.inthat is favoured by natural of
www.tamilaruvi.in nucleoproteins embedded
www.tamilaruvi.in in the cell
www.tamil
substance.
amilaruvi.in selection.
13. Write the significance of Paleozoic era  Such cells were similar to the Monera.
 They are considered as ancestral to the
amilaruvi.in The Paleozoic era is characterized by abundance
modern bacteria and blue green algae.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of fossils of marine invertebrates.www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Cell type 2 :
amilaruvi.in Towards the later
www.tamilaruvi.in half, other vertebrates
(marine and terrestrial) except birds and  The other form of earliest cells contained
amilaruvi.in mammalswww.tamilaruvi.in
appeared. www.tamilaruvi.in
nucleoprotein www.tamilaruvi.in
clumps that condensed www.tamil
amilaruvi.inPaleozoic
www.tamilaruvi.in
era are into a central
www.tamilaruvi.in mass surrounded by a www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in thin
amilaruvi.in1. Cambrian
www.tamilaruvi.in membrane.
- Age of invertebrates),
amilaruvi.in2. Ordovician
www.tamilaruvi.in  This membrane
www.tamilaruvi.in separated nucleoproteins
- fresh water fishes, Ostracoderms, from the cell substances.
amilaruvi.in variouswww.tamilaruvi.in
types of Molluscs www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Such cells were referred to as Protista.
amilaruvi.in3. Silurian
www.tamilaruvi.in
- origin of fishes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in4. Devonian
www.tamilaruvi.in  These
www.tamilaruvi.in may be summarized
www.tamilaruvi.in as parasitism,
www.tamil
- Age of fishes, many types of saprophytism, predator or animalism
amilaruvi.in fisheswww.tamilaruvi.in
such as lung fishes, lobe finned www.tamilaruvi.in
fishes www.tamilaruvi.in
and chemosynthesis or photosynthesis. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and ray finned fishes
 When the number of photosynthetic organisms
amilaruvi.in5. Mississippian
www.tamilaruvi.in - earliest amphibians,
www.tamilaruvi.in
increased itwww.tamilaruvi.in
result in increase in the free O www.tamil
2
Echinoderms
CH4+2O2 à CO www.tamilaruvi.in
2
+2H 2
O www.tamil
amilaruvi.in6. Pennsylvanian
www.tamilaruvi.in - earliest reptiles
www.tamilaruvi.in
4NH3+3O2 àwww.tamilaruvi.in
2N2+6H2O www.tamil
amilaruvi.in7. Permian - mammal
www.tamilaruvi.in like reptiles. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 The atmospheric oxygen combined www.tamil
with
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in methane and
www.tamilaruvi.in ammonia to form CO2 and www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in free
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in nitrogen.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  The
www.tamilaruvi.in presence of the free
www.tamilaruvi.in O 2
brought about
www.tamil
the evolution of aerobic respiration
which couldwww.tamilaruvi.in
yield large amounts of energy www.tamil
by
oxidation ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
food stuffs. www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Evolution
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Thuswww.tamilaruvi.in
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
E.g. Neck in giraffe (use theory) absence of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in evolved.
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
limbs in snakes (disuse theory)
amilaruvi.in
2. List outwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and explain the basic factor involved 2) The theory www.tamilaruvi.in
of inheritance of acquired www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inin the process
www.tamilaruvi.in
of organic evolution. www.tamilaruvi.in characters www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Sewellwww.tamilaruvi.in
Wright, Fisher, Mayer, Huxley,  Characters
www.tamilaruvi.in that are developed
www.tamilaruvi.in during the
www.tamil
life time of an organism are called acquired
amilaruvi.in Dobzhansky,
www.tamilaruvi.inSimpson and Haeckelwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
characters and these are then inherited.
www.tamil
explained Natural Selection in the light of
amilaruvi.in Post-Darwinian
www.tamilaruvi.in
discoveries.
The main objection to Lamarckism
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. Genewww.tamilaruvi.in
mutation
 August Weismann disproved Lamarck’s
www.tamil
“Theory of Acquired characters” www.tamil
 It refers to the changes in the structure of
amilaruvi.in the gene.
 He conducted www.tamilaruvi.in
experiments on mice www.tamil for
amilaruvi.in It is www.tamilaruvi.in twenty generations
www.tamilaruvi.in by cutting their tails
also called gene/ point mutation. and breeding them.
amilaruvi.in It alters
the phenotype of an organism and
 All mice born were with tail.
amilaruvi.in produces
variations in their offspring. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Weismann proved that change in the
amilaruvi.in2. Chromosomal
www.tamilaruvi.in
mutation www.tamilaruvi.in
somatoplasm www.tamilaruvi.in
will not be transferred www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It refers
to the changes in the structure of to the nextwww.tamilaruvi.in
generation but changes inwww.tamil the
amilaruvi.in chromosomes due to deletion, addition,
www.tamilaruvi.in germplasm
www.tamilaruvi.in will be inherited.
amilaruvi.in duplication, inversion
www.tamilaruvi.in or translocation. Neo-Lamarckism
amilaruvi.in This too alters the
www.tamilaruvi.in phenotype of an organism  The
www.tamilaruvi.in followers of Lamarck
www.tamilaruvi.in like Cope, Osborn,
www.tamil
and produces variations in their offspring. Packard and Spencer tried to explain Lamarck’s
theory on a www.tamilaruvi.in
more scientific basis are known www.tamil
as
3. Genetic recombination
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Neo- Lamarckists
is due to crossing over of genes during
amilaruvi.in It www.tamilaruvi.in
meiosis.
 They considered
www.tamilaruvi.in that adaptations www.tamil
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in universal.
brings about genetic variations in the  Organisms acquire new structures due
amilaruvi.in individuals
of the same species and leads to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
to their adaptations to the changed
amilaruvi.in heritable variations.
environmental www.tamilaruvi.in
conditions. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in4. Natural selection
4. Write short notes on Darwin’s theory.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It does
not produce any genetic variations www.tamilaruvi.in
 Charles Darwin explained the theory of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in but once such variations occur it favours
evolution in www.tamilaruvi.in
his book ‘The Origin of Specieswww.tamil
some genetic changes while rejecting by Naturalwww.tamilaruvi.in
Selection’.
amilaruvi.in others www.tamilaruvi.in
(driving force of evolution).
amilaruvi.in5. Reproductive
www.tamilaruvi.in  Darwin’s theory
www.tamilaruvi.in was based on several facts,
isolation observations and influences. They are:
 It helps in preventing interbreeding 1. Over production (or prodigality of
amilaruvi.in betweenwww.tamilaruvi.in
related organisms. www.tamilaruvi.in
production
3. Explain Lamarck’s theory of evolution.
 All living organisms increase their
www.tamil
populationwww.tamilaruvi.in
in larger number. www.tamil
 Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, postulate
amilaruvi.in the theory
www.tamilaruvi.in
of evolution in his famouswww.tamilaruvi.in
book  E.g. Salmonwww.tamilaruvi.in
fish produces about 28 million www.tamil
amilaruvi.in ‘Philosophie Zoologique’
www.tamilaruvi.in eggs
www.tamilaruvi.in during breeding
www.tamilaruvi.in season and if all
www.tamil
of them hatch, the seas would be filled with
two principles of Lamarckian theory www.tamilaruvi.in
are: salmon in few www.tamilaruvi.in
generations. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1) The www.tamilaruvi.in
theory of use and disuse www.tamilaruvi.in
 Elephant, www.tamilaruvi.in
can produce six young ones www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.in Organswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
that are used often will increase its life time www.tamilaruvi.in
can produce www.tamil
amilaruvi.in in size and those that are not used
www.tamilaruvi.in will
www.tamilaruvi.in
2. Struggle for www.tamilaruvi.in
existence www.tamil
amilaruvi.in degenerate.
 Organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
struggle for food, space www.tamil and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in mate.
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Darwinwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
denoted struggle for existence in three
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Their modified concepts collectively called as
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in wayswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
– Neo Darwinism
amilaruvi.in Intrawww.tamilaruvi.in
specific struggle (between the www.tamilaruvi.in
same  This theorywww.tamilaruvi.in
emphasizes the change inwww.tamil the
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in species) for food,
www.tamilaruvi.inspace and mate frequency of
www.tamilaruvi.in genes in population ariseswww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in due
to mutation, variation, isolation and
amilaruvi.in Interwww.tamilaruvi.in
specific struggle (between different
Natural selection.
www.tamil
species) for food and space.
 Struggle with the environment to 6. Write short notes on Human evolution.
amilaruvi.in copewww.tamilaruvi.in
with the climatic variations,www.tamilaruvi.in
flood, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Origin and Evolution of Man
amilaruvi.in earthquakes, drought, etc.,
 Hominid evolution occurred in Asia and
amilaruvi.in3. Universal occurrence of variations
Africa. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in No two individuals are alike.
 Hominids proved that human beings www.tamil
are
are variations even in identical
superior to www.tamilaruvi.in
other animals and efficient www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.in twins. www.tamilaruvi.in making tools
www.tamilaruvi.in and culture.
amilaruvi.in Variations found in an organism help
www.tamilaruvi.in them man like Ramapithecus www.tamil
 Prehistoric www.tamilaruvi.in
to overcome struggle and such variations Sivapithecus lived some 14 mya and were
amilaruvi.in are passed
www.tamilaruvi.in
on to the next generation.www.tamilaruvi.in
derived from www.tamilaruvi.in
ape like Dryopithecus. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inOrigin www.tamilaruvi.in
of species by Natural Selection www.tamilaruvi.in
 Dryopithecus www.tamilaruvi.in
and Ramapithecus were hairy www.tamil
amilaruvi.in According
www.tamilaruvi.in
to Darwin, nature is the and walked
www.tamilaruvi.in
most like gorillas and chimpanzees.
amilaruvi.in powerful selective force.
www.tamilaruvi.in Australopithecus
amilaruvi.in He compared origin of species by www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in natural  They are lived in East African grasslands
amilaruvi.in selection to a small
www.tamilaruvi.in isolated group. about
www.tamilaruvi.in 5 mya and also
www.tamilaruvi.in known as Australian
www.tamil
 Darwin believed that the struggle for ape man.
existence resulted in the survival of the  Height - 1.5 meters, bipedal locomotion,
amilaruvi.in fittest.
omnivorous, www.tamilaruvi.in
semi erect. www.tamil
5. List out the objections to Darwinism and add
 They are lived in caves. www.tamil
amilaruvi.innotes onwww.tamilaruvi.in
Neo Darwinism www.tamilaruvi.in
 Low forehead,www.tamilaruvi.in
brow ridges over the eyes, www.tamil
amilaruvi.inobjections
www.tamilaruvi.in
against Darwinism are www.tamilaruvi.in protrudingwww.tamilaruvi.in
face, low brain capacity - www.tamil
350
amilaruvi.in1. Darwin
www.tamilaruvi.in – 450
www.tamilaruvi.in cc. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
failed to explain the mechanism of
amilaruvi.in variation.
www.tamilaruvi.in  Human
www.tamilaruvi.in like dentition, lumbar
www.tamilaruvi.in curve in the
www.tamil
vertebral column were his distinguishing
amilaruvi.in2. Darwinism explains the survival of the
www.tamilaruvi.in fittest
www.tamilaruvi.in
features. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
but not the arrival of the fittest.
Homo habiliswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
3. He focused on small changing variations
are mostly non-heritable.
 They lived about 2 mya. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in4. He did
www.tamilaruvi.in
not distinguish between somatic
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Their brain www.tamilaruvi.in
capacity : 650 – 800cc, www.tamil
germinal variations. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 They are vegetarian. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in5. He could
www.tamilaruvi.in
not explain the occurrence www.tamilaruvi.in
 They had bipedal locomotion and used www.tamil
amilaruvi.in vestigial organs,
www.tamilaruvi.in over specialization of tools
www.tamilaruvi.in made of chipped
www.tamilaruvi.in stones. www.tamil
some organs
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Homo
www.tamilaruvi.in erectus www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Eg. large tusks in mammoths, oversized antlers in
amilaruvi.inIrish deer,
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the first human like beingwww.tamil
 They were www.tamilaruvi.in was
etc.,
amilaruvi.inNeo Darwinism
www.tamilaruvi.in around
www.tamilaruvi.in 1.7 mya
amilaruvi.in Newwww.tamilaruvi.in  They
www.tamilaruvi.in were closer to human
www.tamilaruvi.in in looks, skull
www.tamil
facts and discoveries about evolution was flatter and thicker than the modern
amilaruvi.in havewww.tamilaruvi.in
led to modifications of Darwinism www.tamilaruvi.in
man www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and is supported
www.tamilaruvi.in by Wallace, Heinrich,
 Brain capacity - 900 cc.
Haeckel, Weismann and Mendel.
 They were meat eaters. www.tamil
 Homo ergasterwww.tamilaruvi.in
and Homo erectus werewww.tamil
the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Evolution
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in firstwww.tamilaruvi.in
to leave Africa.
 They started cultivating crops and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Theirwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
brain size of 1400 cc domesticating animals.
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
lived between 34,000 - 1,00,000 7. What are the assumption of Hardy Weinberg
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in years www.tamilaruvi.in
ago. www.tamilaruvi.in
1. No mutation www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
used animal hides to protect www.tamilaruvi.in
their No new alleleswww.tamilaruvi.in
are generated by mutation www.tamil
amilaruvi.in bodies, knew the
www.tamilaruvi.inuse of fire and buried
www.tamilaruvi.in nor the genes get duplicated or deleted. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
their dead.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 2. Random mating
 They did not practice agriculture and
amilaruvi.in animalwww.tamilaruvi.in
domestication. www.tamilaruvi.in Every organism gets a chance to mate andwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inCro-Magnon
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in mating is random with
www.tamilaruvi.ineach other with no
www.tamil
preferences for a particular genotype.
are considered as the ancestor www.tamilaruvi.in
3. No gene flow
amilaruvi.in modern EuropeAns:
Neither individuals nor their gametes enter
were not only adapted to various
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (immigration www.tamilaruvi.in
or exit (emigration) www.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in environmental conditions,
www.tamilaruvi.in but were also
www.tamilaruvi.in population. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
known for their cave paintings, figures on
amilaruvi.in floorswww.tamilaruvi.in
and walls. 4.
www.tamilaruvi.in Very large population size
amilaruvi.inHomo sapiens
www.tamilaruvi.in
or modern human www.tamilaruvi.in The population should be infinite
www.tamilaruvi.in in size.
www.tamil
arose in Africa some 25,000www.tamilaruvi.in
years 5. No naturalwww.tamilaruvi.in
selection www.tamil
amilaruvi.in ago www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in All alleles are fit to survive and reproduce.
moved to other continents
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in and
www.tamilaruvi.in If any onewww.tamilaruvi.in
of these assumptions werewww.tamilnot
amilaruvi.in developed into distinct
www.tamilaruvi.in races. www.tamilaruvi.in met, the population will
www.tamilaruvi.innot be in Hardy-
www.tamil
 They had a brain capacity of 1300 – 1600 Weinberg equilibrium.
cc.
8. Provide a comparison table for Mesozoic era and Cenozoic era its important events
YEARS IN www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
ERA
PERIOD EPOCH FAUNA FLORA

amilaruvi.in MILLION
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Recentwww.tamilaruvi.in Angiosperms
1 Age of Mammals
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (Holocene)
www.tamilaruvi.in Monocotyledons
Quaternary
6 Pleistocene Age of Human beings
Cenozoic
15 Pliocene Human evolution

Miocene www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Age of
20 Oligocene Angiosperms - Dicotyledons
Tertiary
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Eocene Mammals
www.tamilaruvi.in and birds www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
100
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Paleocene
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Sphenopsides,
Ginkgos, Gnetales,
amilaruvi.in 125 Cretaceous
Mesozoic
(Dicotyledons)
(Golden age of Reptiles)www.tamilaruvi.in
Herbaceous www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Rise of
www.tamilaruvi.inDinosaurs lycopods, Ferns,
150 Jurassic
Conifers, Cycads
180 Triassic
amilaruvi.in
9. Compare Precambrian era and Paleozoic era its important events
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
YEARS IN
ERA
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inPERIOD www.tamilaruvi.in

EPOCH www.tamilaruvi.in
FAUNA FLORA www.tamil
MILLION
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Arborescent
amilaruvi.in 205 Permian
www.tamilaruvi.in Mammal like
www.tamilaruvi.in reptiles
lycopods
Earliest Amphibians and Seed ferns and www.tamil
230 Pennsylvanian
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in abundant Echinoderms
www.tamilaruvi.in Bryophytes www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
Carboniferous
Paleozoic
amilaruvi.in 255
www.tamilaruvi.in Mississippian Earliest
www.tamilaruvi.in reptiles
315 Devonian Age of fishes Progymnosperms
Earliest fishes and land
amilaruvi.in 350 Silurian
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Zosterophyllum
invertebrates
Dominancewww.tamilaruvi.in
of Appearance ofwww.tamil
430 Ordovician
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in invertebrates
www.tamilaruvi.in first land plants
amilaruvi.in 510 Cambrian
www.tamilaruvi.in Fossil
www.tamilaruvi.in invertebrates Origin
www.tamilaruvi.in of algae
www.tamil
Upper Multicellular organisms
Precambrian

amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Appearance
Middle
3000 eukaryotes
Planktons
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Lower
prokaryotes www.tamil
www.tamil
CHAPTER
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in HUMAN HEALTH
www.tamilaruvi.in AND DISEASES
7
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Points to Remember
amilaruvi.in
 The WHO www.tamilaruvi.in
defines health as ‘a state www.tamilaruvi.in
of  Fungi was www.tamilaruvi.in
recognized as a causative www.tamil
complete
amilaruvi.in physical, mental and www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in social agent of human diseases much earlier than
wellbeing and not merely absence of bacteria.
diseases’. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Dermatomycosis is a cutaneous infection
amilaruvi.in
 Diseasewww.tamilaruvi.in
can be defined as a disorder www.tamilaruvi.in
or caused by fungiwww.tamilaruvi.in
belonging to the genera www.tamil
malfunction
amilaruvi.in of the mind or body. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Trichophyton, Microsporum
www.tamil
 Diseases can be broadly grouped into Epidermophyton.
infectious and non infectious types.
 Ringworms of the feet is known as Athlete’s
amilaruvi.in
 Diseases www.tamilaruvi.in
which are transmitted from www.tamilaruvi.in
one foot caused by www.tamilaruvi.in
Tinea pedis. www.tamil
person
amilaruvi.in to another
www.tamilaruvi.in are called infectious
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Helminthes are www.tamilaruvi.in
mostly endoparasitic inwww.tamil
the
diseases or communicable diseases. gut and blood of human beings and cause
 Non-infectious diseases are not transmitted diseases called helminthiasis.
amilaruvi.in
an infected person to a www.tamilaruvi.in
healthy  The two mostwww.tamilaruvi.in
prevalent helminthic diseases
www.tamil
person.
are Ascariasis www.tamilaruvi.in
and Filariasis. www.tamil
 Viruses
amilaruvi.in are the
www.tamilaruvi.in smallest intracellular
 Ascariasis is a disease caused by www.tamil the
obligate parasites, which multiply within
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in intestinal
www.tamilaruvi.in endoparasite Ascaris
www.tamilaruvi.in lumbricoides
www.tamil
living cells.
commonly called the round worms.
 Types of
amilaruvi.in Viral diseases - Pneumotropic
disease, Dermotropic diseases  Filariasis is caused by Wuchereria
Viscerotropic diseases, www.tamilaruvi.in
Neurotropic bancrofti, www.tamilaruvi.in
commonly called www.tamil
filarial
diseases
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in worm.
 Swine flu is caused by the H1N1 virus strain.  Wuchereria bancrofti is sexually dimorphic,
viviparous and digenic.
www.tamil
 Amoebiasis
amilaruvi.in also called
www.tamilaruvi.in amoebic dysentery
or amoebic colitis is caused by Entamoeba  The life cycle is completed in two hosts, man
histolytica . and the female
www.tamilaruvi.in Culex mosquito.
 Africanwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in sleeping sickness is caused by  According towww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in WHO, hygiene referswww.tamil to
Trypanosoma species. “conditions and practices that help to
maintain healthwww.tamilaruvi.in
and prevent the spread www.tamil
 Trypanosoma is generally transmitted by the
blood sucking Tsetse flies. of diseases. www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
 Kala –www.tamilaruvi.in
azar or visceral leishmaniasis  Immunologywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in is the study of immune www.tamil
is caused by Leishmania donovani, which system.
is transmitted by the vector Phlebotomus  The overall ability of body to fight against
www.tamil
(sand fly). www.tamilaruvi.in
the diseasewww.tamilaruvi.in
causing pathogen is called www.tamil
 Malaria
amilaruvi.in is caused by different types
www.tamilaruvi.in of immunity.
Plasmodium species such as P. vivax, P.  Any substance capable of eliciting immune
amilaruvi.in
ovale, www.tamilaruvi.in
P. malariae and P. falciparum. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
response is called an ANTIGEN (ANTIbody
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 The lifewww.tamilaruvi.in
cycle of Plasmodium involveswww.tamilaruvi.in
three GENerator). www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
phases
amilaruvi.in namely schizogony,
www.tamilaruvi.in gamogony and
www.tamilaruvi.in
 There are two www.tamilaruvi.in
broad classes of immunity www.tamil
sporogony. responses namely, innate immunity and
 Incubation period of malaria is about 12
acquired immunity.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
days. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Innate immunity is the natural phenomenon
www.tamil
 The early
amilaruvi.in symptoms of malaria are headache,
of resistance www.tamilaruvi.in
to infection which an individualwww.tamil
nausea and muscular pain. possesses right from the birth. It is otherwise
known as non-specific immunity or natural
www.tamil
 Prevention - It is possible to break the
transmission cycle of malaria by killingwww.tamilaruvi.in
the immunity. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
insect www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in vector. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
XII Std - Zoology ´ Unit III
www.tamilaruvi.in
7 | Human Health and Diseases
www.tamil
 The immunity that an individual acquires  Immunization is the process of the body
www.tamil
after birth
amilaruvi.in is known as acquired immunity.
www.tamilaruvi.in building upwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in immunity to a particular www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
It is the body’s resistance to a specific disease.
amilaruvi.in
pathogen.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
 The exaggerated response of the immune
amilaruvi.in
 The unique www.tamilaruvi.in
features of acquired immunity www.tamilaruvi.in
system to certain antigens is called allergywww.tamil
antigenic
amilaruvi.in specificity, diversity, recognition
 The substances www.tamilaruvi.in
to which produced allergy www.tamil
of self and non-self and immunological are called allergens.
amilaruvi.in
memory.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Anaphylaxis www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in is the classical immediate www.tamil
 The immune responses may be primary or hypersensitivity reaction.
secondary.
 Immunodeficiency results from the failure of
 The organs
amilaruvi.in involved in the origin, maturation
one or morewww.tamilaruvi.in
components of the immune www.tamil
and proliferation of lymphocytes are called system.
amilaruvi.in
lymphoid www.tamilaruvi.in
organs. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  HIV
www.tamilaruvi.inis seen as a spherical
www.tamilaruvi.in virus, 100-120
www.tamil
 Based on their functions, they are classified nm in diameter, containing a dense core
into primary
amilaruvi.in or central lymphoid organs
surrounded bywww.tamilaruvi.in
a lipoprotein envelope. www.tamil
and secondary or peripheral lymphoid
amilaruvi.in
organs. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Routes of HIV www.tamilaruvi.in
transmission include unsafe www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in sexual contact, blood-contaminated
 The two main types of lymphocyteswww.tamilaruvi.in
are B needles,
www.tamilaruvi.in
organ transplants,
www.tamil
blood
and
amilaruvi.in T lymphocytes.
transfusion www.tamilaruvi.in
and vertical transmission www.tamil
 An
amilaruvi.in immunogen is
www.tamilaruvi.in a substance capable of from
www.tamilaruvi.in HIV infected mother
www.tamilaruvi.in to child. www.tamil
initiating an immune response.  Preliminary test - The ELISA test (Enzyme
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inthat arewww.tamilaruvi.in
 Haptens are substance non- Linked
www.tamilaruvi.in
ImmunoSorbent Assay)
www.tamil
and
immunogenic www.tamilaruvi.in
but can react with the products www.tamilaruvi.in
confirmatory test Western blot. www.tamil
of a specific
amilaruvi.in immune response.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in is due to an abnormal
 Autoimmunitywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 On the basis of origin, antigens are classified immune response in which the immune
into exogenous antigens and endogenous
system fails to properly distinguish between
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
antigens. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
self and non-self and attacks its own body. www.tamil
 Antibodies
amilaruvi.in are
www.tamilaruvi.in immunoglobulin www.tamilaruvi.in
(Ig)  When a tumour continues to grow www.tamil
protein molecules synthesized on exposure invades healthy tissue, it is called cancer.
to antigen that can combine specifically with  They spread to other parts of the body from
www.tamil
the antigen. www.tamilaruvi.in
the tumour and www.tamilaruvi.in
give rise to secondary tumour. www.tamil
 The antibodies
amilaruvi.in are classified into fivewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in major  This is known www.tamilaruvi.in
as metastasis. www.tamil
categories, based on their physiological
and biochemical properties. They are www.tamilaruvi.in
IgG  Immunotherapy www.tamilaruvi.in
also called biological www.tamil
(gamma),
amilaruvi.in IgM (mu), IgA (alpha),
www.tamilaruvi.in IgD therapy useswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in substances made by www.tamil the
(delta) and IgE (epsilon). body or in a laboratory to improve or to
resist the immune system function. www.tamil
 The reaction between an antigen and
amilaruvi.in
antibody www.tamilaruvi.in
is the basis for humoral immunity www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Alcohol is a psychoactive drug, which www.tamil
acts
or antibody
amilaruvi.in mediated immunity. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in on the brain, www.tamilaruvi.in
affecting a person’s mind www.tamil
and
behaviour.
 The reaction
amilaruvi.in between antigen and antibody
occurs in three stages.  Addiction is a physical or psychological
need to do orwww.tamilaruvi.in
take or use certain substance www.tamil
1. Antigen - antibody complex 2. Precipitation, such as alcohol, to the point where it could
agglutination, 3. Destruction of antigen www.tamilaruvi.in
or its www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
be harmful to the individual.
neutralization.
 Alcoholism is the inability to control
 A
amilaruvi.in vaccine is a biological
www.tamilaruvi.in preparation that
www.tamilaruvi.in
drinking duewww.tamilaruvi.in
to physical and emotional www.tamil
provides active acquired immunity dependence on alcohol.
 The vaccines are classified as first, second  Korsakoff syndrome, a chronic memory
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
and third www.tamilaruvi.in
generation vaccines. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
disorder is most commonly caused by alcohol
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 Vaccination www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is the process of administrating misuse. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina vaccine into the body
www.tamilaruvi.in or the act of introducing  It is practically
www.tamilaruvi.in possible to prevent some
a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a one from using drugs and alcohol.
specific disease”. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Human Health and Diseases
www.tamil
8. The sporozoite of the malarial parasite is
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Part
www.tamilaruvi.in - A www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
present in _______
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (1 MARKS)
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) saliva of infected www.tamil
female Anopheles mosquito.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) RBC of human www.tamilaruvi.in
suffering from malaria. www.tamil
1. A 30 year old woman has bleedy diarrhoea for
amilaruvi.inthe pastwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
14 hours, which one of the following
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Spleen of infected humans. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inorganisms
is likely to cause this illness? d) Gut of female www.tamilaruvi.in
Anopheles mosquito. www.tamil
Ans: a
amilaruvi.ina) Streptococcus
www.tamilaruvi.in
pyogens www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
9. Where do the following events in the life cycle
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Clostridium
www.tamilaruvi.in
difficile www.tamilaruvi.in
of Plasmodium www.tamilaruvi.in
takes place? www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Shigella
www.tamilaruvi.in
dysenteriae www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Fertilizationwww.tamilaruvi.in
- in Gut of mosquito www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Salmonella
www.tamilaruvi.in
enteritidis www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: c b) Development www.tamilaruvi.in
of gametocytes - in body www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in mosquito www.tamilaruvi.in
2. Exo-erythrocytic schizogony of Plasmodium
amilaruvi.intakes place
www.tamilaruvi.in
in ------- c) Release of sporozoites
www.tamilaruvi.in - from mouth parts
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) RBC www.tamilaruvi.in mosquito to blood stream
b) Leucocytes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Stomach
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Schizogony
www.tamilaruvi.in - in human body
d) Liver Ans: d
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 10. Paratope is anwww.tamilaruvi.in
3. The sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax are
amilaruvi.informedwww.tamilaruvi.in
from ------------ www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Antibody binding site on variable regions www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Gametocytes
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Sporoblastswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Antibody binding site on heavy regions www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Oocysts
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Spores www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Antigen binding site on variable regions www.tamil
d) Antigen binding site on heavy regions Ans:www.tamil
c
4. Amphetamines are stimulants of the CNS,
amilaruvi.inwhereas www.tamilaruvi.in
barbiturates are ---- www.tamilaruvi.in
11. Allergy involves
amilaruvi.ina) CNS www.tamilaruvi.in
stimulant www.tamilaruvi.in
b) both a and b a) IgE
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) IgG
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) hallucinogenic
d) CNS depressants c) lgA
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) IgM
www.tamil
Ans: a
12. Spread of cancerous cells to distant sites is
amilaruvi.in
5. Choosewww.tamilaruvi.in
the correctly match pair. www.tamilaruvi.in
termed as
amilaruvi.ina) Amphetamines
www.tamilaruvi.in - Stimulant www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Metastasis
amilaruvi.inb) LSD www.tamilaruvi.in - Narcotic
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Oncogenes
amilaruvi.inc) Heroin
www.tamilaruvi.in - Psychotropic
c) Proto-oncogenes
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Benzodiazepine
- Pain killer Ans: a
d) Malignant neoplasm Ans: a
6. The Athlete’s foot disease in human is caused 13. AIDS virus has
amilaruvi.inby _______
amilaruvi.ina) Bacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Single
www.tamilaruvi.in stranded RNA
b) Fungi
amilaruvi.inc) Viruswww.tamilaruvi.in b) Double
www.tamilaruvi.in stranded RNA
d) Protozoan Ans: b
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) Single
www.tamilaruvi.in stranded DNA
7. Cirrhosis of liver is caused by chronic intake d) Double stranded DNA Ans: b
amilaruvi.inof _______
amilaruvi.ina) Opiumwww.tamilaruvi.in 14. B cells that produce
www.tamilaruvi.in and release large amounts
b) Alcohol
amilaruvi.inc) Tobacco
www.tamilaruvi.in of antibody
www.tamilaruvi.in are called
d) Cocaine Ans: b
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Memory
www.tamilaruvi.in Basophils www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) Plasma
www.tamilaruvi.in cells d)
www.tamilaruvi.in killer cells Ans: c
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amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
20. Explain the structure of immunoglobulin with
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART –
www.tamilaruvi.inB,C AND D www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
suitable diagram.
(2,3 AND 5 MARKS www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
15. Given below are some human organs. Identify
amilaruvi.inone primary
www.tamilaruvi.in
and one secondary lymphoid
amilaruvi.inorgan. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inExplainwww.tamilaruvi.in
its role. Liver, thymus, stomach,
amilaruvi.inthyroid,www.tamilaruvi.in
tonsils www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Thymus www.tamilaruvi.in
- is the primary lymphoid organ www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inRole : production
and maturation of Lymphocytes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Tonsilswww.tamilaruvi.in
- is the secondary lymphoid organ www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inRole : www.tamilaruvi.in
it encounter antigen in the presence www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inlymphocytes
www.tamilaruvi.in  An antibodywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in molecule is Y shaped structure
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inthat comprises of four polypeptide
www.tamilaruvi.in chains,
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16. Name and explain the type of barriers which two identical light chains (L) of molecular
amilaruvi.ininvolve macrophages.
weight 25,000 Da and two identical heavy
amilaruvi.in Macrophages involve in Phagocytic barrier
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inchains (H)www.tamilaruvi.in
of molecular weight 50,000 Da.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It is www.tamilaruvi.in
a Specialized cells for phagocytosis, and
www.tamilaruvi.in
 The polypeptidewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
chains are linked together
amilaruvi.in digest whole microorganisms
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inby di-sulphide (S-S) bonds.
17. What are
amilaruvi.in interferons? Mention their role.
www.tamilaruvi.inOne light chain is attached
www.tamilaruvi.in to each heavy
www.tamil
chain and two heavy chains are attached to
amilaruvi.in Interferons are antiviral proteins www.tamilaruvi.in
each other to form a Y shaped structure.
are the included in chemical mediators
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Hence, an antibody is represented by H2 L2.
amilaruvi.in of innate immunity
 The heavy chains have a flexible hinge
amilaruvi.in Role : They act
www.tamilaruvi.in against invading viral
region at their approximate middles.
particles
 Each chain (L www.tamilaruvi.in
and H) has two terminals. www.tamil
18.
amilaruvi.inList out chemical
www.tamilaruvi.in alarm signals produced
during inflammation. 1. C - terminal (Carboxyl
2. amino or N-terminal.
www.tamil
 Chemical alarm signals are serotonin,
amilaruvi.in histamine
www.tamilaruvi.in
and prostaglandins
 Each chain (L and H) has two regions.
www.tamil
19. Explain the process of replication of retrovirus  They have variable (V) region at one end
amilaruvi.inafter it www.tamilaruvi.in
gains entry into the human body. www.tamilaruvi.inand a muchwww.tamilaruvi.in
larger constant c) region www.tamil
at
amilaruvi.in Afterwww.tamilaruvi.in
HIV virus enter into the body of the www.tamilaruvi.inthe other end.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in person, www.tamilaruvi.in
the virus enters into macrophages www.tamilaruvi.in
 Antibodies www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
responding to different antigens
amilaruvi.in where RNA genome
www.tamilaruvi.in of the virus replicates to
www.tamilaruvi.inhave very different (V)
www.tamilaruvi.inregions but their
www.tamil
form viral DNA with the help of the enzyme c) regions are the same in all antibodies.
amilaruvi.in reverse www.tamilaruvi.in
transcriptase.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 21. What
www.tamilaruvi.in are the cells involved
www.tamilaruvi.in innate immune
www.tamil
 This viral DNA gets incorporated into the DNA system?
amilaruvi.in of host www.tamilaruvi.in
cells and directs the infected www.tamilaruvi.in
cells to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Cells included in innate immunity are - Lysozyme,
amilaruvi.in produce viral particles.
Interferron,
www.tamilaruvi.in
leucocytes,
www.tamil
Monocytes,
macrophages continue to produce www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
neutrophils, tissue macrophages www.tamil
amilaruvi.in virus and in this
www.tamilaruvi.inway acts like a HIV factory.
22. What is vaccine? What are its types?
amilaruvi.in Simultaneously,
www.tamilaruvi.inHIV enters into helper
T-lymphocytes, replicates and produces  A vaccine is a biological preparation that
amilaruvi.in progeny www.tamilaruvi.in
viruses.
provides active acquired immunity www.tamil
to a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inparticular disease and resembles a disease-
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in causingwww.tamilaruvi.in
microorganism and is often made
 Our body produces antibodies (auto
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in fromwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and cytotoxic T cells www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
weakened or attenuated or killed forms antibodies) that
amilaruvi.in of the microbes,
www.tamilaruvi.intheir toxins, or one of its
www.tamilaruvi.in destroy our www.tamilaruvi.in
own tissues. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
surface proteins.  If a disease-state results, it is referred to as
amilaruvi.in The vaccines are
www.tamilaruvi.inclassified as first, second
www.tamilaruvi.in auto-immune disease.
and third generation vaccines.  Thus, autoimmunity is a misdirected
1. First generation vaccine is further immune response.
amilaruvi.in subdivided
www.tamilaruvi.in
into live attenuated vaccine, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 E.g : Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’
amilaruvi.in killed www.tamilaruvi.in
vaccine and toxoids. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
disease, Addison’s disease, Rheumatoid
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Livewww.tamilaruvi.in
attenuated vaccines use www.tamilaruvi.in
the arthritis and www.tamilaruvi.in
multiple sclerosis. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in weakened (attenuated), aged,
www.tamilaruvi.in less
www.tamilaruvi.in
25. List the causative www.tamilaruvi.in
agent, mode of transmission www.tamil
virulent form of the virus.
and symptoms www.tamilaruvi.in
for Diphtheria and Typhoid. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inE.g : MMR vaccine and
www.tamilaruvi.in the Varicella vaccine,
Mode of
amilaruvi.in Killed (inactivated)
www.tamilaruvi.in vaccines are killed or
www.tamilaruvi.in S. Causative
Diseases www.tamilaruvi.in transmis- Symptoms www.tamil
inactivated by heat and other methods. No agent
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in sion www.tamil
E.g : Salk’s polio vaccine. Fever, sore
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.int h r o www.tamil at,
 Toxoid vaccines contain a toxin or Corynebac-
amilaruvi.in chemical
secreted by the bacteria or virus. 1
www.tamilaruvi.in
Diphtheria terium diph-
Droplet www.tamil
hoarseness
amilaruvi.inE.g : DPT
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Infection
www.tamilaruvi.in and www.tamil
vaccine (Diphtheria, Pertussis and theriae
difficulty in
amilaruvi.in Tetanus).
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inbreathing www.tamil
amilaruvi.in2. Second
www.tamilaruvi.in
generation vaccine contains www.tamilaruvi.in
the www.tamilaruvi.inHeadache, www.tamil
Through
amilaruvi.in purewww.tamilaruvi.in
surface antigen of the pathogen. www.tamilaruvi.in Typhoid www.tamilaruvi.in abdominalwww.tamil
Salmonella c o n t a m i -
2 (Enteric discomfort,
amilaruvi.inE.g : Hepatitis-B
www.tamilaruvi.in
vaccine. www.tamilaruvi.in typhi nated food
fever) fever and
amilaruvi.in3. Thirdwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and water
www.tamilaruvi.indiarrhoea www.tamil
generation vaccine contains the
amilaruvi.in purest and the highest
www.tamilaruvi.in potency vaccines
26. A patient was hospitalized with fever www.tamil and
which are synthetic in generation.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in chills. Merozoites
www.tamilaruvi.in were observed in her blood.
latest revolution in vaccine is DNA
vaccine or recombinant vaccine.
What is your diagnosis?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.in Merozites in the blood indicate
www.tamilaruvi.in the presence of
www.tamil
23. A person is infected by HIV. How will you Malaria parasite
diagnose for AIDS?
 Hence he/she is suffering from Malaria fever
amilaruvi.in A simple
blood test is available to diagnose
amilaruvi.in HIV. www.tamilaruvi.in 27. i)
www.tamilaruvi.in Write the scientific name
www.tamilaruvi.in of the filarial
www.tamil
worm that causes filariasis.
amilaruvi.in ELISA www.tamilaruvi.in
test (Enzyme Linked Immuno www.tamilaruvi.in
Sorbent www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
ii) Write the symptoms of filariasis.
amilaruvi.in Assay) detects the presence of HIV antibodies.
a preliminary test. iii)
www.tamilaruvi.in How is this disease transmitted?
amilaruvi.in Western
www.tamilaruvi.in
blot test is more reliablewww.tamilaruvi.in
and a i) Filariasis is caused
www.tamilaruvi.in by Wuchereria www.tamil
confirmatory test. bancrofti, commonly called filarial worm.
amilaruvi.in It detects the viral
www.tamilaruvi.in core proteins. ii)
www.tamilaruvi.in Symptoms :
www.tamilaruvi.in Inflammation of the lymph
www.tamilaruvi.in node due to
www.tamil
24. Autoimmunity is a misdirected immune
accumulation of the worms block the lymphatic
amilaruvi.inresponse. Justify.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in system In some www.tamilaruvi.in
cases, the obstruction of lymph www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Autoimmunity is due
www.tamilaruvi.in to an abnormal immune
www.tamilaruvi.in vessels causes www.tamilaruvi.in
elephantiasis or filariasis ofwww.tamil
the
response in which the immune system fails limbs, scrotum and mammary glands.
amilaruvi.in to properly
www.tamilaruvi.in
distinguish between self and
amilaruvi.in non-self
www.tamilaruvi.in
and attacks its own body. iii)
www.tamilaruvi.in It is transmitted by Female
www.tamilaruvi.in Culex mosquito www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
28. List the common withdrawal symptoms of 3. Generally streptococcus pneumoniae causes
www.tamil
amilaruvi.indrugs andwww.tamilaruvi.in
alcohol abuse. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
pneumonia but which bacteria is responsible
amilaruvi.in Short term effects :
www.tamilaruvi.in for this
www.tamilaruvi.in disease ?
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in  Euphoria, (Joy
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Pneumococcus
www.tamilaruvi.in b)
www.tamilaruvi.inTuberculosis www.tamil
amilaruvi.in  Pain,
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Haemophilus
www.tamilaruvi.in influenza d)
www.tamilaruvi.inSalmonella typhi
www.tamil
 Dullness of senses, Ans: c
 Alteration in behaviour,
amilaruvi.in  Blood www.tamilaruvi.in 4. A is sufferingwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in from severe fever, then which www.tamil
pressure, kind of organism responsible for it ?
amilaruvi.in  Narcosis
www.tamilaruvi.in
(deep sleep), www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in  Nauseawww.tamilaruvi.in a) Plasmodium
www.tamilaruvi.in vivex b)
www.tamilaruvi.inPlasmodium www.tamil
and vomiting. malarie.
amilaruvi.in Long-term
www.tamilaruvi.in
effect : www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Plasmodium falciparum d) All of the given.
physical and mental disturbance www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Ans: c
amilaruvi.in Damage www.tamilaruvi.in
in liver and brain. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
5. Duration of fever occured by plasmodium
amilaruvi.in Fat www.tamilaruvi.in
accumulation and high levels www.tamilaruvi.in
malaria is _______
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in alcohol destroy
www.tamilaruvi.inthe liver cells and a scar
tissue grows in the place of dead cells. This a) Every 24 hours b) Every 48 hours
amilaruvi.in scarringwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of the liver is called “Liver cirrhosis”. www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Every 36 hours d) Every 72 hours.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Alcoholwww.tamilaruvi.in
irritates the stomach lining www.tamilaruvi.in
due www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
d
amilaruvi.in to the production
www.tamilaruvi.in of excess acid leading to
6. From which kind of host life cycle of
amilaruvi.in ulcers. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
plasmodium passes ? www.tamil
 weakens the heart muscle, causing scar
amilaruvi.in tissue www.tamilaruvi.in
to build up in the cardiac www.tamilaruvi.in
muscle a) Male of Humanwww.tamilaruvi.in
& of Anopheles mosquito.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in fibers. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Male of Humanwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
& Male of Anopheles mosquito.
amilaruvi.in Highwww.tamilaruvi.in
blood pressure, stroke, coronary www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Human & Female Anopheles mosquito. www.tamil
artery disease and heart attack.
d) Human & Male www.tamilaruvi.in
Anopheles mosquito. Ans: www.tamil
d
 Korsakoff syndrome, a chronic memory
amilaruvi.in disorderwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is most commonly caused by alcohol 7. What is responsible for malaria...? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in misuse. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) All Anopheles mosquitoes.
amilaruvi.in
29. Why dowww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
you think it is not possible to produce www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) All Culex mosquitoes.
amilaruvi.invaccinewww.tamilaruvi.in
against ‘common cold’? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Only male Anopheles mosquitoes
not possible to produce vaccinewww.tamilaruvi.in
against www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
‘common cold’ because more than 200 d) Only female Anopheles mosquitoes Ans: d
www.tamilaruvi.in
types of viruses that canwww.tamilaruvi.in
cause www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
8. Plasmodium lives in the RBC of human in its
amilaruvi.in common cold.
mature condition it is called as
www.tamil
PART-A a) Sporozoites b) Cryptoschizont
c) Trophozoite
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Gamato cyte
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c
9. What is improper for ringworm disease.
amilaruvi.in
1. What is www.tamilaruvi.in
the location of Salmonella www.tamilaruvi.in
typhi www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
during diseased condition ? a) It is done by Trichophyton fungi.
a) Stomach b) Kidney b) Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on the skin
c) Liver d) Intestine Ans: d c) It is done by using infected persons comb
d) It is done by secretion of serotonin chemical.
2. Which test
amilaruvi.in is carried out if disease is occured
by salmonella typhi ? Ans: d
amilaruvi.ina) Widal test
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Lisman test 10. At Which
www.tamilaruvi.in time interferon is
www.tamilaruvi.in secreted ? www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Blood test
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Barium test Ans: a a) When
www.tamilaruvi.in antibody reacts with
www.tamilaruvi.in antigen in our
www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in body.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
18. Mark odd one.
amilaruvi.inb) Whenwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Elephantiasis www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
serotonin become active a) Chicken gunia
amilaruvi.inc) Whenwww.tamilaruvi.in
lymphocytes become active
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Diphtheria www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Malaria www.tamil
Ans: c
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ind) Whenwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
our body cell’s are infected by virus then 19. Mark odd on.
cell’s secret this chemical www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Retro virus b) Oncogenic virus
amilaruvi.in
is the process of biological control, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Rhino virus d) Haemophilis
amilaruvi.inwhich iswww.tamilaruvi.in
for controlling to spread the www.tamilaruvi.in
disease www.tamilaruvi.in
influenza www.tamil
Ans: d
amilaruvi.incaused by mosquitoes.?
20. Give the location for storage of erythrocytes
amilaruvi.ina) Masquito net
a) Pancreas
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Spleen
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Spreading & chemicals
c) Liver d) Stomach Ans: b
amilaruvi.inc) Fish like Gambusia
d) Net in doors & windows Ans: c 21. From the following sentences which one is
appropriate for pneumoia ?
www.tamil
12. Give the
amilaruvi.in location of Ig G.
(P) Burning is felt in alveloar wall
amilaruvi.ina) Nucleuswww.tamilaruvi.in b) Cytoplasm www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
(Q) There is obstuction of wind pipe
amilaruvi.inc) Blood www.tamilaruvi.in d) Mitochondria www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
(R) Pain in inhalation,cough & headache are seen
(S) Incubation period is of 1 to 3 days.
amilaruvi.in
13. Give www.tamilaruvi.in
the correct sequence from www.tamilaruvi.in
pre www.tamilaruvi.in
a) P,Q,R,S all are improper
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inerythrocytic cycle
www.tamilaruvi.in? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) P,Q,R,S proper & S is improper
amilaruvi.ina) Saliva Sporozoites-Blood-liver-Cryptoschizont
-Cryptomerozoites. c) P,Q are proper & R & S are improper
d) P,Q,R,S all are proper
www.tamil
d
b) S p o r o z o i t e s - S a l i v a - B l o o d - L i v e r -
amilaruvi.in Cryptoschizont-Cryptomerozoites.
22. Which is the hereditary material in retro
amilaruvi.inc) S a l iwww.tamilaruvi.in
v a - C r y p t o s c h i z o n t - B l o o d -www.tamilaruvi.in
Liver- virus? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Sporozoites-Cryptomerozoites.
b) RNA www.tamil
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i v a - S p o r o z a i t e s - L i v e r - Bwww.tamilaruvi.in
lood- c) Lipoprotein www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Vitamin www.tamil
Ans: b
amilaruvi.in Cryptoschizont-Cryptomerozoites.
23. _________ is an unclear byproduct of heroin?
14. Which one
amilaruvi.in is odd ?
a) Smack b) Delta-9-THC
amilaruvi.ina) Opium popy -gives pleasant feeling www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in c) LSD
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Cannabinoids
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Claviceps Purpurea-Hallucinogenic
a
amilaruvi.inc) Erythrolum Coca-Potent stimulating action
24. Which one is matched with LSD ?: www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Cannabis Sativa-give pain
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Fungi www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Bacteria www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
15. Which one www.tamilaruvi.in
is odd ? www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Virus www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Protozon www.tamil
Ans: a
amilaruvi.ina) Malariawww.tamilaruvi.in b) Pneumenia www.tamilaruvi.in25. What is formed www.tamilaruvi.in
during Innate immunity ?www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) HIV www.tamilaruvi.in d) Typhoid. www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: c a) Body prepare www.tamilaruvi.in
Antibodies against antigen www.tamil
16. Which one is odd ?
b) Antibodies are present in body from birthwww.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Cannabinoids
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Marjuana
c) Prepare antibodies www.tamil
are introduced into body.
amilaruvi.inc) Ganjawww.tamilaruvi.in d) Morphin
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: d
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans:
d) All of the given. www.tamil
b
17. According to their production which one is 26. What is reason for causing AIDS?
amilaruvi.inodd ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Cereto immunity
amilaruvi.ina) Cannabinoids
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Marjuana www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Interferon
amilaruvi.inc) Ganjawww.tamilaruvi.in d) Charas www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Destroying & T Helper cells
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Destroying
www.tamilaruvi.in
of killer T cells
Ans: c 32. From which plant and from which part of that
www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
plant Cocain drug is obtained ?
27. From what Lysergic acid is formed ?
a) Ergot-fruit www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Ergot fungi b) Cannabinoids plants
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Erythroxylumwww.tamilaruvi.in
coca-leaf www.tamil
c) Heroine d) THC Ans: a
c) Papaver somniferum-leaf www.tamil
28. Which one is right sequence for lifecycle of
amilaruvi.inAnopheleswww.tamilaruvi.in
mosquito ?
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Erythroxylumwww.tamilaruvi.in
coca-Flower www.tamil
Ans: b
amilaruvi.ina) Oocystwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
à ookinete à sporozoites à 33. Contagious disease- Typhoid. Non-contagious
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in gamatocyte
www.tamilaruvi.in disease _______
amilaruvi.inb) Ookinete
www.tamilaruvi.in
à oocyst à gametocyte à a) AIDS
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Hepatitis
amilaruvi.in sporozoites
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Malaria
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Cancer
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Gamatocyte à oocyst à sporozoites
www.tamilaruvi.in à 34. Cold-Rhino virus.
AIDS. www.tamil
ookinete
a) Retrovirus www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Retro bacteria www.tamil
d) Gamatocyte à ookinete à oocyst à
amilaruvi.in sporozoites
Ans: d c) HMV www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Oncogenic viruswww.tamil
www.tamil
29. Genetic material of virus in macrophege is
amilaruvi.inregenerated
www.tamilaruvi.in
in DNA by using www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
35. Cancer of Muscle : Sarcoma. Cancer of Skin www.tamil
:
amilaruvi.ina) Transcriptase
www.tamilaruvi.in _________
b) Reverse
amilaruvi.in Transcriptase
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Sarcoma
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Lerkemia
amilaruvi.inc) RNA www.tamilaruvi.in
polymerase c) Melenoma
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) DNA polymerase d) Glucoma
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b 36. Anti-allergenswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in : Ig E Colastrum : _______www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
plant is responsible for www.tamilaruvi.in
doing a) Ig-G b) Ig M
amilaruvi.inhallucination ?
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Ig-A
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Ig-D
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Atropa Baladona
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Datura www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
37. Malaria-Anopheles female mosquito. Dengue-www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Erythroxylum coca
www.tamilaruvi.in d) All of the given _______
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: d a) Culex
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Aedes
amilaruvi.in
31. Because www.tamilaruvi.in
of smoking which kind of changes c) falsciparumwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Anopheles malewww.tamil

mosquito Ans: b
amilaruvi.inoccurs www.tamilaruvi.in
in blood ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Proportion
www.tamilaruvi.in 38. Interferon : cytokine
www.tamilaruvi.in
of CO2 decreases and propertion barrier. Acid in stomach:
__________
amilaruvi.in decreases
a) Physical Barrieer b) Physiological Barrier
amilaruvi.inb) Proportion
of CO2 decreases and propertion www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of O increases c) Cellular Barrier d) Cytokine Barrier
2 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Ans: b
amilaruvi.inc) Proportion of CO2 increases and proportion
of O2 increases. 39. Tears in eye : Physiological Barrier. Skin :
__________
amilaruvi.ind) Proportion of CO2 increases and proportion
of O2 decreases. a) Physical Barrieer b) Physiological Barrier
a) ↓ CO2 and O2 ↓ c) Cellular Barrier d) Cytokine Barrier
a
b) CO2 ↓ and O2 ↑
40. Opium : Morphine - Pain reliever medicine.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) CO2 ↑www.tamilaruvi.in
and O2 ↑
www.tamilaruvi.in
Cannabinoid :www.tamilaruvi.in
_________ - _________ www.tamil
d) CO2 ↓ and O2 ↓
a) Tobacco, Nicotine www.tamil
Ans: d
b) Cocain, Erthroxylum www.tamil
c) Marijuana, Produce www.tamil
more quantity of urine
d) Ergot, change mood www.tamil
Ans: c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
41. W.B test : AIDS - Immuno deficiency
a) P - iii, Q - iv, R - ii, S – i
www.tamil
amilaruvi.insyndrome. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
WIDAL test : ________ , ________
b) P - ii, Q - iii, R - iv, S - i
amilaruvi.ina) Typhoid,
www.tamilaruvi.in
increase in size of spleen & liver www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) P - iii, Q - ii, R - iv, S – i
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) Typhoid,
www.tamilaruvi.in
pain in stomach www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans:
d) P - ii, Q - iv, R - i, S – iii
www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.inc) Typhoid,
www.tamilaruvi.in
Burning in felt in intestine www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
45. Match the column I & II
amilaruvi.ind) All ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
the given www.tamilaruvi.in
42. Match the column-I, column-II & column-II.
www.tamilaruvi.inColumn-I www.tamilaruvi.in Column-II www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in P. Primary www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in lymphoid i. Thymus www.tamil
Column-I Column-II Column-III organ
amilaruvi.inP. Ergotwww.tamilaruvi.in
fungi i. Latex of
www.tamilaruvi.in
I. Morphine Q. MALT
www.tamilaruvi.in
ii. Spleen
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in unripened www.tamilaruvi.in
R. Lobe likewww.tamilaruvi.in
organ iii. Bone Marrow www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in fruit www.tamilaruvi.innear the heart
amilaruvi.in Q. Erthroxylum ii.
www.tamilaruvi.in Dry leaves & II. Crack S. Organ like
www.tamilaruvi.in bean iv. Digestive tract www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
Inflorescene shape
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of plant www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
v. It constitutes 50%
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inR. Cannabis
www.tamilaruvi.in
iii. Top of dry III. LSDwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of lymphoid tissue
amilaruvi.in Sativa
www.tamilaruvi.in flower www.tamilaruvi.in
a) P - iii, Q - v,www.tamilaruvi.in
R - i, S – ii www.tamil
S. Opium Poppy iv. Fruit IV. Marijuana
b) P - iii, Q - iv,www.tamilaruvi.in
R - v, S - i www.tamil
a) P-(iv)-(III), Q-(ii)-(II), R-(iii)-(IV), S-(i)-(I)
c) P - ii, Q - i, www.tamilaruvi.in
R - v, S – iv www.tamil
b) P-(iii)-(II), Q-(ii)-(I), R-(iv)-(III), S-(i)-(IV
d) P - v, Q - iv,www.tamilaruvi.in
R - i, S – ii www.tamil
Ans: a
amilaruvi.inc) P-(ii)-(I), Q-(iii)-(III),
www.tamilaruvi.in R-(i)-(IV), S-(iv)-(II)
46. Match the column I & II.
amilaruvi.ind) P-(i)-(IV), Q-(iv)-(III), R-(iii)-(II), S-(ii)-(I)
Ans: a Column-I Column-II
43. Match the column-I & column-II. P. AIDS reported i. HIV
first
amilaruvi.inColumn-I www.tamilaruvi.in Column-II www.tamilaruvi.in
Q. www.tamilaruvi.in
Diagnosis test ii. USA www.tamil
amilaruvi.inP. Coldwww.tamilaruvi.in i. Rhino Virus www.tamilaruvi.in of AIDS www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Q. Pneumonia
www.tamilaruvi.in ii. HIV R.
www.tamilaruvi.in Group of iii.
www.tamilaruvi.in Sarcoma www.tamil
R. AIDS iii. Salmonella typhi Retrovirus
S. Cancer
www.tamilaruvi.in
of iv. ELISA
www.tamil
S. Typhoid iv. H a l m o p h i l u s
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Influenza www.tamilaruvi.in
lymph gland www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in v. Plasmodium Vivax www.tamilaruvi.in v.
www.tamilaruvi.in Tamilnadu www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) P - i,www.tamilaruvi.in
Q - iv, R - v, S – ii a) P - v, Q - iv,www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in R - i, S – iii www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) P - i,www.tamilaruvi.in
Q - iv, R - ii, S - v www.tamilaruvi.in
b) P - ii, Q - iv,www.tamilaruvi.in
R - v, S - iii www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) P - i,www.tamilaruvi.in
Q - iv, R - ii, S – iii www.tamilaruvi.in
c) P - ii, Q - iv,www.tamilaruvi.in
R - v, S – iii www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) P - i,www.tamilaruvi.in
Q - iii, R - ii, S – iv www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: c d) P - ii, Q - iv,www.tamilaruvi.in
R - i, S – iii www.tamil
Ans: d
44. Match the following:-
www.tamilaruvi.in
47. Match the column www.tamilaruvi.in
I & II. www.tamil
Column-I Column-II Column-I Column-II
P. CMI i. Virus of AIDS P. Cellular Barrier i. Tears from eye
amilaruvi.inQ. PMNL www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
ii. Mucosal Associated
www.tamilaruvi.in
Q. P h y s i o l o g i c a l ii. Epithelial lining in
www.tamil
Lymphoid Tissue Barrier www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
urinogenital tract
amilaruvi.inR. MALT www.tamilaruvi.in iii. Cell Mediated R. Physical Barrier
www.tamilaruvi.in iii. Certain types www.tamil
Immunity Leucocytes
S. HIV iv. Leucocytes S. Cytokine Barrier iv. Virus infected cell
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) P - ii,www.tamilaruvi.in
Q - iii, R - i, S – iv
53. Which is Responsible for typhoid ?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) P - iii,www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
Q - i, R - ii, S - iv a) Vibreo Choleri b) Salmonella
amilaruvi.inc) P - i,www.tamilaruvi.in
Q - ii, R - iii, S – iv
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Shingella
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Eschericia Coli
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ind) P - iv,www.tamilaruvi.in
Q - i, R - iii, S – ii
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: b
b
54. AIDS is spread by....
www.tamil
48. Match the column I & II.
a) Blood Transfusion
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Column-I
www.tamilaruvi.inColumn-II www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Shaking Hands
amilaruvi.inP. Malariawww.tamilaruvi.in i. Plasmodium www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Q. Ringworm ii. Rhino Virus c) HIV infected blood transfusion
R. Cold iii. Retro Virus d) All of above Ans: c
amilaruvi.inS. AIDSwww.tamilaruvi.in iv. Filarial worm
55. Which is blood cancer ?
amilaruvi.inT. Elephantasis
www.tamilaruvi.in v. Microspore www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) P - i,www.tamilaruvi.in a) Chloremia
www.tamilaruvi.in Leukemia www.tamil
Q - iii, R - ii, S - iv, T – v
amilaruvi.inb) P - i,www.tamilaruvi.in c) Uremia
www.tamilaruvi.in Protemia Ans: b
www.tamil
Q - iv, R - ii, S - iii, T - v
amilaruvi.inc) P - i,www.tamilaruvi.in 56. HIV decreases.
Q - v, R - ii, S - iii, T – iv
amilaruvi.ind) P - ii,www.tamilaruvi.in a) Helper
www.tamilaruvi.in T-Cells b)
www.tamilaruvi.in All T-Cells www.tamil
Q - v, R - iii, S - iv, T – I Ans: c
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) Only B-Cellswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in d) B-Cell & T-Cell www.tamil
49. Which Kind of Sedative chemical is obtained
amilaruvi.infrom givenwww.tamilaruvi.in
plant ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Hashishwww.tamilaruvi.in 57. The molecule,www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in which stimulates the immune www.tamil
b) Cannabinoids
amilaruvi.inc) Cocainewww.tamilaruvi.in response
www.tamilaruvi.in is... www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) Opium Ans: c
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Antibody
www.tamilaruvi.in Antigen www.tamil
50. Give the correct sentences. c) Mutant d) Carcinogen Ans: b
(i) Passive immunity - Antibody are directly
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 58. Response against
www.tamilaruvi.in allergic inflammation,
www.tamil
introduces in body
given by which substance produced by mast
amilaruvi.in(ii) Lactation
- Secretion of yellowish cells ?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in fluid colostrumswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Histamine b) Antibody
amilaruvi.in(iii) Hepatitis
www.tamilaruvi.in
B - Made from fungi www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Antigen d) None Ans: a
amilaruvi.in(iv) Histamine
www.tamilaruvi.in - Produce from Heparin www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
59. What are interferons ?
amilaruvi.ina) ii & iiiwww.tamilaruvi.in b) i & iii www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) i, ii &www.tamilaruvi.in a) Antiviral Protien b) Antibacterial Protien
iii d) i, ii, iii & iv www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) Anticancer
www.tamilaruvi.in Protien d)
www.tamilaruvi.in Conjugated Protien
www.tamil
51. Which kind of drug are obtained from Ans: a
amilaruvi.inCannabinoids
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ina) Bhang www.tamilaruvi.in 60. The
www.tamilaruvi.in growing immunity,
www.tamilaruvi.in after getting the
www.tamil
b) Charas disease free body
amilaruvi.inc) Ganjawww.tamilaruvi.in d) All of these www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Active acquired immunity
b) Passive acquired immunity
52. What is there as a genetic material in HIV in c) a & b both
amilaruvi.inadditionwww.tamilaruvi.in
to protein layer ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) None Ans: a
amilaruvi.ina) The www.tamilaruvi.in
chains containing DNA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) One www.tamilaruvi.in 61. Cancer
www.tamilaruvi.in is associated with....
chain containing DNA
amilaruvi.inc) Two www.tamilaruvi.in a) Uncontrollable
www.tamilaruvi.in growth of
www.tamilaruvi.intissue www.tamil
chains containing RNA
amilaruvi.ind) One www.tamilaruvi.in b) Ageing
www.tamilaruvi.in procers
chain containing RNA Ans: d
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) Controlled division
www.tamilaruvi.in of tissue
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in d) None
www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
62. Vaccination protects from disease, Because... 72. Antibodies in our body are complex of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) It helps
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
in digestion a) Steroid b) Prostaglandins
amilaruvi.inb) It increases
www.tamilaruvi.in
the no. of RBCs www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Glycoproteins d) Lipoprotein Ans: c
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) It produces
www.tamilaruvi.in
antibodies www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
73. What is antibody ?
amilaruvi.ind) It maintains
www.tamilaruvi.in
heat system of the body www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Phagocyte
www.tamilaruvi.inProtein which
www.tamil
63. Whose number increase during allergy ? inactivate antigen
a) Ig A b) Ig E c) A part of RBCs d) A part of Plasma
b
c) Ig G d) Ig M Ans: b
64. Where salmonella is associated ? 74. Barrier preventing entry of pathogens
a) Typhoid b) Polio a) Skin b) Mucous layer
c) TB d) Tetanus Ans: a c) Mucous secretion d) Cillia Ans: b
65. Which is
amilaruvi.in most infectious disease ?
www.tamilaruvi.in 75. In which
www.tamilaruvi.in of the following
www.tamilaruvi.insituation infection
www.tamil
of AIDS do not occur ?
amilaruvi.ina) Hepatitis - B
a) Breast feeding to children by AIDS infected
amilaruvi.inb) AIDS www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
mother
amilaruvi.inc) Cough & Comman
www.tamilaruvi.inCold www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Foetus of AIDS infected mother
amilaruvi.ind) Malaria
c) Utilization of clothes used by AIDS patient
amilaruvi.in
66. Influenza www.tamilaruvi.in
is caused by www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Utilization of syringe used by AIDS patient
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Viruswww.tamilaruvi.in b) Bacteria www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
c
amilaruvi.inc) Fungiwww.tamilaruvi.in d) Protista Ans: a 76. An ovoviviparous
parasite is....
www.tamil
67. Antibodies are made up of www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Ascaris
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Taenia
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) RBCswww.tamilaruvi.in b) Thrombocyteswww.tamilaruvi.in
c) Wuchereria
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Plasmaodium
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Monocytes
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Lymphocytes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
c
77. Which one of the following is not correctly
amilaruvi.in
68. Carcinoma www.tamilaruvi.in
refer to... www.tamilaruvi.in
matched ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Malignant
tumours of the connective tissue www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Anopheles culifacies - Leishmaniasis www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Malignant
www.tamilaruvi.in
tumours of the skin or www.tamilaruvi.in
mucous www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Glossina palpalis - Sleeping sickness www.tamil
amilaruvi.in membranewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Culex pipienswww.tamilaruvi.in
- Filariasis www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Malignant tumours of the colon
d) Aedes aegyptiwww.tamilaruvi.in
- Yellow fever www.tamil
Ans: a
amilaruvi.ind) Benign tumours of the connective tissue
Ans: a 78. The function of Ig E is...
69. Which cancer affects lymph gland and spleen?
a) To mediate in allergic response
a) Carcinoma b) Surcoma b) Activation of B-Cells
c) Leukemia d) Lymphoma Ans: b c) Protection from inhaled and ingested pathogen
d) Stimulation of complement system, passive
amilaruvi.in memory cells are formed ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
immunity to foetus.
amilaruvi.ina) Monocytes
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Eosinophillswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.inc) Neutrophills
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Lymphocytes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
79. An auto immune disease is...
www.tamil
a) Cancer b) Erythroblastosis foetalis
71. By what
amilaruvi.in we get passive immunity ? www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Asthma d) Rheumatoid arthritis
amilaruvi.ina) Antibody
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Antigen www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
d
amilaruvi.inc) Antibiotic
d) Vaccination www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Chapter -www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
80. Sporogony of malarial parasite occurs in...
86. Assertion - The number of WBC decreases in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Liverwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
of man b) Stomach wall of leukemia.
amilaruvi.in mosquito
Reason - Leukemia means blood cancer www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) RBCswww.tamilaruvi.in
of man www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Salivary gland of a) A www.tamilaruvi.in
b) B c) C www.tamil
d) D Ans: c
amilaruvi.in mosquito
87. Assertion - Barbiturates is a synthetic drug
81. Incubation www.tamilaruvi.in
period for plasmodium falciparum www.tamilaruvi.in
which gives pleasure. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inis... www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Reason - By www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
taking barbiturates the adrenalin
amilaruvi.ina) 12 days
www.tamilaruvi.in b) 15 days increase in blood.
amilaruvi.inc) 20 days
www.tamilaruvi.in d) 30 days Ans: a
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) B c) C www.tamil
d) D Ans: c
82. ELISA is... www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
88. Assertion - Macrophage act as a factory of www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
linked immuno sorbant assay HIV.
amilaruvi.inb) Enzyme
www.tamilaruvi.in
linked ions assay Reason - Macrophage
www.tamilaruvi.in continuosly produces
amilaruvi.inc) Enzyme
www.tamilaruvi.in molecules of HIV.
linked inductive assay
amilaruvi.ind) Nonewww.tamilaruvi.in a)
www.tamilaruvi.in A b) B c) C
www.tamilaruvi.in d) D Ans: a
www.tamil
of the above Ans: a
83. Confirmatory test for AIDS is...
PART-B
www.tamil
a) Western blot b) ESR
c) ELISA d) PCR Ans: a ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
84.
amilaruvi.inCarcinoma refers to...
www.tamilaruvi.in 1. Define health.www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ina) Malignant tumours
www.tamilaruvi.in of the connective tissue  The World Health
www.tamilaruvi.in Organization defines health
amilaruvi.inb) Malignant tumours
www.tamilaruvi.in of the skin or mucous
www.tamilaruvi.in as ‘a state of complete physical,
www.tamilaruvi.in mental
www.tamil
membrane and social well being and not merely
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in absence of www.tamilaruvi.in
diseases’. www.tamil
c) Malignant tumours of the colon
2. Define disease. Classify disease.
www.tamil
d) benign tumours of the connective tissue
Ans: b
 Disease is a disorder or malfunction of the
mind or body. www.tamil
85. Post erythrocytic part of life cycle of
amilaruvi.inplasmodium
www.tamilaruvi.in
is called....
www.tamilaruvi.in
 It involves www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
morphological, physiological
amilaruvi.ina) Golgiwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and psychological disturbances which
cycle b) Short cycle may be due to environmental factors or
amilaruvi.inc) Krebswww.tamilaruvi.in
cycle
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Ross cycle Ans: d pathogenswww.tamilaruvi.in
or genetic anomalies orwww.tamil
life
consists of two statements
www.tamilaruvi.in
style changes. www.tamil
printed as Assertion and Reason. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Types : infectious www.tamil
and non infectious
answering these questions you are
www.tamilaruvi.in disease www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inrequired to choose
www.tamilaruvi.inany one of the following 3. List out bacterial
www.tamilaruvi.in /viral/protozoan disease.
four response.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Bacterial disease
a) If both Assertion & Reason are True &  Dysentery
Reason is a correct explanation of
 Plague
 Diphtheria
amilaruvi.inb) If both
www.tamilaruvi.in
Assertion & Reason are True www.tamilaruvi.in
but  Cholera www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Reason is not a correct explanation
www.tamilaruvi.in  Typhoid www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Pneumoniawww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) If Assertion is
www.tamilaruvi.inTrue but the Reason is  Viral Disease
False.  Common cold
If both Assertion & Reason are false  Mumps
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in  Measles
 Methods to reduce.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in  Viral www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Avoid usingwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
hepatitis antibiotics to treat minor
amilaruvi.in  Dengue fever
www.tamilaruvi.in infections www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in that can be taken care bywww.tamil
our
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in  Chikungunya
www.tamilaruvi.in immune
www.tamilaruvi.in system.
 Chicken pox  Do not use an antibiotic to treat viral infections
amilaruvi.in  Poliomyelitis
such as common cold or flu.
www.tamil
 Always followwww.tamilaruvi.in
the prescription. www.tamil
 Protozoan disease :
amilaruvi.in  Malaria
8. List out the symptoms of Dengue fever.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in  Amoebiasis
 Severe fluwww.tamilaruvi.in
like illness with a sudden www.tamil
amilaruvi.in  African sleeping sickness
onset of fever www.tamil
 Kala-azar  Painful headache
amilaruvi.in pathogenic bacteria  Muscle and
www.tamilaruvi.in joint pain
amilaruvi.in Bacteria that are associated
www.tamilaruvi.in with human 9. List out the symptoms
www.tamilaruvi.in of Chickungunya. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
diseases and are called pathogenic
amilaruvi.in bacteria.
www.tamilaruvi.in  Fever
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Joint
www.tamilaruvi.in pain, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
5. Difference between pathogen & normal flora.  Headache
 Joint swelling
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in S.No Pathogen
www.tamilaruvi.in Normal flora
1. They are They won’t cause 10. Write notes on poliomyelitis.
associated with disease
 Fever
disease www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Muscular stiffness and weakness
www.tamil
They are known They are www.tamilaruvi.in
 Paralysis www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in as pathogenic
www.tamilaruvi.in known aswww.tamilaruvi.in
 Respiratory www.tamilaruvi.in
failure www.tamil
organisms commensals or
useful bacteria www.tamilaruvi.in
11. Write short notes on viral hepatitis. www.tamil
6. What are the bacterial diseases that affect
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Liver damage www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inlungs? www.tamilaruvi.in
List out it symptoms.  Jaundice www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Nausea
 Yellowish eyes
Target organ
transmission
Mucopurulant painful breathing Symptoms

Pathogen
Mode of
Disease
 Fever and pain in the abdomen

amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 12. List out
www.tamilaruvi.in the symptoms and
www.tamilaruvi.incauses of swine
www.tamil
flu.
 Swine flu is caused by the H1N1 virus strain.
www.tamil
nasal discharge and brown sputum

 Symptomswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
: fever, cough, sore throat, chills,
Streptococcus
weakness and body aches.

Fever, cough,

pneumoniae
Pneumonia

13. Draw and label www.tamilaruvi.in
the structure of entamoeba www.tamil
infection
Droplet
Lungs
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in histolytica.

Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis

tuberculosis
infection

Droplet
Thick
Lungs

7. Is it possible to reduce bacterial resistance?
amilaruvi.inIf it is possible
www.tamilaruvi.in
then tell how? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Yes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
it is possible to reduce bacterial www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in resistance
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
 In the 1950’s www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the World Health Organisation
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (WHO)
www.tamilaruvi.in introduced the
programme .
 This programme was not successful
the resistance of Plasmodium
www.tamil
to the
drugs usedwww.tamilaruvi.in
to treat it and www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in mosquito’s to
www.tamilaruvi.in DDT and other insecticides. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
19. Define helminthiasis. www.tamil
 Disease caused www.tamilaruvi.in
by Helminthes are called www.tamil
as
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in e.g Ascariasis and
www.tamilaruvi.in Filariasis.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 20. Define ascariasis.
 is a disease caused by www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in intestinal
www.tamilaruvi.in endoparasite
commonly called the .
amilaruvi.in Three species of Trypanosoma
www.tamilaruvi.in cause www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
sickness in man .
1. T. gambiense is transmitted by  Dermatomycosis is a cutaneous infection
and causes www.tamilaruvi.in
caused by www.tamilaruvi.in
fungi belonging to the genera www.tamil
amilaruvi.in African www.tamilaruvi.in
sleeping sickness. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in2. T. rhodesiense
www.tamilaruvi.in Epidermophyton.
is transmitted by www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in causing
www.tamilaruvi.in 22. What do you mean
www.tamilaruvi.in by personal hygiene?
amilaruvi.in African sleeping sickness.
www.tamilaruvi.in  "
www.tamilaruvi.in refers to
amilaruvi.in3. T. cruzi is transmitted
www.tamilaruvi.in by a bug called one’s
www.tamilaruvi.in body clean by bathing,
www.tamilaruvi.in washing hands,
www.tamil
and causes trimming fingernails, wearing clean clothes
amilaruvi.in Americanwww.tamilaruvi.in
trypanosomiasis. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 It also includes keeping surfaces in the home
and workplace, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
including toilets, bathroom
16. What is haemozoin? Write its significance.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in facilities, www.tamilaruvi.in
 When
amilaruvi.in haemozoin
www.tamilaruvi.in
toxin released www.tamilaruvi.in
from the 23. Define Immunology.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in merozoites
www.tamilaruvi.in
into the blood stream to www.tamilaruvi.in
infect  www.tamilaruvi.in
is the study of www.tamil
erythrocytes system.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and erythrocytewww.tamilaruvi.in
debris  This system www.tamilaruvi.in from
www.tamil
into the blood stream resulting in various infective agents.
amilaruvi.in attacks www.tamilaruvi.in
–
amilaruvi.in followedwww.tamilaruvi.in  It
www.tamilaruvi.in refers to all the mechanisms
www.tamilaruvi.in used by the
www.tamil
by sweating.
17. Write the possible preventive measures for
www.tamilaruvi.in
agents thatwww.tamilaruvi.in
are foreign to the body. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inmalaria. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
24. Define the term immunity.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inPreventive
www.tamilaruvi.in
measure include : www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 The overall ability of body to fight against
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It iswww.tamilaruvi.in
possible to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
causing pathogen is called www.tamil
amilaruvi.in cyclewww.tamilaruvi.in
by killing the insect vector. www.tamilaruvi.in .www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  It is also called
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in andwww.tamil the
amilaruvi.in , to make
www.tamilaruvi.in it impossible for mosquito lack
www.tamilaruvi.in of immunity is known
www.tamilaruvi.in as .
www.tamil
larvae and pupae to breathe. 25. Define the term antigen.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
sleeping
Gambian
Rhodesian
Chagas
erythrocyte
malarial
shivering
break
Malaria
due
resistance
helminthiasis.
Ascaris
roundworms
Trichophyton,
Personal
maintaining
clean
immune
protects
body
immunity
disease
susceptibility
tofor
and
the
lumbricoides
eradication
resistance
disease
www.tamilaruvi.in
protection
an
hygiene
or
pathogen-free.
chills,
of
transmission
or
lyses
Central
indvidual
East
or
high
due
Microsporum
from
to
fever
environmental
malaria, and
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Any www.tamilaruvi.in
substance
www.tamilaruvi.in
31. Define haptens.
amilaruvi.in immune www.tamilaruvi.in is called an www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
response  are substance that are
amilaruvi.in ( www.tamilaruvi.in
body erator) www.tamilaruvi.in immunogenic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
but can react with the products
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
26. Why innatewww.tamilaruvi.in
immunity called as non-specific www.tamilaruvi.in of a specificwww.tamilaruvi.in
immune response. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Innate immunity
www.tamilaruvi.in is the www.tamilaruvi.in
 On the basis www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of origin, antigens are classified
of resistance to infection which an into and
www.tamilaruvi.in
possesses right from the birth.
antigens
innate defense mechanisms are non-
amilaruvi.in specificwww.tamilaruvi.in (i)
in the sense that
www.tamilaruvi.in The antigens which
. outside
otherwise known as non-specific
amilaruvi.in It iswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
or pollutants.
27.
amilaruvi.inWhat are lymphoid
www.tamilaruvi.inorgans? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The antigens which are
amilaruvi.in The organs involved
www.tamilaruvi.in in the www.tamilaruvi.in individual www.tamilaruvi.in
are . www.tamil
and proliferation of lymphocytes are
amilaruvi.in calledwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Basedwww.tamilaruvi.in
on their functions, they are classified
amilaruvi.in into www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 The antibodies are classified into five major
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in categories, www.tamilaruvi.in
based on their physiologicalwww.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in organs
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in biochemicalwww.tamilaruvi.in
properties. www.tamil
28. List out www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in the functions of a) Primary lymphoid www.tamilaruvi.in
 They are www.tamilaruvi.in
(gamma), (mu), www.tamil
organ b) Secondary lymphoid organ. (alpha), (delta) and (epsilon).
 - provide
amilaruvi.in appropriate
www.tamilaruvi.in
environment for lymphocytic
amilaruvi.in maturation.
 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
- trap opsonisation, neutralization etc.
amilaruvi.in antigenswww.tamilaruvi.in
and make it available for www.tamilaruvi.in
mature www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in lymphocytes,
www.tamilaruvi.inwhich can effectively fight
against these antigens.
 The reaction between and
antibody leads www.tamil
to visible precipitate formation,
amilaruvi.in Peyer’s patches are
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in which is called
thickened tissue that are embedded in the
amilaruvi.in mucus-secreting
www.tamilaruvi.in  Antibodies www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in that bring about precipitate www.tamil
lining of the
amilaruvi.in of humans
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in formation on reacting with
www.tamilaruvi.in antigens are called
www.tamil
and other vertebrate animals . as .
amilaruvi.in Peyer’swww.tamilaruvi.in
patches contain a variety of www.tamilaruvi.in
immune www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Whenever a interacts
amilaruvi.in cells,www.tamilaruvi.in
including www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
with its antibody, it would result in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in cells, T cells, and
www.tamilaruvi.in B cells. www.tamilaruvi.in or agglutination of the particulate antigen,
30.
amilaruvi.inDifference between
www.tamilaruvi.in epitope and paratope. www.tamilaruvi.in which is called
amilaruvi.in is an
www.tamilaruvi.in antigenic determinant and is 
www.tamilaruvi.in The antibody involved
www.tamilaruvi.in in bringing about
www.tamil
the . agglutination reaction is called .
amilaruvi.in Ais a www.tamilaruvi.in
is the antigen –
part of an antibody which recognizes
36. Define precipitins.
 Antibodies that bring about
amilaruvi.in and binds
www.tamilaruvi.in
to an antigen. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
formation on reacting with antigens are
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in called as www.tamilaruvi.in
pitins . www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
capable
antigen
ANTI
GEN
natural
origin,
Lymphoid
primary
secondary
oval-shaped
small
macrophages,
active
paratope
binding
non-
exogenous
enter
E.
(ii)
formed
endogenous
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
agglutination,
soluble
precipitin
precipitins
particulate
clumping
agglutination
agglutinin
precipitate
preci
g : intestine
the
www.tamilaruvi.in
Microorganisms,
part
maturation
phenomenon
immunity.
site
antigen
within
orhost
reaction
organs.
of
of
antigens
central
or
antigen
and
antigens
areas
reaction
an
precipitation,
from
the
peripheral
eliciting
dendritic
antigen
lymphoid
of
the pollens,
lymphoid
organs
drugs, or
www.tamil
37. What is Allergy?
42. What is Auto antigen.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
exaggerated response of the immune  When the cells act as antigens in the same
amilaruvi.in system www.tamilaruvi.in
to certain antigens presentwww.tamilaruvi.in
in the body , they www.tamilaruvi.in
are called auto antigens. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in environment is called allergy (allo-altered,
43. What is non organ specific disorder? www.tamil
erg-reaction) .
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.indisorders,
 In non-organ specific (systemic)
www.tamil
E.g. Hay fever and asthma.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in autoimmunewww.tamilaruvi.in
activity is widely spread www.tamil
 Allergy is a form of over active immune body .
amilaruvi.in response
facilitated by IgE and mast cells
www.tamilaruvi.in
throughout the www.tamil
44. What is Metastasis? www.tamil
38. What is Anaphylaxis?
 When cancer www.tamilaruvi.in
cells spread to other partswww.tamil
 Anaphylaxis is the classical immediate of the bodywww.tamilaruvi.in
from the tumour and give rise to
amilaruvi.in hypersensitivity
www.tamilaruvi.in
reaction .
secondary tumour.
a sudden, systematic, severe and
amilaruvi.in immediate
www.tamilaruvi.in This is known as metastasis
hypersensitivity reaction
amilaruvi.in occurring as a result of rapid generalized
45. What is immunotherapy? www.tamil
mast-cell degranulation.  also called
Immunotherapy www.tamil
biological
amilaruvi.in
39. How HIVwww.tamilaruvi.in
virus synthesis DNA www.tamilaruvi.in therapy uses substances
www.tamilaruvi.in made by the body
www.tamil
or in a laboratory (monoclonal antibodies) to
amilaruvi.in After getting into
www.tamilaruvi.inthe body of the person, the
www.tamilaruvi.in improve or www.tamilaruvi.in
to resist the immune systemwww.tamil
virus enters into macrophages where RNA
amilaruvi.in genome www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of the virus replicates to form viral function. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
with the help of the enzyme reverse www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
46. What is Korsakoff syndrome? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in transcriptase .
 Korsakoff syndrome, a chronic memory
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in
viral DNA gets incorporated into www.tamilaruvi.in
the disorder iswww.tamilaruvi.in
most commonly caused by alcohol www.tamil
DNA of host cells and directs the infected cells misuse.
amilaruvi.in to produce
www.tamilaruvi.in
viral particles.
PART-C www.tamil
40. What is the diagnosis method for AIDS?
 Test 1 : ELISA test (Enzyme Linked Immuno
amilaruvi.in Sorbentwww.tamilaruvi.in
Assay www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
(3 MARKS)
amilaruvi.in It detects
www.tamilaruvi.in
the presence of HIV antibodies.
a preliminary test.
www.tamilaruvi.in
1. Classify viral www.tamilaruvi.in
diseases based on theirwww.tamil
symptoms.
amilaruvi.in Testwww.tamilaruvi.in
2 : Western blot test
 Viral diseases are generally grouped into four
more reliable and a confirmatory
types on the basis of the symptoms produced
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in test. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in in the body www.tamilaruvi.in
organs. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It detects
www.tamilaruvi.in
the viral core proteins. www.tamilaruvi.in
• Pneumotropic www.tamilaruvi.in
diseases (respiratory www.tamil
tract
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in infected by influenza
41. List out the methods to prevent AIDS.
amilaruvi.in Advocating
• Dermotropicwww.tamilaruvi.in
diseases (skin and
www.tamil
safe sex and promoting regular
amilaruvi.in check-up
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in subcutaneous tissues affected
www.tamilaruvi.in by chicken pox
www.tamil
and measles
amilaruvi.in Safewww.tamilaruvi.in
blood for transfusion www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Viscerotropic diseases (blood and visceral
amilaruvi.in Use ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
disposable needles www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
organs affected by yellow fever and dengue
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Use www.tamilaruvi.in
of condoms during sexual contact www.tamilaruvi.in fever www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Prevention
www.tamilaruvi.in
of drug abuse www.tamilaruvi.in
• Neurotropicwww.tamilaruvi.in
diseases www.tamil
(central nervous
amilaruvi.in AIDSwww.tamilaruvi.in
awareness programme bywww.tamilaruvi.in
NACO system affected by rabies and polio).
amilaruvi.in (National AIDS Control Organisation),
www.tamilaruvi.in ngo s
(Non-Governmental Organisations) and WHO
amilaruvi.in are towww.tamilaruvi.in
prevent the spreading of AIDS
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
2. Classify different types of malaria.
 The accumulation of the worms block the
www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
lymphatic system resulting in inflammation
Types of Causative
Duration of of the lymph
www.tamilaruvi.in node.
Erythrocytic
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
No. Malaria agent  In some cases, the obstruction of lymph
cycle www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 1 Tertian, benign P. vivax
www.tamilaruvi.in 48 hours vessels
www.tamilaruvi.in causes elephantiasis
www.tamilaruvi.in or filariasis of
www.tamil
tertian or vivax the limbs , scrotum and mammary glands.
malaria
5. Explain the Components of acquired
amilaruvi.in 2 Quartanwww.tamilaruvi.in
malaria P. malariae 72 hours www.tamilaruvi.in
Immunity.
amilaruvi.in 3 Mild www.tamilaruvi.in
tertian P. ovale www.tamilaruvi.in
48 hours www.tamilaruvi.in
Acquired immunity has two components – cell
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in malaria
mediated immunity (CMI) and antibody www.tamil
4 Malignant tertian P. 36 – 48 hours
or quotidian falciparum
www.tamilaruvi.in
mediated immunitywww.tamilaruvi.in
or humoral immunity. www.tamil
malaria www.tamilaruvi.in
1. Cell mediated www.tamilaruvi.in
immunity www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
notes on fungal disease. www.tamilaruvi.in
 When pathogens www.tamilaruvi.in
are destroyed by cellswww.tamil
amilaruvi.in Fungiwww.tamilaruvi.in , then www.tamil
it is
was recognized as a causative www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
without producing antibodies
agent
known as cell mediated immune response or
amilaruvi.in of human www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
diseases much earlier than bacteria. www.tamilaruvi.in
cell mediated immunity.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Dermatomycosis
is a cutaneous infection www.tamilaruvi.in
 This is brought about by T cells, macrophages
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in caused by fungi
www.tamilaruvi.in belonging to the www.tamilaruvi.in
and natural www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
genera
killer cells.
Trichophyton, Microsporum and
amilaruvi.in Epidermophyton.
2. Antibody mediated immunity or humoral www.tamil
immunity www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Ringworm is one of the most common fungal
amilaruvi.in disease www.tamilaruvi.in
in humans. www.tamilaruvi.in
 When pathogens www.tamilaruvi.in
are destroyed by thewww.tamil
amilaruvi.in Appearance
www.tamilaruvi.in , then it is known
of dry, scaly lesions on www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
production of antibodies
the
as antibody mediated or humoral immunity.
amilaruvi.in skin,www.tamilaruvi.in
nails and scalp are the main symptoms www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of the disease.  This is brought about by B cells with the
help of antigen presenting cells and T
www.tamil
and moisture help these fungiwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Heatwww.tamilaruvi.in to grow
helper cellswww.tamilaruvi.in
. www.tamil
and makes them to grow in skin folds such as
amilaruvi.in thosewww.tamilaruvi.in
in the groin or between the toes.
 Antibody production www.tamil
is the characteristic
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in feature of vertebrates
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in only. www.tamil
 Ringworms of the feet is known as Athlete™s
amilaruvi.in foot www.tamilaruvi.in
caused by Tinea pedis. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
6. Expand and Explain the term. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Ringworms
www.tamilaruvi.in
are generally acquired from www.tamilaruvi.in
soil www.tamilaruvi.in
a) MALT - Mucosal-Associated www.tamil
Lymphoid Tissue
amilaruvi.in or bywww.tamilaruvi.in
using clothes, towels and comb www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) GALT - Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue www.tamil
by infected persons. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) BALT - Bronchial Associated Lymphoid Tissue www.tamil
4. Write short
amilaruvi.in notes on filariasis.
 These are Secondary or peripheral
amilaruvi.in Filariasis
www.tamilaruvi.in
is caused by Wuchereria www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
lymphoid organs www.tamil
amilaruvi.in bancrofti , commonly
www.tamilaruvi.in called filarial worm.
 In secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs,
amilaruvi.in It is found in the
www.tamilaruvi.in lymph vessels and www.tamilaruvi.in
lymph antigen is www.tamilaruvi.in
localized so that it can be
www.tamil
nodes of man. effectively exposed to mature lymphocytes.
 Wuchereria bancrofti is sexually dimorphic,  The best examples are lymph nodes,
amilaruvi.in viviparous
www.tamilaruvi.in
and digenic.
appendix, Peyer™s patches of
 The life cycle is completed in two hosts, man gastrointestinal tract, tonsils, adenoids,
amilaruvi.in and the www.tamilaruvi.in
female Culex mosquito . www.tamilaruvi.in spleen, MALT www.tamilaruvi.in
(Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The female
www.tamilaruvi.in Tissue),
www.tamilaruvi.in (Gut-Associated
www.tamilaruvi.in
GALT Lymphoid
www.tamil
filarial worm gives rise to juveniles
Tissue), BALT (Bronchial / Tracheal-Associated
microfilariae larvae. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Lymphoid Tissue).
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In the www.tamilaruvi.in
lymph glands, the juveniles develop www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in into adults .
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
7. Explai n diff erent types of vaccine.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in made
 The core is covered by a capsid
www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in Vaccinewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
initiates the immunization proteins.
amilaruvi.in process www.tamilaruvi.in
. www.tamilaruvi.in
 This is followedwww.tamilaruvi.in
by another layer of matrix www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
vaccines are classified as first, www.tamilaruvi.in
second proteins. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and third generation
www.tamilaruvi.in vaccines . www.tamilaruvi.in
9. Differences betweenwww.tamilaruvi.in
normal cell and cancer www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. First generation
www.tamilaruvi.invaccine cell
 It is
amilaruvi.in vaccine, further subdivided
www.tamilaruvi.in into live attenuated
Normal cells Cancer cells www.tamil
killed vaccine and toxoids .
amilaruvi.in Live www.tamilaruvi.in
attenuated vaccines
www.tamilaruvi.in
use the
Small, uniformly www.tamilaruvi.in
Large, variable www.tamil
shaped nuclei shaped nuclei
amilaruvi.in weakenedwww.tamilaruvi.in
(attenuated), aged, less www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Relatively large cyto - Relatively small cyto -
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in virulent form of the virus.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inplasmic volume www.tamilaruvi.in
. plasmic volume www.tamil
amilaruvi.inE.g. Measles, mumps
www.tamilaruvi.in and rubella (MMR) vaccine
www.tamilaruvi.inConformity in cell Variation in cell size
and the Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine, size and shape and shape
amilaruvi.in Killedwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
vaccines are killed or
(inactivated) Cells arranged into Disorganised ar -
amilaruvi.in inactivated
www.tamilaruvi.in
by heat and other methods. www.tamilaruvi.indiscrete tissues www.tamilaruvi.in
rangement of cellswww.tamil
amilaruvi.inE.g. Salk™s
www.tamilaruvi.in
polio vaccine . www.tamilaruvi.inMay posses differwww.tamilaruvi.in
- Loss of normal spewww.tamil
-
amilaruvi.in Toxoid www.tamilaruvi.in
vaccines contain a toxin www.tamilaruvi.in
or entiated cell struc - cialised
www.tamilaruvi.in features www.tamil
amilaruvi.in chemical secreted
www.tamilaruvi.in by the bacteria or virus.
www.tamilaruvi.in
tures Elevated expression
Normal presenta - of certain cell markers
 They make us immune to the harmful
amilaruvi.in effects www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intion of cell surface
of the infection, instead of to the
amilaruvi.in infection
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inmarkers www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
itself.
Lower levels of Large number of
amilaruvi.inE.g. DPT vaccine (Diphtheria, Pertussis
www.tamilaruvi.individing cells
www.tamilaruvi.in
dividing cells
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inTetanus).www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Cell tissues clearly Poorly defined tumor www.tamil
amilaruvi.in2. Second generation
www.tamilaruvi.in vaccine www.tamilaruvi.indemarcated boundaries
amilaruvi.in It contains the pure
www.tamilaruvi.in surface antigen of the
www.tamilaruvi.in
10. Write short notes www.tamilaruvi.in
on Autoimmune diseases www.tamil
pathogen .
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  It is due to an
abnormal immune response www.tamil
E.g. Hepatitis-B vaccine.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  It occur when
www.tamilaruvi.in immune system failswww.tamil
amilaruvi.in
3. Third generation vaccine
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in distinguish self and non-self
 It contains the purest and the highest  Our body produces antibodies (auto
amilaruvi.in potency www.tamilaruvi.in
vaccines www.tamilaruvi.in
which are synthetic in antibodies)
www.tamilaruvi.in
and cytotoxic T cells
www.tamil
that
amilaruvi.in generation.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in destroy our www.tamilaruvi.in
own tissues. www.tamil
latest revolution in vaccine is www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA www.tamilaruvi.in
 If a disease-state www.tamil
results, it is referred to as
amilaruvi.in vaccine or recombinant
www.tamilaruvi.in vaccine. www.tamilaruvi.in auto-immune www.tamilaruvi.in
disease. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
8. Structure www.tamilaruvi.in
of HIV virus.  Thus, autoimmunity
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in is a misdirected www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The human immunodeficiency virus belongs
www.tamilaruvi.in immune response.
the genus Lentivirus .  Autoimmunity is evidenced by the presence
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in thatwww.tamil are
 HIV is seen as a spherical virus , 100-120 of auto antibodies and T cells
amilaruvi.in nm www.tamilaruvi.in
in diameter, containing a dense core www.tamilaruvi.in reactive withwww.tamilaruvi.in
host antigens. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in surrounded
www.tamilaruvi.in
by a lipoprotein envelope.www.tamilaruvi.in  When the cells www.tamilaruvi.in
act as antigens in the same www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The envelope has
www.tamilaruvi.in glycoprotein(gp) spikes
www.tamilaruvi.in body , they are called auto
www.tamilaruvi.in antigens. www.tamil
termed gp 41 and gp 120.  Types of Autoimmune diseases -
organ-
 At the core, there are two large single specific and non-organ-specific (systemic
amilaruvi.in strandedwww.tamilaruvi.in
RNA . www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 In organ- specific disease, the autoimmune
amilaruvi.in Attached
to the RNA are molecules of reverse www.tamilaruvi.in
process is directed mostly against one
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in transcriptase.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in organ . www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It also contains
www.tamilaruvi.in enzymes like www.tamilaruvi.in
protease and www.tamilaruvi.in
 The autoantibodies may block the functions www.tamil
ribonuclease .
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of that organs .
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inE.g : www.tamilaruvi.in
Hashimoto™s thyroiditis, Graves™
by the vector Phlebotomus (sand fly).
www.tamil
amilaruvi.indiseasewww.tamilaruvi.in
(thyroid gland) and Addison™s www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
disease  Infection may occur in the endothelial cells,
amilaruvi.in(adrenal glands).
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in bone marrow, www.tamilaruvi.in
liver, lymph glands www.tamil
and
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in In non-organ specific
www.tamilaruvi.in (systemic) disorders,
www.tamilaruvi.in blood vessels of the spleen.
autoimmune activity is widely spread
amilaruvi.in throughout
www.tamilaruvi.in Symptoms - weight loss,
www.tamilaruvi.in anaemia, fever, www.tamil
the body . enlargement of spleen and liver.
amilaruvi.inE.g : www.tamilaruvi.in
Rheumatoid arthritis and multiple
2. Write short notes on life cycle of plasmodium.
amilaruvi.insclerosiswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The life cycle of Plasmodium involves three
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in phases namelywww.tamilaruvi.in
schizogony, gamogony and www.tamil
PART-D
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in .
sporogony www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in first enters the human blood
 The parasitewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (5 MARKS) stream through the bite of an infected
female Anopheles mosquito.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
1. Write shortwww.tamilaruvi.in
notes on any two protozoan www.tamilaruvi.in
 As it feeds, www.tamilaruvi.in
the mosquito injects the salivawww.tamil
amilaruvi.indisease.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
containing the sporozoites . www.tamil
Amoebiasis www.tamilaruvi.in
 The sporozoite within
www.tamilaruvi.in the blood streamwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in It is also called
www.tamilaruvi.in amoebic dysentery or
www.tamilaruvi.in immediately enters
www.tamilaruvi.in the hepatic cells of the
www.tamil
amoebic colitis is caused by Entamoeba liver.
amilaruvi.in histolytica
www.tamilaruvi.in
, which lives in the human www.tamilaruvi.in
large www.tamilaruvi.in
 Further in the liver they undergo multiple
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in intestine and feeds on food particles
asexual fission (schizogony ) and produce www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in merozoites .
 Infective
amilaruvi.in trophozoite stage
www.tamilaruvi.in of this parasite is the 
www.tamilaruvi.in After being released
www.tamilaruvi.in from liver cells, the
www.tamil
merozoites penetrate the RBC™s.
amilaruvi.in Trophozoite
penetrates the walls of the host
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Inside the RBC, the merozoite begins to
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in intestine
www.tamilaruvi.in
(colon) and secretes histolytic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
develop as unicellular trophozoites. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in enzymes causing
www.tamilaruvi.in ulceration, www.tamilaruvi.in
bleeding, www.tamilaruvi.in
 The trophozoite grows in size www.tamil
and a central
abdominal pain and stools with excess vacuole develops pushing them to one side
amilaruvi.in mucus. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of cytoplasm and becomes the signet ring
amilaruvi.in Symptoms
www.tamilaruvi.in
- range from diarrhoea www.tamilaruvi.in
to stage . www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in dysentery with blood and mucus in the
www.tamilaruvi.in stool.
 The trophozoite nucleus then divides www.tamil
amilaruvi.in House flies acts as a carrier forwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in this asexually to produce the schizont.
amilaruvi.in disease.
www.tamilaruvi.in  The large schizont
www.tamilaruvi.in shows yellowish - brown
African sleeping sickness pigmented granules called Schuffners
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in granules.
 It is caused by Trypanosoma species.
 The www.tamilaruvi.in
schizont divides and www.tamil
produces
 Trypanosoma is generally transmitted by the
amilaruvi.in bloodwww.tamilaruvi.in
sucking Tsetse flies.
www.tamilaruvi.in mononucleatedwww.tamilaruvi.in
merozoites. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Threewww.tamilaruvi.in  Eventually the
erythrocyte lyses, releasingwww.tamil
species of Trypanosoma cause sleeping the merozoites and haemozoin toxin into
amilaruvi.in sicknesswww.tamilaruvi.in
in man. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
the blood stream to infect other erythrocytes.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in T. gambiense
is transmitted by Glossina  Lysis of redwww.tamilaruvi.in
blood cells results in cycles www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in palpalis (Tsetse
www.tamilaruvi.in fly) and causes Gambian
fever and other symptoms . www.tamil
or Central African sleeping sickness.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  This erythrocytic
www.tamilaruvi.in stage is cyclic and repeats
 T. rhodesiense is transmitted by Glossina itself approximately every 48 to 72 hours
amilaruvi.in morsitans
www.tamilaruvi.in
causing Rhodesian orwww.tamilaruvi.in
East www.tamilaruvi.in
or longer depending on the species of
www.tamil
African sleeping sickness. www.tamilaruvi.in Plasmodiumwww.tamilaruvi.in
involved. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in T. is transmitted
www.tamilaruvi.in
cruzi by a bug called
www.tamilaruvi.in
 The suddenwww.tamilaruvi.in
release of merozoites triggers www.tamil
Triatoma megista and causes Chagas
amilaruvi.in disease www.tamilaruvi.in
or American trypanosomiasis.
www.tamilaruvi.in an attack onwww.tamilaruvi.in
the RBCs. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Kalawww.tamilaruvi.in  Occasionally,www.tamilaruvi.in
merozoites differentiate www.tamil into
Œ azar or visceral leishmaniasis iswww.tamilaruvi.in
caused
macrogametocytes and microgametocytes .
amilaruvi.in by Leishmania
donovani, which is transmitted www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
these are ingested by a mosquito, they
 The oocyte undergoes meiosis by a process
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in develop www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
to form sporozoites . www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
into male and female gametes called sporogony
amilaruvi.in respectively.
 These sporozoites migrate to the salivary www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in In thewww.tamilaruvi.in
mosquito's gut, the infected erythrocytes
www.tamilaruvi.in glands of the mosquito.
amilaruvi.in lyse and male and
www.tamilaruvi.in female gametes fertilize to
www.tamilaruvi.in  The cycle is now completed and whenwww.tamil
form a diploid zygote called ookinete . mosquito bites another human host, the
 The ookinete migrates to the mosquito™s sporozoites are injected and the cycle
amilaruvi.in gut www.tamilaruvi.in
wall and develop into an oocyte .www.tamilaruvi.in begins a new. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
3. List out various barriers of innate immunity and their mechanism.
amilaruvi.in Typewww.tamilaruvi.in
of innate www.tamilaruvi.in Mechanism
amilaruvi.in immunity
1. Anatomical barriers
amilaruvi.inSkin www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Prevents the entry of microbes.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Its acidic environmentwww.tamilaruvi.in
(pH 3-5) retards the growth www.tamilaruvi.in
of microbes. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inMucus www.tamilaruvi.in
membrane Mucus entraps foreign www.tamilaruvi.in
microorganisms and competes www.tamilaruvi.in
with microbes for attachment.www.tamil
Physiological barriers www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inTemperature
www.tamilaruvi.in Normal body temperature inhibits the growth of www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in pathogens. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Fever also inhibits the growth
www.tamilaruvi.inof pathogens. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Low pHwww.tamilaruvi.in Acidity of gastric secretions (HCl)
www.tamilaruvi.in kills most ingested microbes.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Lysozyme acts as antibacterial
www.tamilaruvi.in agent and cleaves the bacterial
www.tamilaruvi.in cell wall. www.tamil
Chemical mediators Interferons induce antiviral state in the uninfected cells.
Complementary substances produced from leucocytes lyse the pathogenic
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in microbes or facilitatewww.tamilaruvi.in
phagocytosis. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a g o c y t i c Specialized cells (Monocytes,
amilaruvi.in3 . P h www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inneutrophils, tissuewww.tamilaruvi.in
macrophages) phagocytose, www.tamiland
amilaruvi.in barriers
www.tamilaruvi.in digest whole microorganisms.
Tissue damage and infection induce leakage of vascular fluid, containing
amilaruvi.in4. Inflammatory
chemotactic signals like serotonin, histamine and prostaglandins.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in barrierswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
They influx the phagocytic cells into the affectedwww.tamilaruvi.in
area. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in This phenomenonwww.tamilaruvi.in
is called diapedesis. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
4. Difference www.tamilaruvi.in
between Active of Passive Immunity. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Sl. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in No. www.tamilaruvi.in Active Immunity www.tamilaruvi.in Passive Immunity
amilaruvi.in1 www.tamilaruvi.in
Active immunity is produced www.tamilaruvi.in
actively by Passive immunitywww.tamilaruvi.in
is received passively and there www.tamil
is
amilaruvi.in host™s immune
www.tamilaruvi.in system. www.tamilaruvi.in no active host participation
amilaruvi.in2 It is produced due to contact
with It is produced due to antibodies obtained fromwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in pathogen or
www.tamilaruvi.in by its antigen. www.tamilaruvi.in outside. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 3 It is
www.tamilaruvi.in
durable and effective in protection .
www.tamilaruvi.in It is transient and www.tamilaruvi.in
less effective . www.tamil
amilaruvi.in4 Immunological memory is present.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in No memory. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Booster effect on subsequentwww.tamilaruvi.in
dose is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
5 Subsequent dose is less effective .
possible. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Immunity is effective only after www.tamilaruvi.in
a short www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
6 Immunity develops immediately .
period. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
5. Difference between primary and secondary Immune response.
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
Sl.
Primary Immune Response www.tamilaruvi.in Secondary www.tamilaruvi.in
Immune Response www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
It occurs as a result of primary contact It occurs as a result of second and subsequent
with an antigen. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
contacts with the same antigen . www.tamil
Antibody level reaches peak in 7 to 10
amilaruvi.in 2 www.tamilaruvi.in Antibody
www.tamilaruvi.in level reaches peak in 3
www.tamilaruvi.in to 5 days . www.tamil
days.
Prolonged period is required towww.tamilaruvi.in
establish www.tamilaruvi.in
It establishes immunity in a short time.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in immunity.
amilaruvi.in4 There is rapid decline in antibody www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in level. Antibody level remains high for longer period .www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Itwww.tamilaruvi.in
appears mainly in the lymph www.tamilaruvi.in
nodes It appears mainly in www.tamilaruvi.in
the bone marrow, www.tamil
followed
5
amilaruvi.in spleen .
www.tamilaruvi.in
and by the spleen and lymph
www.tamilaruvi.in nodes.
6. Write short notes on primary lymphoid organ.
 Thus thymus is most active during the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In mammals,
B cell maturation occurs in neonatal and www.tamilaruvi.in
pre-adolescent periods www.tamil
.
amilaruvi.in the bone
www.tamilaruvi.in
marrow www.tamilaruvi.in
and T cells maturation Bone marrow www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in occurs in the thymus.
www.tamilaruvi.in Hence they are called
www.tamilaruvi.in Bone marrow www.tamilaruvi.in
is a lymphoid tissue found www.tamil
as primary lymphoid organ. within the spongy portion of the bone.
amilaruvi.inThymuswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Bone marrow contains stem
www.tamilaruvi.in cells known as
www.tamil
thymus is a flat and bilobed organ haematopoietic cells .
amilaruvi.in locatedwww.tamilaruvi.in
behind the sternun, above www.tamilaruvi.in
 These cells have the potential to multiply
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in heart.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in through cellwww.tamilaruvi.in
division and either remain www.tamil
as
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in stem cells or differentiate
www.tamilaruvi.in and mature into
www.tamil
different kinds of blood cells.
7. Write short notes on structure of Lymphnode.
 Lymph node is a small bean-shaped
structure and is part of the body’s immune
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in system. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in It is the first one to encounter the antigen
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in that enters the tissue spaces.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Lymph nodes filter and
www.tamilaruvi.in trap substances
www.tamil
that travel through the lymphatic fluid.
lobe of the thymus contains numerous www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
lobules , separated from each other by
amilaruvi.in connective
www.tamilaruvi.in
tissue called septa.
lobule is differentiated into two
amilaruvi.in compartments
www.tamilaruvi.in, the outer compartment www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in or outer cortex,
www.tamilaruvi.in is densely packed with
immature T cells called thymocytes ,
amilaruvi.in whereaswww.tamilaruvi.in
the inner compartment or medulla www.tamilaruvi.in
is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in sparsely populated
www.tamilaruvi.in with thymocytes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in One of its main
www.tamilaruvi.in secretions is the hormone
thymosin .
 Lymph node has three zones. They are the
www.tamil
 It stimulates the T cell to become mature
immunocompetent . www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
cortex, paracortex and medulla . www.tamil
amilaruvi.in By thewww.tamilaruvi.in
early teens, the thymus begins www.tamilaruvi.in
to  Cortex : www.tamilaruvi.in
The outer most layer ofwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in atrophy and is replaced by adipose tissue.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in lymph nodewww.tamilaruvi.in
is called cortex, which consists of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in B-lymphocytes
, macrophages, and follicular
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Both these are produced in the bone
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in dendritic
www.tamilaruvi.in
cells. www.tamilaruvi.in marrow. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in The paracortex
www.tamilaruvi.in zone is beneath the cortex ,
www.tamilaruvi.in
 B lymphocytes www.tamilaruvi.in
(B cells) stay in the bone www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
which
amilaruvi.in and Inter is richly
www.tamilaruvi.in populated by T lymphocytes
www.tamilaruvi.in marrow until they are
www.tamilaruvi.in mature. www.tamil
digitating dendritic cells.
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.in Then they circulate around
www.tamilaruvi.in the body. www.tamil
inner most zone is called the
amilaruvi.in medulla www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.in Some remain in the
www.tamilaruvi.in blood, while others
www.tamil
which is sparsely populated
accumulate in the lymph nodes and
amilaruvi.in by lymphocytes
www.tamilaruvi.in , but many of them are
www.tamilaruvi.in spleen . www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
plasma cells, which actively secrete antibody
amilaruvi.in molecules.
 T lymphocytes www.tamilaruvi.in
leave the bone marrow www.tamil
amilaruvi.in As the www.tamilaruvi.in
lymph enters, it slowly percolates www.tamilaruvi.in and maturewww.tamilaruvi.in
in the thymus gland. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in through the cortex, para cortex www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in and  Once mature, www.tamilaruvi.in
T cells also accumulate in www.tamil
medulla, giving sufficient chance for the the same areas of the body as B cells.
amilaruvi.in phagocytic
www.tamilaruvi.in
cells and dendritic cells to trap
 Lymphocytes have receptor proteins on
amilaruvi.in the antigen
www.tamilaruvi.in
brought by the lymph. www.tamilaruvi.in their surface.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
lymph leaving a node carries enriched www.tamilaruvi.in
 When receptors www.tamilaruvi.in
on a B cell bind withwww.tamil an
antibodies secreted
amilaruvi.in cells www.tamilaruvi.in by the medullary plasma
www.tamilaruvi.in antigen, thewww.tamilaruvi.in
B cell becomes activated andwww.tamil
against the antigens that enter the divides rapidly to produce plasma cells.
amilaruvi.in lymph www.tamilaruvi.in
node. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The plasma cells produce antibodies.
amilaruvi.in
8. Write shortwww.tamilaruvi.in
notes on a) Payer patches www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Some B cells do not produce antibodies
amilaruvi.inb)Tonsilswww.tamilaruvi.in
c) Spleen www.tamilaruvi.in but becomewww.tamilaruvi.in
memory cells. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inPeyer™s www.tamilaruvi.in
patches www.tamilaruvi.in
 These cells www.tamilaruvi.in
are responsible for secondary www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in
are oval-shaped areas of thickened www.tamilaruvi.in .
www.tamilaruvi.in
immune response www.tamil
tissue that are embedded in the mucus  T lymphocytes do not produce antibodies.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in - secreting
www.tamilaruvi.in
lining of the small intestine of
amilaruvi.in humans www.tamilaruvi.in
and other vertebrate animals.www.tamilaruvi.in  They www.tamilaruvi.in
recognize antigen-presenting cells www.tamil
and destroy them.
amilaruvi.in Peyer’swww.tamilaruvi.in
patches contain a variety of www.tamilaruvi.in
immune www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
cells, including macrophages, dendritic  Types of T cells - Helper T cells and Killer T
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in cells. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
cells, T cells, and B cells.
amilaruvi.inThe tonsils
www.tamilaruvi.in
(palatine tonsils)
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Helper T cells www.tamilaruvi.in
release a chemical called www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in cytokine which activates B cells.
are a pair of soft tissue masses located
amilaruvi.in at thewww.tamilaruvi.in
back of the throat (pharynx).  Killer cells move
www.tamilaruvi.in around the body and destroy
cells which are damaged or infected .
tonsils are part of the lymphatic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
system , which help to fight infections.  Apart from these cells neutrophils and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in monocytes www.tamilaruvi.in
destroy foreign cells www.tamil by
amilaruvi.in They stop invading
www.tamilaruvi.in germs including bacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in phagocytosis. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and viruses.
amilaruvi.inSpleen www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
10. Write short notes www.tamilaruvi.in
on Prevention and control www.tamil
a secondary lymphoid organ located in
for drug and alcohol abuse :- www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the upper
www.tamilaruvi.in
part of the abdominal cavity Ways
www.tamilaruvi.in to preventwww.tamilaruvi.in
drug and alcohol abuse. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in close to the diaphragm.
www.tamilaruvi.in Effectively dealing with
www.tamilaruvi.in peer pressure www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Spleen contains
www.tamilaruvi.in B and T cells. 
www.tamilaruvi.in The biggest reason for
www.tamilaruvi.inteens to start on drugs
www.tamil
 It brings humoral and cell mediated is due to their friends / peer groups
imposing pressure on them. www.tamil
immunity .
 Hence, it is important to have a better groupwww.tamil
9. Write short notes on lymphocytes. to avoid such harmful drugs and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of friends www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 About 20-30% of the white blood cells are alcohol.
amilaruvi.in lymphocytes.
2. Seeking help from parents and peers
have a large nucleus www.tamilaruvi.in
which is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Help from parents,friends and peer group
amilaruvi.in surrounded by a little cytoplasm.
should be required immediately so www.tamil
that
amilaruvi.in Typeswww.tamilaruvi.in
: B and T lymphocytes. www.tamilaruvi.in they can bewww.tamilaruvi.in
guided appropriately. www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Getting
proper advice to sort out their problems
www.tamilaruvi.in
 But in cancer cells, there is breakdown
www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in wouldwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
help the young to vent their feelings this regulatory mechanism.
amilaruvi.in of anxiety and guilt.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Normal cellswww.tamilaruvi.in
show a property called contact www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in3. Education and counselling
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in inhibition , which
www.tamilaruvi.in inhibits uncontrolled
www.tamil
 Education and counselling create positive growth.
amilaruvi.in attitude
www.tamilaruvi.in
to deal with many problems and to
 Cancer cells do not have this property
www.tamil
.
amilaruvi.in accept www.tamilaruvi.in
disappointments in life. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 As a result, cancerous cells divide
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in4. Looking
www.tamilaruvi.in
for danger signs www.tamilaruvi.in continuouslywww.tamilaruvi.in
giving rise to mass of www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Teachers
www.tamilaruvi.in
and parents need to look for sign www.tamilaruvi.in
that tissues called tumours
amilaruvi.in indicate tendency
www.tamilaruvi.in to go in for addiction .
www.tamilaruvi.in When a cell undergoes
www.tamilaruvi.in malignant
www.tamil
5. Seeking professional and medical transformation, it acquires new surface
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in antigen and www.tamilaruvi.in
may also lose some normal www.tamil
assistance
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in antigens. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Assistance is available in the form of
amilaruvi.in psychologists,
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in These antigens are present on the membranes
psychiatrists
of malignant cells and they induce an
amilaruvi.in De-addiction
www.tamilaruvi.in and www.tamilaruvi.in
rehabilitation www.tamilaruvi.in
immune response. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in to
www.tamilaruvi.in
programmes help individuals to overcome
their problems.  Both humoral and cellular responses can
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in be observedwww.tamilaruvi.in
in malignancy. www.tamil
11. Write anwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in essay on cancer. www.tamilaruvi.in Cancer cellswww.tamilaruvi.in
can avoid immune detection www.tamil as
 A
amilaruvi.in whosetumour or neoplasm
www.tamilaruvi.in is a group of cells
www.tamilaruvi.in they are not foreign bodies
www.tamilaruvi.in but are abnormally
www.tamil
growth has gone unchecked. functioning body cells.
a tumour continues to grow and
amilaruvi.in invadeswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in This makes them difficult
www.tamilaruvi.in to treat. www.tamil
healthy tissue , it is called cancer.
spread to other parts of the body www.tamilaruvi.in The concept of immunological
www.tamilaruvi.in surveillance
www.tamil
from the tumour and give rise to secondary postulates that the primary function of the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in “seek and destroy www.tamil
”
tumour. immune system is to
is known as metastasis .
malignant cells that arise by somatic mutation.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Tumourwww.tamilaruvi.in
may be benign or malignant
www.tamilaruvi.in The efficiencywww.tamilaruvi.in
of the surveillance mechanism www.tamil
amilaruvi.in depending
www.tamilaruvi.in
on its characteristics. www.tamilaruvi.in reduces either as a result of ageingwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in Benignwww.tamilaruvi.in due to congenital or acquired immune
or non-cancerous tissues www.tamilaruvi.in are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
deficiencies, leads to increased incidence of
amilaruvi.in capable of indefinite
www.tamilaruvi.in growth and do not invade
other body parts. cancer.
 Thus, if immunological www.tamil
surveillance is effective,
 In the malignant tumour, the cells grow
amilaruvi.in indefinitely,
www.tamilaruvi.in
detach and migrate into healthy www.tamilaruvi.in cancer should www.tamilaruvi.in
not occur. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in surrounding
www.tamilaruvi.in
tissues. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 The development of tumour represents www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.in In normal cells, cell growth and differentiation
break in surveillance. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in is highly controlled and regulated.
12. Classify drugs based on their mode of action
Group www.tamilaruvi.in
Drugs www.tamilaruvi.in
Effects www.tamil
amilaruvi.inStimulants
www.tamilaruvi.in Amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine and
www.tamilaruvi.inAccelerates www.tamilaruvi.in
the activity of the brain www.tamil
tobacco
Depressants Alcohol, Barbiturates, Tranquilizers Slows down the activity of the brain
Narcotic/
amilaruvi.inAnalgesics
www.tamilaruvi.in Act as depressants on the Central
Opium, Morphine www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Nervous System
amilaruvi.inCannabiswww.tamilaruvi.in Bhang (Marijuana), www.tamilaruvi.in
Ganja, Charas Affectswww.tamilaruvi.in
the cardiovascular system. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Lysergic acid www.tamilaruvi.in
diethylamide (LSD), Distortswww.tamilaruvi.in
the way one sees, hears www.tamil
and
Hallucinogens
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Phencyclidine www.tamilaruvi.infeels www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
CHAPTER
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in MICROBES IN HUMAN
www.tamilaruvi.in WELFARE
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in 8 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in POINTS TO REMEMBER
l Microbes
amilaruvi.in are present everywhere like
www.tamilaruvi.in soil, l Wastewater treatment
is the process usedwww.tamil
to
water,
amilaruvi.in acidic and alkaline
www.tamilaruvi.in environment, inside reduce
www.tamilaruvi.in organic and inorganic
www.tamilaruvi.in components
www.tamil
human, etc in wastewater and also eliminate toxic
materials. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Microbes can be grown on culture nutritive
amilaruvi.in
media www.tamilaruvi.in
to form colonies which are used www.tamilaruvi.in
for l Sewage treatment www.tamilaruvi.in
include three stages.
www.tamil
mass production www.tamilaruvi.in
of certain desirable products www.tamilaruvi.in
1. Primary Treatment
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l LAB is www.tamilaruvi.in
lactic acid bacteria which is www.tamilaruvi.in
used to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2. Secondary Treatment
convertwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Milk into curd, yoghurt & cheese etc.
3. Tertiary Treatment
Antibiotics
amilaruvi.in
l are chemical
www.tamilaruvi.in substances, which
are produced by some microbes and can l Biogas is a mixture of different gases
kill or retard growth of other disease
produced by the breakdown of organic
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
causingwww.tamilaruvi.in
microbes. www.tamilaruvi.in
matter in thewww.tamilaruvi.in
absence of oxygen. www.tamil
l Fermentation www.tamilaruvi.in
is an anaerobic respiration l Biogas can be www.tamilaruvi.in
produced from agricultural www.tamil
process
amilaruvi.in in which carbohydrates are converted
www.tamilaruvi.in wastes, manure,
www.tamilaruvi.in municipal wastes, plant
into
amilaruvi.in ethanol and carbon
www.tamilaruvi.in di oxide material,
www.tamilaruvi.in sewage, food
www.tamilaruvi.inwaste, etc., www.tamil
l Fermented
amilaruvi.in products
www.tamilaruvi.in include - wine, beer, l Methane
www.tamilaruvi.in producing bacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in are called
www.tamil
whisky, brandy and rum. methanogens and one such common
bacterium is Methanobacterium. www.tamil
l Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be
discovered by Alexander Fleming while l Controlling the growth of microbes by using
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is
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www.tamilaruvi.in control. www.tamil
l Penicilliun notatum produces penicillin.
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l Biocontrol is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Antibiotics have been extensively used for
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treatment of certain epidemic diseases like
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diphtheria,
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derived from plants and animals.
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l Ethanolwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l The use of awww.tamilaruvi.in
microbes or other biological www.tamil
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www.tamilaruvi.in a
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yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in biopesticide.
l Streptokinase produced by bacterium
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pests.
removing
amilaruvi.in blood clot
l Bio-fertilisers are formulation of living
l Cyclosporin
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microorganisms that enrich the nutrient
immunosuppressive
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in agent is used in
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quality of the www.tamilaruvi.in
soil. www.tamil
organ transplant patient, produced by Tricho
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derma www.tamilaruvi.in
polysporum. www.tamilaruvi.in
They increasewww.tamilaruvi.in
physio – chemical properties www.tamil
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l Statin is blood cholesterol loweringwww.tamilaruvi.in
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| Microbes in Human Welfare
8. CO2 is not released during
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amilaruvi.in PART-A
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a) Alcoholic fermentation
b) Lactate fermentation
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www.tamilaruvi.in
(1 MARK) www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Aerobic respiration in animals
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1. Which of the following microorganism is used d) Aerobic respiration in plants Ans : b
amilaruvi.infor production
of citric acid in industries? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
9. The purpose of biological treatment of waste
amilaruvi.ina) Lactobacillus
bulgaris b) Penicillium citrinum water is to
amilaruvi.inc) Aspergillus
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niger www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Rhizopus nigricans a) Reduce BOD
Ans : c www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Increase BOD
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of the following pair is correctly www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Reduce sedimentation
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d) Increase sedimentation Ans : a
amilaruvi.ina) Acetobacter
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aceti - Antibiotics www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Methanobacterium
www.tamilaruvi.in 10. The gases produced in anaerobic sludge
- Lactic acid www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
digesters are
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notatum - Acetic acid www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Methane, oxygen and hydrogen sulphide.
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www.tamilaruvi.in
cerevisiae - Ethanol www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Hydrogen sulphide, methane and sulphur
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : d
dioxide.
amilaruvi.in
common substrate used www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen and methane.
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amilaruvi.indistilleries for the production
www.tamilaruvi.in of ethanol is
d) Methane, hydrogen sulphide and CO2. Ans : d
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www.tamilaruvi.in b) Groundgram www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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4. Cry toxins
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(2,3 AND 5 MARKS)www.tamil
are effective against for
a) Mosquitoes b) Flies 11. How is milk converted into curd? Explain the
process of curd www.tamilaruvi.in
formation. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Nematodes
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Bollworms Ans : d
• A small amount of curd added to fresh milk as
5. Cyclosporin
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inoculum contains millions www.tamil
of
drug produced from Lactobacilli,www.tamilaruvi.in
which under suitable temperature
a) Aspergillus niger (≤ 400C) multiply and convert milk into
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incurd.
amilaruvi.inb) Manascus purpureus
c) Penicillium notatum • Curd is more nutritious than milk as it
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incontains a www.tamilaruvi.in
number of organic acids www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.ind) Trichoderma polysporum
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : d
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6.
www.tamilaruvi.in bacteria is used
www.tamilaruvi.in
12. Give any twowww.tamilaruvi.in
bioactive molecules produced www.tamil
extensively as a bio-pesticide? by microbes and state their uses.
amilaruvi.ina) Bacillus thurigiensis
www.tamilaruvi.inLipases – used in detergent
www.tamilaruvi.in formulations
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amilaruvi.inb) Bacillus subtilis
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inand removal of oily stains.
amilaruvi.inc) Lactobacillus acidophilus
www.tamilaruvi.inPectinase, protease and
www.tamilaruvi.in cellulase - Used
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d) Streptococcus lactis Ans : a as a clarifier in Bottled juices
b) Rennet - used to separate milk into solid
amilaruvi.in of the following is not involved in
curds for cheese making.
amilaruvi.innitrogen fixation?
a) Pseudomonas b) Azotobacter 13. What is biological oxygen demand?
• BOD refers to the amount of the oxygen
amilaruvi.inc) Anabaena
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Nostac Ans : a
amilaruvi.in
- 8 | Microbes in Human Welfare
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would be consumed, if all thewww.tamilaruvi.in
organic www.tamilaruvi.in
 Resistance to root- borne pathogens,
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www.tnpsnote.com
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in one litre of water were oxidized by to salinity, drought, enhances
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in plant growth and developments.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in• The greater the
www.tamilaruvi.in BOD of the waste water 
www.tamilaruvi.in Cyanobacteria (or) blue
www.tamilaruvi.in green algae (BGA)
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indicate it is more polluted. are also fix nitrogen.
14. Explain the role of cry-genes in genetically  Eg. Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Anabaena,
amilaruvi.inmodifiedwww.tamilaruvi.in
crops. www.tamilaruvi.in Tolypothrix
amilaruvi.in• Cry www.tamilaruvi.in
toxin is a toxin produce by www.tamilaruvi.in
Bacillus www.tamilaruvi.in
 In water logged paddy fields, Cyanobacteriawww.tamil
amilaruvi.in thuringiensis and used as a biopesticide
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in multiply and www.tamilaruvi.in
fix molecular nitrogen. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• During sporulation Bacillus thuringiensis
www.tamilaruvi.in  Cyanobacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in secrete growth promoting
produces crystal proteins called Delta- like indole-3-acetic acid,
substances www.tamilaruvi.in
endotoxin which is encoded by cry genes. indole-3- butyric acid, naphthalene
amilaruvi.in• Delta-endotoxins
used against the insects
www.tamilaruvi.in
acetic acid, amino acids, proteins,
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the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
vitamins which promotes plant growthwww.tamil
and
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www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in production. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• When the insects ingest
www.tamilaruvi.in the toxin crystals these 17. Write short notes
www.tamilaruvi.in on the following.
amilaruvi.in toxin inserted into
www.tamilaruvi.in the gut cell membrance a)
www.tamilaruvi.in Brewer’s Yeast :
and paralyzes the digestive tract.
amilaruvi.in• The www.tamilaruvi.in c)
www.tamilaruvi.in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
www.tamilaruvi.in commonly
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insect then stops eating and starves called brewer’s yeast is used for fermenting
amilaruvi.in to death.
malted cereals and fruit juices to produce
amilaruvi.in
15. Write thewww.tamilaruvi.in
key features of organic farming. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
various alcoholic beverages. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Protecting
www.tamilaruvi.in
soil quality using www.tamilaruvi.in
organic www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Ideonella sakaiensis : www.tamil
amilaruvi.in materials
and encouraging biological activity. www.tamilaruvi.in
 Ideonella sakaiensis is currently triedwww.tamil
for
amilaruvi.in• Indirect
www.tamilaruvi.in
provision of crop nutrients www.tamilaruvi.in
using recycling of PET plastics.
amilaruvi.in soil microorganisms.
www.tamilaruvi.in These bacteria use PETase
www.tamilaruvi.in and MHETase
www.tamil
enzymes to breakdown PET plastic into
amilaruvi.in• Nitrogen fixation in soils using legumes.
terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Weed and pest control based on methods
c Microbial fuel cells
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amilaruvi.in like crop rotation,
www.tamilaruvi.in biological diversity, natural
www.tamilaruvi.in
predators, organic manures and suitable  A microbialwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
fuel cell is a bio-electrochemical
amilaruvi.in chemical,
thermal and biological interventions. system thatwww.tamilaruvi.in
drives an electric current www.tamil
by
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in using bacteria
16. Justify the role of microbes as a bio-fertilizer.
amilaruvi.in• Bacteria,
www.tamilaruvi.in  Microbial fuel
www.tamilaruvi.in cells work by allowing bacteria
fungi and cyanobacteria used as to oxidize and reduce organic molecules.
amilaruvi.in a biofertilisers.
 Microbes at the anode oxidize the organic
amilaruvi.in• Eg .Rhizobium
www.tamilaruvi.in
is a symbiotic nitrogen www.tamilaruvi.in
fixing www.tamilaruvi.in
fuel generating protons which pass throughwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the membrane www.tamilaruvi.in
to the cathode and www.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in• This bacterium infects
www.tamilaruvi.in the root nodules of
www.tamilaruvi.in electrons pass through
www.tamilaruvi.in the anode to the
www.tamil
leguminous plants and fixes atmospheric external circuit to generate current.
nitrogen into organic forms.
amilaruvi.in• Azospirillum
www.tamilaruvi.in 18. List
www.tamilaruvi.in the advantages of biogas
www.tamilaruvi.in plants in rural
www.tamil
and Azotobacter are free areas.
amilaruvi.in livingwww.tamilaruvi.in
bacteria that fix atmospheric www.tamilaruvi.in
nitrogen www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and enrich the nitrogen content of soil.
www.tamilaruvi.in Biogas is used for cooking
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amilaruvi.in• A symbiotic association
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www.tamilaruvi.in The slurry is drained through
www.tamilaruvi.in another outlet
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the roots of the plants is called mycorrhiza. and is used as fertilizer.
 The fungal symbiont in these associations 3. The technology of biogas production was
amilaruvi.in absorbswww.tamilaruvi.in
the phosphorus from soil and
developed by Indian Agricultural Research
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in transfers
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to the plant. www.tamilaruvi.in Institute www.tamilaruvi.in
(IARI) and Khadi and Village www.tamil
amilaruvi.inUses : www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Industrieswww.tamilaruvi.in
Commission (KVIC) .
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19. When does antibiotic resistance develop?
3. Formation of vinegar from alcohol is caused
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Antibiotic
www.tnpsnote.com
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resistance occurs when bacteria by
amilaruvi.in developwww.tamilaruvi.in
the ability to defeat the drug. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Bacillus subtilis b) Clostridium www.tamil
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one of the most acute threat towww.tamilaruvi.in
public c) Acetobacterwww.tamilaruvi.in
aceti d) Azotobacter Ans: www.tamil
c
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4. Biogas consist of www.tamil
the bacteria become resistant,
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a) Carbon monoxide, methane and hydrogen
amilaruvi.in antibiotics cannot
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bacteria multiply. b) Carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen
c) Carbon monoxide, ethane and hydrogen
www.tamil
• Narrow spectrum antibiotics are
amilaruvi.in preferred
www.tamilaruvi.in
over broad spectrum antibiotics.
d) Carbon dioxide. Ethane and hydrogen Ans: b
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spectrum antibiotics are less 5. Beer is obtained from
amilaruvi.in chance www.tamilaruvi.in
to cause antibiotic resistance. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Molasses b) Gin
20. What is the key difference between primary
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www.tamilaruvi.in c) Barley d) Rye Ans: c
sewage treatment? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in S. www.tamilaruvi.in 6. Maximum percentage
www.tamilaruvi.in of alcohol present
www.tamil
Primary sewage Secondary the product of yeast fermentation
treatment sewage treatmentwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
is a physical It is a biological
Itwww.tamilaruvi.in a) Brandy b) Gin
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www.tamilaruvi.in of method of c)
www.tamilaruvi.inRum d)
www.tamilaruvi.inWine Ans: a
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treatment treatment
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It involves the for swiss chess:
involves in
removal ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
fine www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
removal of large a) Propioni bacterium b) Geotrichum
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and
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floating materials
matter. Ans: a
makes the used It makes www.tamilaruvi.in
8. Cheese and Yoghurt are products of
sedimentation use of aerobic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
3. a) Pasteurisation b) Distillation
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process biological units c) Dehydration d) Fermentation
It is relatively It is relatively Ans: d
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4. 9. Milk is changed into curd by -
amilaruvi.in time consuming takes a long
www.tamilaruvi.in time
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1.
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www.tamilaruvi.in upto 50% by the use
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www.tamilaruvi.in b) Actionmycetes a)
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www.tamilaruvi.inMycorrhiza d)
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Ans: a
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one of the microorganism is used www.tamilaruvi.in
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www.tamilaruvi.in cerevissae
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www.tamil
formation of
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a) Ethanol b) Methanol
amilaruvi.inb) Penicillium citrinum
c) Acetic acid d) antibiotics Ans: a
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nigricans Ans: c
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12. Which one produce gas by decomposing the 20. Which of the following is the examples of
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amilaruvi.ingobar (Dung)
biofertilizers?www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
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in gobar gas:
amilaruvi.ina) Fungus
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Green manure
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d) Green manure
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Ans: c & chemical fertilizers Ans:
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13. Which of the following is used to manufacture
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to control a pest is called
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from starch a) Genetic engineering
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Biological control
amilaruvi.ina) Penicillin
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Only bioinsecticide
14. Which bacteria is utilized in Gobar gaswww.tamilaruvi.in
plant: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Methanogens
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Only bioherbicide
b) Nitrifying bacteria
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www.tamilaruvi.in c) Bioinsecticide & bioherbicide
bacteria d) Denitrifying www.tamilaruvi.in
bacteria www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a d)
www.tamilaruvi.inBioinsecticide, bioherbicide & bio
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: fertilisers
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b
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15. The term www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
“antibiotic” was coined by ________ www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
23. Bacillus thuringensis is used to control:-
amilaruvi.ina) Edward
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Jenner b) Louis Pasteurwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Moth b) Files
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waksman www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Alexander Fleming www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Mosquito d) All theabove
d
16. Which one is not used in the production of 24. The material of biological origin, which is www.tamil
amilaruvi.inyoghurt:www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
used to maintainwww.tamilaruvi.in
and improve soil fertility www.tamil
is
amilaruvi.ina) Streptococcus lactis
a) Bio pesticidewww.tamilaruvi.in
b) Bionutrient www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Streptococccus thermophilous
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Chenical fertilizers
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Green manure www.tamil
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amilaruvi.inc) Lactobacillus
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bulgaris www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: d
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(2) & (3) Ans: a 25. Yeast is used www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in in the production of ________ www.tamil
amilaruvi.in a) Bread and beer
one of the following microbeswww.tamilaruvi.in
forms www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.insymbiotic
www.tamilaruvi.in
association with plants and b) Cheese andwww.tamilaruvi.in
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helps butter www.tamil
amilaruvi.inthem in their nutrition?
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Citric acid and
www.tamilaruvi.in lactic acid
amilaruvi.ina) Glumous
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Lipase and pectinase
b) Trichodermawww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Azotobacter
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a 26. In gobar gas, www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Aspergillus www.tamilaruvi.in the maximum amount is that of
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18. Lactic www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in acid bacteria (LAB) grow in milk a) Propane www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Carbon dioxide www.tamil
amilaruvi.inand convert it to curd and also improve
www.tamilaruvi.in its c) Butane
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Methane
www.tamil
nutritional quality by increasing:
27. A good producer www.tamilaruvi.in
of citric acid is www.tamil
a) Vitamin A b) Vitamin B12
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Saccharomyces
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Aspergillus
c) Vitamin B6 d) Vitamin C and A
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) Pseudomonas
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Clostridium
Ans: b
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: b
www.tamil
19. Which of the following fermented baverage 28. Biological control agent obtained from
amilaruvi.inwill notwww.tamilaruvi.in
be produced by distillation www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.infermented broth
www.tamilaruvi.inBacillus thuringiensis
amilaruvi.ina) Whisky
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Brandy b)
www.tamilaruvi.inE.Coli www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Rumwww.tamilaruvi.in c)
www.tamilaruvi.inAgrobacterium tumifaciens
d) Wine Ans: d
www.tamilaruvi.inMeloidogyne incognitia
www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
29. Wastewater treatment generates a large 35. Mycorrhiza does not help the host plant in:
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inquantity www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
of sludge, which can be treated by: a) Enhancing its phosphorus uptake capacity
amilaruvi.ina) anaerobic
www.tamilaruvi.in
digesters b) floc www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Increasing its tolerance to drought
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) chemicals
d) oxidation pond. www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Enhancing its resistance to root pathogens
www.tamil
d) Increasing its resistance to insects.
30. Methanogenic bacteria are not found in: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: www.tamil
d
amilaruvi.ina) rumen www.tamilaruvi.in
of cattle www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
36. Big holes in Swiss cheese are made by a:
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) gobarwww.tamilaruvi.in
gas plant www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) a machine
amilaruvi.inc) bottom www.tamilaruvi.in
of water-logged paddy fields www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) a bacterium that produces methane gas
amilaruvi.ind) activated
www.tamilaruvi.in
sludge. www.tamilaruvi.in
c) a bacterium producing a large amount of
31. Match the following list of bacteria and their
carbon dioxide www.tamil
amilaruvi.incommercially
www.tamilaruvi.in
important products: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) a fungus that releases a lot of gases during its
amilaruvi.inBacterium www.tamilaruvi.in
Product www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
metabolic activities. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in(i) Aspergillus
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c
www.tamil
niger a) Lactic acid
amilaruvi.in(ii) Acetobacter
www.tamilaruvi.in
aceti www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Butyric acid 37. Methanogenswww.tamilaruvi.in
do not produce: www.tamil
amilaruvi.in(iii) Clostridium
www.tamilaruvi.in
butylicum c) Acetic acid www.tamilaruvi.in
a) oxygen www.tamilaruvi.in
b) methane www.tamil
amilaruvi.in(iv) Lactobacillus
d) Citric acid
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) hydrogen sulfide d) carbon dioxide.www.tamil
amilaruvi.inChoose www.tamilaruvi.in
the correct match:
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) (i) b),www.tamilaruvi.in
(ii) c), (iii) d), (iv) a)
www.tamilaruvi.in
38. Which one of www.tamilaruvi.in
the following alcoholic drinks www.tamil
is
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in produced
www.tamilaruvi.in without distillation?
b) (i) b), (ii) d), (iii) c), (iv) a)
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Wine
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Whisky
c) (i) d), (ii) c), (iii) b), (iv) a)
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) Rum
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Brandy
www.tamil
d) (i) d), (ii) a), (iii) c), (iv) b) Ans: c
39. The free-living www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
fungus Trichoderma can be used
32.
amilaruvi.inThe primary treatment
www.tamilaruvi.in of waste water for:
involves the removal of:
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) killing insects
a) dissolved impurities b) stable particles
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in b) biological control
www.tamilaruvi.in of plant diseases
c) toxic substances d) harmful bacteria.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) controlling butterfly
www.tamilaruvi.in caterpillars
Ans: b
d) producing antibiotics b
www.tamil
33.
amilaruvi.inBOD of waste water
www.tamilaruvi.in is estimated by measuring
40. Mycorrhiza does not help the host plant in:
the amount of:
a) Enhancing itswww.tamilaruvi.in
phosphorus uptake capacitywww.tamil
a) total organic matter
b) Increasing its tolerance to drought www.tamil
b) biodegradable organic matter
c) Enhancing itswww.tamilaruvi.in
resistance to root pathogenswww.tamil
c) oxygen evolution
d) Increasing its resistance to insects.
www.tamil
d
d) oxygen consumption. Ans: d
41. Big holes in Swiss cheese are made by a:
34. The free-living
amilaruvi.in fungus Trichoderma can www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in be used www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
for: a) a machine
a) killing insects b) a bacterium that produces methane gas
b) biological control of plant diseases c) a bacterium producing a large amount of
carbon dioxide
www.tamil
c) controlling butterfly caterpillars
d) a fungus that releases a lot of gases during its
amilaruvi.ind ) producing antibiotics
metabolic activities.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
42. Methanogens do not produce:
produced by microorganisms which can
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) oxygen
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
b) methane kill or inhibit the growth of other disease
amilaruvi.inc) hydrogen
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in causing microbes even in
www.tamilaruvi.inlow concentration.
www.tamil
sulfide d) carbon dioxide.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans: a 8. Classify Antibiotics. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Antibiotics are
www.tamilaruvi.in two types they are
amilaruvi.in PART-B
www.tamilaruvi.in • Broad-spectrum
www.tamilaruvi.in antibiotics act against
a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in wide range of disease-causing
www.tamilaruvi.in bacteria. www.tamil
ADDITIONAL
www.tamilaruvi.in (2 MARKS) •
www.tamilaruvi.in Narrow-spectrum antibiotics
www.tamilaruvi.in are active
www.tamil
against a selected group of bacterial types.
amilaruvi.in
the TERM LAB. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
9. Why penicillin known as queen of Antibiotics?
amilaruvi.in• Bacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in
like Lactobacillus acidophilus,www.tamilaruvi.in
L. lactis www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and www.tamilaruvi.in • Penicillin is also referred as the “queen of
Streptococcus lactis commonlywww.tamilaruvi.in
drugs” because its a full potential as an
amilaruvi.in lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
effective antibiotic www.tamil
which is used to treated
play a vital role in curd formation. www.tamilaruvi.in the wounded soldiers in World War II.
2.
amilaruvi.inWhat are probiotics?
www.tamilaruvi.in It is bactericidal (antibiotics
www.tamilaruvi.in that kill
www.tamil
are useful bacteria bacteria in action and inhibits the synthesis
amilaruvi.in Probiotics
of the bacterial cell wall)
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Eg. LAB because they
www.tamilaruvi.in inhibit the growth of
pathogenic microbes in the stomach and 10. Differentiate Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic
parts of the digestive tract.
www.tamilaruvi.in
Antibiotic. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Bactericidal Antibiotic – kill the bacteria www.tamil
3. List out the organisms used for the production
amilaruvi.inof Yogurt,
www.tamilaruvi.in
Cheese, Panner
www.tamilaruvi.in
Bacteriostatic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Antibiotic - inhibits the growth
amilaruvi.in Yogurtwww.tamilaruvi.in
- Streptococcus
www.tamilaruvi.in
thermophilus
www.tamilaruvi.in
of bacteria by inhibit www.tamil
the synthesis of the bacterial
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in cell
www.tamilaruvi.in
and Lactobacillus bulgaricus wall. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Cheesewww.tamilaruvi.in
- Lactococcus, Lactobacillus or 11. What is Hypersensitivity
www.tamilaruvi.in Reaction?
amilaruvi.in Streptococcus
www.tamilaruvi.in  It is an excessive
www.tamilaruvi.in immune reaction against
amilaruvi.in Panner - Propionibacterium
www.tamilaruvi.in shermanii.
www.tamilaruvi.in an antigen www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
4. List thewww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in uses of dough. 
www.tamilaruvi.in Hypersensitivity reaction is
www.tamilaruvi.in a major problem
www.tamil
with the use of penicillin, resulting in
amilaruvi.in The dough used in the preparation of idlis
nausea, vomiting, wheezing and ultimately www.tamil
amilaruvi.in dosas by using Leuconostoc
www.tamilaruvi.in mesenteroides
www.tamilaruvi.in cardiovascular collapse.
amilaruvi.in Dough also used
www.tamilaruvi.inin bread making by using
www.tamilaruvi.in
12. What is superwww.tamilaruvi.in
bug? www.tamil
Saccharomyces cerevisiae(Baker’s Yeast).
• “Superbug” www.tamilaruvi.in
is a term used to describe www.tamil
5. Define SCP strains of www.tamilaruvi.in
bacteria that are resistant towww.tamil
the
• Single cell protein refers to edible unicellular majority of antibiotics
amilaruvi.in microorganisms
www.tamilaruvi.in like Spirulina.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 13. Define
www.tamilaruvi.in zymology.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
6. Significance of a Bioreactor.  Zymology is an applied science which deals with
 A fermentor (bioreactor) is a closed vessel. the biochemical process of fermentation
and its practical uses. www.tamil
 It provide proper aeration, agitation,
amilaruvi.in temperature,
www.tamilaruvi.in
pH control www.tamilaruvi.in
14. Define oenology.
amilaruvi.in It also
www.tamilaruvi.in
drain or remove the waste biomass www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Oenology is the science and study of wine
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of cultured
www.tamilaruvi.in
microorganisms along-withwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and wine making. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in their products
15. What is toddy?
amilaruvi.in Antibiotics. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• When pathaneer is left undisturbed for
amilaruvi.in• Antibiotic means “against life”.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in few hourswww.tamilaruvi.in
it gets fermented to form toddy www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Antibiotics are chemical substances
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in with the help of naturally
www.tamilaruvi.inoccurring yeast.www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• It contains
www.tamilaruvi.in
4 percent alcohol.
removal of solid and particulate organic
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Afterwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
24 hours toddy becomes indigestible and inorganic materials from the sewage
amilaruvi.in and iswww.tamilaruvi.in
used for the production of vinegar. through
www.tamilaruvi.in filtration and sedimentation.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in  Floating debris is removed by serial filtration.
Bio-diesel or Bio fuel? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Biodiesel
www.tamilaruvi.in  Then soil and
www.tamilaruvi.in small pebbles are removed
www.tamil
is a fuel made from vegetable
amilaruvi.in oils,www.tamilaruvi.in sedimentation.
fats or greases.
amilaruvi.in• Biodiesel
www.tamilaruvi.in
fuel can be used in diesel engines 22. What is Activates
www.tamilaruvi.in sludge?
amilaruvi.in without altering the engine.
www.tamilaruvi.in  Once the BOD
www.tamilaruvi.in of sewage water is reduced
biodiesel is non-toxic, biodegradable
amilaruvi.in• Purewww.tamilaruvi.in significantly,
www.tamilaruvi.in the effluent
www.tamilaruvi.in is then passed
www.tamil
and produces lower level of air pollutants into a settling tank where the bacterial
“flocs” are www.tamilaruvi.in
allowed to sediment. www.tamil
than petroleum-based diesel fuel.
 This sediment www.tamilaruvi.in
is called activated sludge. www.tamil
17. Write an equation of fermentation process.
23. Define the term MFC.
• A microbial fuel cell is a bio-electrochemical
system that www.tamilaruvi.in
drives an electric current www.tamil
by using bacteria www.tamil
and mimicking bacterial
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in interaction
www.tamilaruvi.in found in nature.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • Microbial
www.tamilaruvi.in fuel cells work by
www.tamilaruvi.in allowing bacteria
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in to
www.tamilaruvi.in oxidize and reduce
www.tamilaruvi.inorganic molecules.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in • A
www.tamilaruvi.inMFC consists of an anode
www.tamilaruvi.in and a cathode
www.tamil
separated by a proton exchange membrane.
amilaruvi.in
the Acid produced by microbes www.tamilaruvi.in
organism involved in it. • Microbes at the anode oxidize the organic
fuel generatingwww.tamilaruvi.in
protons which pass throughwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inMicrobe www.tamilaruvi.in Acid produced www.tamilaruvi.in
the membrane www.tamilaruvi.in
to the cathode and www.tamilthe
amilaruvi.in1. Aspergillus niger
www.tamilaruvi.in - Citric acid, www.tamilaruvi.inelectrons pass through the anode to www.tamil
external circuit to generate current.
amilaruvi.in2. Acetobacter aceti
www.tamilaruvi.in - Acetic acid, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in3. Rhizopus oryzae
- Fumaric acid, www.tamilaruvi.in methanogens. List
www.tamilaruvi.in the organism
www.tamil
involved in it.
amilaruvi.in4. Clostridium butyricum - Butyric acid and
• Methane producing bacteria are called
amilaruvi.in5. Lactobacillus
www.tamilaruvi.in - Lactic acid. www.tamilaruvi.in
methanogens
amilaruvi.in
cyclosporine A? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• Eg. Methanobacterium.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Cyclosporin
www.tamilaruvi.in
A, an immunosuppressant www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• The Methanogens are also present in
in organ transplantation is produced www.tamilaruvi.in
anaerobic www.tamilaruvi.in
sludge and rumen of cattle. www.tamil
the fungus Trichoderma polysporum.
amilaruvi.in fromwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• In rumen, www.tamilaruvi.in
these bacteria help in www.tamil the
amilaruvi.in It is also used for
www.tamilaruvi.in its anti-inflammatory, breakdown
www.tamilaruvi.in of cellulose.
amilaruvi.in anti-fungal and anti-parasitic properties.
25. What is Biogas? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
20.
amilaruvi.inWrite the significance
www.tamilaruvi.in of E.Coli and
www.tamilaruvi.in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae • Biogas is www.tamilaruvi.in
a mixture of different gases www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in produced www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in by the breakdown of organic www.tamil
a) E. coli - Recombinant human insulin has matter in the absence of oxygen.
amilaruvi.in beenwww.tamilaruvi.in
produced predominantly using E. coli
amilaruvi.inb) Saccharomyces
www.tamilaruvi.in • Biogas
www.tamilaruvi.in can be produced
www.tamilaruvi.in from agricultural
www.tamil
cerevisiae used as wastes, manure, municipal wastes, plant
amilaruvi.in therapeutic
www.tamilaruvi.in
agent in human. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
material, sewage, food waste, etc.,
www.tamil
21. Explain primary treatment in sewage
• Biogas is produced under anaerobic
www.tamil
amilaruvi.intreatment.
condition, www.tamilaruvi.in
when the organic materialswww.tamilare
amilaruvi.in Primarywww.tamilaruvi.in
treatment involves the physical converted
www.tamilaruvi.in through microbiological
www.tamilaruvi.in reactions
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
gas and organic fertilizer.
www.tamilaruvi.in
31. What is GEM?
amilaruvi.in• Biogaswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
primarily consists of methane (63 • It is Genetically Engineered Microorganism.
amilaruvi.in percent,
www.tamilaruvi.in
along with CO2 and hydrogen. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• They mainly degrade pesticides and
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
26. What is delta-endotoxin?
www.tamilaruvi.in hydrocarbons. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a chemical produced by Bacillus
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Eg.Pseudomonas www.tamilaruvi.in
putida - It is multiwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in thuringiensis
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in plasmid hydrocarbon-degrading
www.tamilaruvi.inbacterium www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Delta-endotoxins
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in which can digest the hydrocarbons
www.tamilaruvi.in in the
www.tamil
have specific activities
oil spills.
amilaruvi.in against the insects of the orders Lepidoptera,
Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. • Nitrosomonas europaea – it can
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in degradingwww.tamilaruvi.in
benzene and halogenated www.tamil
• It is used as a biological control
organic compounds www.tamil
amilaruvi.in weedicides. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• Ideonella sakaiensis www.tamil
- is used in recycling
amilaruvi.in Weedicides are substances, which destroy
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of PET plastics.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
weeds without harming the useful
amilaruvi.in plants.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
32. Name any two www.tamilaruvi.in
free living bacteria thatwww.tamilfix
amilaruvi.in• Bioweedicides
www.tamilaruvi.in atmospheric
www.tamilaruvi.in nitrogen and
www.tamilaruvi.in increase nitrogen
www.tamil
are secondary metabolites content in the soil.
amilaruvi.in derivedwww.tamilaruvi.in
from microbes such aswww.tamilaruvi.in
fungi, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Azospirilium and Azotobacter
amilaruvi.in bacteria or protozoa.
amilaruvi.in 33. Expand the abbreviations a LAB b BOD
mycorrhiza? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in A symbiotic
www.tamilaruvi.in a
www.tamilaruvi.in LAB – Lactic Acid Bacteria
association between a
amilaruvi.in fungus and the roots
www.tamilaruvi.in of the plants is called b
www.tamilaruvi.in BOD – Biochemical Oxygen
www.tamilaruvi.in Demand www.tamil
mycorrhiza.
34. Name a microbe www.tamilaruvi.in
used for statin production. www.tamil
 The fungal symbiont in these associations How do Statin lower the blood cholesterol?
amilaruvi.in absorbswww.tamilaruvi.in
the phosphorus from soil and
amilaruvi.in transfers
www.tamilaruvi.in Statins produced by the
www.tamilaruvi.in yeast Monascuswww.tamil
to the plant.
purpureus have been used to lower blood
amilaruvi.in Mycorrhiza
www.tamilaruvi.in
provide resistance towww.tamilaruvi.in
root- www.tamilaruvi.in
cholesterol levels.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in borne pathogens, tolerance to salinity,
 It acts by competitively inhibiting the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in drought, enhances
www.tamilaruvi.in plant growth and
developments. enzyme responsible for the synthesiswww.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in cholesterol.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
29. What are Nitrogen fixing cyantobacteria.
35. Name the source www.tamilaruvi.in
of streptokinase. How does www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Cyanobacteria (or)
www.tamilaruvi.in blue green algae (BGA) this bioactivewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in molecule function in our body? www.tamil
are prokaryotic free-living organisms
can fix nitrogen.  Streptokinase
www.tamilaruvi.in produced by the bacterium
amilaruvi.in• Eg. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Streptococcus and genetically
www.tamilaruvi.in engineered
www.tamil
Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Anabaena, Streptococci
amilaruvi.in Tolypothrix
 They are used as “clot buster” for removing
amilaruvi.in• In www.tamilaruvi.in
the water logged paddy www.tamilaruvi.infields, clots fromwww.tamilaruvi.in
the blood vessels of patients www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Cyanobacteria multiply
www.tamilaruvi.in and fix molecular
who have undergone myocardial infarction. www.tamil
nitrogen.
36. How does anabaena www.tamilaruvi.in
and mycorrhiza act www.tamil
as
30.
amilaruvi.inDefine Bio remediation.
www.tamilaruvi.in biofertilisers?www.tamilaruvi.in
use of naturally occurring or genetically
amilaruvi.in• The www.tamilaruvi.in a) Anabaena fix
www.tamilaruvi.in atmospheric nitrogen
engineered microorganisms to reduce or
amilaruvi.in degradewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
pollutants is called bioremediation. b) Mycorrhiza www.tamilaruvi.in
absorbs phosphorus from soilwww.tamiland
amilaruvi.in• Bioremediation
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in passes it to the plant.
is less expensive and
amilaruvi.in morewww.tamilaruvi.in
sustainable than other remediations 37. Why is Rhizobium
www.tamilaruvi.in called as ‘symbiotic
amilaruvi.in available.
www.tamilaruvi.in bacterium’?
www.tamilaruvi.in How does it act
www.tamilaruvi.in as a biofertiliser?
www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Rhizobium
is present in the root nodules of sensitive.
amilaruvi.in leguminous
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
plants.  The genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus is used as
bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen www.tamilaruvi.in
into a biocontrolwww.tamilaruvi.in
agent. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in nitrate. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 These viruses www.tamilaruvi.in
are species specific www.tamiland
amilaruvi.in
38. Name www.tamilaruvi.in
any two distilled and undistilled www.tamilaruvi.in have narrow spectrum insecticidal
amilaruvi.inalcoholic beverages.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in applications. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Distilled alcoholic beverages: Whisky,
www.tamilaruvi.in Rum, 
www.tamilaruvi.in There is no side
www.tamilaruvi.ineffects on plants,
www.tamil
Brandy mammals, birds, fish and non-target insects.
b) Undistilled alcoholic beverages: Beer and Wine  Therefore, they serve as an important
component of integrated pest management
www.tamil
39. Write any
amilaruvi.in two advantages of biofertilisers.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in programmewww.tamilaruvi.in
in dealing with ecological sensitive www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Biofertiliser do not cause pollution
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in areas. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Thesewww.tamilaruvi.in
are not expensive www.tamilaruvi.in
44. Name the states www.tamilaruvi.in
involved in Ganga action www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in plan.
40. Mention the importance of lactic acid bacteria
amilaruvi.into human other than
www.tamilaruvi.in setting milk into curd. •
www.tamilaruvi.in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh,
www.tamilaruvi.in Bihar, Jharkhand
www.tamil
• Lactic acid bacteria is beneficial to us in the and West Bengal
amilaruvi.in following ways other
www.tamilaruvi.in than helping in curdling 45. How
www.tamilaruvi.in has the bacterium Bacillus
www.tamilaruvi.in thuringiensis
www.tamil
of milk: helped us in controlling caterpillars of insect
pests? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
i) Increases nutritional quality of curd by
amilaruvi.in increasing
www.tamilaruvi.in
vitamin B12 content. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• Bacillus thuringiensis produces a delta
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inii) Inhibits
www.tamilaruvi.in
the growth of disease-causing www.tamilaruvi.in endotoxinwww.tamilaruvi.in
which when ingested and released www.tamil
amilaruvi.in microbes www.tamilaruvi.in
in the gut. www.tamilaruvi.in in the gut of the larvae
www.tamilaruvi.inof insect pest distrupts
www.tamil
its gut lining and thus caterpillars are killed.
amilaruvi.in
41. Name the www.tamilaruvi.in
organism that causes large holes www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in‘Swiss cheese’ How are these holes caused?
www.tamilaruvi.in By killing the caterpillars,
www.tamilaruvi.in it helps in pest
www.tamil
control.
amilaruvi.in• Bacterium
www.tamilaruvi.in
responsible for large holes www.tamilaruvi.in
in swiss www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
cheese is Propionibacterium sharmanii. 46. Why are cyanobacteria considered useful in
paddy fields?
amilaruvi.in• Largewww.tamilaruvi.in to CO2
holes in swiss cheese are duewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
gas produced by these bacteria. • Cyanobacteria are important biofertiliser in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in paddy fields. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
42. Name the
amilaruvi.in blank spaces a,b,c and dwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in in the www.tamilaruvi.in
table given below:
• They add organic matter to the soilwww.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in enhance soilwww.tamilaruvi.in
fertility. www.tamil
Typewww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Microbe of Commercial
www.tamilaruvi.in
Scientific Name • Hence, theywww.tamilaruvi.in
are considered useful in paddy www.tamil
product
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Clot buster www.tamilaruvi.in fields. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Bacterium a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in enzyme 47. What is the chemical
www.tamilaruvi.in nature of biogas. Name
amilaruvi.in Aspergilus an organism which is involved in biogas
Bwww.tamilaruvi.in Citricwww.tamilaruvi.in
acid production?
niger
Trichoderma
Fungus c • Biogas is mainly composed of methane,
poysporum www.tamilaruvi.in other gases www.tamilaruvi.in
are CO2 and H2. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inBacterium www.tamilaruvi.in d Butyric acid
• It is highly inflammable and is used as
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in a - Streptococcus
fuel; especially in rural areas. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb - Fungus
• Methanogen www.tamilaruvi.in
bacteria are involvedwww.tamil in
amilaruvi.inc - Cyclosporin A
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in production of biogas.
amilaruvi.ind - Clostridium acetobutylicum
amilaruvi.in
the significant role of thewww.tamilaruvi.in
genus www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inNucleopolyhedrovirus
www.tamilaruvi.in in an ecological
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
3. List out the various methods taken by the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART-C
conserve water bodies. www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
government to
National riverwww.tamilaruvi.in
conservation plan (NRCP)www.tamil was
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
ADDITIONAL
www.tamilaruvi.in (3 MARKS) enacted
www.tamilaruvi.in in 1995 to improve
www.tamilaruvi.in the water quality
www.tamil
1. Write short notes on Antibiotic resistance.
of the rivers,
amilaruvi.in• Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in Aims
www.tamilaruvi.in of NRCP includes,
amilaruvi.in develop the ability
www.tamilaruvi.in to defeat the drug 1. To
www.tamilaruvi.in capture the raw sewage
www.tamilaruvi.in flowing into
www.tamil
designed to kill or inhibit their growth. the river through open drains and divert them
for treatment.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• It is one of the most acute threat to public
amilaruvi.in health. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
2. Setting upwww.tamilaruvi.in
sewage treatment plantswww.tamil for
due to misuse and over www.tamilaruvi.in
use of treating thewww.tamilaruvi.in
diverted sewage. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in antibiotics, as well as poor infection
3. Constructionwww.tamilaruvi.in
of low cost sanitation toilets www.tamil
amilaruvi.in prevention control.
www.tamilaruvi.in to prevent open
www.tamilaruvi.in defecation on river banks.
amilaruvi.in• Antibiotics should
www.tamilaruvi.in be used only when 4. The ministry
www.tamilaruvi.in for environment, forest www.tamil
prescribed by a certified health professional. climate change has initiated the Ganga
• When the bacteria become resistant, action plan and the Yamuna action plan
amilaruvi.in antibiotics
www.tamilaruvi.in
cannot fight against them. www.tamilaruvi.in
to save the www.tamilaruvi.in
major rivers of the country. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• So www.tamilaruvi.in
Narrow spectrum antibiotics www.tamilaruvi.in
are 4. What is organic www.tamilaruvi.in
forming ? list out the key
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in preferred over broad spectrum antibiotics.
feature of organic forming. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• They effectively
www.tamilaruvi.inand accurately target
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Organic farmingwww.tamilaruvi.in
is a technique, which www.tamil
amilaruvi.in specific pathogenic
www.tamilaruvi.in organisms and are less involves cultivation
www.tamilaruvi.in of plants and rearing
likely to cause resistance. of animals in natural ways.
amilaruvi.in• “Superbug”
is a strains of bacteria that
amilaruvi.in are resistant
www.tamilaruvi.in  This
www.tamilaruvi.in process involves
www.tamilaruvi.inthe use of biological
www.tamil
to the majority of antibiotics.
materials, avoiding synthetic substances to
2. Write an essay on microbes used in chemical
maintain soil fertility and ecological
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inIndustry.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
balance thereby minimizing pollution www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in Microbes
www.tamilaruvi.in wastage.
www.tamilaruvi.in
are not only used for commercial and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in industrial production of alcohol, but also
www.tamilaruvi.in used  Key features
www.tamilaruvi.in of organic farming
amilaruvi.in for production of
www.tamilaruvi.inchemicals like organic 1. Protectingwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in soil quality using organic www.tamil
acids and enzymes. materials and encouraging biological activity.
Microbes Chemical produced 2. Indirect provision of crop nutrients using
1. Aspergillus niger - citric acid, soil microorganisms.
2. Acetobacter aceti - acetic acid, 3. Nitrogen fixation in soils using legumes.
3. Rhizopus oryzae - fumaric acid, 4. Weed and pest control based on methods
like crop rotation, biological diversity,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in4. Clostridium butyricum
www.tamilaruvi.in - butyric acid www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
natural predators, organic manures www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in5. Lactobacillus
www.tamilaruvi.in - lactic acid. suitable chemical,
www.tamilaruvi.in thermal and biological
amilaruvi.in6. Yeast and bacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in - commercial interventions.
production of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in enzymes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in7. Streptococcus
www.tamilaruvi.in - Streptokinase
amilaruvi.in8. Trichoderma
www.tamilaruvi.in
polysporum - Cyclosporin A,
amilaruvi.in (immunosuppressant)
amilaruvi.in9. yeastwww.tamilaruvi.in
Monascus purpureus - Statins (used www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in lowerwww.tamilaruvi.in
blood cholesterol level) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in10. E.Coli
www.tamilaruvi.in - human insulin www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
5. Draw a schematic outline of sewage treatment process.
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Preliminary www.tamilaruvi.in
Primary www.tamilaruvi.in
Secondary or biological www.tamil Tertiary
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
treatment treatment treatment treatment
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Pretreatment
www.tamilaruvi.in
Primary
settling tank
www.tamilaruvi.in
Aeration zone Secondary www.tamilDisinfection
Treated
sewage
(air + liquid water) settling tank zone
Waste
water from
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil for
dispose/reuse
cities and towns Remove
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in coarse solids
sand and grit
Air www.tamil
80-90% Organic
solids
Recirculated to aeration tank
www.tamil
Primary
www.tamilaruvi.in
Secondary
www.tamil
sludge sludge
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Anaerobic
www.tamilaruvi.in
sludge digester www.tamil
Production of biogas
www.tamil
Sewage treatment process www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
6. List out the important antibiotics and its role.  The main objective of the programme is
 Antibiotics are chemical substances to improve the water quality of River
www.tamilaruvi.in
by microorganisms which www.tamilaruvi.in
can Ganges bywww.tamilaruvi.in
capture, change and treatment www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in kill www.tamilaruvi.in
or retard the growth of other www.tamilaruvi.in
domestic sewage www.tamil
amilaruvi.in causing microbes even in low concentration.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  By this planwww.tamilaruvi.in
identify total polluting units www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Antibiotic means “against
www.tamilaruvi.in life”. www.tamilaruvi.in to prevent pollution.
amilaruvi.in S. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in b The Yamuna Action Plan
Antibiotic Source Use
amilaruvi.in No. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  It is a www.tamilaruvi.in
bilateral project between www.tamilthe
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in inhibits
www.tamilaruvi.in Government of India
www.tamilaruvi.inand Japan. www.tamil
Streptomyces microbial
amilaruvi.in 1 Tetracycline
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  It was formally launched
www.tamilaruvi.in in April 1993. www.tamil
aureofaciens protein
synthesis  It was proposed to build
www.tamilaruvi.in large number of
www.tamil
used against sewage treatment plants to discharge
both gram
www.tamilaruvi.in
treated wastewater into the rivers.
www.tamil
positive and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
8. State The medicinal value and the bioactive
Actinomycetes,
gram www.tamilaruvi.in
negative www.tamilaruvi.in
molecules produced by Streptococcus www.tamil
.
bacteria,
amilaruvi.in 2 Streptomycin
www.tamilaruvi.inStreptomyces www.tamilaruvi.in Monascus andwww.tamilaruvi.in
Trichoderma. www.tamil
especially
griseus
against  Streptokinase is an enzyme obtained from
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Mycobacterium www.tamilaruvi.in Steptococcus which is modified genetically
tuberculosis. to function as clot buster.
 It has fibrinolytic effect hence, it helps
Erythromycin, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in clearing blood clots inside the blood
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Chloromycetin,
vessels through dissolution of intravascular
Griseofulvin,
amilaruvi.in 3 www.tamilaruvi.in
Many microbes www.tamilaruvi.in fibrin. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Neomycin,
Kenamycin, www.tamilaruvi.in  Bioactive compounds are those compounds
amilaruvi.in Bacitracin
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in that have an effect on
www.tamilaruvi.in living organisms
www.tamil
tissues or cells.
7. Write short
amilaruvi.in note on the following
 Bioactive compounds are found in both plant
amilaruvi.ina) The www.tamilaruvi.in
Ganga action plan www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and animal products or can be synthetically
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) The www.tamilaruvi.in
Yamuna action plan www.tamilaruvi.in produced. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina The www.tamilaruvi.in
Ganga action www.tamilaruvi.in  Two examples www.tamilaruvi.in
of bioactive compoundswww.tamil
are
plan was launched on 14th January www.tamilaruvi.in cyclosporin A and statins.
amilaruvi.in 1986. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
9. What are the properties of an antibiotic?
 It serves as a bioinsecticide.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Antibiotics
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
are chemical substances Saccharomyces cerevisiae :
www.tamilaruvi.in
by microorganisms which www.tamilaruvi.in
can www.tamilaruvi.in
 It is used to ferment dough, in order to
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in kill www.tamilaruvi.in
or retard the growth of other www.tamilaruvi.in
disease make bread. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in causing microbes even
www.tamilaruvi.in in low concentration.
www.tamilaruvi.in
 It is also www.tamilaruvi.in
used for the preparationwww.tamil of
amilaruvi.in Broad spectrum
www.tamilaruvi.in antibiotic can kill or
www.tamilaruvi.in ethanol. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
destroy a number of pathogens that belong to
www.tamilaruvi.in Monascus
www.tamilaruvi.in purpureus :
groups with different structures and
amilaruvi.in wall www.tamilaruvi.in
compositions.  Its fermentation
www.tamilaruvi.in activity produces statins
which inhibits cholesterol synthesis and is
amilaruvi.in Narrow spectrum antibiotic are effective
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in therefore usedwww.tamilaruvi.in
in lowering blood cholesterol.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in only against limited
www.tamilaruvi.in type of pathogen. www.tamilaruvi.in
Trichoderma www.tamilaruvi.in
polysporum : www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Good antibiotics should
www.tamilaruvi.in be harmless to host
with no side effects.  It is a fungus that produces cyclosporin–A,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in used as immunosuppressive
which is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 They should be harmless to beneficial
amilaruvi.in microorganism
www.tamilaruvi.in agent in organ-transplantation.
of alimentary canal www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in Pencillium notatum :
should be effective against allwww.tamilaruvi.in
strains www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of pathogen.
www.tamilaruvi.in It secretes the antibiotic,
www.tamilaruvi.in penicillin. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in They should also
www.tamilaruvi.inbe quick in action in low Propionibacterium
www.tamilaruvi.in sharmanii
www.tamilaruvi.in : www.tamil
amilaruvi.in cocentration
www.tamilaruvi.in It is used in processing
www.tamilaruvi.in of ‘Swiss cheese’.
www.tamil
10. What are
amilaruvi.in methanogens? How do theywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in help to  The large holes in Swiss
www.tamilaruvi.in cheese are due to
www.tamil
production of a large amount of CO by
amilaruvi.ingenerate biogas?
this bacterium. www.tamil
2
amilaruvi.in Methanogens are a group of anaerobic

bacteria which obtain their energy by reducing
amilaruvi.in carbondioxide
and oxidising hydrogen with the
amilaruvi.in production
www.tamilaruvi.in
of methane. www.tamilaruvi.in PART-D
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
are found in oxygen deficient environment www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in suchwww.tamilaruvi.in
as marshes, swamps, sludge www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in digestive systems
www.tamilaruvi.in of ruminant animals like 1. List any threewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in useful microbes in household www.tamil
cow, buffalo etc. products.
 These microorganism are present in anaerobic Curd :
sludge digester where they digest organic  The LAB bacteria grows in milk and
amilaruvi.in masswww.tamilaruvi.in
as well as aerobic microbeswww.tamilaruvi.in
of the www.tamilaruvi.in
convert it into curd, thereby digesting the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in sludge to produce mixture of gases containing
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in milk proteinwww.tamilaruvi.in
casein. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in methane, H S and
www.tamilaruvi.inCO called biogas. www.tamilaruvi.in
2 2
 Bacteria likewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. lactis
11. Given below
amilaruvi.in is a list of six microorganisms.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and Streptococcus lactis commonly called
State their usefulness to humAns: lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
a. Nucleopolyhedrovirus  Curd is more nutritious than milk as it
b. Saccharomces cerevisiae contains a number of organic acids and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in vitamins. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c. Monascus purpureus
Yogurt : www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d. Trichoderma polysporum
 Yogurt is produced by bacterial fermentationwww.tamil
e. Penicilium notatum
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of milk, and lactic acid is produced www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in as a
f. Propionibacterium sharmanii byproduct.
Nucleopolyhedrovirus :  Microorganisms such as Streptococcus
 It is a baculovirus which is an effective thermophilus and Lactobacillus
amilaruvi.in biocontrol
agent as it is useful in controlling bulgaricuswww.tamilaruvi.in
coagulate the milk protein www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in insectswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in convert the www.tamilaruvi.in
lactose in the milk to lactic acid.www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The flavour
in yogurt is due to acetaldehyde. Whisky :
amilaruvi.inCheesewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
:  Whisky is a type of distilled alcoholic
amilaruvi.in Cheesewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is a dairy product produced in a wide beverage made www.tamilaruvi.in
from fermented grain mash www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in range www.tamilaruvi.in
of flavours, textures and iswww.tamilaruvi.in
formed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
amilaruvi.in by coagulation of the milk protein, casein.
3. Explain the process of sewage treatment.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in During cheese production, milk is www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in usually www.tamilaruvi.in
 The main objective of a wastewater treatment www.tamil
acidified and the enzyme rennet is added reduce organic and inorganic
process is towww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in to cause
www.tamilaruvi.in
coagulation.
components in wastewater to a level that it
solids are separated and pressed to
no longer supports microbial growth and
www.tamil
cheese. www.tamilaruvi.in
to eliminate www.tamilaruvi.in
toxic materials. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Organism
used - Lactococcus, Lactobacillus  Bacteria andwww.tamilaruvi.in
some protozoa play an essential www.tamil
amilaruvi.in or Streptococcus.
www.tamilaruvi.in part in the www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in treatment of sewage to make it
www.tamil
harmless.
amilaruvi.inPannerwww.tamilaruvi.in
: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
(cottage cheese) is fresh www.tamilaruvi.in  Sewage contains pathogenic bacteria.
amilaruvi.in Paneerwww.tamilaruvi.in cheese www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in common in South
www.tamilaruvi.in Asia, especially in India.  These
www.tamilaruvi.in bacteria must
www.tamilaruvi.in be destroyed in
www.tamil
made by curdling milk withwww.tamilaruvi.in
lemon order to prevent the spread of diseases.
amilaruvi.in It iswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
juice, vinegar and other edible acids.  Sewage treatment include three stages.
 Large holes in Swiss cheese is due to 1. Primary Treatment
production of large amount www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in carbon-di-oxide
www.tamilaruvi.in by the bacterium 2. Secondary
www.tamilaruvi.in Treatment
amilaruvi.in Propionibacterium
www.tamilaruvi.in shermanii. 3. Tertiary
amilaruvi.in fermentation. Explain anywww.tamilaruvi.in
three Primary treatment www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
fermented beverages.  Primary treatment involves the physical
 Fermentation
amilaruvi.in process is
www.tamilaruvi.in an anaerobic respiration removal
www.tamilaruvi.in of solid and
www.tamilaruvi.in particulate organic
www.tamil
in which carbohydrates are converted and inorganic materials from the sewage
ethanol and carbon di oxide www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
through filtration and sedimentation. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Fermented
www.tamilaruvi.in
products include - wine, www.tamilaruvi.in
beer,  Floating debris www.tamilaruvi.in
is removed by sequential www.tamil
amilaruvi.in whisky, brandy and rum.
www.tamilaruvi.in filtration. www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inWine : www.tamilaruvi.in  Then the grit
www.tamilaruvi.in (soil and small pebbles)www.tamil
is among the oldest alcoholic
amilaruvi.in Winewww.tamilaruvi.in removed
www.tamilaruvi.in by sedimentation.
amilaruvi.in beverages known
www.tamilaruvi.in and is produced by  All
www.tamilaruvi.in solids that settle form
www.tamilaruvi.in the primary sludge
www.tamil
fermentation of fruit juice by yeast. and the supernatant forms the effluent.
 Wine is made from the fermentation of  Then effluent is taken for secondary
amilaruvi.in grape www.tamilaruvi.in
juice.
www.tamilaruvi.in
treatment.
amilaruvi.in Grapewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
juice is fermented by various strains of Secondary
www.tamilaruvi.in
treatment or
www.tamil
biological
amilaruvi.in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae into alcohol. treatment www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Grapewww.tamilaruvi.in
wine is of two types, red wine www.tamilaruvi.in
 Effluent is passed into large aeration tanks www.tamil
amilaruvi.in white wine.
www.tamilaruvi.in where it is www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in constantly agitated mechanically www.tamil
amilaruvi.inBeer www.tamilaruvi.in and
www.tamilaruvi.in air is pumped into
www.tamilaruvi.init. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It is produced from germinated barley
www.tamilaruvi.in malt  This
www.tamilaruvi.in allows vigorous
www.tamilaruvi.in growth of useful
www.tamil
grain by Saccharomyces carlsbergensis aerobic microbes into floc (masses of
amilaruvi.in or Saccharomyces
www.tamilaruvi.in cerevisiae.
bacteria associated with fungal filaments to
www.tamil
form mesh like www.tamilaruvi.in
structures). www.tamil
Rum :
 While growing, www.tamilaruvi.in
these microbes consume www.tamil
 Rum is made from fermented sugarcane
amilaruvi.in or molasses
www.tamilaruvi.in the majorwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
or directly from sugarcane part of the organic matter in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in juicewww.tamilaruvi.in
by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. the
www.tamilaruvi.in effluent. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
significantly reduces the BOD
 Delta-endotoxins have specific activities
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in (Biochemical
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
oxygen demand or Biological against the insects of the orders Lepidoptera,
amilaruvi.in oxygen demand)
www.tamilaruvi.in . www.tamilaruvi.inDiptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inTertiarywww.tamilaruvi.in
treatment are substances, which destroy
 Weedicides www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Tertiary treatment is the final process
www.tamilaruvi.inweeds without harming
www.tamilaruvi.in the useful plants.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in improves the quality
www.tamilaruvi.in of the waste water before 
www.tamilaruvi.inBioweedicides are compounds
www.tamilaruvi.in and secondary
www.tamil
it is reused, recycled or released into natural metabolites derived from microbes such as
amilaruvi.in waterwww.tamilaruvi.in
bodies. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
fungi, bacteria or protozoa. www.tamil
treatment removes the remaining
 The first bioherbicide developed in 1981 was
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in inorganic
www.tamilaruvi.in
compounds and substances, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a Mycoheribicide derived from the funguswww.tamil
amilaruvi.in suchwww.tamilaruvi.in
as nitrogen and phosphorus. www.tamilaruvi.inPhytophthora palmivora.
an ideal disinfectant for wastewater
amilaruvi.in UV iswww.tamilaruvi.in the growth of strangler vine
 It controls www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in since it does not
www.tamilaruvi.in alter the water quality –
www.tamilaruvi.incitrus crops.
except for inactivating microor ganisms.  Trichoderma species are free living fungi
 UV is a chemical- free process that can that are very common in the root ecosystem.
amilaruvi.in completely
www.tamilaruvi.in
replace the www.tamilaruvi.in
existing www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 They are effective biocontrol agents for several
amilaruvi.in chlorination
www.tamilaruvi.in
system and also inactivates www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
plant pathogens.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in chlorine-resistant
www.tamilaruvi.in microorganisms like
Cryptosporidium and Giardia.  Buculoviruses are pathogens that attack
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.ininsects and www.tamilaruvi.in
other arthropods. www.tamil
4.
amilaruvi.inIs it possible to kill
www.tamilaruvi.in microbes using another
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in is used www.tamil
 The genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus as
microbe? Explain this process in detail.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.ina biocontrol agent.
amilaruvi.in Controlling the growth of microbes by using
www.tamilaruvi.in
another microbes is possible. This method is
 These viruses
www.tamilaruvi.in are species specific and www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in have
amilaruvi.in known www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.innarrow spectrum insecticidal
www.tamilaruvi.in applications.
www.tamil
as Bio control.
amilaruvi.in Biocontrol
www.tamilaruvi.in 5. Define bio remediation.
www.tamilaruvi.in How microbes used
is a method of controlling pest
amilaruvi.in by use www.tamilaruvi.in in
www.tamilaruvi.inthis field. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of microbes such as fungi, bacteria,
amilaruvi.in viruses or by naturally occurring substances
www.tamilaruvi.inThe use of naturally occurring
www.tamilaruvi.in or genetically
www.tamil
derived from plants and animals. engineered microorganisms to reduce or
degrade pollutants www.tamil
is called bioremediation.
amilaruvi.in The use of a microbes
www.tamilaruvi.in or other biological
agents to control a specific pest is called a  Bioremediation is less expensive and
amilaruvi.in biopesticide.
more sustainable than other remediationswww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inavailable. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Biopesticides are used to control insect
amilaruvi.in pests. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
lady bird beetle and dragonflies are
amilaruvi.in usefulwww.tamilaruvi.in
to control aphids and mosquito www.tamilaruvi.in
larvae www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in respectively.
amilaruvi.in Bacillus
www.tamilaruvi.in
thuringiensis is usedwww.tamilaruvi.in
as a www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in biopesticide and
www.tamilaruvi.in contains a toxin called cry
toxin.
amilaruvi.in Scientists have introduced
www.tamilaruvi.in this toxin producing
genes into plants and have raised genetically
amilaruvi.in engineered
www.tamilaruvi.in
insect resistant plants.www.tamilaruvi.in
e.g. Bt- www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in cotton. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Bacillus
www.tamilaruvi.in
thuringiensis produces crystal www.tamilaruvi.in
proteins Types :
Delta-endotoxin which is encoded
amilaruvi.in calledwww.tamilaruvi.in by
cry genes.  In situ bioremediation - treatment of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incontaminated www.tamilaruvi.in
soil or water in the site www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
 Ex situ bioremediation - treatment of
 The Methanogens are also present in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in contaminated
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inanaerobic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
soil or water that is removed sludge and rumen of cattle.
amilaruvi.in from www.tamilaruvi.in
the site and treated) . www.tamilaruvi.in
 In rumen,www.tamilaruvi.in
these bacteria help in www.tamil the
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inMicroorganisms involved in bioremediation
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inbreakdown of cellulose.
 Pseudomonas
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in putida is a genetically  The excreta
www.tamilaruvi.in of cattle called dungwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in engineered microorganism
www.tamilaruvi.in (GEM). www.tamilaruvi.incommonlycalled“Gobar”.

amilaruvi.in It is multi-
www.tamilaruvi.in plasmid hydrocarbon- 
www.tamilaruvi.inIn a biogas plant, anaerobic
www.tamilaruvi.in digestion
www.tamil
degrading bacterium which can digest the is carried out in an air tight cylindrical tank
amilaruvi.in hydrocarbons
www.tamilaruvi.in
in the oil spills.
known as digester.
www.tamil
 Nitrosomonas europaea - degrading
 It is made up of concrete bricks and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in benzenewww.tamilaruvi.in
and a variety of halogenated www.tamilaruvi.incement orwww.tamilaruvi.in
steel. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in organic compounds
www.tamilaruvi.in including
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Bio-wastes www.tamilaruvi.in
are collected and slurry of dung www.tamil
amilaruvi.in trichloroethylene
www.tamilaruvi.inand vinyl chloride. www.tamilaruvi.inis fed into www.tamilaruvi.in
this digester. www.tamil

amilaruvi.in Ideonella sakaiensis
www.tamilaruvi.in is currently tried for  It has a side
www.tamilaruvi.in opening into which organic
recycling of PET plastics. materials for digestion are incorporated for
 Dechloromonas aromatica has the ability microbial activity.
amilaruvi.in to degrade
www.tamilaruvi.in
benzene anaerobically and to
 Anaerobic digestion is accomplished in three
amilaruvi.in oxidizewww.tamilaruvi.in
toluene and xylene. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
stages: solubilisation, acidogenesis and
www.tamil
 Phanerochaete chrysosporiumwww.tamilaruvi.in
an www.tamilaruvi.in
methanogenisis. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in anaerobic fungus
www.tamilaruvi.in exhibits strong potential for
www.tamilaruvi.in
 The outlet is www.tamilaruvi.in
connected to a pipe to supply www.tamil
amilaruvi.in bioremediation of
www.tamilaruvi.in pesticides, polyaromatic
www.tamilaruvi.inbiogas. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
hydrocarbons, dyes, trinitrotoluene,
amilaruvi.in cyanides,
www.tamilaruvi.in
carbon tetrachloride, etc.,  The slurry is
www.tamilaruvi.in drained through another outlet
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inand is used as fertilizer.
 Dehalococcoides species - bioremediation
amilaruvi.in of toxic
www.tamilaruvi.in
trichloroethene to non-www.tamilaruvi.in
toxic  Biogas is used for cooking
www.tamilaruvi.in and lighting. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in ethane.
www.tamilaruvi.in 7. Explain the role
www.tamilaruvi.in of any five microbes which
 Pestalotiopsis
amilaruvi.in microspora - bioremediation
www.tamilaruvi.in enriches
www.tamilaruvi.in soil nutrients.
of polyurethane.  Biofertilisers are formulation of living
the process of Biogas production. microorganisms that enrich the nutrient
quality of the soil.
www.tamil
 Biogas
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in gases
is a mixture of different www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
produced by the breakdown of organic  They increase physico – chemical
amilaruvi.in matter www.tamilaruvi.in
in the absence of oxygen.
www.tamilaruvi.inpropertieswww.tamilaruvi.in
of soils such as soil structure, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intexture, water holding capacity, cation
 Biogas can be produced from agricultural exchange capacity and pH by providing several
amilaruvi.in wastes,www.tamilaruvi.in
manure, municipal wastes, www.tamilaruvi.in
plant www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
nutrients and sufficient organic matter.
amilaruvi.in material, sewage, food waste, etc.,
 The main sources of biofertilisers are bacteria,
amilaruvi.in
 Biogas www.tamilaruvi.in
is produced under anaerobic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
fungi and cyanobacteria. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in condition, when
www.tamilaruvi.in the organic materials are
www.tamilaruvi.in
converted through microbiological reactions a. Rhizobiumwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in into gas
www.tamilaruvi.in
and organic fertilizer.
It form root nodules in leguminous plants
www.tamil
 Biogas primarily consists of methane (63
and fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic formswww.tamil
amilaruvi.in percent,
www.tamilaruvi.in
along with CO2 and hydrogen. which
www.tamilaruvi.in is used by the plant as
www.tamilaruvi.in nutrient. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
 Methanewww.tamilaruvi.in
producing bacteria are www.tamilaruvi.in
called b. Azospirilium www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in methanogens
www.tamilaruvi.in and one such common www.tamilaruvi.in living bacteria fix atmospheric
Azospirilium is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in bacterium is Methanobacterium.
www.tamilaruvi.in nitrogen
www.tamilaruvi.in and thus increasing
www.tamilaruvi.in nitrogen content
www.tamil
 Biogas is devoid of smell and burns with a of the soil.
blue flame without smoke. c. Azotobacter
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Chapter www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inAzotobacter
www.tamilaruvi.in
is free living bacteria fix
e Cyclosporin – A
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inatmospheric
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
nitrogen and thus increasing Statins
amilaruvi.innitrogen content of the
www.tamilaruvi.in soil. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Produced from - Monascus purpureus
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ind. Mycorrhiza
 Function: Used as blood cholesterol
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inMycorrhiza fungi symbiotically associated
lowering agents. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inwith root of plants.
 It acts as www.tamilaruvi.in
competitive inhibitor for www.tamil
the
amilaruvi.inIt provides phosphorus
www.tamilaruvi.in to the plants from enzyme responsible
www.tamilaruvi.in for the synthesis
www.tamil
the soil. cholesterol.
Make the plant resistant to root-borne Penicillin
amilaruvi.inpathogen www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and increase tolerance to salinity and
amilaruvi.indrought.www.tamilaruvi.in  Produced from
www.tamilaruvi.in - Penicillium notatumwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ine. Cyanobacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in  Function: Used
www.tamilaruvi.in to cure many bacterial
amilaruvi.inCyanobacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in diseases.
are autotrophic microbes widely
amilaruvi.indistributed in aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
www.tamilaruvi.in Acetic
www.tamilaruvi.in acid www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
which fix atmospheric nitrogen.
amilaruvi.inMany ofwww.tamilaruvi.in  Produced
www.tamilaruvi.in from - Acetobacter
www.tamilaruvi.in aceti www.tamil
amilaruvi.inThey helpwww.tamilaruvi.in  Function:
in nitrogen fixation, add organicwww.tamilaruvi.in
matter Used as food preservative.
amilaruvi.into the soil and increase
www.tamilaruvi.in soil fertility. Streptokinase
amilaruvi.inEx. Anabaena, Nostoc,
www.tamilaruvi.in and Oscillatoria etc.  Produced
www.tamilaruvi.in from - Streptococcus
amilaruvi.in
8. Write the www.tamilaruvi.in
scientific name of a microbe from  Function: used
www.tamilaruvi.in as a ‘clot buster’, for removing
amilaruvi.inwhich following product
www.tamilaruvi.in is obtained.Write clots
www.tamilaruvi.in from the blood vessels
www.tamilaruvi.in of patients who
www.tamil
one function each on the products. have undergone myocardial infarction.
a Statins Cyclosporin – A
b Penicillin  Produced from Trichoderma polysporum
c Acetic acid  Function: used as immunosuppressive
agent during organ transplantation.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind Streptokinase
www.tamil
CHAPTER
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in APPLICATIONS
www.tamilaruvi.in OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
9
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
POINTS TO REMEMBER
l Biotechnology is defined as www.tamilaruvi.in
“any l Interferons are www.tamilaruvi.in
proteinaceous, antiviral, www.tamil
technological
amilaruvi.in application that www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in uses species specific substances producedwww.tamil
biological systems, living organisms or mammalian cells when infected with viruses.
derivatives there of, to make or modify l Interferons were discovered by Alick Isaacs
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
products www.tamilaruvi.in
or processes for specific use”. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and Jean Lindemann in 1957. www.tamil
l The
amilaruvi.in DNA produced
www.tamilaruvi.in through Genetic l Based on the structure
of interferons theywww.tamil
are
engineering is referred to as recombinant β and γ interferons.
classified as α,www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA (rDNA) and this technique as
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l Interferons are
www.tamilaruvi.in antiviral enzymes which
recombinant DNA technology.
inhibit viral replication and protect the cells.
Biotechnology
amilaruvi.in
l has application
www.tamilaruvi.in in four major
l The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is
industrial areas, including health care
(medical) agriculture, industrial and
www.tamilaruvi.in
more suitablewww.tamilaruvi.in
for production of recombinant www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in interferons
www.tamilaruvi.in than E.coli, since
www.tamilaruvi.in E.coli does not
www.tamil
environment.
possess the machinery for glycosylation
l Biotechnology
amilaruvi.in techniques are used in the
www.tamilaruvi.in field
www.tamilaruvi.in
of proteins. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in medicine for diagnosis,
www.tamilaruvi.in prevention and
www.tamilaruvi.in
l Recombinant www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA technology has been used www.tamil
treatment of different diseases.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in to produce new generation vaccines.
l The Human insulin is synthesized bywww.tamilaruvi.in
the β www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Recombinant vaccines have been used to
cells of www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
prevent various diseases.
l Deficiency
amilaruvi.in of insulin
www.tamilaruvi.in leads to diabetes
l Types of recombinant vaccines - subunit
mellitus which is characterized by increased
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in recombinantwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in vaccines, attenuatedwww.tamil
blood glucose concentration and a complex
recombinant vaccines and DNA vaccines.
of symptoms which may lead to death, www.tamilaruvi.in
if www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
untreated. l Vaccines that use components of a
pathogenic organism are called subunitwww.tamil
l In the early years, insulin isolated and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in vaccines;
purified from the pancreas of pigs and
amilaruvi.in
cows was www.tamilaruvi.in
used to treat diabetic patients. l Some Genetically
www.tamilaruvi.in engineer the organisms
(bacteria or viruses) and use them as live
l In 1986www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in human insulin was marketedwww.tamilaruvi.in
under www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
vaccines and such vaccines are referred to as
the trade name Humulin.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in attenuated recombinant
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in vaccines. www.tamil
l E. coli, also used to produce human
amilaruvi.in l Edible vaccines are prepared by molecular
growth www.tamilaruvi.in
hormones somatostatinwww.tamilaruvi.in
pharming using the science of genetic
somatotropin.
engineering. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Using recombinant
amilaruvi.in DNA technology hGH
www.tamilaruvi.in can
l A DNA vaccine consists of a gene encoding
be produced.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in an
www.tamilaruvi.in antigenic protein, inserted
www.tamilaruvi.in onto a
www.tamil
l The gene for hGH is isolated from the plasmid, and then incorporated into the cells
amilaruvi.in
humanwww.tamilaruvi.in
pituitary gland cells. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in a target animal. www.tamil
l Many factors
amilaruvi.in are required for normalwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in blood l Recombinant www.tamilaruvi.in
hepatitis B vaccine as www.tamil
a
clotting process and the factor VIII is one subunit vaccine is produced by cloning
amilaruvi.in
of them.
hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) gene in
amilaruvi.in
l The genes www.tamilaruvi.in
for the formation of factor www.tamilaruvi.in
VIII is www.tamilaruvi.in
the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. www.tamil
locatedwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in in the X chromosome. www.tamilaruvi.in
l Genetic defects www.tamilaruvi.in
could be corrected by www.tamil
a
l A
amilaruvi.in genetic defect in
www.tamilaruvi.inthe synthesis of factor process
www.tamilaruvi.in called Gene therapy.
www.tamilaruvi.in It is of two
www.tamil
VIII results in Haemophilia A, a sex- types somatic cell gene therapy and
amilaruvi.in
linked www.tamilaruvi.in
disease characterized by prolonged www.tamilaruvi.in
germline gene www.tamilaruvi.in
therapy www.tamil
clottingwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in time and internal bleeding. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
XII Std - Zoology ´ Unit IV
www.tamilaruvi.in
| Applications of biotechnology
www.tamil
l There are two strategies involved in gene l The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
therapywww.tamilaruvi.in
namely; Gene augmentation www.tamilaruvi.in
technique usedwww.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
an invitro amplification
www.tnpsnote.com
for
Gene
amilaruvi.in inhibition therapy.
www.tamilaruvi.in synthesising
www.tamilaruvi.in multiple
www.tamilaruvi.in identical copies
www.tamil
(billions) of DNA of interest.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
l The two approaches to achieve gene therapy
are somatic cell and germ line gene l The technique was developed by Kary Mullis.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
therapy. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l The specificitywww.tamilaruvi.in
and sensitivity of PCR is useful www.tamil
l Somaticwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in cell therapy involves the insertion of for the diagnosis
www.tamilaruvi.in of inherited disorders
a fully functional and expressible gene into (genetic diseases), viral diseases, bacterial
a target somatic cell to correct a genetic
www.tamilaruvi.in
diseases, etc.,
amilaruvi.in
permanently. www.tamilaruvi.in
l Diseases www.tamilaruvi.in
like sickle cell www.tamil
anemia,
l Germline
amilaruvi.in gene therapy
www.tamilaruvi.in involves the β-thalassemia
www.tamilaruvi.in and phenylketonuria www.tamil
introduction of DNA into germ cells which be detected by PCR.
is passed on to the successive generations.
l Cancers also can be detected by PCR.
amilaruvi.in
l Stem cells www.tamilaruvi.in
are undifferentiated cells www.tamilaruvi.in
found l PCR technique www.tamilaruvi.in
is also used to detect sex-
www.tamil
in multiwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in cellular animals. www.tamilaruvi.in
linked disorderswww.tamilaruvi.in
in fertilized embryos. www.tamil
l Totipotency
amilaruvi.in - is the ability of a www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in single l PCR is very important in the study
cell to divide and produce all of the of evolutions, more specifically
differentiated cells in an organism. www.tamilaruvi.in
phylogenetics.
l Pluripotency - refers to a stem cell thatwww.tamilaruvi.in
has l As a techniquewww.tamilaruvi.in
which can amplify even minute www.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in potential to differentiate
www.tamilaruvi.in into any of the quantities of DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in from any source, like www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in hair,
three germ layers-ectoderm, endoderm mummified tissues, bones or any fossilized
and mesoderm. www.tamilaruvi.in
materials.
l Multipotency -refers to the stem cells www.tamilaruvi.in
that l PCR techniquewww.tamilaruvi.in
can also be used in the field www.tamil
of
can
amilaruvi.in differentiate
www.tamilaruvi.ininto various types of
forensic medicine. www.tamil
cells that are related.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l Transgenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in is the process of introduction
l Oligopotency - refers to stem cells that of extra (foreign/ exogenous) DNA into the
can differentiate into few cell types. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
genome of the animals to create and maintain
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l Unipotency www.tamilaruvi.in
- refers to the ability of thewww.tamilaruvi.in
stem stable heritablewww.tamilaruvi.in
characters. www.tamil
cells
amilaruvi.in to differentiate
www.tamilaruvi.ininto only one cell type. l The foreign DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in that is introduced is calledwww.tamil
l Stem cell banking is the extraction, transgene and the animals that are produced
processing and storage of stem cells, so
by DNA manipulations are called transgenic
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
that theywww.tamilaruvi.in
may be used for treatmentwww.tamilaruvi.in
in the animals or the www.tamilaruvi.in
genetically engineered www.tamil
or
future,
amilaruvi.in when required.
www.tamilaruvi.in genetically
www.tamilaruvi.in modified organisms.
l Amniotic cell bank is a facility that stores l Transgenesis is a powerful tool to study
stem cells derived from amniotic fluid for
www.tamilaruvi.in
gene
www.tamilaruvi.in
expression and
www.tamil
developmental
future use. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
processes in higher organisms. www.tamil
l Recombinant
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in DNA technology, l Transgenic animals
www.tamilaruvi.in are used to produce
Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) and proteins which are important for medical
Enzyme Linked Immuno sorbent Assay
and pharmaceutical applications.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
(ELISA)www.tamilaruvi.in
are some of the techniques that www.tamilaruvi.in
are l Cloning is www.tamilaruvi.in
the process of producing www.tamil
reliable
amilaruvi.in and help in early
www.tamilaruvi.in diagnosis. genetically
www.tamilaruvi.in identical individuals
www.tamilaruvi.in of an
www.tamil
l ELISA is a tool for determining serum organism either naturally or artificially.
antibody concentrations and also for l In nature many organisms produce clones
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
detectingwww.tamilaruvi.in
the presence of specific antigenswww.tamilaruvi.in
through asexual www.tamilaruvi.in
reproduction. www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in hormones such
www.tamilaruvi.in as human chorionic
www.tamilaruvi.in
l Dolly was thewww.tamilaruvi.in
first mammal (Sheep) clone www.tamil
gonadotropins.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in developed
www.tamilaruvi.in by Ian Wilmut
www.tamilaruvi.in and Campbell in
www.tamil
l Types of ELISA - Direct ELISA, Indirect 1997.
amilaruvi.in
ELISA,www.tamilaruvi.in
sandwich ELISA and competitive www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l Biotechnology help to produce cheap
www.tamil
ELISA.
drugs, betterwww.tamilaruvi.in
friuts and vegetables, pest www.tamil
l It is a highly sensitive and specific method resistant crops, indigenious cure to diseases
used for diagnosis.
and lot of controversy.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
6. Which one of the following statements is true
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART
www.tamilaruvi.in –A www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
polymerase used in PCR? www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
regarding DNA
TEXTUAL www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in QUESTIONS (1 marks)
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) It is used towww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
ligate introduced DNA in recipient
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incells www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1. The first clinical gene therapy was done for
amilaruvi.inthe treatment
www.tamilaruvi.in
of
b) It serves aswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in a selectable marker www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) AIDSwww.tamilaruvi.in b) Cancer b) It is isolatedwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in from a Virus www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Cysticwww.tamilaruvi.in
fibrosis d) SCID Ans : c d) It remains active
www.tamilaruvi.in at a high temperature. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
2. Dolly, the sheep was obtained by a technique
amilaruvi.inknown www.tamilaruvi.in
as 7. ELISA is mainly
www.tamilaruvi.in used for
amilaruvi.ina) Cloning
www.tamilaruvi.in
by gene transfer a) Detection ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in mutations www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Cloning
www.tamilaruvi.in
without the help of gametes www.tamilaruvi.inb) Detection ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
pathogens www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Cloning
by tissue culture of somatic cells
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Selecting animals having desired traits www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Cloning
www.tamilaruvi.in
by nuclear transfer.
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : d
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Selecting plants having desired traits Answww.tamil
:b
3. The genetic defect adenosine deaminase 8. Transgenic animals are those which have
amilaruvi.indeficiency
www.tamilaruvi.in
may be cured permanently www.tamilaruvi.in
by a) Foreign DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
in some of their cells www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
replacement therapy
b) Foreign DNA in all their cells
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) periodic
infusion of genetically engineered
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Foreign RNA in some of their cells
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in lymphocytes
www.tamilaruvi.in
having ADA cDNA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil
d) Foreign RNA in all their cells :b
amilaruvi.inc) administering
adenosine deaminase activators www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
9. Recombinant Factor VIII is produced in the
amilaruvi.ind) introducing
www.tamilaruvi.in
bone marrow cells producingwww.tamilaruvi.in
ADA www.tamilaruvi.in
------- cells of the Chinese Hamster
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in into embryo at an early stage of development.
a) Liver cells
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) blood cells
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : a
c) ovarian cells d) brain cells. Ans : c
4. How many
amilaruvi.in amino acids are arrangedwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in in the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
two chains of Insulin? 10. Vaccines that use components of a pathogenic
organism rather than the whole organism are
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Chain A has 12 and
www.tamilaruvi.in Chain B has 13 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
called
amilaruvi.inb) Chain A has 21 and
www.tamilaruvi.in Chain B has 30 amino
a) Subunit recombinant vaccines
acids
b) attenuated www.tamilaruvi.in
recombinant vaccines www.tamil
c) Chain A has 20 and chain B has 30 amino acids
c) DNA vaccines www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) Chain A has 12 and chain B has 20 amino
amilaruvi.in acids.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
d) conventionalwww.tamilaruvi.in
vaccines. Answww.tamil
:a
Ans : b www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
5. PCR proceeds in three distinct steps governed
www.tamilaruvi.in PART-B,C,D www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inby temperature,
www.tamilaruvi.in
they are in order of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
11. Mention the number of primers required in
amilaruvi.ina) Denaturation,
www.tamilaruvi.in
Annealing, Synthesis www.tamilaruvi.ineach cycle of www.tamilaruvi.in
PCR. Write the role of primers www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Synthesis,
www.tamilaruvi.in
Annealing, Denaturation www.tamilaruvi.in and DNA polymerase in PCR. Name the source
amilaruvi.inc) Annealing,
www.tamilaruvi.in organism of the DNA polymerase used in PCR.
Synthesis, Denaturation www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Denaturation,
www.tamilaruvi.in  Two sets of primers are required in each
Synthesis, Annealing www.tamilaruvi.in cycle of PCR.
 Primers - hybridise to target DNA region
and allow synthesis of the DNA towards one
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inanother www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 DNA polymerase www.tamilaruvi.in
- synthesise DNA regionwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inbetween thewww.tamilaruvi.in
primers www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.inChapter - 9www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Sourcewww.tamilaruvi.in
organism -
Thermophilic 16. ELISA is a technique based on the principles
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in bacterium
www.tamilaruvi.in
- thermus aquaticus www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
reactions. Can www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
of antigen-antibody this
amilaruvi.in technique be used in the molecular diagnosis
12. How is www.tamilaruvi.in
the amplification of a gene sample www.tamilaruvi.in
of a genetic disorder such as Phenylketonuria?
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ininterestwww.tamilaruvi.in
carried out using PCR? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 ELISA is highly sensitive and can detect
amilaruvi.in Taq DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in
polymerase used in polymerase www.tamilaruvi.in
chain www.tamilaruvi.in
antigens in the range of a nanogram.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in reaction (PCR).
 It is a highly sensitive and specific method
amilaruvi.in During the polymerisation step in
www.tamilaruvi.in PCR,
used for diagnosis. www.tamil
repeated amplification is achieved by
use of Taq DNA polymerase, which
www.tamilaruvi.in
 This techniquewww.tamilaruvi.in
will not be usedwww.tamil to
amilaruvi.in remainswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
active even at the high temperature diagnose Phenylketonuria
amilaruvi.in induced denaturation of dsDNA.
www.tamilaruvi.in  Genetic disorder
www.tamilaruvi.in like sickle cell anemia,
amilaruvi.in β-thalassemia and phenylketonuria canwww.tamil be
genetically engineered Insulin? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
detected by PCR in these samples.
amilaruvi.in Artificial
Production of insulin by recombinant www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
technology is known as genetically
amilaruvi.in DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in 17. Gene
www.tamilaruvi.in therapy is an attempt
www.tamilaruvi.in to correct a
www.tamil
Genetic defect by providing a normal gene
amilaruvi.in engineered Insulin
into the individual. By this the functionwww.tamil
can
amilaruvi.in This technique involved
www.tamilaruvi.in the insertion of be
www.tamilaruvi.in restored. An alternate
www.tamilaruvi.in method would be
www.tamil
human insulin gene on the plasmids of to provide gene product known as enzyme
amilaruvi.in E.coli.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
replacement therapy, which would also
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
genetically engineered bacteria start
www.tamilaruvi.in
restore the function. Which in your opinion www.tamil
amilaruvi.in producing
www.tamilaruvi.in
insulin. is
www.tamilaruvi.in a better option? Give
www.tamilaruvi.in reasons for your
www.tamil
answer.
kind of insulin is known as humulinwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in Gene therapy is the better
www.tamilaruvi.in option because
www.tamil
14. Explain how “Rosie” is different from a normal
amilaruvi.incow. www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.in Because Enzyme replacement
www.tamilaruvi.in therapy works
www.tamil
on artificially administering the required
amilaruvi.in Rosiewww.tamilaruvi.in
is the first transgenic cowwww.tamilaruvi.in
which enzyme into www.tamilaruvi.in
the patient’s body. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in contains human gene coding for www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in protein www.tamilaruvi.in
 This helps in management of the disease.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in alpha-lactalbumin.
www.tamilaruvi.in The gene is expressed in
mammary tissues and the protein is secreted  But this needs frequent re-administration
amilaruvi.in in milk.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of enzymewww.tamilaruvi.in
and other necessary drugs www.tamil
to
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in continue thewww.tamilaruvi.in
therapy. www.tamil
milk is nutritionally a more balanced
amilaruvi.in productwww.tamilaruvi.in
for human babies than natural  Enzyme replacement
www.tamilaruvi.in
cow therapy is more costly
amilaruvi.in milk.www.tamilaruvi.in  Using gene
www.tamilaruvi.in correction is a permanent
is protein rich milk (2.4 gm/litre)
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in solution. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
15. How was www.tamilaruvi.in
Insulin obtained before thewww.tamilaruvi.in
advent  E.g. a person with ADA deficiency canwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in be
permanently cured if the required gene is
amilaruvi.inof rDNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
technology? What were the problemswww.tamilaruvi.in introduced
www.tamilaruvi.in
during the embryo stage.
www.tamil
encountered?
 This will ensure a better quality of life for
www.tamil
 In the early years, insulin isolated and
amilaruvi.in purified
www.tamilaruvi.in
from the pancreas of pigs and
www.tamilaruvi.in the patient.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in cowswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
was used to treat diabetic patients. www.tamilaruvi.in
18. What are transgenic animals? Give examples.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
animal insulin result in the occurrence www.tamilaruvi.in
 Transgenic animals are those animals which
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of allergic reactions in some diabetic
contain a foreign gene in their genome, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in patients.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in introduced by recombinant DNA technology.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  Such gene is
www.tamilaruvi.in called transgene.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in E.g. Transgenic
www.tamilaruvi.in mice and transgenic rabbit
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in etc.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
19. If a person thinks he is infected with HIV, due
 DNA vaccines are relatively easy and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.into unprotected
to design and produce. www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
sex, and goes for a blood test. inexpensive
amilaruvi.inDo you think a test
www.tamilaruvi.in such as ELISA will help? If
www.tamilaruvi.in
so why? If not, why? 22. Differentiate www.tamilaruvi.in
between Somatic cell gene www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
therapy and germline gene therapy. www.tamil
 ELISA is based on the principle of antigen -
amilaruvi.in antibody
www.tamilaruvi.in
interaction.
SOMATIC CELL GERM LINE GENE
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in ELISA www.tamilaruvi.in
test can be used in diagnose of
GENE THERAPY THERAPY www.tamil
amilaruvi.in AIDSwww.tamilaruvi.in Therapeutic www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in genes Therapeutic genes
www.tamil
transferred into the transferred into the
amilaruvi.in HIV www.tamilaruvi.in
Infection by pathogen can be detected www.tamilaruvi.in
somatic cells
www.tamilaruvi.in
germ cells
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in by the presence of very small amount
www.tamilaruvi.in
Introduction ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
genes www.tamil
amilaruvi.in proteins, glycoproteins,
www.tamilaruvi.in or by detecting into bone marrow
www.tamilaruvi.in Genes introduced into
the antibodies synthesised against the cells, blood cells, eggs and sperms.
amilaruvi.in pathogen
skin cells etc.,
Heritable www.tamil
and
20. Explain how ADA deficiency can be corrected? Will not be inherited
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in passed on to later
Bone marrow transplantation in later generations.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in generations.
 ADA deficiency could be cured by bone
amilaruvi.in marrow www.tamilaruvi.in 23. What
www.tamilaruvi.in are stem cells? Explain
www.tamilaruvi.in its role in the
www.tamil
transplantation, where defective field of medicine.
amilaruvi.in immune www.tamilaruvi.in
cells could be replaced withwww.tamilaruvi.in
healthy www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in immune cells from
www.tamilaruvi.in a donor. 
www.tamilaruvi.inStem cells are undifferentiated
www.tamilaruvi.in cells found
www.tamil
in most of the multi cellular animals.
amilaruvi.inEnzyme replacement
www.tamilaruvi.in therapy www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 These cells maintain their undifferentiated
amilaruvi.in In some patients it can be treated by enzyme
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.instate even www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
after undergoing numerous mitotic
amilaruvi.in replacement therapy,
www.tamilaruvi.in in which functional
www.tamilaruvi.indivisions. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
ADA is injected into the patient.
 Stem cells www.tamilaruvi.in
have the ability to regenerate www.tamil
Gene therapy damaged and diseased organs, this iswww.tamil
the
 It also treated by gene therapy, in which important key feature of stem cell which is
www.tamilaruvi.in
from the blood of the patient
used in medicine.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in are removed
www.tamilaruvi.in
and grown in a nutrientwww.tamilaruvi.in
culture www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Other feature of stem cell are :
amilaruvi.in medium.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Stem cells are capable of self renewal and
amilaruvi.in A healthy and functional humanwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in gene, www.tamilaruvi.in
exhibit ‘cellular potency’. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in ADA cDNA encoding
www.tamilaruvi.in this enzyme is introduced
into the lymphocytes using a retrovirus.  Stem cells can differentiate into all types
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inof cells www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The genetically engineered lymphocytes are
amilaruvi.in subsequently
www.tamilaruvi.in
returned to the patient.
24. One of the applications of biotechnology www.tamil
is
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in ‘gene therapy”
www.tamilaruvi.in to treat a person born with
www.tamilaruvi.in a
www.tamil
disease could be cured permanently
amilaruvi.in if the www.tamilaruvi.in hereditary
www.tamilaruvi.in disease. What does
www.tamilaruvi.in “gene therapy”
www.tamil
gene for ADA isolated from bone
mean?
amilaruvi.in marrow cells are
www.tamilaruvi.in introduced into the cells of
the early embryonic stages. Gene therapy :
 It is treatment process for a person is born
21.
amilaruvi.inWhat are DNA vaccines?
with a hereditary disease
amilaruvi.in DNA vaccine are
www.tamilaruvi.in the type of vaccine which
 Principle : Replacement of healthy gene www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.in contain genetic
www.tamilaruvi.in material www.tamilaruvi.inplace of defective / mutant alleles www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in If the immune response of the www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in body is  This process involves the transfer of
www.tamilaruvi.in a
www.tamil
stimulated by a DNA molecule which normal gene into a person’s cells that
amilaruvi.in inserted
www.tamilaruvi.in
into organisms. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
carries one or more mutant alleles.
amilaruvi.in The DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in
vaccine cannot cause the disease www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Expression of normal gene in the person
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in as itwww.tamilaruvi.in
contains only copies of a few www.tamilaruvi.in
of its results inwww.tamilaruvi.in
a functional gene product www.tamil
amilaruvi.in genes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inwhose action produces a normal phenotype.
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Deliverywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of the normal gene is accomplished 26. PCR is a useful tool for early diagnosis of an
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in by using www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
a vector. Infectious disease. Elaborate.
amilaruvi.in Strategies
www.tamilaruvi.in
involved in gene therapy www.tamilaruvi.in
- Gene  The specificity and sensitivity of PCR is useful
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in augmentation
www.tamilaruvi.in therapy and www.tamilaruvi.in
Gene for the diagnosis of
www.tamilaruvi.in inherited disorders
www.tamil
inhibition therapy (genetic diseases), viral diseases, bacterial
diseases, etc. www.tamil
25. Name the
amilaruvi.in hereditary disease for which
www.tamilaruvi.in
 The diagnosis www.tamilaruvi.in
and treatment of a particular www.tamil
first clinical gene therapy was used. Mention disease often requires identifyingwww.tamil a
amilaruvi.inthe steps www.tamilaruvi.in
involved in gene therapy to treat
particular pathogen.
amilaruvi.inthis disease.
 Traditional methods of identification involve
first clinical gene therapy was given www.tamilaruvi.in
culturing these organisms from clinical
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 1990www.tamilaruvi.in
by French Anderson to a four year
www.tamilaruvi.in specimenswww.tamilaruvi.in
and performing metabolic www.tamil and
old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) other tests to identify them.
amilaruvi.in deficiency.
amilaruvi.in ADAwww.tamilaruvi.in  The concept
www.tamilaruvi.in behind PCR based diagnosis
www.tamil
deficiency or SCID (Severe combined infectious diseases is simple – if the pathogen
amilaruvi.in immunodeficiency)
www.tamilaruvi.in is an www.tamilaruvi.in
autosomal is present www.tamilaruvi.in
in a clinical specimen its DNA www.tamil
amilaruvi.in recessive metabolic
www.tamilaruvi.in disorder. www.tamilaruvi.in will be present.
amilaruvi.in It is caused by the
www.tamilaruvi.in deletion or dysfunction of
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Its DNA has unique
www.tamilaruvi.in sequences that can
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the gene coding for ADA enzyme.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in be detectedwww.tamilaruvi.in
by PCR, often using the clinical www.tamil
 In these patients the non functioning specimen (for example, blood, stool, spinal
fluid, or sputum) in the PCR mixture. www.tamil
T-Lymphocytes cannot elicit immune
amilaruvi.in responseswww.tamilaruvi.in
against invading pathogens.www.tamilaruvi.in
 PCR is also www.tamilaruvi.in
employed in the prenatal www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in diagnosis of inherited
www.tamilaruvi.in diseases by
www.tamil
right approach for SCID treatment would
using chorionic villi samples or cells from
give the patient a functioning
amilaruvi.in be towww.tamilaruvi.in ADA
amniocentesis.
amilaruvi.in which breaks down
www.tamilaruvi.in toxic biological products.
 Diseases like sickle cell anemia,
amilaruvi.in In some children
www.tamilaruvi.in ADA deficiency could be
www.tamilaruvi.in β-thalassemiawww.tamilaruvi.in
and phenylketonuriawww.tamil can
cured by bone marrow transplantation, be detected by PCR in these samples.
amilaruvi.in where www.tamilaruvi.in
defective immune cells could be
amilaruvi.in replaced www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.in cDNA from PCR is a valuable
www.tamilaruvi.in tool for diagnosis
www.tamil
with healthy immune cells from
and monitoring retroviral infections
amilaruvi.in a donor. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Cervical cancer caused by Papilloma virus
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In some patients it can be treated by enzyme
can be detected by PCR. www.tamil
replacement therapy, in which functional
amilaruvi.in ADAwww.tamilaruvi.in
is injected into the patient.
27. What are recombinant vaccines?. Explain the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It also www.tamilaruvi.in
treated by gene therapy, in which
www.tamilaruvi.in
types. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
from the blood of thewww.tamilaruvi.in
patient  Recombinant www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA technology has been www.tamil used
amilaruvi.in are removed and grown in a nutrientwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in culture to producewww.tamilaruvi.in
new generation vaccines.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in medium. www.tamilaruvi.in  The recombinant
www.tamilaruvi.in vaccines are generally
www.tamil
uniform quality and produce less side
amilaruvi.in A healthy and functional humanwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in gene, www.tamilaruvi.in
effects as compared www.tamil
to the vaccines produced
ADA cDNA encoding this enzyme is introduced
the lymphocytes using a retrovirus. www.tamilaruvi.in by conventional methods.
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.in Types of recombinant
www.tamilaruvi.in vaccines - subunit
www.tamil
genetically engineered lymphocytes are
recombinant vaccines, attenuated
amilaruvi.in subsequently returned to the patient.
recombinant vaccines and DNA vaccines
www.tamil
these cells are not immortal,
amilaruvi.in Sincewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
patient requires periodic infusion of such 28. Explain why cloning of Dolly, the sheep was
such a major scientific breakthrough?
www.tamil
genetically engineered lymphocytes.
 Dolly was the www.tamilaruvi.in
first animal to be cloned www.tamil
from
 The disease could be cured permanently
amilaruvi.in if the www.tamilaruvi.in
gene for ADA isolated from bone
www.tamilaruvi.in a www.tamilaruvi.in
differentiated somatic cell taken www.tamil
from
amilaruvi.in marrow www.tamilaruvi.in an adult animal without the process of
cells are introduced into thewww.tamilaruvi.in
cells of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
fertilization.
amilaruvi.in the early embryonic stages.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
It is a major scientific breakthrough because it
 The leader sequence is removed after
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Offerswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intranslationwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
benefits for clinical trials and medical and the C chain is excised,
amilaruvi.in research.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inleaving the www.tamilaruvi.in
A and B polypeptide chains. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in It canwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
help in the production of proteins the first ever pharmaceutical
 Insulin waswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and drugs in the field of medicine. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in product of recombinant
www.tamilaruvi.in DNA technology
www.tamil
administered to humans.
amilaruvi.in Aidswww.tamilaruvi.in
stem cell research. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 In 1986 human insulin was marketed under
amilaruvi.in
29. Mention www.tamilaruvi.in
the advantages and disadvantages www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
the trade name Humulin. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inof cloning.
amilaruvi.inAdvantages
amilaruvi.in Offers benefits for clinical trials andwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in medical www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in research.
amilaruvi.in It can help in the production of proteins
and drugs in the field of medicine.
 Aids stem cell research.
 Animal cloning could help to save endangered
amilaruvi.in species.
 It is used to save endangered animals
Disadvantages : 31. Explain the steps involved in the production
of recombinant www.tamilaruvi.in
hGH. www.tamil
 The process is tedious and very expensive.
 Human growth hormones somatostatin
www.tamil
 It can cause animals to suffer.
and somatotropin are peptide hormones www.tamil
 Cloned animals were affected with disease secreted by the pituitary gland.
amilaruvi.in and have
www.tamilaruvi.in
high mortality rate.
amilaruvi.in Human www.tamilaruvi.in  This hormone
www.tamilaruvi.in helps in the growth www.tamil
health affected through development by increasing the uptake of
amilaruvi.in consumption
www.tamilaruvi.in
of cloned animal meat. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amino acids and promoting protein synthesis.
amilaruvi.in Clonedwww.tamilaruvi.in
animals age faster than normalwww.tamilaruvi.in
animals www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 hGH can be produced using recombinant
are less healthy than the www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in and www.tamilaruvi.in parent www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA technology. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in organism as discovered
www.tamilaruvi.in in Dolly www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Cloning can lead to occurrence of genetic
disorders in animals.
 More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to
a viable offspring.
30. Explain how recombinant Insulin can be
amilaruvi.inproduced.
Human insulin is synthesized by the β
amilaruvi.in cells www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Production
www.tamilaruvi.in
of insulin by recombinant www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in technology started in the late 1970s.
technique involved the insertion
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in of
amilaruvi.in human insulin gene
www.tamilaruvi.in on the plasmids of
E.coli.  The gene for hGH is isolated from the
 The polypeptide chains are synthesized as human pituitary gland cells.
amilaruvi.in a precursor
called pre-pro insulin, which
 The isolated gene is inserted into a plasmid
www.tamilaruvi.in
A and B segments linked bywww.tamilaruvi.in
a third www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
vector and then is transferred into E. coli.
amilaruvi.in chainwww.tamilaruvi.in
c) and preceded by a leader sequence.
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.inChapter - 9www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
recombinant E. coli then starts 6. Which technology was used to produce
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in producing
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
human growth hormone. human Insulin in E. coli ?
recombinant E. coli are isolated from www.tamilaruvi.in
the a) Gene therapy www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in culture and mass production of www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in hGH is b) Recombinant www.tamilaruvi.in
gene technology www.tamil
amilaruvi.in carried out by fermentation
www.tamilaruvi.in technology.
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Polymerase www.tamilaruvi.in
chain reaction www.tamil
amilaruvi.in A recombinant form
www.tamilaruvi.in of human growth hormone
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil
called somatropin is used as a drug to d) All the above :b
amilaruvi.in treatwww.tamilaruvi.in
growth disorders in children. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
7. Which therapy is used for modification of
amilaruvi.in Deficiency
www.tamilaruvi.in
of human growth hormone causes
germ cells (sperms and eggs)? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in dwarfism,
which could be treated by injecting www.tamilaruvi.in
a) spermline therapy www.tamil
amilaruvi.in hGH www.tamilaruvi.in
extracted from the human www.tamilaruvi.in
pituitary www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Germ line therapy www.tamil
glands.
c) Egg line therapy
www.tamil
PART-A www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil
d) Germ line gene therapy :d
8. Modifications by germ line gene therapy are
amilaruvi.in
QUESTIONS www.tamilaruvi.in
(1MARK) heritable as -
a) The Functional gene is incorporated into to
www.tamil
1. In which of the following industrial areas
amilaruvi.inbiotechnology
www.tamilaruvi.in
is applicable? www.tamilaruvi.in their genome. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Healthwww.tamilaruvi.in
care b) Environmentwww.tamilaruvi.in b) The Functionalwww.tamilaruvi.in
gene is incorporated intowww.tamil
one
amilaruvi.inc) Agriculture
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of the gene.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) all of the above
Ans : d
c) The Functionalwww.tamilaruvi.in
gene is incorporated www.tamil
into
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in somatic cells.
2. The organizations whose genetic material d) All the above Ans :a
amilaruvi.inhas been www.tamilaruvi.in
altered using genetic engineering www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.incalled as -
9. In which therapy, www.tamilaruvi.in
vectors are usedwww.tamil
to
amilaruvi.ina) Genetically mutant organism
www.tamilaruvi.in introduce
www.tamilaruvi.in desired gene into
www.tamilaruvi.in the body of
www.tamil
patients?
amilaruvi.inb) Genetically modern organism
a) In vivo, gene therapy
amilaruvi.inc) Genetically modified organism
amilaruvi.ind) Genetically transferred organism.
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : c b)
www.tamilaruvi.in Germ line therapy
amilaruvi.in
3. Full form www.tamilaruvi.in
of GMO is c)
www.tamilaruvi.in Ex vivo gene therapy
amilaruvi.ina) Genetically mutant organism
www.tamilaruvi.in Foreign gene therapy
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans :a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Genetically modern organism
www.tamilaruvi.in method during
www.tamilaruvi.in which genetic
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Genetically modified organism
www.tamilaruvi.in characteristics
www.tamilaruvi.in of animals are improvedwww.tamil
mating of selected breeds is known as
amilaruvi.ind) Genetically transferred organism
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : c
a) Improved breeding b) selective breeding
amilaruvi.in
the following techniques use www.tamilaruvi.in
genes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and DNA molecules for diagnoses of diseases? c) mating d) Breeding Ans : b
amilaruvi.ina) Gene therapy
www.tamilaruvi.in Phenomenon of introduction
www.tamilaruvi.in of exogenous
www.tamil
b) Recombinant gene technology DNA into the genome of animals is -
c) Polymerase chain reaction a) In vivo, gene therapy
d) All the above Ans : d b) Foreign gene therapy
5.
amilaruvi.inWhat were the earlier
www.tamilaruvi.in sources of Insulin? c)
www.tamilaruvi.in Ex vivo gene therapy
amilaruvi.ina) cattle and pig
www.tamilaruvi.in b) camel and pig d)
www.tamilaruvi.in Transgenesis www.tamilaruvi.in Ans :d
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) cattlewww.tamilaruvi.in
and dog d) goat and pigwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Ans : a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
12. The animals whose genome is altered by 19. First progress in field of genetic engineering,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inintroduction
www.tamilaruvi.in
of transgene is known aswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
- in 1978 by Cohen, Berg and Boyer by synthesis
amilaruvi.ina) modified
www.tamilaruvi.in through E. coli
animals
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) Hybrid
www.tamilaruvi.in Insulin b)
www.tamilaruvi.in growth hormonewww.tamil
animals
amilaruvi.inc) crosswww.tamilaruvi.in c) Somatostatin
www.tamilaruvi.in d) both b and c www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
breed animals
amilaruvi.ind) Transgenic
www.tamilaruvi.in
animal www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : d www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :d
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 20. Which was the

www.tamilaruvi.in first product contributed
www.tamil
13. Transgene introduced in the first transgenic human kind by science of Biotechnology in
amilaruvi.incow was www.tamilaruvi.in
responsible for the production www.tamilaruvi.in
of early 1972 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Albumin
www.tamilaruvi.in
enriched milk www.tamilaruvi.in
a) somatotropin
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Insulin
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Protein
www.tamilaruvi.in
enriched milk www.tamilaruvi.in
c) cytokines
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) erythropoietin
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Humanwww.tamilaruvi.in
protein enriched milk www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :a
amilaruvi.ind) Vitamins
www.tamilaruvi.in
enriched milk www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : c 21. The main use of recombinant DNA technology www.tamil
14. What was the amount of Alpha-lactalbumin
amilaruvi.inin the milk
www.tamilaruvi.in
of transgenic cow ? www.tamilaruvi.in
a) production of www.tamilaruvi.in
transgenic humans. www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) 4.2 grams
www.tamilaruvi.in
per litre www.tamilaruvi.in
b) 2.4 grams per litre b) the creationwww.tamilaruvi.in
of cells capable of synthesizingwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) 3.4 grams
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in economically important molecules.
per litre d) 4.2 grams per litre
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) the efficientwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : b reduction of useful proteins. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
15. Earlier www.tamilaruvi.in
which animals were used to test d) both b and www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
the c Answww.tamil
:d
amilaruvi.insafety of Polio Vaccine
22. Bio augmentation www.tamilaruvi.in
is www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Transgenic
www.tamilaruvi.in
rat www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Transgenic pigs a) The addition www.tamilaruvi.in
of commercially prepared www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Transgenic
www.tamilaruvi.in
mice www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Transgenic sheep bacterial strain
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Production of www.tamilaruvi.in
fertilizers by using bacteria www.tamil
16. Which technology www.tamilaruvi.in
facilitates the production of c) The metals www.tamilaruvi.in
are deposited as insoluble oxideswww.tamil
amilaruvi.innovel DNA molecule
www.tamilaruvi.in by combining sequences
www.tamilaruvi.in and sulphides by activities
www.tamilaruvi.in of bacteria www.tamil
from DNA from two different organisms?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in d) Removal of www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in pests Answww.tamil
:a
a) gene therapy
following animal is best known www.tamil
b) Recombinant DNA technology genetically ?
c) DNA hybridization a) Planaria b) Domestic dog www.tamil
d) Cloning c) Musca domestica d) Drosophila
Ans : b
melanogaster
17. Transgenic animals are produced by
amilaruvi.inincorporation
www.tamilaruvi.in
of Foreign gene into the -
24. One of the following is the correct sequence
amilaruvi.ina) Nucleus
www.tamilaruvi.in
of fertilized egg
to make a transgenic animals.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Nucleus
www.tamilaruvi.in
of sperm
a) Transomics – transfection – micro infection –
www.tamil
electro portion – retroviralvectors www.tamil
c) Nucleus of unfertilized egg
b) Micro injection www.tamil
- transfection - electro portion
d) Egg cell Ans : a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in - retroviral vectors - transomics
18. The insulin prepared through genetic
amilaruvi.inengineering
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Transfectionwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in – micro injection - transomics -
www.tamil
is called
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in electro portion - retroviral
www.tamilaruvi.in vectors www.tamil
a) Human insulin b) microbial insulin
www.tamilaruvi.in None of these
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans :b
www.tamil
c) Bio insulin d) Humulin Ans : d
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
25. Vaccine is a
31. First artificially synthesised hormone is
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) collection
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
of antibiotics a) Secretin b) Insulin
amilaruvi.inb) collection
www.tamilaruvi.in
of life saving drugs
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Glucagen www.tamilaruvi.in d) Renin www.tamil
Ans: b
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) collection
of killed disease causing bacteria 32. Transgenic animal has
amilaruvi.in and virus
a) Foreign DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
is all its cells www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) collection
www.tamilaruvi.in
of lysins www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : c b) Foreign RNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
is all its cells www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
26. The foodswww.tamilaruvi.in
made from genetically modified www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Foreign DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
is some of the cells www.tamil
amilaruvi.incrops required to pass human testing because
d) Both 2 and www.tamilaruvi.in
3 www.tamil
Ans: a
amilaruvi.ina) they www.tamilaruvi.in
may cause allergies www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
33. During the processing of the prohormone www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) they may alter genes
www.tamilaruvi.in “proinsulin” into
www.tamilaruvi.in the mature “insulin”. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) they may cause mutations
www.tamilaruvi.in and release toxins a) C-peptide iswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in added to proinsulin www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) all above
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : d b)
www.tamilaruvi.inC-peptide is removed from
www.tamilaruvi.in proinsulin www.tamil
27. There are set of health care products.www.tamilaruvi.in
Match c) B-peptide is added to proinsulin
them with organisms which are genetically d) B-peptide is removed from proinsulin Ans: b
amilaruvi.inengineered
www.tamilaruvi.in
for respective products. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inA. Insulin
www.tamilaruvi.in 34. E-coli are used in production of
1. Escherichia www.tamilaruvi.in
coli / www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
saccharomyces a) Rifampicin b) LH
B. Somatotropin 2. Escherichia coli / c) Ecdyson d) Interferon Ans: d
yeast 35. Gene therapy first used in the treatment of
amilaruvi.inC. Interferon
www.tamilaruvi.in 3. G M E coli
a) Albinism b) Haemophilia
amilaruvi.inD. Interleukins
4. hGH in E. coli
c) SCID d) LIQID Ans: c
5. Humulin through
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 36. DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in probe is used for
E. coli
a) DNA finger printing
amilaruvi.in A www.tamilaruvi.in
B C D www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Detectionof pathogenic bcteria
4 1 2 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Medical genetics to find whether a person
amilaruvi.inb) 5 www.tamilaruvi.in
1 1 4 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
carries a particular gene or not www.tamil
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3 4 1 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans:
d) All of the above www.tamil
d
amilaruvi.ind) 5 www.tamilaruvi.in
4 3 2 www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : a www.tamilaruvi.in
37. Genetically engineered human insulin is
www.tamil
28. Which is not an application of modern in www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.intechnology?
a) Humalin www.tamilaruvi.in b) Hybrid www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Production of humulin
c) Hybridoma www.tamilaruvi.in d) Haematin Ans: www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.inb) Developing a DNA vaccine
38. The C- peptide is
amilaruvi.inc) Genewww.tamilaruvi.in
therapy www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) Production of cheese and butter Ans: d a) Not present inproinsulin
29. Genetically engineered bacteria have been b) Present in mature insulin
used in commercial production of c) Removed during maturation of insulin
amilaruvi.ina) Thyroxin
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Testosterone
d) Also present in artificial insulin Ans: c
amilaruvi.inc) Humanwww.tamilaruvi.in
insulin
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Melatonium Ans: c
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 39. Restriction
www.tamilaruvi.in endonuclease-
30. The name of drug used in cancer treatment
amilaruvi.inproducedwww.tamilaruvi.in a)
www.tamilaruvi.inCuts the DNA molecule
www.tamilaruvi.inrandomly www.tamil
by biotechnology is
amilaruvi.ina) Interferon
www.tamilaruvi.inCuts the DNA molecule
www.tamilaruvi.inat specific sites www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) (HGH) Human growth hormone
www.tamilaruvi.inRestricts the synthesis
www.tamilaruvi.in of DNA inside the
www.tamil
nucleus
amilaruvi.inc) TSH www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Insulin
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans: a d)
www.tamilaruvi.inSynthesis DNA
www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
40. Human insulin is being commercially 48. The first clinical gene therapy was done for
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inproduced www.tamilaruvi.in
from a transgenic species ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
the treatmentwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
of:
amilaruvi.ina) Mycobacterium
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Rhizobium www.tamilaruvi.in
a) AIDS www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) Saccharomyces
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Escherichia www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Cancer www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Cystic fibrosis
amilaruvi.in
41. The first www.tamilaruvi.in
human hormone produces www.tamilaruvi.in
by d) SCID (Servere www.tamilaruvi.in
Combined Immuno Deficiency www.tamil
amilaruvi.inrecombinant DNA technology
www.tamilaruvi.in is www.tamilaruvi.in resulting from www.tamilaruvi.in
deficiency of ADA) Answww.tamil
:d
amilaruvi.ina) Insulin
www.tamilaruvi.inb) Estrogen www.tamilaruvi.in
49. ADA is an enzyme www.tamilaruvi.in
which is deficient www.tamil
in a
amilaruvi.inc) Thyroxin
d) Progesterone www.tamilaruvi.in
genetic disorder SCID. What is the full form
amilaruvi.in of ADA?
42. Yeast iswww.tamilaruvi.in
a good source of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Carbohydrates
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Adenosine deoxy aminase
b) Vitamin B www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Proteins
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Adenosine deaminase
d) both b and www.tamilaruvi.in
c www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : c c) Aspartate deaminase
43. Antibiotics d)
www.tamilaruvi.in
inhibits the growth or destroy Arginine deaminase
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
and fungi These questions
www.tamilaruvi.in consits of two statements
amilaruvi.inb) Bacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in each,
www.tamilaruvi.in printed as Assertion
www.tamilaruvi.in and Reason.
www.tamil
and viruses While answering these questions you are
amilaruvi.inc) Bacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in
algae and viruses www.tamilaruvi.in
required to choose www.tamilaruvi.in
any one of the following www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Bacteria,
www.tamilaruvi.in
fungi and viruses Ans : d four response.
44. Which of the following is not concerned with
www.tamilaruvi.in
i. If both Assertionwww.tamilaruvi.in
& Reason are True &www.tamil the
amilaruvi.inbiotechnology
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Reason is a correct explanation
www.tamilaruvi.in of the Assertion
www.tamil
?
amilaruvi.ina) Biogaswww.tamilaruvi.in ii.
www.tamilaruvi.in are True but Reason
www.tamil
Production b) Sewage treatment
is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
amilaruvi.inc) Biofertilizers
d) Wood seasoning www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
iii. If Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in iv. If both Assertion & Reason are false.
45. A probe which is a molecule used towww.tamilaruvi.in
locate www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inspecificwww.tamilaruvi.in DNA or 50. Assertion : A www.tamilaruvi.in
sequences in a mixture of www.tamilaruvi.in thermostable DNA polymerase www.tamil
RNA molecules could be: is used in PCR for repeated amplification
amilaruvi.ina) A single stranded RNA
www.tamilaruvi.in Reason
www.tamilaruvi.in : It remain active during
www.tamilaruvi.in high temperature
www.tamil
b) A single stranded DNA induced denaturation of ds DNA
a) A b) B c) C d) D Ans: a
amilaruvi.inc) Eitherwww.tamilaruvi.in
RNA or DNA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Can www.tamilaruvi.in
be ss DNA but not ss RNA 51. Assertion : ADA
www.tamilaruvi.in deficiency can not be cured
Ans : c permanently by gene therapy
46. The site of production of ADA in the body is: Reason : The genetically engineered lymphocyte
are immortal only www.tamilaruvi.in
in culture conditions www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Erythrocytes
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Lymphocyteswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) A b) B c) C d) D Ans: d
amilaruvi.inc) Blood plasma
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Osteocytes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Ans : b 52. Assertion : Gene therapy is a collection of
methods that allows correction of a gene
www.tamil
47.
amilaruvi.inA protoxin is:
defect diagnosed www.tamilaruvi.in
in a child or embryo www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) A primitive toxin
Reason : It involveswww.tamilaruvi.in
delivery of normal genewww.tamil
into
amilaruvi.inb) A denatured toxin
www.tamilaruvi.in individual or embryo to take
www.tamilaruvi.in over the function of
www.tamil
the non functional gene.
amilaruvi.inc) Toxinwww.tamilaruvi.in
produced by protozoa www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Inactive toxin
www.tamilaruvi.in A b) B c)
www.tamilaruvi.in C d) D Ans: a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
53. Assertion : In gene therapy of SCID, a patient 4. What are the uses of recombinant hGH?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inrequireswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
periodic infusion of genetically  Recombinant hGH used to treat dwarfism.
amilaruvi.inengineered lymphocytes
 Using recombinant DNA technology hGHwww.tamil
can
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inReason : If the ADA
www.tamilaruvi.in gene is introduced into cells at
www.tamilaruvi.in be produced. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
early embryonic stage, it could be permanent
5. What is somatropin? Write its significance.www.tamil
a) A b) B c) C d) D Ans: b
 A recombinant www.tamilaruvi.in
form of human growth www.tamil
54.
amilaruvi.inAssertion : For
www.tamilaruvi.in effective treatment of a
www.tamilaruvi.in hormone www.tamilaruvi.in
called somatropin is usedwww.tamil as
disease, early diagnosis & understanding its a drug to treat growth disorders in
amilaruvi.inpathophysiology
www.tamilaruvi.inis very important
children.
: r – DNA technique, PCR & ELISA are
 E.g. used to treat dwarfism
amilaruvi.inused forwww.tamilaruvi.in
early diagnosis www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
6. What is interferon? Add its types.
 Interferons are proteinaceous, antiviral,
55. Assertion : Second generation vaccines are
species specific substances produced by
www.tamil
amilaruvi.insafer towww.tamilaruvi.in
use. www.tamilaruvi.in mammalianwww.tamilaruvi.in
cells when infected with viruses. www.tamil
: They are produced by www.tamilaruvi.in
genetic  They stimulate www.tamilaruvi.in
the cellular DNAwww.tamil to
amilaruvi.inengineering.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in produce antiviral enzymes
www.tamilaruvi.in which inhibit
www.tamil
viral replication and protect the cells.
b) B c) C d) Dwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Types : α β and γ interferons.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 7. Why
www.tamilaruvi.in yeast is more suitable
www.tamilaruvi.in than E. Coli for
www.tamil
PART-B Interferon production?
 The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in more suitable www.tamilaruvi.in
for production of recombinant www.tamil
ADDITIONAL
www.tamilaruvi.in than E.coli, since E.coli doeswww.tamil
interferons www.tamilaruvi.in not
amilaruvi.in possess the machinery for glycosylation
biotechnology. www.tamilaruvi.in
of proteins.
amilaruvi.in Biotechnology
www.tamilaruvi.in can be defined www.tamilaruvi.in
as the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
8. List out the uses of interferon?
amilaruvi.in applications
of scientific and engineering www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Interferons are used for the treatment of
amilaruvi.in principles to the processing of material
www.tamilaruvi.in various
www.tamilaruvi.in
diseases like cancer, AIDS,
www.tamil
multiple
amilaruvi.in biological
services.
agents to provide goods and
sclerosis, hepatitis C and herpes zoster. www.tamil
2. Write short notes on structure of insulin and 9. What are attenuated recombinant vaccine ?
amilaruvi.inits importance
 It is now possible to genetically engineer www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Insulin
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
(bacteria or viruses) www.tamil
and
is formed of 51 aminoacids which
amilaruvi.in are arranged
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in use them as live vaccines and such vaccines
in two polypeptide chains, A
are referred to as attenuated recombinant
amilaruvi.in and B.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in vaccines. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The polypeptide
www.tamilaruvi.in chain A has 21 amino acids
while the polypeptide chain B has 30 amino 10. How edible vaccines are produced?
 Edible vaccines are prepared by molecular
www.tamil
acids.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in pharming www.tamilaruvi.in
using the science of genetic www.tamil
 Both A and B chains are attached together by
amilaruvi.in disulphide
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in engineering. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
bonds.
www.tamilaruvi.in Selected genes are
www.tamilaruvi.in introduced into
www.tamil
3. State the role of insulin in our body plants and the transgenic plants are induced
to manufacture the encoded protein.
www.tamil
 Insulin controls the levels of glucose in
amilaruvi.in blood. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 At present edible vaccines are produced for
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It facilitates
www.tamilaruvi.inthe cellular uptake and
www.tamilaruvi.in human andwww.tamilaruvi.in
animal diseases like measles, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in utilization
www.tamilaruvi.in
of glucose for the release www.tamilaruvi.in
of cholera, foot and mouth disease www.tamil
hepatitis.
amilaruvi.in energy.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
11. List out the Advantage of DNA vaccine.
18. Define Oligopotency.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
are against proteins,  Oligopotency (Oligo-Few) refers to stem
amilaruvi.in Longwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incells that can differentiate into few www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in cell
lasting immunity
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Trigger
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intypes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
immune response only against
 E.g. lymphoid or myeloid stem cells can
amilaruvi.in specific
www.tamilaruvi.in
pathogens with less toxic effects. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
differentiate into B and T cells but not
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Gene therophy? www.tamilaruvi.inRBC. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
treatment process for a personwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is born 19. Define Unipotency. www.tamil
a hereditary disease www.tamilaruvi.in
 Unipotency www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
( Uni- Single) refers to the ability
amilaruvi.in Principle : replacement of healthy gene
www.tamilaruvi.in cells to differentiate into only
of the stemwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
place of defective/ mutant alleles one cell type.
amilaruvi.in This process involves
www.tamilaruvi.in the transfer of a 20. Difference
www.tamilaruvi.in between the
www.tamilaruvi.instem cells bank &
www.tamil
normal gene into a person’s cells that Amniotic cell bank
amilaruvi.in carrieswww.tamilaruvi.in
one or more mutant alleles. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Stem cell banking is the extraction,
www.tamil
13. What are the strategies involved in gene
www.tamilaruvi.inprocessingwww.tamilaruvi.in
and storage of stem cells, www.tamil
so
amilaruvi.intherapywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inthat they may be used
www.tamilaruvi.infor treatment in the
www.tamil
future, when required.
amilaruvi.in Therewww.tamilaruvi.in
are two strategies involved www.tamilaruvi.in
in gene www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
therapy namely;  Amniotic cell bank is a facility that stores
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.instem cells www.tamilaruvi.in
derived from amniotic fluid www.tamil
for
amilaruvi.in Gene augmentation
www.tamilaruvi.in therapy - which
www.tamilaruvi.infuture use. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
insertion of DNA into the genome
amilaruvi.in involves
www.tamilaruvi.in
to replace the missing gene product
21. List out the types of molecular diagnostics. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Genewww.tamilaruvi.in
inhibition therapy - which involves
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Recombinant www.tamilaruvi.in
DNA technology www.tamil
amilaruvi.in insertion
www.tamilaruvi.in
of the anti sense genewww.tamilaruvi.in
which  Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in inhibits the expression
www.tamilaruvi.in of the dominant gene.  Enzyme Linked
www.tamilaruvi.in Immunosorbent Assay
amilaruvi.in stem cells. www.tamilaruvi.in(ELISA) are some of the
www.tamilaruvi.in techniques that are
www.tamil
reliable and help in early diagnosis.
cells are undifferentiated cells
amilaruvi.in Stemwww.tamilaruvi.in found
in most of the multi cellular animals. 22. List out the Types of ELISA.
 These cells maintain their undifferentiated  There are four kinds of ELISA namely,
state even after undergoing numerous mitotic 1. Direct ELISA
amilaruvi.in divisions.
2. Indirect ELISA
15. Define Totipotency.
3. Sandwich ELISA
amilaruvi.in Totipotency
(Toti-total) is the ability of a
www.tamilaruvi.in
4. Competitive ELISA
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in singlewww.tamilaruvi.in
cell to divide and produce allwww.tamilaruvi.in
23. What are the uses of ELISA
amilaruvi.in differentiated cells in an organism.
 ELISA is a tool for determining serum
amilaruvi.in
pluripotency. www.tamilaruvi.inantibody www.tamilaruvi.in
concentrations and also www.tamil for
amilaruvi.in Pluripotency
www.tamilaruvi.in (Pluri-several) www.tamilaruvi.in
refers detecting the presence of specific antigens
stem cell that has the potential to and hormones such as human chorionic
amilaruvi.in to awww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
gonadotropins.
www.tamil
differentiate into any of the three
amilaruvi.in germwww.tamilaruvi.in
layers-ectoderm, endoderm www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and 24. What is Denaturation? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in mesoderm.
 Denaturation, renaturation or primer
amilaruvi.in
Multipotency. www.tamilaruvi.inannealing www.tamilaruvi.in
and synthesis or primer www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Multipotency
www.tamilaruvi.in(multi-Many) refers www.tamilaruvi.in
to extension, are the three steps involved in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in PCR.
amilaruvi.in the stem cells that can differentiate
www.tamilaruvi.in into 
www.tamilaruvi.inThe double stranded DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in of interest is
www.tamil
denatured to separate into two individual
amilaruvi.in various types of cells that are related.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.instrands bywww.tamilaruvi.in
high temperature. www.tamil
 E.g. blood stem cells can differentiate into
amilaruvi.in lymphocytes,
www.tamilaruvi.in
monocytes , neutrophils
 This is called denaturation.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in etc., www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
25. What is PCR?
32. Plasmids of which bacteria were used to
www.tamil
produced the www.tamilaruvi.in
A-chain and B-chain separately www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an
amilaruvi.in invitro
www.tamilaruvi.in
amplification technique used  E.Coli or Escherichia
www.tamilaruvi.in
for coli
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in synthesising multiple identical copies (billions)
33. Name the disease www.tamilaruvi.in
that can be cured through www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of DNA of interest.
www.tamilaruvi.in gene
www.tamilaruvi.in therapy. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The technique was
www.tamilaruvi.in developed by Kary Mullis 
www.tamilaruvi.inSCID (Severe Combined
www.tamilaruvi.in Immuno Deficiency )
www.tamil
(Nobel laureate, 1993) in the year 1983. Due to absence of ADA
26. What is DNA Amplification? 34. Name the hormone produced by genetic
engineering.
amilaruvi.in The new strand
www.tamilaruvi.inof each double stranded
DNA extends to a variable distance  Human insulin or humulin
amilaruvi.in downstream.
35. Name the vector used to incorporate the
steps are repeated again and www.tamilaruvi.in
again to cDNA of ADAwww.tamilaruvi.in
into the lymphocytes in gene www.tamil
amilaruvi.in generate
www.tamilaruvi.in
multiple forms of the desired therapy.
amilaruvi.in DNA.www.tamilaruvi.in  Retrovirus. www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in This process is also
www.tamilaruvi.in called DNA amplification.
www.tamilaruvi.in
36. Insulin extractedwww.tamilaruvi.in
from the pancreas of www.tamil
cow
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and
www.tamilaruvi.in pigs cannot be used why?
27. How PCR used in cancer Diagnosis and sex
amilaruvi.indetermination ?
www.tamilaruvi.inInsulin extracted from
www.tamilaruvi.inthe pancreas of cow
www.tamil
and pigs causes allergy and other types
amilaruvi.in Cervical cancer caused by Papilloma
www.tamilaruvi.in virus
www.tamilaruvi.inof reactions.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
can be detected by PCR.
37. Mention the www.tamilaruvi.in
four areas which have been www.tamil
 Sex of human beings and live stocks, responsible www.tamilaruvi.in
for the recent advanceswww.tamil in
amilaruvi.in embryos
www.tamilaruvi.in
fertilized invitro can be
www.tamilaruvi.in
biotechnology
amilaruvi.in determined
www.tamilaruvi.in
by PCR by using primers and www.tamilaruvi.in
The areas in recent advances in biotechnology
amilaruvi.in probes specific for sex chromosomes. www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in PCR www.tamilaruvi.in
technique is also used to detect sex-
www.tamilaruvi.in
I. Agriculture
amilaruvi.in linked disorders
www.tamilaruvi.in in fertilized embryos.
www.tamilaruvi.in
II. Medicine www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Transgensis. www.tamilaruvi.in
III.Food industrywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Transgenesis is the process of introduction
IV. Environmentalwww.tamilaruvi.in
engineering. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of extra (foreign/
www.tamilaruvi.in exogenous) DNA into
the genome of the animals to create and 38. Give the full form of ELISA. Which disease can
amilaruvi.in maintain
www.tamilaruvi.in
stable heritable characters.
www.tamilaruvi.in
be detected usingwww.tamilaruvi.in
it? Discuss the principle www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in underlying the
www.tamilaruvi.in test.
29. List out the product of Recombination  ELISA stands for Enzyme Linked
amilaruvi.inTechnology.
Immunosorbent Assay.
amilaruvi.in Recombinant
www.tamilaruvi.in
hormones like Insulin, www.tamilaruvi.in
Human www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 AIDS can be detected using this procedure.
amilaruvi.in growthwww.tamilaruvi.in
hormone, Recombinant vaccines www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Principle : Antigen-antibody reaction
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and recombinant
www.tamilaruvi.in proteins like human
alpha lactalbumin are available today. 39. Can a disease be detected before its symptoms
appear? Explain www.tamilaruvi.in
the principle involved. www.tamil
30.
amilaruvi.inDefine Cloning.
 Detection ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
a disease before the appearance www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Cloning is the
www.tamilaruvi.in process of producing
www.tamilaruvi.inof symptoms is now possible by using
genetically identical individuals of an biotechnology.
amilaruvi.in organism
www.tamilaruvi.in
either naturally or artificially.
 PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) helps in
early diagnosis.
www.tamil
31. Name the bonds Connecting A-chain and
amilaruvi.inB-Chainwww.tamilaruvi.in
of functional insulin.
 Use of PCR can amplify the nucleic acids
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Disulphide
www.tamilaruvi.in
bonds or Disulphide bridges
of bacteria or virus. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  This can help
www.tamilaruvi.in in detecting their presence
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.ineven when they are in
www.tamilaruvi.in low concentration.
www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
40. Discuss the importance of transgenic animal 3. What are the types of stem cells in mammals?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inmodelswww.tamilaruvi.in
in understanding diseases, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
 In mammals there are two main types of stem
amilaruvi.in Transgenic animals
www.tamilaruvi.in can serve as models to
cells – embryonic stem cells (ES cells) www.tamil
understand progression of various disease in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in humans. www.tamilaruvi.in and adult stem
www.tamilaruvi.in cells.
amilaruvi.in Transgenic
www.tamilaruvi.in
models exist for many www.tamilaruvi.in
human  Embryonicwww.tamilaruvi.in
stem cells (ES cells) www.tamil are
diseases
amilaruvi.in rheumatoid like
www.tamilaruvi.incancer, cystic fibrosis, pluripotent
www.tamilaruvi.in and can
www.tamilaruvi.in produce the
www.tamil
arthritis and Alzheimer’s. three primary germ layers ectoderm,
animals can be observed www.tamilaruvi.in
to mesodermwww.tamilaruvi.in
and endoderm. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in understand the causative genewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in for a
 Embryonic stemwww.tamilaruvi.in
cells are multipotent stem www.tamil
particular disease.
cells that can differentiate into a number www.tamil
of
 This can help in inventing suitable
amilaruvi.in treatment
www.tamilaruvi.in
for a particular disease. types
www.tamilaruvi.in of cells.
41. Suggest any two possible treatments that  ES cells are www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
can isolated from the epiblast tissue of
www.tamil
the inner cell mass of a blastocyst.
amilaruvi.inbe given to a patient exhibiting adenosine
deaminase deficiency.  An adult stem cell or somatic stem cell can
amilaruvi.in1. Bonewww.tamilaruvi.in
marrow transplantation
divide and create another cell similar to
amilaruvi.in2. Enzymewww.tamilaruvi.in
replacement therapy. www.tamilaruvi.in
it. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
42. List any two molecular diagnostic techniques
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Most of the www.tamilaruvi.in
adult stem cells are multipotentwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inand writewww.tamilaruvi.in
one application of each of them. www.tamilaruvi.in
and can act www.tamilaruvi.in
as a repair system of www.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in PCRwww.tamilaruvi.in
is polymerase chain reaction. Itwww.tamilaruvi.in
is used body, replenishing adult
www.tamilaruvi.in tissues. www.tamil
to detect HIV infection and mutations in
amilaruvi.in geneswww.tamilaruvi.in
in suspected cancer patient. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
4. Provide a Schematic diagram of cloning www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in ELISA www.tamilaruvi.in Dolly.
is Enzyme- Linked Immuno www.tamilaruvi.in
sorbent www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Assay It is used
www.tamilaruvi.into detect many infections
by pathogens.
amilaruvi.in PART-C
1. What are
amilaruvi.in recombinant vaccine ? add its
www.tamilaruvi.in types.
 Recombinant
amilaruvi.in to produce DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in technology has been used
new generation vaccines.
recombinant vaccines are generally www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in uniform quality and produce less
www.tamilaruvi.in side
effects as compared to the vaccines produced
amilaruvi.in by conventional
www.tamilaruvi.inmethods. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of recombinant vaccines are - subunit
amilaruvi.in Typeswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
recombinant vaccines, attenuated
amilaruvi.in recombinant
vaccines and DNA vaccines. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
subunit recombinant vaccines? www.tamilaruvi.in
Write www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inits significance
 Vaccines
amilaruvi.in pathogenic that
www.tamilaruvi.in use components of a
organism rather than the whole
amilaruvi.in organism are called subunit vaccines.
amilaruvi.in Recombinant DNA
www.tamilaruvi.in technology is very suited
for developing new subunit vaccines.
amilaruvi.in It includes
www.tamilaruvi.in
components like proteins,
amilaruvi.in peptides and DNAs of pathogenic
organisms.
 The advantages of these vaccines include their
amilaruvi.in purity www.tamilaruvi.in
in preparation, stability and www.tamilaruvi.in
safe www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in use. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
5. Write short notes on ethical issues of
 PCR technique can also be used in the field
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inbiotechnology.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inof forensicwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
medicine.
amilaruvi.in Biotechnology cheap
has given to the societywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in  Thus, PCR iswww.tamilaruvi.in
very useful for identification www.tamil
of
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in drugs, better
www.tamilaruvi.in friuts and vegetables,
www.tamilaruvi.incriminals. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
pest resistant crops, indigenious cure to  PCR is also used in amplification of specific
amilaruvi.in diseases
www.tamilaruvi.in
and lot of controversy. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
DNA segment to be used in gene therapy.
is because modern biotechnology www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in dealswww.tamilaruvi.in
with genetic manipulations.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in People fear that these genetic manipulations
may lead to unknown consequences.
 The major fear of recombinant DNA
amilaruvi.in technology
www.tamilaruvi.in
is that unique microorganisms www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in either carelessly or intentionally
purpose of war may be developed www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
that could cause epidemics or environmental
amilaruvi.in catastrophies.
amilaruvi.in Although
www.tamilaruvi.in
many are concerned about www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in possible risk
www.tamilaruvi.inof genetic engineering,
amilaruvi.in the risks are in fact
www.tamilaruvi.in slight and the potential
benefits are substantial.
amilaruvi.in PART-D
1.
amilaruvi.inEnumerate the Steps
www.tamilaruvi.in involved in ELISA.
1. Sample
amilaruvi.in surface is collected
www.tamilaruvi.in and immobilized on the
of an ELISA plate.
antibody specific to this antigen www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in is added and allowed to react with
amilaruvi.in immobilized antigen.
3. The anti-antibody is linked to an
amilaruvi.in appropriate
www.tamilaruvi.in
enzyme like peroxidase. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
3. What are the steps involved in the production
unreacted anti-antibody is washed www.tamilaruvi.in
of transgenic www.tamilaruvi.in
ogranisms www.tamil
amilaruvi.in awaywww.tamilaruvi.in
and the substrate of the www.tamilaruvi.in
enzyme www.tamilaruvi.in
The various steps involved in the production www.tamil
of
(hydrogen peroxidase) is added with certain transgenic organisms are :
amilaruvi.in reagents
www.tamilaruvi.in
such as 4-chloronaphthol.
amilaruvi.in5. The www.tamilaruvi.in 1. Identification
www.tamilaruvi.in and separation of desired
activity of the enzyme yields a
gene.
amilaruvi.in coloured product indicating the presence
the antigen. 2. Selection of a vector (generally a virus) or
direct transmission.
www.tamil
6. The intensity of the colour is directly
amilaruvi.in proportional
to the amount of the antigen. www.tamilaruvi.in
3. Combining the desired gene with the
www.tamil
2. List out the applications of PCR
www.tamilaruvi.invector. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
differences in the genomeswww.tamilaruvi.in
of two 4. Introductionwww.tamilaruvi.in
of transferred vector www.tamil
into
amilaruvi.in different organisms can be studied bywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in PCR. cells, tissues, embryo or
www.tamilaruvi.in mature individual.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PCR is very important
www.tamilaruvi.in in the study of evolutions, 5.
www.tamilaruvi.inDemonstration of
www.tamilaruvi.inintegration and
www.tamil
more specifically phylogenetics. expression of foreign gene in transgenic
amilaruvi.in PCR www.tamilaruvi.in
technique used to amplify even minute
tissue or animals.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in quantities
www.tamilaruvi.in
of DNA from any source, www.tamilaruvi.in
like hair, www.tamilaruvi.in
6. Transgenic animals www.tamil
such as mice, rat, rabbit,
amilaruvi.in mummified tissues,
www.tamilaruvi.in bones or any fossilized
pig, cow, goat, sheep and fish have been www.tamil
materials. produced. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
4. List out the uses of trangenesis
 The most commonly used pregnancy test
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Transgenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in
is a powerful tool towww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
study for the detection of human chorionic
amilaruvi.in genewww.tamilaruvi.in
expression and developmental gonadotropin
www.tamilaruvi.in (hCG) in urine is basedwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in on
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
processes in higher organisms. ELISA.
• Transgenesis helps in the improvement of  ELISA is also been used for diagnosis of
amilaruvi.in geneticwww.tamilaruvi.in
characters in animals.
many infection
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Transgenic
animals serve as good models 6. Define transgenic animals. Explain in detail
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in for understanding
www.tamilaruvi.in human diseases www.tamilaruvi.in
which any four areaswww.tamilaruvi.in
where they can be utilised. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in help www.tamilaruvi.in
in the investigation of new treatments for
 Transgenic animals www.tamil
are the animals in which a
diseases.
foreign gene www.tamilaruvi.in
is expressed. www.tamil
• Transgenic animals are used to produce
amilaruvi.in medically
www.tamilaruvi.in
important proteins www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 Transgenic rats, pigs, cows, rabbits, sheepwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Transgenic
www.tamilaruvi.in and fish have
www.tamilaruvi.in been produced.
mice are used for testing the
amilaruvi.in safety of vaccines.
www.tamilaruvi.in  However, more
www.tamilaruvi.in than 95% of all transgenic
testing animals are mice.
amilaruvi.in• Transgenic animals are used for www.tamilaruvi.in
toxicity in animals that carry genes which  Transgenic animals can be utilized are as
amilaruvi.in makewww.tamilaruvi.in
them sensitive to toxic substances. www.tamilaruvi.in
follows: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Transgenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in
is important for improvingwww.tamilaruvi.in
the Fundamentalwww.tamilaruvi.in
Biological Processes: www.tamil
amilaruvi.in quality and quantity
www.tamilaruvi.in of milk, meat, eggs
 Transgenic animals can be used to understand
and wool.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in insulin-like
www.tamilaruvi.in growth factors in humans.www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
5.
amilaruvi.inBriefly explain the
www.tamilaruvi.in principle, procedure and
www.tamilaruvi.in factor can be introduced from
 A particularwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
role of ELISA. another animal and then the behaviour
 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of this factor can be studied in the transgenic
amilaruvi.in is a non-isotopic
www.tamilaruvi.in immunoassay. www.tamilaruvi.in animal. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Principles
www.tamilaruvi.in
- antigen antibody reaction. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Study of Diseases: www.tamil
more rapid and simple process www.tamilaruvi.in
hence www.tamilaruvi.in
 Many transgenic animals are introduced www.tamil
amilaruvi.in is recommended
www.tamilaruvi.in with geneswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
for detection of antigens. for certain disease. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inThe stages
www.tamilaruvi.in  Then progression
www.tamilaruvi.in
of ELISA are summarised as follows: and possible curewww.tamil
amilaruvi.in Samplewww.tamilaruvi.in such disease can be studied using these
is collected and immobilizedwww.tamilaruvi.in
on the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
animals.
amilaruvi.in surface of an ELISA
www.tamilaruvi.in plate. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Today, models of transgenic animals exist in
amilaruvi.in The antibody specific
www.tamilaruvi.in to this antigen
which cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid
is added and allowed to react with the
amilaruvi.in immobilized
www.tamilaruvi.in arthritis, etc.
www.tamilaruvi.in can be studied.
antigen.
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in Biological Products:
anti-antibody is linked www.tamilaruvi.in
to an www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in appropriate enzyme like peroxidase.
www.tamilaruvi.in  A transgenic
www.tamilaruvi.in cow Rosie could produce
human protein enriched milk.
unreacted anti- antbody is washed
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in away and the
www.tamilaruvi.insubstrate of the enzyme  This
www.tamilaruvi.in milk contains 2.4
www.tamilaruvi.in g of human
www.tamil
(hydrogen peroxidase) is added with certain alphalactalbumin per litre.
amilaruvi.in reagents
www.tamilaruvi.in
such as 4-chloronaphthol.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
 This milk is more nutritionally balanced
www.tamil
activity of the enzyme yields www.tamilaruvi.in
a www.tamilaruvi.in
for babies than normal cow milk. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in coloured product indicating the presence
www.tamilaruvi.in
Vaccine Safety: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the antigen.
 Before approval for use in humans, www.tamil
any
amilaruvi.in The intensity of
www.tamilaruvi.in the colour is directly vaccine
www.tamilaruvi.in needs to prove
www.tamilaruvi.in its safety on
www.tamil
proportional to the amount of the antigen. model animals.
 ELISA is widely used for the determination  Transgenic animals help in preventing
amilaruvi.in of small
quantities of proteins (hormones, www.tamilaruvi.in
cruelty against animals.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in antigens, antibodies) and other biological
amilaruvi.in substances.
amilaruvi.in
CHAPTER
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in ORGANISMS AND
www.tamilaruvi.in POPULATIONS
10
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
POINTS TO REMEMBER
amilaruvi.in
l The word www.tamilaruvi.in
‘ecology’ is derived from www.tamilaruvi.in
the l Hibernation www.tamilaruvi.in
(winter sleep) www.tamil
and
term ‘oikos’, meaning ‘house’
Greek www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Aestivation www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in (Summer sleep) are useful www.tamil
and logos,
amilaruvi.in meaning ‘study’.
www.tamilaruvi.in adaptations to
www.tamilaruvi.in overcome extreme winters
and summers.
l The study
amilaruvi.in of ecology includes different
levels-organism, population, community, l Ecologically, the quality (wavelength or
ecosystem, etc., www.tamilaruvi.in
colour), the www.tamilaruvi.in
intensity (actual energy www.tamil
in
l The community with living (Biotic) and
www.tamilaruvi.in
gram calories) www.tamilaruvi.in
and duration (length www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in day) of lightwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in are considered significantwww.tamil
for
the non-living environment (Abiotic)
organisms.
function
amilaruvi.in together as an ecological www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in system www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
(or) ecosystem. l Light influences growth, pigmentation,
migration and reproduction.
www.tamil
l Biome
amilaruvi.in is a term
www.tamilaruvi.inin wide use for a large
regional or sub continental system l Phototaxis - The movement of organism
characterized by a major vegetation type. www.tamilaruvi.in
in response to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
light, either towards or away
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in from
www.tamilaruvi.in light www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Influencing factors in any environment are
light, www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in temperature, pressure, www.tamilaruvi.in
water, l Phototropism - The growth or orientation
salinity.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of an
www.tamilaruvi.in organism in response
www.tamilaruvi.in to light,
www.tamil
l A
amilaruvi.in habitat can be considered
www.tamilaruvi.in as the ‘address’ l Photokinesis
www.tamilaruvi.in - A change
www.tamilaruvi.in in the speed of
www.tamil
of the organism. locomotion in a motile organism or cell in
response to a light intensity.
www.tamil
l The collection of all the habitat areas of
a species constitutes its geographical l About three-fourth of the earth’s surface
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
range.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is covered withwww.tamilaruvi.in
water (hydrosphere). www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l As every www.tamilaruvi.in
organism has its unique habitat, www.tamilaruvi.in
l Water is found www.tamilaruvi.in
in three states: gaseous,www.tamil
it has an ecological niche www.tamilaruvi.in
so alsowww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in which liquid, and solid.
includes
amilaruvi.in the physical
www.tamilaruvi.in space occupied by
l Types of water - Fresh water (rivers, lakes,
an organism and its functional role in the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in ponds) and Salt
www.tamilaruvi.in water (seas and oceans).
community.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in dissolved salts, -hard water
l Based on thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Temperature or degree of hotness and
(sulphates/nitrates of Calcium/Magnesium)
coldness
is an essential and variablewww.tamilaruvi.in
factor www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
or soft water.
in any environment.
l Soil is a mixture of organic matter,
l It
amilaruvi.in influences all forms
www.tamilaruvi.in of life by affecting many
minerals, gases, liquids and organisms
vital activities of organisms like metabolism,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in that together
www.tamilaruvi.in support life.
behaviour, reproduction, development
amilaruvi.in
and even www.tamilaruvi.in
death in the Biosphere. www.tamilaruvi.in l The soil zone www.tamilaruvi.in
is known as Pedosphere. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l Organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
which can survive awww.tamilaruvi.in
wide l Soil is formedwww.tamilaruvi.in
from rocks by weathering www.tamil
and
range
amilaruvi.in of temperature
www.tamilaruvi.in are referred to as is called
www.tamilaruvi.in embryonic soil (Pedogenesis).
Eurytherms.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l Properties of Soil
www.tamilaruvi.in - Texture of soil , Porosity
www.tamilaruvi.in ,
www.tamil
E.g cat, dog, tiger, human. Permeability of soil, Soil Temperature,
Soilwater
l Organisms
amilaruvi.in which can
www.tamilaruvi.in tolerate only a narrow
range of temperature are Stenotherms l Wind is the natural movement of air of any
velocity from www.tamilaruvi.in
a particular direction. www.tamil
E.g Fish, Frogs, Lizards and Snakes).
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Organisms and populations
XII Std - Zoology ´ Unit V
www.tamil
l Moisture in the form of invisible vapor in l Alpine zone – includes a sub-snow zone
www.tamil
is called humidity.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
the atmosphere immediately below the snow zone, a meadow
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in zone
www.tamilaruvi.in in the centre and
www.tamilaruvi.ina shrub zone which
www.tamil
l Humidity is generally expressed in terms of
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
gradually merges into the timber zone.
absolute
amilaruvi.in humidity, relative humidity
specific
amilaruvi.in humidity.
www.tamilaruvi.in l Forest
www.tamilaruvi.in biomes - is a broad
www.tamilaruvi.in term used to
www.tamil
describe areas where there are a large
l Humidity
amilaruvi.in is measured with a Hygrometer.
number of trees.
are known to modify their response
l Animalswww.tamilaruvi.in
l The major forest biomes are the Tropical
to environmental changes (stress) in
reasonably short time spans. This is known
www.tamilaruvi.in
forests and thewww.tamilaruvi.in
Temperate forests. www.tamil
as Acclimatization. www.tamilaruvi.in
l Tropical forest www.tamilaruvi.in
- occur near the equator www.tamil
amilaruvi.in (between latitudes 23.5⁰ at north and 23.5⁰
l Biomeswww.tamilaruvi.in
are large regions of earth www.tamilaruvi.in
that www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
at south).
have similar
amilaruvi.in or common vegetation
climatic conditions. l The major characteristic of tropical forests is
their distinct seasons.
www.tamil
l Aquatic
amilaruvi.in Biomes - occupy about 71%www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
biosphere. l Only two seasons are present (rainy and dry).
Winter is absent. www.tamil
l Types of Aquatic biomes of earth-Fresh
water (Lakes, ponds, rivers), Brackish l The average annual temperature ranges
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
water www.tamilaruvi.in
(Estuaries / Wetlands),Marinewww.tamilaruvi.in
(Coral between 20°Cwww.tamilaruvi.in
and 25°C. www.tamil
reefs,
amilaruvi.in pelagic zones and
www.tamilaruvi.in abyssal zones)
www.tamilaruvi.in
l Based on the www.tamilaruvi.in
seasonal distribution of rainfall,www.tamil
l Terrestrial
amilaruvi.in biomes
www.tamilaruvi.in include grassland, the
www.tamilaruvi.intypes of tropical forests
www.tamilaruvi.in are www.tamil
tundra, desert, tropical rainforest, and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 1. Evergreen rainforest
www.tamilaruvi.in : no dry season. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
deciduous and coniferous forests.
2. Seasonal rainforest : short dry period www.tamil
in a
l Major Biomes - Tundra biome, Taiga
amilaruvi.in very wet tropical region.
biome,www.tamilaruvi.in
Grassland biome, Alpine www.tamilaruvi.in
biome, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Forest www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in biome and Desert 3. Semi evergreen
www.tamilaruvi.in forest: longer dry season
amilaruvi.in
l Tundra www.tamilaruvi.in
biome - is the almost treeless plain 4. Moist/dry deciduous
www.tamilaruvi.in forest (monsoon):
in
amilaruvi.in the northern parts
www.tamilaruvi.in of Asia, Europe and very
www.tamilaruvi.in long dry season because
www.tamilaruvi.in of rainfall
www.tamil
North America. decreases
l Precipitation - less than 250 mm per year l Temperate forest - occur in eastern North
America, northeastern Asia and western www.tamil
Characteristics
amilaruvi.in of tundra:
and central Europe.
l Extremely
amilaruvi.in cold
www.tamilaruvi.in climate,Low biotic
l Have well-defined seasons with a distinct
diversity,Simple vegetation structure,Short
amilaruvi.in winter.
season www.tamilaruvi.in
of growth and reproduction www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l Annual temperature
www.tamilaruvi.in varies from -30° C
www.tamil
l Taiga biome - it is 1300-1450 km wide zone
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 30°
www.tamilaruvi.in C. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
south of the Tundra.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l Precipitation (750-1500 mm) is distributed
l This area has long and cold winters. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
evenly throughout the year.
amilaruvi.in
l Summer www.tamilaruvi.in
temperature ranges from 10⁰ www.tamilaruvi.in
C to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Based on seasonal distribution of rainfall, the
21⁰ C. www.tamilaruvi.in
types of temperate forests are
l Precipitation ranges about 380-1000 www.tamilaruvi.in
mm www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1. Moist conifer and evergreen broad-leaved
annually.
forests - wetwww.tamilaruvi.in
winters and dry summers. www.tamil
l Grassland
amilaruvi.in biome – it occur in temperate
2. Dry conifer forests - low precipitation. www.tamil
and in the tropical regions.
3. Mediterranean forests - precipitation is
www.tamil
l They
amilaruvi.in have hot summers,
www.tamilaruvi.in cold winters,
www.tamilaruvi.in
concentrated www.tamilaruvi.in
in winter (<1000 mm /year). www.tamil
and irregular rainfall.
4. Temperate www.tamilaruvi.in
coniferous forests - www.tamil high
l Often they are characterized by high winds.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in annual precipitation
www.tamilaruvi.in (> 2000 mm /year).www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
10 | Organisms and populations
www.tamil
5. Temperate broad-leaved rainforests:
evolutionary fitness.
www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
mild, frost-free winters, high precipitation (>
1500 mm/year) l Structural adaptations - The external and
internal structures of animals can www.tamil
help
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in biomes – it cover about one www.tamilaruvi.in
l Desert www.tamilaruvi.in fifth of them to adaptwww.tamilaruvi.in
better to their environment. www.tamil
the earth’s surface with rainfall is >500
amilaruvi.in
mm/year.
l Behavioural adaptations - Animals develop www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in certain
www.tamilaruvi.in behavioural adaptations
www.tamilaruvi.in for survival.
www.tamil
l Rainfall is usually very low and/or
concentrated in short bursts between long l Fleeing fromwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in a predator, hiding during www.tamil
rainlesswww.tamilaruvi.in
periods. sleep, seeking refuge from climate
change or moving to find different food
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l Mean annualwww.tamilaruvi.in
temperatures range from 20-
www.tamilaruvi.in
sources are all www.tamilaruvi.in
behavioral adaptations. www.tamil
25°
amilaruvi.in C. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Ethology is the scientific study of animal
l Hot deserts
amilaruvi.in have a considerable amount
www.tamilaruvi.in behavior.
of specialized vegetation (xerophytes),
aloe, agave, Opuntia species, Euphorbia l Physiological adaptations - help them to
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
royleana www.tamilaruvi.in
as well as specialized vertebrate and live and survive
www.tamilaruvi.in in their environment with
invertebrate animals. unique niches.
l Cold deserts are characterized by cold E.g Lions have a digestive system suitable
for digesting raw meat.
www.tamil
winters with snowfall and high overall
amilaruvi.in
rainfall
www.tamilaruvi.in
throughout the
www.tamilaruvi.in
winter
www.tamilaruvi.in
and l Stream lined structure helps in the swift
www.tamil
occasionally over the summer. www.tamilaruvi.in
movement of www.tamilaruvi.in
the animals in water. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l Every www.tamilaruvi.in
living organism responds www.tamilaruvi.in
to its l Respiration www.tamilaruvi.in
by gills making use of gases www.tamil
environment.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in dissolved in water.
amilaruvi.in
l Regulate www.tamilaruvi.in
Some organisms are able www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
to l Presence of air-bladders filled with airwww.tamil
for
maintain
amilaruvi.in homeostasis
www.tamilaruvi.in by physiological buoyancy.
means which ensures constant body
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in land Planarians secretewww.tamil
l Earthworms, www.tamilaruvi.in a
temperature, ionic / osmotic balance. www.tamilaruvi.in
mucus coating to maintain a moist
l Conform Most animals cannot maintain a
www.tamilaruvi.in
situation
amilaruvi.in
constant www.tamilaruvi.in
internal environment. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Arthropods have an external covering
amilaruvi.in
l Their body www.tamilaruvi.in
temperature changes with www.tamilaruvi.in
over the respiratory surfaces and www.tamil
well
ambientwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in temperature ,Such animals are developed tracheal
www.tamilaruvi.in systems.
called Conformers.
l Population iswww.tamilaruvi.in
defined as any groupwww.tamil of
l Migrate
amilaruvi.in Organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in tend to move away organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in of the same
www.tamilaruvi.in species which
www.tamil
temporarily from a stressful habitat to can interbreed among themselves, and
amilaruvi.in
a new, www.tamilaruvi.in
hospitable area and return when www.tamilaruvi.in
occupy a particular space and function www.tamil
as
stressful
amilaruvi.in period is over.
www.tamilaruvi.in part of a bioticwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in community. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l Suspend www.tamilaruvi.in
In certain conditions, www.tamilaruvi.in
if the l A populationwww.tamilaruvi.in
has various properties www.tamil like
organisms
amilaruvi.in is unable
www.tamilaruvi.in to migrate, it may avoid population
www.tamilaruvi.in density, natality
www.tamilaruvi.in (birth rate),
www.tamil
the stress by becoming inactive. mortality (death rate), age distribution,
biotic potential, dispersion and ‘r’, ‘K’
www.tamil
l Bears going into hibernation during winter.
selected growth www.tamilaruvi.in
forms. www.tamil
l Some
amilaruvi.in snails and
www.tamilaruvi.infish go into aestivation
to avoid summer l The density of a population refers towww.tamil its
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in size
www.tamilaruvi.in in relation to unit of
www.tamilaruvi.in space and time.
www.tamil
l Some lower animals suspend a certain
amilaruvi.in
phase www.tamilaruvi.in l Population density
www.tamilaruvi.in
of their life cycle, which is referred is the total number
www.tamil
to as diapause.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in that
www.tamilaruvi.in species within a natural
www.tamilaruvi.in habitat. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l In biology,www.tamilaruvi.in
adaptation is a dynamic l Natality
www.tamilaruvi.in is equivalent to birth
www.tamilaruvi.in rate and is
www.tamil
evolutionary process that fits organisms an actual production of new individuals
in the population www.tamil
to their environment and enhancing their
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Chapter - 10 www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
l Mortality can be expressed as a loss of
l S-Shaped growth form (sigmoid growth)
www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
individuals in unit time or death rate.
Some populations, as in a population of small
amilaruvi.in
l Migration www.tamilaruvi.in
- is a movement from one place www.tamilaruvi.in
to mammals, increasewww.tamilaruvi.in
slowly at first then www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
anotherwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in and back. more rapidlywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in and gradually slow down as
www.tamil
environmental resistance increases whereby
amilaruvi.in of migrations - Emigration
l Types www.tamilaruvi.in &
equilibrium is reached and maintained. Their
Immigration
growth is represented by S shaped growth
l Populations
amilaruvi.in show characteristic
www.tamilaruvi.in growth curve.
patterns or forms.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l Organisms belonging
www.tamilaruvi.in to different populations
l These patterns can be plotted and termed interact for food, shelter, mating or for
as J-shaped growth form and S-shaped
other necessities.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
growthwww.tamilaruvi.in
form www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Interaction may be intra specific (interaction
amilaruvi.in
l J shaped www.tamilaruvi.in
growth form- When a population www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
within the members of same species)www.tamil
or
increases
amilaruvi.in rapidly
www.tamilaruvi.in in an exponential inter specificwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in (among organisms of different www.tamil
fashion and then stops abruptly due species).
to environmental resistance or due to
amilaruvi.in l Interspecific associations or interactions can be-
suddenwww.tamilaruvi.in
appearance of a limiting www.tamilaruvi.in
factor, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
they are
amilaruvi.in said to exhibit J-shaped growth
www.tamilaruvi.in 1. Neutral - different
www.tamilaruvi.in species live together
form. but do not affect each other.
l Biotic
amilaruvi.in potential
www.tamilaruvi.inis the maximum 2. Positive
www.tamilaruvi.in - it is a symbiotic
www.tamilaruvi.in relationship in
www.tamil
reproductive capacity of an organism which no organism in association is harmed
under optimum environmental conditions. www.tamilaruvi.in
and either onewww.tamilaruvi.in
or both may be benefitted. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l Carrying www.tamilaruvi.in
capacity -The maximum number www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
It is of two types Mutualism and Commen www.tamil
of organism that a region can support www.tamilaruvi.in
salism. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
without
amilaruvi.in environmental
www.tamilaruvi.in degradation is called
3. Negative - One or both of the interacting
carrying capacity.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in will be affected
l Environmental resistance - Is the sum
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in It is of three types
www.tamilaruvi.in - competition, predation,
total of the environmental limiting
parasitism.
amilaruvi.in
factors, www.tamilaruvi.in
both biotic and abiotic, www.tamilaruvi.in
which www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
together
amilaruvi.in act to prevent
www.tamilaruvi.in the biotic potential of
an organism from being realized.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 3. The interaction
www.tamilaruvi.in in nature, where one www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in gets
PART –A benefit on the expense of other is...
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (1 MARK) a) Predation
www.tamilaruvi.in Mutualism www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) Amensalism
www.tamilaruvi.in Commensalism www.tamil
1. All populations in a given physical area are Ans : d
amilaruvi.indefinedwww.tamilaruvi.in
as www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Biomewww.tamilaruvi.in 4. Predation and parasitism are which type of
b) Ecosystem www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
interactions?
amilaruvi.inc) Territory
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Biotic factorswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) (+,+) b) (+, O)
c) ( , ) d) (+, ) Ans : d
2. Organisms which can survive a wide range of
amilaruvi.intemperatuer
www.tamilaruvi.in 5. Competition
www.tamilaruvi.in between species
www.tamilaruvi.in leads to www.tamil
are called
amilaruvi.ina) Ectotherms
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Extinction b) Mutation
b) Eurytherms www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Endotherms
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Amensalism d) Symbiosis Ans :a
d) Stenothermswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : b 6. Which of the following
www.tamilaruvi.in is an r-species
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Human
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Insects
c) Rhinoceros www.tamilaruvi.ind) Whale Answww.tamil
:b
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.inChapter -www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
7. Match the following and choose the correct 9. The relationship between sucker fish and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.incombination
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
from the options given below. shark is...........
amilaruvi.in Column www.tamilaruvi.in
I Column II
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Competitionwww.tamilaruvi.in
b) Commensalismwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inA) Mutalism
www.tamilaruvi.in
1. Lion and deer www.tamilaruvi.in c) Predation www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Parasitism Answww.tamil
:b
amilaruvi.inB) Commensalism
www.tamilaruvi.in
2. Round worm andwww.tamilaruvi.in
man www.tamilaruvi.in
10. What type of human www.tamil
population is represented
amilaruvi.inC) Parasitism 3. Birds competewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in with by the following age pyramid?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in squirrels for nuts
Age Distribution
D) Competition 4. Sea anemone on hermit Age structure
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in crab www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil

amilaruvi.inE) Predation
www.tamilaruvi.in
5. www.tamilaruvi.in
Bernacles attached to www.tamilaruvi.in
Postreproductive age
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Whales. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inDispersal
Reproductive age
Prereproductive age
Increasing population
www.tamil Stable population Decreasing population
amilaruvi.ina) A- 4,www.tamilaruvi.in
B-5, C-2, D –3, E-1 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Vanishing population
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) A- 3,www.tamilaruvi.in
B-1, C-4, D – 2, E-5 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Stable population
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) A- 2,www.tamilaruvi.in
B-3, C-1, D – 5, E-4
c) Declining population
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil
d) Expanding population :b
d) A- 5, B-4, C-2, D – 3, E-1
11. Which of the following is correct for r-selected
8. The figure given below is a diagrammatic
www.tamilaruvi.in
species
amilaruvi.inrepresentation
www.tamilaruvi.in
of response of organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
to www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Large number of progeny with small size
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inabiotic factors. What do
www.tamilaruvi.in A, B and C represent
respectively. b) large number of progeny with large size
c) small number of progeny with small size
www.tamil
d) small number of progeny with large size
www.tamil
12. Animals that www.tamilaruvi.in
can move from fresh water www.tamil
to
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in sea called as.....
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Stenothermal
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Eurythermal www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) Catadromous
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Anadromous www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :c
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 13. Some organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in are able to maintain
homeostasis by physical means ...
a) Conform b) Regulate
c) Migrate d) Suspend. Ans : b
amilaruvi.in S. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
A B C
No.
amilaruvi.ina. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in PART – B,C,D
Conformer Regulator Partial
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Regulator www.tamilaruvi.in
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
(2,3 AND 5 MARKS)
amilaruvi.inb. www.tamilaruvi.in
Regulator Partial
www.tamilaruvi.in
Conformer
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 14. What
www.tamilaruvi.in is a Habitat?
Regulator
amilaruvi.inc. www.tamilaruvi.in 
www.tamilaruvi.inA habitat can be considered
www.tamilaruvi.in as the ‘address’
www.tamil
Partial Regulator Conformer of the organism.
Regulator www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 The collection of all the habitat areas of a
amilaruvi.ind. www.tamilaruvi.in
Regulator Conformer Partial www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
species constitutes www.tamil
its geographical range.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Regulator www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
E.g. Xerophytic habitat. www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
15. Define ecological niche.
21. Explain hibernation and aestivation with
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in As every
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
organism has its unique habitat, so examples.
amilaruvi.in also www.tamilaruvi.in
it has an ecological niche which www.tamilaruvi.in
includes  Hibernation www.tamilaruvi.in
is a winter sleep which www.tamil
is
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in the physical space
www.tamilaruvi.in occupied by an organism
www.tamilaruvi.in useful adaptations to overcome extreme
and its functional role in the community. winters squirrel, bears.
 The ecological niche of an organism not only  Aestivation is referred as Summer sleep
amilaruvi.in dependswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
on where it lives but also includes the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
which is useful adaptations to overcome
amilaruvi.in sum www.tamilaruvi.in
total of its environmental requirements.
extreme summers. www.tamil
E.g : Crocdile, Lemurs.
amilaruvi.in
Acclimatisation? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
22. Give the diagnostic characters features of a
amilaruvi.in Animals
are known to modify their response Biome? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in to environmental
www.tamilaruvi.in changes (stress) in
 Location, Geographical www.tamil
position (Latitude,
reasonably short time spans. This is known as
amilaruvi.in Acclimatization
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Longitude)www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Acclimatization
www.tamilaruvi.in
occurs in a short periodwww.tamilaruvi.in
of  Climate and www.tamilaruvi.in
physiochemical environment www.tamil
amilaruvi.in time,www.tamilaruvi.in
and within the organism’s life www.tamilaruvi.in
 Predominant www.tamilaruvi.in
plant and animal life www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Pedogenesis? www.tamilaruvi.in
 Boundaries www.tamilaruvi.in
between biomes are not always www.tamil
soil zone is known as Pedosphere. www.tamilaruvi.in sharply defined.
amilaruvi.in Soil www.tamilaruvi.in
is formed from rocks which are  Transitionwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
the or transient zones are seen as
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in parent materials
www.tamilaruvi.in of soil, by weathering
www.tamilaruvi.in in case of grassland and forest
www.tamilaruvi.in biomes www.tamil
and is called embryonic soil (Pedogenesis).
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 23. Classify the aquatic
www.tamilaruvi.in biomes of Earth.
18.
amilaruvi.inWhat is Zero Stress?
www.tamilaruvi.in 1. Freshwater
(Lakes, ponds, rivers) www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Animals are known
www.tamilaruvi.in to modify their response
2. Brackish water (Estuaries / Wetlands) www.tamil
to environmental changes (stress) in
amilaruvi.in reasonably
short time spans. This is known as www.tamilaruvi.in
3. Marine (Coral www.tamil
reefs, pelagic zones and abyssal
amilaruvi.in Acclimatization.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in zones) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Constant environmental conditions
www.tamilaruvi.in is 24. What are the
ways by which organisms www.tamil
known as Zero Stress respond to abiotic factors?
19.
amilaruvi.inWhat is soil permeability?
www.tamilaruvi.in Regulate:
amilaruvi.in The characteristic
www.tamilaruvi.in of soil that determines  Some organisms
the movement of water through pore homeostasis by physiological means which
amilaruvi.in spaces www.tamilaruvi.in
is known as soil permeability. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
ensures constant body temperature, ionic
amilaruvi.in Soil www.tamilaruvi.in
permeability is directly dependent www.tamilaruvi.in
on / osmotic www.tamilaruvi.in
balance. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the pore size.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in E.g : Birds,www.tamilaruvi.in
mammals and a few lower www.tamil
20. Differentiate
amilaruvi.in between Eurytherms
www.tamilaruvi.in vertebratewww.tamilaruvi.in
and invertebrate species. www.tamil
Stenotherms.
Conform: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
S. No. Eurytherms Stenotherms
Organisms which Organisms which
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Most animals www.tamilaruvi.in
cannot maintain a constant www.tamil
can survive a can tolerate www.tamilaruvi.in
only internal environment.
amilaruvi.in wide range
www.tamilaruvi.inof a narrow range of  Their bodywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in temperature changes withwww.tamilthe
temperature are temperature are ambient temperature.
referred to as Stenotherms
www.tamilaruvi.in In aquatic animals like fishes,
www.tamilaruvi.in the osmotic
www.tamil
Eurytherms
concentration of the body fluids changes
Eurythermy No relationship
with that of the ambient water osmotic
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in can be an
www.tamilaruvi.in with evolution
concentration.
evolutionary
advantage www.tamilaruvi.in
 Such animals www.tamilaruvi.in
are called Conformers. www.tamil
E.g : Cat, dog, www.tamilaruvi.in
E.g : Fish, Frogs, www.tamilaruvi.in
 In case of extreme www.tamil
condition, the inhabitants
amilaruvi.in tiger, human.
www.tamilaruvi.in Lizards and Snakes
www.tamilaruvi.in relocate themselves as in migration.www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inMigrate:www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Behavioural adaptations :
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Organisms
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
tend to move away temporarily  Action and behaviour of animals are
amilaruvi.in fromwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a stressful habitat to a new, hospitable instinctivewww.tamilaruvi.in
or learned. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in area www.tamilaruvi.in
and return when the stressful period is
 Animals develop www.tamil
certain behavioural traits
amilaruvi.in over.www.tamilaruvi.in or adaptations
www.tamilaruvi.in for survival.
amilaruvi.in E.g : Birds migrate
www.tamilaruvi.in from Siberia to E.g : Fleeing
www.tamilaruvi.in from a predator, hiding
Vedanthangal in Tamilnadu to escape from the during sleep, seeking refuge from climate
amilaruvi.in severe www.tamilaruvi.in
winter periods. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
change or moving to find different food
amilaruvi.inSuspend:www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
sources
amilaruvi.in In certain
conditions, if the organisms is  Important
www.tamilaruvi.in
Behavioral adaptations
www.tamil
are
amilaruvi.in unable www.tamilaruvi.in
to migrate, it may avoid the www.tamilaruvi.in
stress migration www.tamilaruvi.in
and courtship. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in by becoming inactive.
 Migration allows www.tamil
the animals to find better
is seen commonly in bears going into resources www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in or evade threat. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in hibernation during
www.tamilaruvi.in winter. a set of behavioral patterns
 Courtship iswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Some snails and
www.tamilaruvi.infish go into aestivation to find
www.tamilaruvi.in a mate to reproduce.
avoid summer related problems like heat  Most nocturnal animals remain underground
amilaruvi.in and desiccation.
or inactive during daytime.
amilaruvi.in Somewww.tamilaruvi.in
lower animals suspend a certain
 This is a modification of their feeding and
amilaruvi.in phase www.tamilaruvi.in
of their life cycle, which is www.tamilaruvi.in
referred www.tamilaruvi.in
activity pattern or habit or behaviour.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in to as diapause
 Ethology is the scientific study of animal
amilaruvi.in
25. Classifywww.tamilaruvi.in
the adaptive traits found www.tamilaruvi.in
in behaviour,www.tamilaruvi.in
under natural conditions.www.tamil
amilaruvi.inorganisms.
Physiologicalwww.tamilaruvi.in
adaptations : www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The adaptive traits
www.tamilaruvi.in may be structural
www.tamilaruvi.in
 These are www.tamilaruvi.in
adaptations of organisms www.tamil
that
adaptation, behavioral adaptation and
amilaruvi.in physiological
www.tamilaruvi.in
adaptation.
www.tamilaruvi.in
help themwww.tamilaruvi.in
to live and survive in their www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in environment
www.tamilaruvi.in with unique niches.
Structural adaptations :
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in E.g : Lionswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in have sharp canines to hunt www.tamil
 The external and internal structures of animals and tear meat and a digestive system suitable
amilaruvi.in can www.tamilaruvi.in
help them to adapt better to www.tamilaruvi.in
their www.tamilaruvi.in
for digesting raw meat.
www.tamil
 The two most well-known physiological
amilaruvi.in E.g www.tamilaruvi.in
: Mammals growing thicker www.tamilaruvi.in
fur to adaptationswww.tamilaruvi.in
are hibernation www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in survive freezing climates.
www.tamilaruvi.in aestivation.
of the most attractive adaptations
amilaruvi.in Somewww.tamilaruvi.in in
www.tamilaruvi.in
 These are two www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
different types of inactivity
amilaruvi.in nature occur for
www.tamilaruvi.in reasons of crypsis (e.g. where thewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in metabolic rate slows down www.tamil
camouflage) and mimicry. so much that the animal can survive without
eating or drinking.
www.tamil
 Cryptic animals are those which camouflage
amilaruvi.in perfectly
www.tamilaruvi.in
with their environment www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and are 26. Differentiate Natality www.tamil
and Mortality.
amilaruvi.in almost www.tamilaruvi.in
impossible to detect. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Certain
www.tamilaruvi.in S.
reptiles and insects such as Natality Mortality. www.tamil
chameleons and stick insects show this No.
type of adaptation, which helps in prey 1. It define as a birth It define as a death
amilaruvi.in capturewww.tamilaruvi.in
or to evade from predators.
www.tamilaruvi.inof individual
www.tamilaruvi.in
in of individualswww.tamil
in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inunit time. www.tamilaruvi.inunit time. www.tamil
 Likewise, horse legs are suitable for fast 2 It is also known as It is also knownwww.tamil
as
amilaruvi.in runningwww.tamilaruvi.in
and adapted for grasslands www.tamilaruvi.in
Birth rate death rate
amilaruvi.in similar terrestrial environments.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
27. Differentiate J and S shaped curve.
S. Indices of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Keys www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
No. Density
S.
J shaped curve
amilaruvi.inNo. www.tamilaruvi.in S shaped www.tamilaruvi.in
curve 3 Ecological
www.tamilaruvi.in
It is the size of a www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in 1. Inwww.tamilaruvi.in density population in relation
this kind In this kindwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
to the numbers per
amilaruvi.in population
www.tamilaruvi.in population www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
unit of habitat space.
increases rapidly of small
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (Available area or www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
in an exponential mammals,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in volume that can
fashion then stops increase slowly
be colonized by a
amilaruvi.in shortly due to
www.tamilaruvi.in at first thenwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
population).
environmental more rapidly
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Eg. 1000 fish in thewww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
resistance or and gradually
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in volume of water inwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
due to sudden slow down as
the pond.
amilaruvi.in appearance of a
www.tamilaruvi.in environmentalwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
limiting factor, resistance 30. Give an account of the properties of soil.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in increases.
Texture of soil
amilaruvi.in 2 Their www.tamilaruvi.in
growth is Their growth www.tamilaruvi.in
 The texture of soil is determined by the size
amilaruvi.in represented
www.tamilaruvi.inby represented www.tamilaruvi.inof the soil www.tamilaruvi.in
particles. www.tamil
J-shaped growth by S shaped
form. growth curve
www.tamilaruvi.in
 The types of www.tamilaruvi.in
soil include sand, silt and www.tamil
clay
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inon the basiswww.tamilaruvi.in
of their size differences. www.tamil
28. Give an account of population regulation.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Porosity
 The inherent tendency of all animal populations
amilaruvi.in is to www.tamilaruvi.in
increase in number.  The space www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in present between soil particles www.tamil
amilaruvi.in But itwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inin a given volume of
www.tamilaruvi.insoil are called pore
www.tamil
does not increase indefinitely. spaces.
amilaruvi.in Oncewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
the carrying capacity of the environment www.tamilaruvi.in
 The percentage of soil volume occupied by
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in is reached, population
www.tamilaruvi.in numbers remain static
www.tamilaruvi.inpore spacewww.tamilaruvi.in
or by the interstitial spaces www.tamil
is
or fluctuate depending on environmental
amilaruvi.in conditions.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incalled porosity of the soil.
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in Permeability www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of soil www.tamil
is regulated by many factors which are
amilaruvi.in1. Density
www.tamilaruvi.in  The characteristic of soil that determineswww.tamil
the
independent - Extrinsic www.tamilaruvi.in
factors www.tamilaruvi.in
movement of water through pore spaces
amilaruvi.in2. Density
www.tamilaruvi.in
dependent - Intrinsic factors www.tamilaruvi.inis known aswww.tamilaruvi.in
soil permeability. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Extrinsic
www.tamilaruvi.in
factors include availability www.tamilaruvi.in
 Soil permeability is directly dependentwww.tamilon
amilaruvi.in space, shelter, weather, food, etc.www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the pore size.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Intrinsic factors include competition,
www.tamilaruvi.in  Water holding
www.tamilaruvi.in capacity of the soil is inversely
predation, emigration, immigration and dependent on soil porosity.
amilaruvi.in diseases.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Soil
www.tamilaruvi.in Temperaturewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
29. What is ecological density, crude density and
amilaruvi.inpopulation
www.tamilaruvi.inSoil gets its heat energy from
www.tamilaruvi.in solar radiation,
www.tamil
density?
decomposing organic matter, and heat
Indices of
from the interior of earth. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inNo. www.tamilaruvi.in Keys www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Density  Soil temperature effects the germination
amilaruvi.in1 Population
www.tamilaruvi.in It is usually expressed
www.tamilaruvi.inof seeds, growth of roots
www.tamilaruvi.in and biological
www.tamil
density as the number of activity of soil-inhabiting micro-and macro-
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in individuals per unit
www.tamilaruvi.inorganisms.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in area or volume.www.tamilaruvi.in Soil water
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Eg.100 trees/acre www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 In soil, water is not only important as a
amilaruvi.in 2 Crude
www.tamilaruvi.in It is the size of a
www.tamilaruvi.insolvent and www.tamilaruvi.in
transporting agent, but www.tamil
also
density population in relation maintains www.tamilaruvi.in
soil texture, arrangement www.tamil and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in to the numbers www.tamilaruvi.in
per compactness of soil particles, making soil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in unit of total space. www.tamilaruvi.inhabitable forwww.tamilaruvi.in
plants and animals. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Eg.1000 fish in a pond.
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
31. Differentiate between Tundra and Taiga
 In vertebrate skin, there are many cellular layers
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inBiomes.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in besides thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
well protected respiratory
amilaruvi.in S. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in surfaces that help in
www.tamilaruvi.in preventing loss of
www.tamil
water.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Tundra Biomes
amilaruvi.inNo. www.tamilaruvi.in Taiga Biomes
 Some animals obtain their water requirement
amilaruvi.in1. Itwww.tamilaruvi.in
extends beyond It extends in www.tamilaruvi.in
the
from food as www.tamilaruvi.in
partial replacement of water www.tamil
the Arctic and sub polar belt of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in lost through excretion.
Antarctic circle North America
(66.6 0
to the poles) and Eurassia www.tamilaruvi.in
(550  Birds à make nests and breed beforewww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in to 66.5 North)
0
www.tamilaruvi.in rainy season as there
www.tamilaruvi.in is availability of
www.tamil
abundant food. But during drought birds
amilaruvi.in2. The winters are
www.tamilaruvi.in The winters are
rarely reproduce. www.tamil
very long and long and cold.
severe. Summers Summers are www.tamilaruvi.in
 Camels are www.tamilaruvi.in
able to regulate water www.tamil
amilaruvi.in are very short
www.tamilaruvi.in short and warmwww.tamilaruvi.in effectivelywww.tamilaruvi.in
for evaporative cooling www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and warm
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in through the skin and respiratory
www.tamilaruvi.in system and
www.tamil
3. Precipitation is Precipitation ranges excrete highly concentrated urine, and
less than 250 about 380-1000www.tamilaruvi.in can also www.tamilaruvi.in
withstand dehydration up www.tamil
to
amilaruvi.in mm per year.
www.tamilaruvi.in mm annually.www.tamilaruvi.in 25% of their body weight.
amilaruvi.in 4. This is the almost
www.tamilaruvi.in The Taiga is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
33. Describe Population Age Distribution. www.tamil
treeless plain a forest of
in the northern
www.tamilaruvi.in
coniferous trees  The proportion www.tamilaruvi.in
of the age groups www.tamil
parts of Asia, www.tamilaruvi.in
such as spruce, fir (prereproductive, reproductive and www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in post
amilaruvi.in Europe and North
www.tamilaruvi.in and pine. www.tamilaruvi.in reproductive) in a population
www.tamilaruvi.in is its age
www.tamil
America. distribution attribute.
amilaruvi.in5. Reindeer,
www.tamilaruvi.in
arctic Important
 This determines the reproductive status of
hare, musk ox, migratory www.tamilaruvi.in the populationwww.tamilaruvi.in
at the given time and www.tamil
is an
amilaruvi.in lemmings are
www.tamilaruvi.in herbivores include
www.tamilaruvi.in indicator of www.tamilaruvi.in
the future population size. www.tamil
important Tundra moose, elk, deer
herbivores and reindeer.
 Usually a rapidly growing population will www.tamil
have
E.g : ducks and The common www.tamilaruvi.in larger proportion of young
www.tamilaruvi.in individuals.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in geese, nest in
www.tamilaruvi.in smaller mammals  A stable population
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inwill have an even www.tamil
the Tundra during are herbivorous distribution of various age classes.
the summer and squirrels, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in snowshoe hare 
www.tamilaruvi.in A declining population
www.tamilaruvi.in tends to have a
www.tamil
migrate south for
the winter. and predatory pine larger proportion of older individuals.
martens. 34. Describe Growth Models/Curves.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Important www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in predators include 
www.tamilaruvi.in Populations show characteristic
www.tamilaruvi.in growth
www.tamil
the timber wolf, patterns or forms.
grizzly bear,  These patterns can be plotted and termed
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in black bear, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
as J-shaped growth form and S-shaped
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in bobcat and www.tamilaruvi.in growth formwww.tamilaruvi.in
(Sigmoid form). www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in wolverines. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in PART –A
32. List the adaptations seen in terrestrial
amilaruvi.inanimals. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONSwww.tamilaruvi.in(1 MARK) www.tamil
amilaruvi.inAdaptations of terrestrial animals : www.tamilaruvi.in
1. Biome is
amilaruvi.in Earthworms, land Planarians à secrete
amilaruvi.in a mucus coating
www.tamilaruvi.in to maintain a moist a)
www.tamilaruvi.in sum of ecosystems in a
www.tamilaruvi.ingeographical area.www.tamil
situation b) sum of ecosystems of the whole earth.
 Arthropods à have an external covering c) biotic component of an ecosystem.
amilaruvi.in overwww.tamilaruvi.in
the respiratory surfaces and www.tamilaruvi.in
wellwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in developed tracheal systems.
www.tamilaruvi.in biotic potential of a population.
www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
2. Keystone species in an ecosystem are those
10. A majority of organisms are restricted to a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) present
narrow rangewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
in maximum number. of temperature, and are called
amilaruvi.inb) that www.tamilaruvi.in
are most frequent.
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Stenothermal www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Endothermal www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) attaining
www.tamilaruvi.in
a large biomass.
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Ectothermalwww.tamilaruvi.in
d) Eurythermal Answww.tamil :a
11. The foraging, reproductive and migratory www.tamil
d) contributing to ecosystem properties.
Ans : d activities of www.tamilaruvi.in
the organisms are primarily www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in dependent
www.tamilaruvi.in upon
3. What is the most important factor for the
amilaruvi.insuccesswww.tamilaruvi.in a) Light
www.tamilaruvi.in Temperature www.tamil
of animal population?
amilaruvi.ina) Natality
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Water
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Soil
www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil
:a
b) Unlimited food
amilaruvi.inc) Adaptability
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Inter-species www.tamilaruvi.in
12. Mark the correct www.tamilaruvi.in
statement www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in activity www.tamilaruvi.in
a. The case of www.tamilaruvi.in
bear, going into hibernation duringwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : c winter, is anwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in example of ‘escape in time’ www.tamil
4. In a population,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in unrestricted reproductive b. To prevent www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in desiccation some snails and fishes www.tamil
capacity is called enter into diapause
amilaruvi.ina) Biotic potential
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Fertility c. Under
www.tamilaruvi.in un-favourable
www.tamilaruvi.in conditions many
www.tamil
c) Carrying capacity d) Birth rate Ans: a zooplankton species go into aestivation
d. All of these Ans : a
5. Which part
amilaruvi.in of the world has a high density
amilaruvi.inorganisms?
www.tamilaruvi.in 13. Bell-shaped
www.tamilaruvi.in polygonal pyramid
www.tamilaruvi.in indicates www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Grasslands
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Savannahs a) High
www.tamilaruvi.in percentage of young
www.tamilaruvi.in individuals www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Deciduous forests
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Tropical rain forests b) Moderate
www.tamilaruvi.in percentage of young
www.tamilaruvi.in individualswww.tamil
Ans : d c) Low percentage of young individuals
6.
amilaruvi.inWhich one of the
www.tamilaruvi.infollowing pairs is correctly d) Low
www.tamilaruvi.in percentage of old individuals
www.tamil
matched?
14. Sparseness ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
animal groups is characteristic www.tamil
a) Tundra - Low biotic diversity feature of-
b) Savanna - Acacia trees a) Gangetic plains b) Tropical zone
c) Prairie – Grassland c) Alpine zonewww.tamilaruvi.ind) Mangrove zonewww.tamil
Ans: a
amilaruvi.ind) Coniferous forest - Evergreen trees
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :c
7. Which is
amilaruvi.in not a part of atmosphere ? www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in 15. A population would grow exponentially www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ina) Lightwww.tamilaruvi.in b) Temperature www.tamilaruvi.in a) if it were limited only by density-dependent
Ans : c factors.
amilaruvi.inc) Edaphic factor
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Precipitation www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) until it reaches carrying capacity.
amilaruvi.in
biological factors is responsible www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inpoor vegetation in
www.tamilaruvi.in deserts ? c) if
www.tamilaruvi.in there were no limiting factors.
amilaruvi.ina) Grazing by animals
www.tamilaruvi.in and goats d) if
www.tamilaruvi.in it were a population with
www.tamilaruvi.in an equilibrial life
www.tamil
history.
amilaruvi.inb) Low www.tamilaruvi.in
rainfall www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :c
amilaruvi.inc) Poor fertility of soil
16. The effects of which of the following
amilaruvi.ind) Native mankind
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : b
www.tamilaruvi.in
environmental www.tamilaruvi.in
factors would probably www.tamil not
amilaruvi.in
important factor which determined change as a population
www.tamilaruvi.in grows?
amilaruvi.inthe increase in human population
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Disease
amilaruvi.ina) Natality
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Mortality www.tamilaruvi.in b) Limited foodwww.tamilaruvi.in
supply www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Immigration
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : a
d) Emigration www.tamilaruvi.inc) Competitionwww.tamilaruvi.in
for nesting sites www.tamil
d) Weather www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :d
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
17. A
www.tamilaruvi.in
broad-based, pyramid-shaped
age- 23. The age-structure diagram of a country like
www.tamil
amilaruvi.instructurewww.tamilaruvi.in
diagram is characteristicwww.tamilaruvi.in India, has thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
of a shape of __________.
amilaruvi.inpopulation that is
www.tamilaruvi.in a) a triangle with
www.tamilaruvi.in the point at the bottom www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ina) growing rapidly.
www.tamilaruvi.in b) a rectangle www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in tapered at the top www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) at carrying capacity.
www.tamilaruvi.in c) a pyramid www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) stable.
d) an hour glass
www.tamilaruvi.in :c
amilaruvi.ind) limited by density-dependent factors. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in 24. The number www.tamilaruvi.in
of individuals per unit area www.tamil
or
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : a volume is known
www.tamilaruvi.in as . . .
18. If birthwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in rate is 100, death rate is www.tamilaruvi.in
10 and a) population density
number of individual in population group is b) population growth
amilaruvi.in1000, then
www.tamilaruvi.in
what will be the percentage of
amilaruvi.innaturalwww.tamilaruvi.in
growth rate? c) community www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in ecology www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) 0.09% www.tamilaruvi.in b) 9.0% www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil
d) population distribution :a
amilaruvi.inc) 0.9%www.tamilaruvi.in d) 90% Ans : b 25. A population of
www.tamilaruvi.in 500 that experiences 55 births
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and
www.tamilaruvi.in 5 deaths during a one-year
www.tamilaruvi.in period. What
www.tamil
19. An ecologist would suspect that a population is the reproductive rate for the population
amilaruvi.inis growing
www.tamilaruvi.in
rapidly if it www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
during the one-year period ? www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina. contains
www.tamilaruvi.in
many more pre-reproductive www.tamilaruvi.in
than a) 0.01/year www.tamilaruvi.in b) 0.05/year www.tamil
amilaruvi.in reproductive individuals.
c) 0.1/year www.tamilaruvi.in d) 50/year Answww.tamil
:c
amilaruvi.inb. is near its carrying capacity.
26. A population of 600 that experiences 65 births
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc. is limited only by density-dependent factors.
and 5 deaths www.tamilaruvi.in
during a one-year period. Ifwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.ind. shows www.tamilaruvi.in
a clumped pattern of dispersion. population
www.tamilaruvi.in maintains the
www.tamilaruvi.in current growth
www.tamil
Ans : a pattern, a plot of its growth would resemble
a) exponential growth b) fluctuating growth
20. When birth
amilaruvi.in rate equals death rate, www.tamilaruvi.in
c) K-selected growth d) logistic growth www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina. A population
www.tamilaruvi.in
grows rapidly. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :a
amilaruvi.inb. The www.tamilaruvi.in
size of a population remains constant. www.tamilaruvi.in
27. The maximumwww.tamilaruvi.in
expansion rate of a population www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc. Density-dependent
www.tamilaruvi.in under the best
limiting factors www.tamilaruvi.in
do not conditions is referred to
www.tamil
_____. There are abundant resources that
amilaruvi.in affectwww.tamilaruvi.in
the population. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
last forever and no limits on growth. www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind. Population is in danger of extinction. www.tamilaruvi.in
a) biotic potential b) cohort www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : b
c) mortality rate d) biome Ans: a
21. From an
amilaruvi.in ecologist’s point of view, population
28. Which one of the following ecosystem
amilaruvi.instructure does not include the
types has the www.tamilaruvi.in
highest annual net primary www.tamil
a) distribution of genotypes within a population. productivity? www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) population density.
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Tropical
www.tamilaruvi.in deciduous forest
amilaruvi.inc) spacing of population
www.tamilaruvi.in members. b) Temperate
www.tamilaruvi.in evergreen forest
amilaruvi.ind) biomass of the population.
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Temperate
www.tamilaruvi.in deciduous forest
Ans: d d) Tropical rain forest. Ans :d
22. Humanwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in population growth ________.www.tamilaruvi.in 29. In an age www.tamilaruvi.in
pyramid, the numberwww.tamil of
amilaruvi.ina) has an S-shaped
www.tamilaruvi.in curve individuals
www.tamilaruvi.in of reproductive
www.tamilaruvi.in age is lesser
www.tamil
than pre reproductive but higher than post
amilaruvi.inb) is currently in a
www.tamilaruvi.inlogistic phase www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
reproductive ones. The population is
amilaruvi.inc) is currently exponential
a) Growing www.tamilaruvi.in b) Declining www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) has reached carrying capacity
c) Stable www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Can not be www.tamil
Ans : c
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in predicted
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amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
30. The term ‘precipitation’ includes
38. The relationship between hermit crab and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Rain www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
sea anemone www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
b) Hails is
amilaruvi.inc) Snowwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
d) All forms of water that fall to a) symbiosis www.tamilaruvi.in b) mutualism www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in the ground
c) parasitism www.tamilaruvi.in d) commensalism www.tamil
Ans : d
31. Ratio ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in natality and mortality of a population 39. Small fish get
www.tamilaruvi.in stuck near the bottom www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in of a
is expressed in percentage as shark and derives its nutrition from it. This
kind of association is called as
www.tamil
a) Vital index b) Growth rate
c) Survival rate d) Biotic potential a) Symbiosis b) Commensalism
c) Predation d) Parasitism Ans: b
32. In which animal green foliage type of mimic 40. An assocation between two individuals or
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inis foundwww.tamilaruvi.in
? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
population where both the benefitted and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) honey bee
www.tamilaruvi.in b) horse www.tamilaruvi.in
where neitherwww.tamilaruvi.in
can survive without the other www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) chameleons
www.tamilaruvi.in d) snake Ans: c is
33. In commensalism – a)
www.tamilaruvi.in Commensalism b)
www.tamilaruvi.inAmensalism www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina. Population
www.tamilaruvi.in
of commensal and host www.tamilaruvi.in
remains c) Proto-cooperation d)
www.tamilaruvi.inMutualism www.tamil
unaffected Ans : d
amilaruvi.inb. Population of commensal
www.tamilaruvi.in may increase while 41. Pedology
www.tamilaruvi.in is the study of –
that of host remains unaffected a) Locomotion of animals b) Rocks
amilaruvi.inc. Population
www.tamilaruvi.in
of both commensal and host
amilaruvi.in increases
www.tamilaruvi.in Soil d)
www.tamilaruvi.inReproduction www.tamil
Ans : c
amilaruvi.ind. Population
www.tamilaruvi.in
of commensal increases whilewww.tamilaruvi.in
population of host gradually decreases 42. Soil is composed of –
Ans : b a) Mineral + Water + Air
34. A bird eats the fruit of a plant species. The
amilaruvi.inseeds arewww.tamilaruvi.in b)
www.tamilaruvi.in Mineral + Organic matter
www.tamilaruvi.in+ Water www.tamil
not digested and germinate in the c) Mineral + Organic matter + Air + Water
amilaruvi.inbird’s excreta
www.tamilaruvi.in
at some distance from www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inparent plant. This is
www.tamilaruvi.inan example of d)
www.tamilaruvi.in Organic matter + Water
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans :c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) predation
www.tamilaruvi.in b) competitionwww.tamilaruvi.in
43. Biotic factors www.tamilaruvi.in
are – www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) commensalism
www.tamilaruvi.in d) mutualism Ans : d a. Chemical factors
www.tamilaruvi.in of soil which effect life www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
35. According
amilaruvi.in to the principle of competitive
www.tamilaruvi.in b. Physical factors
www.tamilaruvi.in of soil which effect life www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
exclusion, two species cannot continue to c. All living organisms which influence other
amilaruvi.inoccupywww.tamilaruvi.in
the same . . .
organisms
amilaruvi.ina) biome www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) ecological niche www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d. Atmospheric factors which influence life
amilaruvi.inc) environmental
www.tamilaruvi.in
habitat d) range www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : b www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :c
36. Which of the following type of interactions 44. The age of pyramid with broad base indicates
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inoccur inwww.tamilaruvi.in
mutalism ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) High percentage of young individuals
amilaruvi.ina) (+, +)www.tamilaruvi.in b) (+, 0) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Low percentage of young individuals
amilaruvi.inc) (+, –)www.tamilaruvi.in d) (–, –) www.tamilaruvi.in
c) High percentage of old individuals
37. Interactions in which the consumer www.tamilaruvi.in
lives www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) Low percentage of old individuals Ans : a
amilaruvi.inwithin the host and
www.tamilaruvi.indoes slow damage to the
host are referred to as 45. Permafrost is the most distinctive feature of
a) commensalism. b) parasitism. a) Taiga b) Temperate grasslands
c) mutualism. d) competition. c) Tundra d) Pacific northwest
Ans : b
Ans : c
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
46. Desert regions are characterized by ___ mm 53. What is true for both the organism showing
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inof rainfall
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
per year. interspecific compitition ?
amilaruvi.ina) less than
www.tamilaruvi.in
50 b) less than 150www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Both are benefited www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) less than
www.tamilaruvi.in
500 d) over 50 www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : c b) more or lesswww.tamilaruvi.in
harmful effect to both www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
47. For plantswww.tamilaruvi.in
inhabiting a tropical rainwww.tamilaruvi.in
forest, www.tamilaruvi.in
c) one is benefited where as other is at losswww.tamil
amilaruvi.inthe critical
www.tamilaruvi.in
competition is for www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil
d) None of these :b
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www.tamilaruvi.in b) water www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
54. Water holding capacity of land depends on ?
amilaruvi.inc) spacewww.tamilaruvi.in d) light www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : d www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Soil composition b) Grain size
48. Resemblance of one organism to another www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Aggregation of grain d) All of these Ans : d
amilaruvi.inprotection
www.tamilaruvi.in
and hiding is known as www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Mimicry
www.tamilaruvi.in 55. In which of the following organism water is
b) Predation www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
stored in its transformed from and not water
amilaruvi.inc) Adaptation
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Camouflagewww.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : as such ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
animal is capable of obtainingwww.tamilaruvi.in
water a) camel www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Uromatrix www.tamil
amilaruvi.inby oxidation
www.tamilaruvi.in
of lipid. www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Spiny tailedwww.tamilaruvi.in
lizard d) rat Answww.tamil
:a
amilaruvi.ina) Rat www.tamilaruvi.in b) Earthworm www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
56. Match column I with column II
amilaruvi.inc) Molewww.tamilaruvi.in d) Kangaroo rat www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Column - I Column - II
1. Mutualism (p) Barnacles
amilaruvi.in
is the example of intraspecific www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
competition for food ? 2. Competition (q) Tiger
a) Barnacle on rocks of the submerged water 3. Predation (r) Mites
b) between dogs 4. Parasitism (s) Sea anemone
amilaruvi.inc) Various types of lichens
www.tamilaruvi.in (1-s), (2-r), (3-p) (4-q)
amilaruvi.ind) Paramaecium caudatuns and P.aurelia
www.tamilaruvi.in in b)
www.tamilaruvi.in (1-r), (2-s), (3-q) (4-p)
amilaruvi.in laboratory.
www.tamilaruvi.in (1-s), (2-p), (3-q) (4-r)
Ans : d d) (1-q), (2-r), (3-s) (4-p) Ans :c
51. Parasitic animal which is part of bio-geo 57. Which of the following is not included as
community and included as zoo planktons
amilaruvi.inand mesofauna
www.tamilaruvi.in climax community of
www.tamilaruvi.in general process of
www.tamil
of terrestrial ecosystem is .... succession ?
amilaruvi.ina) Moleswww.tamilaruvi.in b) mites www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Sedge-meadow stage b) phytoplanktones
amilaruvi.inc) Earthworms
www.tamilaruvi.in d) leech www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Forest d) Grassland Ans : b
52. If marine fish is kept in fresh water, will it 58. What is the composition of soil with high
www.tamil
amilaruvi.insurvivewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
waterlogging capicity ?
amilaruvi.ina. Yes, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
If chlorine cells are placed in its kidney www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Sandy soil b) Black soil
amilaruvi.inb. Yes, www.tamilaruvi.in
If chlorine cells are placed in its www.tamilaruvi.in
green www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Rocky soil d) red soil Ans : b
amilaruvi.in glandwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc. No, Because
www.tamilaruvi.in 59. What
www.tamilaruvi.in is correct for the given
www.tamilaruvi.in statement ?www.tamil
it can not adapt
Statement X : Ascaris are permanent parasites
amilaruvi.ind. No, they
www.tamilaruvi.in
can not survive but of young www.tamilaruvi.in
ones Statement Y www.tamilaruvi.in
: Ascaris lives inside the host’swww.tamil
amilaruvi.in hatching out of their
www.tamilaruvi.in eggs can survive body
Ans : c
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Both X&Y are
www.tamilaruvi.in correct
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in b) Both x & Y are
www.tamilaruvi.in wrong
c) X is wrong Ywww.tamilaruvi.in
is true www.tamil
d) X is correct www.tamilaruvi.in
& Y is true Answww.tamil
:a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
60. Biological control as pest control in agriculture 66. What is correct for the given statement
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inis an example
regarding environment ? www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
of
amilaruvi.ina) Predation
www.tamilaruvi.in Statement X : Environmental study is linked
b) Competitionwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
with ecology
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) Emigration
www.tamilaruvi.in d) diseases www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : a Statement Ywww.tamilaruvi.in
: Ecology is includedwww.tamil in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in environmental
www.tamilaruvi.in study.
61. The turtle of Galapagus island and the goats
amilaruvi.inliving there
www.tamilaruvi.in
both were eating tenderwww.tamilaruvi.in
grass, a) Both statement are true
amilaruvi.instate the relationship.
www.tamilaruvi.in Both statement are wrong
amilaruvi.ina) Interspecific competition
www.tamilaruvi.in P is right and Q is wrong
amilaruvi.inb) Emigration
www.tamilaruvi.in P is wrong and Q is right
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) predation
www.tamilaruvi.in 67. What is true for
www.tamilaruvi.in the following statementswww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in ?
Statement X : Migration of birds is influenced
amilaruvi.ind) Nonewww.tamilaruvi.in
of these Ans : a
by light.
amilaruvi.in
62. Carrying www.tamilaruvi.in Statement Ywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
capicity of a population is determind : Reproduction of birds is
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inby www.tamilaruvi.in influenced
www.tamilaruvi.in by light.
Statement Z : In all birds gonads are activated
amilaruvi.ina) Birth rate
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Death rate www.tamilaruvi.in
due to increase www.tamilaruvi.in
in intensity of light during www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) limiting resources
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Reproductive ability summer.
www.tamilaruvi.in X Y Z
63.
amilaruvi.inBiotic community means
www.tamilaruvi.in True False False
amilaruvi.ina) Group of Birds
www.tamilaruvi.in False True False
amilaruvi.inb) Group of species
www.tamilaruvi.in True True True
amilaruvi.inc) Group of interrelated population
www.tamilaruvi.in True True False
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Groupswww.tamilaruvi.in
of interrelated ecosystem Ans : c 68. Which is true www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in statements in the followingwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in
true for the given statementswww.tamilaruvi.in
? Statement 1:www.tamilaruvi.in
Birds and Mammals obtain www.tamil
amilaruvi.inStatement X : Protopterus aestivatewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in during greater body size in cold
www.tamilaruvi.in region than in warm
www.tamil
winter to overcome dry period regions.
amilaruvi.inStatementwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Y : The process of aestivation in
Statement 2 : Birds and Mammals are
amilaruvi.inprotopterus
is to overcome unfavourable Homeothermic www.tamilaruvi.in
(warm blooded)animals. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inconditionwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Statement 3 : Reptiles are smaller in cold
www.tamil
statements are true www.tamilaruvi.in
region. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) X-Correct Y- wrong
a) 1,3 www.tamilaruvi.in
b) 1,2 c) 1,2,3 d) 2,3 www.tamil
statements are wrong www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :d
amilaruvi.in d) X-www.tamilaruvi.in
wrong Y- correct www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : d www.tamilaruvi.in
PART –B www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
true for the given statement ?www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inStatement X : Most of the animals andwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in almost ADDITIONAL QUESTIONSwww.tamilaruvi.in (2 MARKS) www.tamil
amilaruvi.inall the plants cannot
www.tamilaruvi.in keep up their internal
enviornment constant 1. Define Ecology.
amilaruvi.inStatementwww.tamilaruvi.in
Y : process of osmoregulationwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inplants iswww.tamilaruvi.in
an example of this l
www.tamilaruvi.in The word ‘ecology’ is
www.tamilaruvi.inderived from the Greek
www.tamil
term ‘oikos’, meaning ‘house’ and logos,
statements are true www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
meaning ‘study’. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) X - correct, Y- wrong
2. Define population.
statements are wrong www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l In ecology, the term population, originally
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) X- wrong,
www.tamilaruvi.in
Y- correct www.tamilaruvi.in coined to www.tamilaruvi.in
denote a group of people www.tamil
is
www.tamilaruvi.in broadened www.tamilaruvi.in
to include groups of individuals of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in any one kind of organism.
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
3. Define ecosystem
9. State van’t Hoff ’s rule
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
community with living (Biotic) and l van’t Hoff proposed that, with the increase of
non-living environment (Abiotic) www.tamilaruvi.inevery 10ºC, www.tamilaruvi.in
the rate of metabolic activity www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in function together as an ecological system
www.tamilaruvi.in (or)
www.tamilaruvi.indoubles orwww.tamilaruvi.in
the reaction rate is halved www.tamil
with
ecosystem. the decrease of 10ºC.
l Biome is a term in wide use for a large l This rule is referred as the van’t Hoff ’s rule.
amilaruvi.in regional
www.tamilaruvi.in
or sub continental www.tamilaruvi.in
system www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in characterized by a major vegetation type.
www.tamilaruvi.in Bergmann’s rule
amilaruvi.in l This rule state that, In certain environments,
the components of ecospherewww.tamilaruvi.in
. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the size and colouration of animals are
amilaruvi.inl Ecosphere,
includes all the living organisms influencedwww.tamilaruvi.in
by temperature. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of the Earth, interacting with the physical
l Birds and www.tamilaruvi.in
mammals attain greater body www.tamil
environment to regulate their distribution,
amilaruvi.in abundance,
www.tamilaruvi.in
production and evolution.
www.tamilaruvi.insize in colderwww.tamilaruvi.in
regions than warmer regions www.tamil
l This is known www.tamilaruvi.in
as Bergmann’s rule www.tamil
5. What is environment ?
l Environment is a collective term which 11. Define Allen’s rule
amilaruvi.in includes
www.tamilaruvi.in
the different conditions www.tamilaruvi.in
in which l Warm blooded www.tamilaruvi.in
animals, living in colder www.tamil
amilaruvi.in an organism
www.tamilaruvi.in
lives or is present. www.tamilaruvi.inclimates, tend to have shorter limbs, ears
amilaruvi.inl The www.tamilaruvi.in
common and influencing factors www.tamilaruvi.in
of and other appendages
www.tamilaruvi.in when compared to
www.tamil
are light, temperature, the members of the same species in warmer
amilaruvi.in environment
climates (Allen’s rule). www.tamil
pressure, water, salinity.
6. List out the adaptations of camel. 12. Define Jordon’s rule.
l Camel is able to use water efficiently l In some aquatic environments, there an
inverse relationship between water www.tamil
and effectively for evaporative cooling
amilaruvi.in throughwww.tamilaruvi.in
their skin and respiratory www.tamilaruvi.intemperature and fish meristic
amilaruvi.in system.www.tamilaruvi.in l This is known
www.tamilaruvi.in as Jordon’s rule
excrete highly concentratedwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inl Theywww.tamilaruvi.in urine 13. Define phototaxis.
and can also
amilaruvi.in 25%www.tamilaruvi.in withstand dehydration upto
of the body weight. l The movement of organism in response
amilaruvi.inl The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.into light, either towards the source of light
www.tamil
hoofs and hump are also suitable in Moths (positive phototaxis) or away from
amilaruvi.in adaptations
www.tamilaruvi.in
for survival in this dry www.tamilaruvi.in
sandy www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
light (Euglena, Volvox, earthworm (negative
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inphototaxis).www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
the adaptations of fish www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
14. Define phototrophism.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Finswww.tamilaruvi.in
(locomotion), www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l The growth or orientation of an organism
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Streamlined body (aerodynamic), www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in in response www.tamilaruvi.in
to light, either towardswww.tamil
the
l Lateral line system (sensory),
amilaruvi.inl Gillswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.insource of light (Positive
www.tamilaruvi.in phototropism)www.tamil
(respiration),
amilaruvi.inl Air sacs
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inas seen in Sunflower, or
www.tamilaruvi.in a way from light
www.tamil
(floatation)
(negative phototropism) as in case of the
amilaruvi.inl Kidneys (excretion).
root of plants. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Niche and Guilds www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
15. Define photokinsis.
life style of an individual population
amilaruvi.inl The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
in the habitat is known as its niche or l A change in the speed of locomotion
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in(or frequency www.tamilaruvi.in
of turning) in a motile www.tamil
l Niche of an
amilaruvi.in the www.tamilaruvi.in organism can be defined as
www.tamilaruvi.inorganism or cell which
www.tamilaruvi.inis made in response
www.tamil
total position and function of an to a change in light intensity is called
www.tamilaruvi.in
in its environment. www.tamilaruvi.inPhotokinesis.
amilaruvi.inl E.g crickets
www.tamilaruvi.in
and grasshoppers arewww.tamilaruvi.in
closely www.tamilaruvi.in
l It involves undirected random movement in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in related insects that live in the same www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in habitat, response towww.tamilaruvi.in
light. www.tamil
yet they occupy different ecological niches.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
16. What are the types of water ?
24. List out the epidemic plant of hot desert
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Waterwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
are two types. They are l Hot desert have a considerable amount of
amilaruvi.in1. Fresh water (rivers, lakes, ponds) www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in specialized www.tamilaruvi.in
vegetation (xerophytes), aloe, www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in2. Saltwww.tamilaruvi.in
water (seas and oceans). www.tamilaruvi.inagave, Opuntia species, Euphorbia
amilaruvi.inl Based on the dissolved
www.tamilaruvi.in salts, water can be
www.tamilaruvi.inroyleana as well as specialized
www.tamilaruvi.in vertebrate
www.tamil
hard water (sulphates/nitrates of Calcium/ and invertebrate animals.
amilaruvi.in Magnesium)
www.tamilaruvi.in
or soft water. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
25. What are conformers?
17. Define pedosphere. l Most animals cannot maintain a constant
internal environment.
www.tamil
l Soil is a mixture of organic matter,
amilaruvi.in minerals,
www.tamilaruvi.in
gases, liquids and organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
that www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l In aquatic animals like fishes, the osmotic
amilaruvi.in togetherwww.tamilaruvi.in
support life. www.tamilaruvi.inconcentrationwww.tamilaruvi.in
of the body fluids changes www.tamil
soil zone is known as Pedosphere. www.tamilaruvi.inwith that www.tamilaruvi.in
of the ambient water osmotic www.tamil
amilaruvi.in concentration.
the functions of soil. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Medium www.tamilaruvi.in
for plant growth l Such animals
www.tamilaruvi.in are called Conformers. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inl Means for water storage and purification
26. Why organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
migrate? www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Modifier of earth’s
www.tamilaruvi.in atmosphere www.tamilaruvi.in
l Organisms tendwww.tamilaruvi.in
to move away temporarily www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Habitat for many
www.tamilaruvi.in organisms, which in turn
www.tamilaruvi.infrom a stressful habitat
www.tamilaruvi.in to a new, hospitable
www.tamil
modify the soil area and return when the stressful period
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inis over.
19.
amilaruvi.inWhat is Soil Profile
l Soil is formed of many horizontal layers E.g : Birds migrate from Siberia to
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inVedanthangal www.tamilaruvi.in
in Tamilnadu to escape www.tamil
from
called as Soil Profile.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inthe severe winter periods.
amilaruvi.in humidity www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
27. Define diapause
l Moisture in the form of invisible vapor in
amilaruvi.in the atmosphere
www.tamilaruvi.in is called humidity.
www.tamilaruvi.in
l Some lower www.tamilaruvi.in
animals suspend a certain www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Humidity
www.tamilaruvi.in
is generally expressed in terms www.tamilaruvi.in
of phase of their life cycle, which is referred
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in absolute humidity, relative humidity orwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in specific as diapause. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in humidity.
www.tamilaruvi.in 28. What is known
www.tamilaruvi.in as Adaptations.
amilaruvi.in Absolute humidity adaptation is a dynamic
l In biology,www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inl Absolute humidity is the total mass ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in water evolutionary process
www.tamilaruvi.inthat fits organisms
www.tamil
vapour present in a given volume or mass of to their environment and enhancing their
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inevolutionarywww.tamilaruvi.in
fitness. www.tamil
air.
l Adaptations can be a phenotypic or adaptive
www.tamil
l It does not take temperature into consideration.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intrait with awww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
functional role in each individual
22.
amilaruvi.inDefine Relative humidity
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inorganism that is maintained and has been
l Relative humidity is the amount of water evolved by natural selection.
amilaruvi.in vapour www.tamilaruvi.in
present in air and is expressed as
amilaruvi.in a percentage
www.tamilaruvi.in ethology.
of the amount needed for
amilaruvi.in saturation at the
www.tamilaruvi.in same temperature l
www.tamilaruvi.inEthology is the scientific
www.tamilaruvi.in study of animal
www.tamil
l Relative humidity is expressed as a percentage; behaviour, under natural conditions.
amilaruvi.in the major biomes of the earthwww.tamilaruvi.in 30. Define Population.
amilaruvi.inl Tundra biome,
www.tamilaruvi.in l
www.tamilaruvi.inPopulation is defined
www.tamilaruvi.in as any group of
www.tamil
organisms of the same species which can
amilaruvi.inl Taiga biome,
interbreed among themselves, and occupy
www.tamil
l Grassland biome,
amilaruvi.inl Alpine www.tamilaruvi.in
biome,
www.tamilaruvi.ina particularwww.tamilaruvi.in
space and function as part www.tamil
of a
amilaruvi.inl Forest www.tamilaruvi.in
biome, www.tamilaruvi.inbiotic community.
amilaruvi.inl Desert biome.
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
31. Define Population density.
39. Mention the factors that account for the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
biomes in the earth. www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
density of a population refers to its size formation of major
amilaruvi.in in relation
www.tamilaruvi.in
to unit of space and time. www.tamilaruvi.in
l Intensity www.tamilaruvi.in
and duration of temperature www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inl Population
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in along with annual
www.tamilaruvi.in variations in
www.tamil
density is the total number of
precipitation are responsible for the
species within a natural habitat.www.tamilaruvi.in
formation ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
major biomes. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Natality? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
40. Define the term, Homeostasis.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Natality
www.tamilaruvi.in
is equivalent to birth ratewww.tamilaruvi.in
and is www.tamilaruvi.in
l Homeostasis is the process by which the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in an expression of the production of
www.tamilaruvi.in new
www.tamilaruvi.in organismswww.tamilaruvi.in
maintain a constant internal www.tamil
amilaruvi.in individuals in
www.tamilaruvi.inthe population by birth,
www.tamilaruvi.in environment in respect to changing external
hatching, germination (or) fission. environment.
33. How will you calculate Birth rate and death rate ? 41. Define the term, Regulate.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l Some organisms
homeostasis by physiological means which
ensures constant body temperature, ionicwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in / osmotic www.tamilaruvi.in
balance. www.tamil
l This is called Regulate. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in E.g : Birds,www.tamilaruvi.in
mammals and a few lower www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in vertebrate and invertebrate
www.tamilaruvi.in species. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 42. What is migration?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l The organism
www.tamilaruvi.in can move away temporarily
amilaruvi.in J shaped growth form? www.tamilaruvi.in from the stressful habitats
www.tamilaruvi.in to a more
www.tamil
hospitable area and return when stressful
a population increases rapidly
amilaruvi.inl Whenwww.tamilaruvi.in in an
period is over. This is called migration. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in exponential fashion
www.tamilaruvi.in and then stops shortly
due to environmental resistance or due to 43. What is an age pyramid?
amilaruvi.in sudden www.tamilaruvi.in
appearance of a limiting factor,www.tamilaruvi.in
they www.tamilaruvi.in
l It is the graphical representation of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in are said
to exhibit J-shaped growth form. populationwww.tamilaruvi.in
of an area at a given time, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in in which percentage of individuals of anwww.tamil
age
Biotic potential www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
group is plotted for the population the resulting
amilaruvi.inl It is www.tamilaruvi.in
the maximum reproductive capacity www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
structure is called pyramid.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of anwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
organism under optimum environmental www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
44. Define Birth rate
amilaruvi.in conditions.
l The birth rate is the total number of births
amilaruvi.in
Carrying capacity www.tamilaruvi.in per 1000 of www.tamilaruvi.in
a population each year www.tamil
maximum number of organism www.tamilaruvi.in
that www.tamilaruvi.in
45. Define death rate
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in a region can support without environmental
l Mortality rate is a measure of the number of
www.tamil
degradation is called carrying capacity.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in deaths perwww.tamilaruvi.in
1000 of a population each year.www.tamil
37.
amilaruvi.inDefine Environmental
www.tamilaruvi.in resistance www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
46. Define Immigration
amilaruvi.inl Is the sum total of
www.tamilaruvi.in the environmental limiting
factors, both biotic and abiotic, which l Immigration refers to the number of
amilaruvi.in together
act to prevent the biotic potential of individualswww.tamilaruvi.in
of same species that have www.tamil
amilaruvi.in an organism
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in come into the habitat
www.tamilaruvi.induring a given period
www.tamil
from being realized.
of time.
38. Define the term, ‘Ecology’.
amilaruvi.inl Ecology
www.tamilaruvi.in emigration.
is defined as the branch of biology that
amilaruvi.in dealswww.tamilaruvi.in l Emigration refers to the number of
with the study of interaction www.tamilaruvi.in
among www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
individuals of the population who move
amilaruvi.in organisms and between the organism
from the habitat www.tamil
during a given time period.
amilaruvi.in and its physical (abiotic)
www.tamilaruvi.in environment.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
48. Define the term “competition” in terms of 55. List the adaptation seen in animals for cold
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inecological
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
interaction. climate.
amilaruvi.inl Directwww.tamilaruvi.in
inhibition of a particular species www.tamilaruvi.in
by l Mammals from www.tamilaruvi.in
colder climates generally www.tamil
have
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in the other
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in shorter ears and limbs to minimize heat
amilaruvi.inl Birdswww.tamilaruvi.in
compete with squirrels for nuts and
www.tamilaruvi.in loss. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in seeds.
www.tamilaruvi.in l
www.tamilaruvi.in Seals of polar aquatic
www.tamilaruvi.in seas have a thick
www.tamil
layer of fat called blubber below their skin
amilaruvi.in commensalism? www.tamilaruvi.in that acts aswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
insulator and reduces loss of body
is the interaction in which one species
amilaruvi.inl This www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in heat. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in benefits and
www.tamilaruvi.inthe other is neither harmed
www.tamilaruvi.in
symptoms of altitude sickness? www.tamil
nor benefited.
l Symptoms developed are nausea, fatiguewww.tamil
and
50.
amilaruvi.inWhat is mutualism?
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in heart palpitations.
interaction confers benefits on both
amilaruvi.inl This www.tamilaruvi.in the 57. Mention the www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in four basic processes, becase www.tamil
interacting species/both the organisms of which density of a population in a given
amilaruvi.in are benefited.
habitat during a given period, fluctuates.
amilaruvi.in E.g www.tamilaruvi.in
: Relationship between crocodile and
l Natality, Mortality, Immigration,
amilaruvi.in birdswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Emmigration.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
51. What is the meaning of “carrying capacity”?
58. When and why do some animals like snails
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl In nature,
www.tamilaruvi.in
a given habitat has enough
undergo aestivations? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in resources
www.tamilaruvi.in
to support a maximum www.tamilaruvi.in
l Summer. To www.tamilaruvi.in
survive from heat to avoid www.tamil
amilaruvi.in possible number, beyond which nowww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in further dessication.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in growth is possible
59. What are thewww.tamilaruvi.in
four ways through whichwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in ammensalism? living
www.tamilaruvi.in organisms respond
www.tamilaruvi.into abiotic factors?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl In amensalism
www.tamilaruvi.in the most powerful animal or l
www.tamilaruvi.in Regulate www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in large organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in inhibits the growth of l Conform www.tamilaruvi.in
other lower organisms
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l Migrate www.tamilaruvi.in
53.
amilaruvi.inPeople living in
www.tamilaruvi.inhigher altitudes have higher l Suspend www.tamilaruvi.in
RBC count. Give reasons
60. Bear hibernates www.tamilaruvi.in
whereas some species www.tamil
of
l Due to low atmospheric pressure at higher zooplankton enter diapause to avoid stressful
amilaruvi.in attitudes
www.tamilaruvi.in
body compensates low oxygen
external conditions. How are these two ways
amilaruvi.in availability
www.tamilaruvi.in
by increasing red blood www.tamilaruvi.in
cell www.tamilaruvi.in
different from each other?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in production, decreasing the binding affinity
l Bears suppress their metabolic activity
www.tamil
hemoglobin and by increasing breathing rate.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in in winter www.tamilaruvi.in
and avoid stressful conditions www.tamil
in
54.
amilaruvi.inWrite a note on
www.tamilaruvi.insuspend. www.tamilaruvi.in winter, where as zooplanktons
www.tamilaruvi.in suspend
www.tamil
their development during unfavorable
amilaruvi.inl Suspend: In
www.tamilaruvi.in certain conditions, if the
www.tamilaruvi.in conditions. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in organisms is unable
www.tamilaruvi.in to migrate, it may avoid
the stress by becoming inactive. 61. What is the significant of age pyramids? List
the different types of age pyramids. www.tamil
l This is seen commonly in bears going into
amilaruvi.in hibernation
www.tamilaruvi.in
during winter. www.tamilaruvi.in
l The shape www.tamilaruvi.in
of the pyramids reflects www.tamil
the
amilaruvi.inl Somewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in growth status of the population.
snails and fish go into aestivation to
amilaruvi.in avoidwww.tamilaruvi.in
summer related problems like heat www.tamilaruvi.in
and E.g : growing, stable or declining
amilaruvi.in desiccation.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in population. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Somewww.tamilaruvi.in
lower animals suspend a certain phase
amilaruvi.in of their life cycle,
www.tamilaruvi.in which is referred to as
diapause.
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
II. Seasonal rainforest: short dry period in a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART
www.tamilaruvi.in –C www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
very wet tropical region.
amilaruvi.in
(3 MARKS) www.tamilaruvi.in
III.Semi evergreen forest: longer dry season www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (the upper www.tamilaruvi.in
tree storey consists of deciduous www.tamil
1. How Temperature affect an organisms ? trees, while the lower storey is still evergreen).
l Temperature or degree of hotness and IV. Moist/dry deciduous forest (monsoon):
amilaruvi.in coldness
is an essential and variable factor in
the length of the dry season increases further
amilaruvi.in any environment.
as rainfall decreases www.tamil
(all trees are deciduous).
amilaruvi.inl It influences
all forms of life by affecting many 5. What are the www.tamilaruvi.in
types of temperate forests?
www.tamil
activities of organisms like metabolism,
amilaruvi.in vital www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
behaviour, reproduction, development • Based on seasonal distribution of rainfall, the
even death in the Biosphere. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
types of temperate forests are www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl In many
www.tamilaruvi.in
organisms, determinationwww.tamilaruvi.in
of sex I. Moist conifer www.tamilaruvi.in
and evergreen broad- www.tamil
sex ratio, maturation of gonads, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
leaved forests: www.tamil
amilaruvi.in gametogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in and reproduction is
www.tamilaruvi.in Wet winterswww.tamilaruvi.in
and dry summers. www.tamil
influenced by temperature.
II. Dry coniferwww.tamilaruvi.in
forests: www.tamil
2. What are the advantage of Eurythersms?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Dominate www.tamilaruvi.in
higher elevation zones; www.tamil low
l Organisms which can survive a wide
amilaruvi.in range www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in precipitation.
of temperature are referred to as
amilaruvi.in Eurytherms
www.tamilaruvi.in III.Mediterranean
www.tamilaruvi.in forests:
amilaruvi.in E.g :www.tamilaruvi.in
cat, dog, tiger, human www.tamilaruvi.in Precipitationwww.tamilaruvi.in
is concentrated in winter (<1000 www.tamil
amilaruvi.inAdvantages
www.tamilaruvi.in
: www.tamilaruvi.in mm /year). www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Adaptations
www.tamilaruvi.into cold temperatures IV.
www.tamilaruvi.in
are Temperate coniferous
www.tamilaruvi.in forests: www.tamil
amilaruvi.in seen as essential
www.tamilaruvi.in for the survival of species
www.tamilaruvi.in Mild winters, high annual
www.tamilaruvi.in precipitation (>
www.tamil
during ice ages. 2000 mm /year).
l In addition, the ability to survive in a wide V. Temperate broad-leaved rainforests:
amilaruvi.in range www.tamilaruvi.in
of temperatures increases a www.tamilaruvi.in
species’ www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in abilitywww.tamilaruvi.in
to inhabit other areas, an advantage for
www.tamilaruvi.in Mild, frost-free winters,
www.tamilaruvi.inhigh precipitation (>
www.tamil
1500 mm/year), evenly distributed throughout
amilaruvi.in natural selection.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the year. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Eurythermy is an aspect of thermoregulation
amilaruvi.in in organisms.
6. Write a note on temperature as abiotic factor.
3. List out the influence of light on organisms. l Temperature is the most ecologically
relevant ecological factor. www.tamil
l Light influences growth, pigmentation,
amilaruvi.in migration
www.tamilaruvi.in
and reproduction. www.tamilaruvi.in
l Temperature www.tamilaruvi.in
affects the kinetics www.tamil of
intensity and frequency of light www.tamilaruvi.in enzymes, www.tamilaruvi.in
BMR (Basic Metabolic Rate) www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in influences metabolic activity, induce
www.tamilaruvi.in gene
www.tamilaruvi.in other physiological actions in organisms. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in mutations (UV,
www.tamilaruvi.in X- rays). l Eurythermal:
www.tamilaruvi.in A few organisms which www.tamil
l Diapause
amilaruvi.in animals. is
www.tamilaruvi.inalso influenced by light in
www.tamilaruvi.in tolerate wide range
www.tamilaruvi.in of temperatures.www.tamil
They are called eurythermal organisms.
amilaruvi.inl Gonadswww.tamilaruvi.in
of birds become more active with
l Stenothermal: Many organisms which can
amilaruvi.in increasing
www.tamilaruvi.in
light in summer. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
tolerate narrow range of temperatures www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Lightwww.tamilaruvi.in
influences the locomotion www.tamilaruvi.in
are called stenothermal organisms. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in movement of
www.tamilaruvi.in lower animals. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
7. Write a note on water as abiotic factor. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
4. Classifywww.tamilaruvi.in
tropical forests. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l Life is originated in water and itwww.tamil is
amilaruvi.inBased on the seasonal distribution of rainfall,
www.tamilaruvi.in unsustainablewww.tamilaruvi.in
without water. www.tamil
amilaruvi.intypes ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
tropical forests are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l The productivity and distribution of plants www.tamil
is
amilaruvi.inI. Evergreen rainforest:
www.tamilaruvi.in no dry season.www.tamilaruvi.in also heavily dependent on water. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl For aquatic
organisms, the quality (chemical
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Water is physically unique because it is
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in composition,
www.tamilaruvi.in
pH) is very important.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
less dense as a solid (ice) than as a liquid.
amilaruvi.inl Euryhaline
www.tamilaruvi.in
: The organisms which www.tamilaruvi.in
can  Water freezes www.tamilaruvi.in
at 0ºC, (contracts) www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in tolerate wide range
www.tamilaruvi.in of salinity are called
 The maximum density of liquid water
euryhaline organisms.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inoccurs at 4ºC.
l Stenohaline : The organisms which can
amilaruvi.in tolerate
www.tamilaruvi.in
narrow range of www.tamilaruvi.in
salinity  Water is considered as the Universal solvent.
amilaruvi.in stenohaline
www.tamilaruvi.in
organisms.  It is the main
www.tamilaruvi.in medium by which chemical
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inconstituents are transported
8. How do organisms cope with stressful
amilaruvi.inexternalwww.tamilaruvi.in
environmental conditions which are  Water has high
www.tamilaruvi.in surface tension.
amilaruvi.inlocalized or for short
www.tamilaruvi.in duration? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2. List out the characteristics of tundra.
If the
amilaruvi.inconditionsstressful
www.tamilaruvi.inexternal environmental
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Extremelywww.tamilaruvi.in
cold climate www.tamil
which are localized or for short
amilaruvi.induration,
www.tamilaruvi.in
the animals have two options. www.tamilaruvi.in
• Low bioticwww.tamilaruvi.in
diversity www.tamil
amilaruvi.inMigrate:www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• Simple vegetation structure www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in
tend to move away temporarily www.tamilaruvi.in
• Limitationwww.tamilaruvi.in
of drainage www.tamil
amilaruvi.in from a stressful habitat
www.tamilaruvi.in to a new, hospitable
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Short season www.tamilaruvi.in
of growth and reproduction www.tamil
area and return when the stressful period is
amilaruvi.in over.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• Energy and www.tamilaruvi.in
nutrients in the form of dead www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Birdswww.tamilaruvi.in
migrate from
www.tamilaruvi.in
Siberia to
www.tamilaruvi.in
organic material www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Vedanthangal
www.tamilaruvi.in
in Tamilnadu to escape www.tamilaruvi.in
• Large population oscillations www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the severe winter
www.tamilaruvi.inperiods. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
3. Write short notes on taiga biome.
amilaruvi.inSuspend:www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• It is 1300-1450 km wide zone south ofwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.inl In certain conditions,
www.tamilaruvi.in if the organisms is
www.tamilaruvi.inTundra. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in unable to migrate, it may avoid the
www.tamilaruvi.in
stress by becoming inactive.
www.tamilaruvi.in
• This area has www.tamilaruvi.in
long and cold winters. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl This www.tamilaruvi.in
is seen commonly in bears going into
• Summer temperature ranges from 10º C www.tamil
to
amilaruvi.in hibernation
www.tamilaruvi.in
during winter. www.tamilaruvi.in21º C. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Somewww.tamilaruvi.in
snails and fish go into aestivation www.tamilaruvi.in
to ranges about 380-1000 www.tamil
• Precipitationwww.tamilaruvi.in mm
amilaruvi.in avoidwww.tamilaruvi.in
summer related problems like heat and
www.tamilaruvi.inannually. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
desiccation. • Plant of taiga biome : spruce, fir and pine.
l Some lower animals suspend a certain phase • This is a major source for the logging
amilaruvi.in of their
www.tamilaruvi.in
life cycle, which is referred www.tamilaruvi.in
to as www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
industry.
amilaruvi.in diapause
• It has herbivorous animal like moose, elk,
amilaruvi.in PART
www.tamilaruvi.in –D www.tamilaruvi.in
deer and reindeer.
• It also has herbivorous squirrels, snowshoe
amilaruvi.in
(5 MARKS) www.tamilaruvi.in
hare and predatory pine martens. www.tamil
• It has predators like timber wolf, grizzlywww.tamil
1. List out the Essential properties of water
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inbear, blackwww.tamilaruvi.in
bear, bobcat and wolverines. www.tamil
 Water is one of the main agents in
amilaruvi.in Pedogenesis
www.tamilaruvi.in
6 (soil formation).
4. List out the characters of grassland biome.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It is the
www.tamilaruvi.in
medium for different ecosystems.
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Grasslands www.tamilaruvi.in
occur in temperate and inwww.tamil the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intropical regions.
 Water is heavier than air and imparts
amilaruvi.in greaterwww.tamilaruvi.in
buoyancy to the aquatic medium. www.tamilaruvi.in
• They have hot www.tamilaruvi.in
summers, cold winters,www.tamiland
amilaruvi.in Waterwww.tamilaruvi.in irregular rainfall.
has high heat capacity andwww.tamilaruvi.in
latent www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in heat,www.tamilaruvi.in
due to which it can withhold www.tamilaruvi.in
large are characterized by high
• Often theywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amounts of heat. winds.
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• The lowwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
irregular rainfall is the factor which
www.tamilaruvi.in
• The average annual temperature - 200°C
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in makes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and 250°C.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
the difference between a temperate
amilaruvi.in deciduous forest and
www.tamilaruvi.in a temperate grassland.
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Precipitationwww.tamilaruvi.in
is evenly www.tamil
distributed
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in• Herbivores like antelope, bison, wildwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in horse, throughout the year
www.tamilaruvi.in with annual rainfall
www.tamil
jack rabbit, ground squirrel and prairie exceeding 2000 mm.
dogs are abundant. • Soil is nutrient-poor and acidic.
• Predators include coyotes, foxes, hawks • Decomposition is rapid and soils are
snakes. www.tamilaruvi.in
subject to www.tamilaruvi.in
heavy leaching. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• In www.tamilaruvi.in
India, fauna of grasslands includes
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Tree www.tamilaruvi.in
cover is multilayered www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in Elephant,
www.tamilaruvi.in
Gaur, Rhino, Antelope. continuous,
allowing little light www.tamil
penetration.
amilaruvi.in• Florawww.tamilaruvi.in
of grasslands include purple www.tamilaruvi.in
needle • Flora is highly diverse: 100 different www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in tree
amilaruvi.in grass, wild oats, foxtail, ryegrass
www.tamilaruvi.in and species
www.tamilaruvi.in /one square kilometer
amilaruvi.in buffalo grass.
www.tamilaruvi.in • Trees are 25-35
www.tamilaruvi.in mt all, with buttressed
trunks and shallow roots, mostly
5. What are
amilaruvi.in the characteristics feature ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Alpine
evergreen,www.tamilaruvi.in
with large dark green leaves.www.tamil
biome?
• Common vegetation are orchids, bromeliads, www.tamil
• The alpine zone includes, a sub-snow zone
amilaruvi.in immediately
www.tamilaruvi.in vines (lianas),
www.tamilaruvi.in ferns, mosses, and palms.
below the snow zone, a
amilaruvi.in meadow www.tamilaruvi.in
zone in the centre and awww.tamilaruvi.in
shrub • They are characterized by birds, bats, small
amilaruvi.in zonewww.tamilaruvi.in
which gradually merges into thewww.tamilaruvi.in
timber mammals, and insects.
amilaruvi.in zone. www.tamilaruvi.in 7. List
www.tamilaruvi.in out the characteristics
www.tamilaruvi.in feature of
www.tamil
zone exists at a height of 3600m. Temperate forest.
amilaruvi.in• Alpine www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• The zone above the limits of tree growth (timber • These forests occur in eastern North America,
northeastern Asia and western and central
www.tamil
line) exhibits extreme environmental
amilaruvi.in conditions
www.tamilaruvi.in
which greatly influence the
www.tamilaruvi.in
Europe. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in biotawww.tamilaruvi.in
of this region. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
• Have well-defined seasons with a distinct www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Alpine www.tamilaruvi.in winter.
zone of Himalayas is characterized
amilaruvi.in by sparseness of animal groups. www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in • Moderate climate and a growing season
www.tamil
140-200 days during 4-6 frost- free months
amilaruvi.in• Manywww.tamilaruvi.in
invertebrates of alpine zone are
distinguish temperate forests.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in predatory and occur
www.tamilaruvi.in in lakes, streams and
ponds. • Annual temperature varies from -30°C to
30°C. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Reptilian fauna is greatly impoverished.
• Precipitationwww.tamilaruvi.in
(750-1500 mm) is distributed www.tamil
• Flora of alpines includes alpine phacelia, evenly throughout the year.
amilaruvi.in bearwww.tamilaruvi.in
grass, bristlecone pine, moss
amilaruvi.in campion,www.tamilaruvi.in • Soil is fertile, enriched with decaying litter.
polylepis forest, www.tamilaruvi.in
pygmy www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in bitterroot, and wild potato.
www.tamilaruvi.in • Canopy is moderately
www.tamilaruvi.in dense and allows www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in light
to penetrate, resulting in well-developed and
amilaruvi.in
the characteristics feature of Tropical www.tamilaruvi.in
richly diversified understorey vegetation and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inforest. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
stratificationwww.tamilaruvi.in
of animals. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• They occur near
www.tamilaruvi.in the equator (between
• Flora is characterized by 3-4 tree specieswww.tamil
per
amilaruvi.in latitudes 23.50 at north
www.tamilaruvi.in and 23.50 at south). km
amilaruvi.in• The major characteristic
www.tamilaruvi.in of tropical forests is • Trees
www.tamilaruvi.in have broad leaves
www.tamilaruvi.in that are lost annually
www.tamil
their distinct seasons. such as oak, hickory, beech, hemlock, maple,
basswood, www.tamilaruvi.in
cottonwood, elm, willow, www.tamil and
• Only two seasons are present (rainy and
amilaruvi.in dry).www.tamilaruvi.in spring-flowering
www.tamilaruvi.in herbs.
amilaruvi.in• Winter www.tamilaruvi.in
is absent.
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Fauna consists www.tamilaruvi.in
of squirrels, rabbits, skunks, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• The www.tamilaruvi.in birds,
www.tamilaruvi.in deer, mountain
www.tamilaruvi.inlion, 5bobcat, timber
www.tamil
length of daylight is about 12 hours wolf, fox, and black bear.
amilaruvi.in and varies
www.tamilaruvi.in
little. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
8. List out the characters of Desert biomes.
2. Arrangement of body muscles in the form of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Deserts
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
cover about one fifth of the earth’s bundles (myotomes) help in locomotion.
amilaruvi.in surfacewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
3. Stream lined www.tamilaruvi.in
structure helps in the swift www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in• Rainfall
www.tamilaruvi.in
is >500 mm/year. www.tamilaruvi.in movementwww.tamilaruvi.in
of the animals in water. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Rainfall
www.tamilaruvi.in
is usually very low www.tamilaruvi.in
and/or 4. Respiration by gills making use of gases
amilaruvi.in concentrated in short bursts between
www.tamilaruvi.in long
www.tamilaruvi.in dissolved in water.
amilaruvi.in rainless periods.
www.tamilaruvi.in Presence of air-bladders
www.tamilaruvi.in filled with air for
www.tamil
buoyancy.
amilaruvi.in• Evaporation rates regularly www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in exceed www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
rainfall rates. 6. Presence of lateral-line system.
• Soils are course-textured, shallow, rocky 7. They function as rheo receptors which is
amilaruvi.in or gravely
with good drainage and have no
www.tamilaruvi.in
helpful in echolocating objects in water.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in subsurface
www.tamilaruvi.in
water. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
8. Integuments rich in mucous glands are
www.tamil
finer dust and sand particles www.tamilaruvi.in
are protected www.tamilaruvi.in
by scales. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in blown elsewhere, leaving heavierwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in pieces 9. Maintain waterwww.tamilaruvi.in
and ionic balance in www.tamil
its
amilaruvi.in behind.
body with excretory structures. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Sandwww.tamilaruvi.in
mounds are common. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
10. List out the Differences between r- selectedwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Average annual temperatures
www.tamilaruvi.in range from 20- and
www.tamilaruvi.in K selected species.
25° C.
• Maximum range - 43.5 - 49° C. r selected
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in K selected species
species www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Minimum range
www.tamilaruvi.in-18° C. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Smaller sized Larger sized organisms.
amilaruvi.in• Based on the temperature
www.tamilaruvi.in range, deserts can
www.tamilaruvi.inorganisms. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
be Hot deserts and Cold deserts.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inProduce many www.tamilaruvi.in
Produce few offspring.www.tamil
• Soils often have abundant nutrients
amilaruvi.in becausewww.tamilaruvi.in
they need only water to become www.tamilaruvi.in
very offspring. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in productive
www.tamilaruvi.in
and have little or no organicwww.tamilaruvi.in
matter. Mature early. www.tamilaruvi.in
Late maturity www.tamil
with
amilaruvi.in• Animals
which capable of storing sufficient extended parental care.www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in water and withstand the heat canwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in survive Short life www.tamilaruvi.in
Long life expectancy.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in in the desert.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inexpectancy.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• The mean annual
www.tamilaruvi.in precipitation ranges from
Each individual Can reproduce more
150- 250 mm.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inreproduces www.tamilaruvi.in
than once in lifetime.www.tamil
• The soil is heavy, silty and salty. only once or
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.infew times inwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
• Widely distributed animals are jack rabbits,
amilaruvi.in kangaroo
www.tamilaruvi.in
rats, kangaroo mice, pocket
www.tamilaruvi.intheir life time.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in mice, www.tamilaruvi.in
grasshopper mice, antelope www.tamilaruvi.in
and Only few reach www.tamilaruvi.in
Most individuals reach www.tamil
amilaruvi.in ground squirrels.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inadulthood. www.tamilaruvi.in
maximum life span. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
the Adaptations of aquatic animals?www.tamilaruvi.inUnstable www.tamilaruvi.in
Stable environment, www.tamil
pectoral fins and dorsal finswww.tamilaruvi.in
act as environment, density
www.tamilaruvi.independent. www.tamil
stabilizers or balancers and the caudal fin density
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inindependent.
helps in changing the direction as a rudder.
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
11. Analysis of two species population interactions
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
S. TYPES OF SPECIES SPECIES
amilaruvi.in No. www.tamilaruvi.in GENERAL NATUE OF INTERACTION
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in EXAMPLESwww.tamil
INTERATION 1 2
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Amensalism -- www.tamilaruvi.in
0 www.tamilaruvi.in
The most powerful animal or large Cat and Rat. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in organisms inhibits www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the growth www.tamil
of other lower organisms.
2 Mutualism + + Interaction favorable to both B e t w e e n
and obligatory. www.tamilaruvi.in crocodile www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in bird. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in3 Commensalism
www.tamilaruvi.in + 0 Population 1, the www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in commensal Sucker fish www.tamil on
benefits, while 2 the host is shark.
not affected. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Competition -- www.tamilaruvi.in
-- Direct inhibition www.tamilaruvi.in
of each Birds compete www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in species by the other.www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in with squirrelswww.tamil
for nuts and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in seeds.
www.tamil
Parasitism + www.tamilaruvi.in
-- Population 1, the www.tamilaruvi.in
parasite, Ascaris www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in generally
www.tamilaruvi.in smaller than 2, the
www.tamilaruvi.in tapeworm in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in host.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in human digestive
www.tamil
tract.
Predation + www.tamilaruvi.in
-- Population 1, thewww.tamilaruvi.in
predator, Lion predatorywww.tamil
on
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in generally larger than
www.tamilaruvi.in 2, the prey. deer.
notes on Population Interaction www.tamilaruvi.in
l It is of two types Mutualism and Commens www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Organisms
belonging to different populations alism. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in interact for food, shelter, matingwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in or for Negative: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
other necessities. of the interacting organisms
l One or bothwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inl Interaction may be intra
www.tamilaruvi.in specific (interaction
www.tamilaruvi.in will be affected as in case
www.tamilaruvi.in of competition,
www.tamil
within the members of same species) or predation, parasitism.
amilaruvi.in interwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
specific (among organisms of different www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
13. Differentiate between the following inter-
amilaruvi.in species).
specific interactions in a population:
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Intrawww.tamilaruvi.in
specific association is observed www.tamilaruvi.in
livelihood processes like feeding, i) Mutualism and Competition
amilaruvi.in all www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
territoriality, breeding and protection. ii) Commensalism and Amensalism
l Interspecific associations or interactions can Ans :
amilaruvi.in be: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in i)
www.tamilaruvi.in In mutualism both the species
www.tamilaruvi.in benefit =1
www.tamil
Neutral:
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in In competition - survival of both challenged
l Where different species live together but / struggle for existence = 1
amilaruvi.in do not www.tamilaruvi.in
affect each other. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inPositive:
www.tamilaruvi.in ii)
www.tamilaruvi.in Commensalism One is benefitted.
www.tamilaruvi.in The other
www.tamil
is neither benefitted nor harmed =1
amilaruvi.inl It is www.tamilaruvi.in
a symbiotic relationship in which no
Amensalism – One is harmed and the other
amilaruvi.in organism
www.tamilaruvi.in
in association is harmed www.tamilaruvi.in
is unaffected =1 www.tamil
amilaruvi.in eitherwww.tamilaruvi.in
one or both may be benefitted.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
14. What is altitude sickness? What its causes 15. Name the type of interactions seen in each of
www.tamil
the following www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
and symptoms? How does human body try to examples:
overcome
amilaruvi.in altitude sickness?
a) Ascaris worms www.tamil
living in the intestine of Human
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Breathlessness
amilaruvi.in at high
www.tamilaruvi.in altitudes is known - Parasitism
as altitude sickness. b) Wasp pollinating fig inflorescence - Mutualsim
Cause : c) Clown fish living among the tentacles ofwww.tamil
Sea
Low
amilaruvi.in atmospheric pressure
www.tamilaruvi.in at high altitudes –anemone
www.tamilaruvi.in - Commensalism
due to which body does not get enough oxygen. d) Mycorrhizae living on the roots of higher plants
Symptoms: - Mutualsim
Nausea, fatigue and heart palpitations. e) Orchid growing on the branch of a Mango
tree.- Commensalism
www.tamil
Body adapts by:
a) Increasing red blood cell production
b) Decreasing binding affinity of
amilaruvi.in haemoglobin
c) By increasing breathing rate.
amilaruvi.in
CHAPTER
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www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in BIODIVERSITY AND
www.tamilaruvi.in IT’S CONSERVATION
11
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
POINTS TO REMEMBER
l Biodiversity is the variety of all life onwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Earth, l India has a variety of ecosystems, biomeswww.tamil
encompassing
amilaruvi.in genetic, species and ecosystem
www.tamilaruvi.in with its varied
www.tamilaruvi.in habitats like, hills, valleys,
diversity.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in plateaus,
www.tamilaruvi.in sea shores, mangroves,
www.tamilaruvi.in estuaries,
www.tamil
glaciers, grasslands and river basins.
amilaruvi.in biodiversity is the fruit of www.tamilaruvi.in
l Today’swww.tamilaruvi.in billions www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of years of evolution, shaped by natural l India is one of the 17 mega biodiversity
processes www.tamilaruvi.in
and, increasingly, by the influence countries of thewww.tamilaruvi.in
world www.tamil
of humans. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l Temperature, precipitation, distance from
www.tamil
l The survival of human race dependswww.tamilaruvi.in
on the www.tamilaruvi.in
the equator, altitude www.tamil
from sea level are some
existence
amilaruvi.in and wellbeing
www.tamilaruvi.in of all life forms in the of
www.tamilaruvi.inthe factors that determine
www.tamilaruvi.in biodiversity
www.tamil
biosphere. distribution patterns.
l The
amilaruvi.in term biodiversity
www.tamilaruvi.in was introduced by l The
www.tamilaruvi.in relationship between species
www.tamilaruvi.in richness and
www.tamil
Walter Rosen. area for a wide variety of taxa (angiosperm
plants, birds, www.tamilaruvi.in
bats, freshwater fishes) turned www.tamil
l Edward Wilson popularized the term
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in out
www.tamilaruvi.in to be the rectangular hyperbola.
‘Biodiversity’.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l The importance
www.tamilaruvi.in of biodiversity can be viewed
l Three levels of biodiversity - Genetic diversity,
amilaruvi.in and measured as a) Ecosystem services b)
Specieswww.tamilaruvi.in
diversity and Community/Ecosystem www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Biological resources c) Social benefits of
diversity.
biodiversity. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Geneticwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in diversity refers to the differences in
l India can be divided into ten different
genetic make-up between distinct species
biogeographicwww.tamilaruvi.in
zones, namely: www.tamil
l India
amilaruvi.in has more than
www.tamilaruvi.in 50,000 genetic variants
l Trans Himalayan Region - An extension of
of Paddy and 1000 variants of Mango.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the Tibetan plateau,
www.tamilaruvi.in high-altitude cold desert
l Species diversity refers to the variety in in Ladakh (J&K) and Lauhala Spiti (H.P)
number and richness of the species in any
comprising 5.7% of the country’s landmass.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
habitat.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l Himalayas - The entire mountain chain
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l The three www.tamilaruvi.in
types of species diversitywww.tamilaruvi.in
are - www.tamilaruvi.in
running from north-western www.tamil
to northeastern
Alpha, Beta
amilaruvi.in and Gamma diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in India, comprising
www.tamilaruvi.in a diverse range of biotic
provinces and biomes and covers 7.2% of the
l Alpha diversity
amilaruvi.in - It is measured by counting
country’s landmass.
the
amilaruvi.in number of taxa within
www.tamilaruvi.in a particular area or
ecosystem. l Indian Desert: The extremely arid area west
of the Aravalliwww.tamilaruvi.in
hill range, comprising bothwww.tamil
the
l Beta diversity: It is species diversity between
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in salty desert ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Gujarat and the sand desert of
www.tamil
two adjacent ecosystems and is obtaining by
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Rajasthan.
comparing the number of species unique to
each
amilaruvi.in of the ecosystem.
www.tamilaruvi.in l Semi
www.tamilaruvi.in – Arid Zones - This zone
www.tamilaruvi.in is between the
www.tamil
desert and the Deccan plateau, including
l Gammawww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in diversity refers to the diversity of
the Aravalli hill range covering 15.6% ofwww.tamil
the
the habitats over the total landscape or
geographical area.
country’s landmass. www.tamil
l Ecosystem diversity is the variety of habitats,
www.tamilaruvi.in
l Western Ghats www.tamilaruvi.in
- Western Ghats are mountain www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in ranges
www.tamilaruvi.in along the west
www.tamilaruvi.in coast of India,
www.tamil
biotic communities, and ecological processes
extending over almost 1,500km from Sat
in the biosphere.
Pena in south Gujarat to the southern most
tip of Kerala. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Biodiversity and it’s Conservation
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
l Deccan Peninsula - This covers
www.tamilaruvi.in
much of
www.tamilaruvi.in
E.g : Amazon sailfin catfish is responsible for
www.tamil
destroying thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
the southern and south-central plateau with fish population in the wetlands
a
amilaruvi.in predominantly deciduous
www.tamilaruvi.in vegetation and of Kolkata.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
4.3% of the country’s landmass. l African apple snail (Achatina fulica) is the
l Gangetic Plains: These plains are relatively most invasive among all alien fauna in India.
homogenously defined by the Ganges www.tamilaruvi.in
river l This mollusc was www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
first reported in the Andaman
amilaruvi.in
system www.tamilaruvi.in
and occupy about 11% of the country’s www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and Nicobar Islands. www.tamil
landmass.
l Industrialization is a major contributor
l North-East India: The plains and non-
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in to climate change
and a major threatwww.tamil to
Himalayan hill ranges of north eastern India
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in biodiversity.
are home to a wide variety of vegetation.
amilaruvi.in l In shifting cultivation, plots of natural tree
l Coastalwww.tamilaruvi.in
Region: Coastal region ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
India www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
vegetation are burnt away and the cleared
with sandy
amilaruvi.in beaches, mud flats, coralwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in reefs, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
patches are farmed for 2-3 seasons, after
mangroves constitutes 2.5% of the total
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in which their fertility
www.tamilaruvi.in reduces to a point where
geographical area.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in crop
www.tamilaruvi.in production is no longer
www.tamilaruvi.in profitable. www.tamil
l Andaman and Nicobar Islands - The Andaman
and
amilaruvi.in Nicobar Islands
www.tamilaruvi.in in the Bay of Bengal have l Extinction
www.tamilaruvi.in of one will automatically
www.tamilaruvi.in cause
www.tamil
highly diverse set of biomes, constituting extinction of the other known as Co-extinction
0.3% of the total geographical area.
l Pollutants and pollution are a major cause for
l Threats to biodiversity Even though India
biodiversity loss. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
is one www.tamilaruvi.in
of the 17 identified mega www.tamilaruvi.in
diverse l There is a tendency www.tamilaruvi.in
to grow economically www.tamil
countries
amilaruvi.in of the world,
www.tamilaruvi.in it faces lots of threats important andwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in viable trees like Teak, Sandal, www.tamil
to its biodiversity. Oak, Sal in forests resulting in loss of other
forest trees.
l Fragmentation and degradation due to
agricultural practices, extraction www.tamilaruvi.in
and l These includewww.tamilaruvi.in
spontaneous jungle fires, tree
www.tamil
development
amilaruvi.in leads to habitat loss
fall, land slide,www.tamilaruvi.in
defoliation by insects or locust www.tamil
l The
amilaruvi.in major causes for
www.tamilaruvi.in biodiversity decline are: attack.
l Habitat
amilaruvi.in loss, fragmentation
www.tamilaruvi.in and destruction, l Human activities
www.tamilaruvi.in greatly contribute to www.tamil
Pollution and pollutants, Climate change ,etc., loss of biodiversity.
l The Amazon rainforest, a vast area, harbouring l Direct human activities like change in local
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
millionswww.tamilaruvi.in
of species, also called “Lungswww.tamilaruvi.in
land use, species introduction or removal,
www.tamil
planet”www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in is destroyed and being replaced for
harvesting, pollution and climate change www.tamil
agriculture and human settlements. contribute a www.tamilaruvi.in
greater pressure on losswww.tamil of
l Kodaikanal and Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu have biodiversity.
been destroyed www.tamilaruvi.in
rapidly for human occupancy. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Indirect human drivers include demographic,
amilaruvi.in
l Excessive www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
exploitation of a species, reduces www.tamilaruvi.in
economic, technological, cultural and religious
www.tamil
the sizewww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in of its population to such a level that
www.tamilaruvi.in
factors. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
it
amilaruvi.in becomes vulnerable
www.tamilaruvi.in to extinction. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Monsoon failure, global warming, depletion in
l Dodo, passenger pigeon and Steller’s sea ozone layer, landslides in hilly states, pollution
cow have become extinct in the last 200-300
are a few indirect effects of human activities
years due to over exploitation by humans. www.tamilaruvi.in
which results www.tamilaruvi.in
in the loss biodiversity. www.tamil
l Overfishing
amilaruvi.in due to population pressure
www.tamilaruvi.in leads l Hotspots arewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in areas characterized www.tamil with
to
amilaruvi.in many marine fish
www.tamilaruvi.in declining around the
high concentration of endemic species www.tamil
world. experiencing www.tamilaruvi.in
unusual rapid rate of habitat
l Exotic species are organisms often introduced
modification loss.
unintentionally www.tamilaruvi.in
or deliberately for commercial www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Norman Myers defined hot spots as “regions
purpose,
amilaruvi.in as biological
www.tamilaruvi.in control agents and
www.tamilaruvi.in
that harbour www.tamilaruvi.in
a great diversity of endemic www.tamil
other uses.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in species and at
www.tamilaruvi.in the same time, have been
l Exotic
amilaruvi.in species have
www.tamilaruvi.in proved harmful to both significantly
www.tamilaruvi.in impacted and
www.tamilaruvi.in altered by human
www.tamil
aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. activities.”
amilaruvi.in
Chapter - 11 | Biodiversity www.tamil
and it’s Conservation
l There are 35 biodiversity hotspots in the l From 9 tiger reserves since its inception, the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
world. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
India is home to four biodiversity Project Tiger coverage has increased to 50 at
hotspots.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in present.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
l They
amilaruvi.in are Himalaya,
www.tamilaruvi.in Western Ghats, Indo- l National
www.tamilaruvi.in Parks (NP) - It is
www.tamilaruvi.in a natural habitat
www.tamil
Burma, Sundalands. that is notified by the state government to
be constituted as a National Park due to its
www.tamil
l A species that has been categorized as very
likely to become extinct is an Endangered www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, www.tamil
species.www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in or zoological
www.tamilaruvi.in association of
www.tamilaruvi.in importance. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l There are www.tamilaruvi.in l There
three types of Extinctions - www.tamilaruvi.in
Natural are 104 existing national parks
www.tamilaruvi.in 2 www.tamil in
extinction , Mass extinction ,Anthropogenic India covering an area of 40,501 km , which
is 1.23% of www.tamilaruvi.in
the geographical area of www.tamil the
extinctions.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in country.
l Amphibians seem to be at higher risk of
extinction because of habitat destruction. www.tamilaruvi.in is an area which is strictly
l National Parkwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in reserved
www.tamilaruvi.in for the betterment
www.tamilaruvi.in of wildlife
www.tamil
l The International Union for Conservation of and biodiversity and where activities like
Nature www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in (IUCN) is an organization working www.tamilaruvi.in
development,www.tamilaruvi.in
forestry, poaching, hunting, www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.in the field of
www.tamilaruvi.innature conservation and grazing
www.tamilaruvi.in and cultivation are
www.tamilaruvi.in not permitted. www.tamil
sustainable use of natural resources.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l Wild
www.tamilaruvi.inLife Sanctuaries - Any
www.tamilaruvi.inarea other than the
www.tamil
l Red Data book or Red list is a catalogue of area comprised with any reserve forest or the
taxa facing risk of extinction. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
territorial waters can be notified by the State
www.tamil
l The concept of Red list was mooted inwww.tamilaruvi.in
1963. Government to www.tamilaruvi.in
constitute as a sanctuary www.tamil
if
amilaruvi.in such area is of adequate ecological, faunal,
l Red listwww.tamilaruvi.in
has eight categories of species www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
floral, geomorphological, natural or zoological
i) Extinct www.tamilaruvi.in
ii) Extinct in wild iii) Critically significance.
Endangered
amilaruvi.in iv) Endangered v) Vulnerable
l Biosphere Reserve (BR) is an international
vi) Lower risk vii) Data deficiency viii) Not
evaluated.
www.tamilaruvi.in
designation by www.tamilaruvi.in
UNESCO for representative www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in parts
www.tamilaruvi.in of natural and cultural
www.tamilaruvi.in landscapes
www.tamil
l Conservation of biodiversity is protection and extending over large area of terrestrial or
scientific management of biodiversity www.tamilaruvi.in
so as coastal/ marine www.tamilaruvi.in
ecosystems or a combination www.tamil
to maintain
amilaruvi.in it at its optimum level andwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in derive thereof. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
sustainable benefits for the present as well as
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l There are 18
www.tamilaruvi.in Biosphere Reserves in www.tamil
future generations.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in country.
www.tamilaruvi.in Agasthyamalai (Karnataka
www.tamilaruvi.in - Tamil
www.tamil
l There are two aspects of conservation Nadu - Kerala), Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu - Kerala),
strategies - In-situ conservation & www.tamilaruvi.in
Ex-situ Gulf of Mannar www.tamilaruvi.in
(Tamil Nadu) are the www.tamil BRs
conservation.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in notified in Tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in Nadu.
amilaruvi.in Conservation is Conservationwww.tamilaruvi.in
l In-situ www.tamilaruvi.in in the l A sacred grove or sacred woods are www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in any
natural habitat. grove of trees that are of special religious
importance to a particular culture.
www.tamil
l This is the conservation of genetic resources
through their protection within a natural or l Sacred groves feature in various cultures
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
manmade www.tamilaruvi.in
ecosystem in which they occur. www.tamilaruvi.in
throughout the www.tamilaruvi.in
world. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l Protected www.tamilaruvi.in
areas are biogeographicalwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
areas l Ex-Situ Conservation is conservationwww.tamilof
where
amilaruvi.in biological diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in along with natural selected
www.tamilaruvi.in rare plants/ animals
www.tamilaruvi.in in places
www.tamil
and cultural resources is protected, maintained outside their natural homes. It includes offsite
and managed through legal measures.www.tamilaruvi.in
collections and www.tamilaruvi.in
gene banks. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l India has www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
about 771 protected areas covering www.tamilaruvi.in
l Offsite Collections- They are live collections www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
162099www.tamilaruvi.in
km comprising of Nationalwww.tamilaruvi.in
2
Parks of wild and domesticated species in Botanical
(104),
amilaruvi.in Wild Life Sanctuaries
www.tamilaruvi.in (544), biosphere gardens,
www.tamilaruvi.in Zoological parks,
www.tamilaruvi.in Wildlife safari
www.tamil
reserves and several sacred groves. parks, Arborata (gardens with trees and
shrubs). www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l The Government of India launched the
amilaruvi.in
‘Projectwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Tiger’ in 1973 to protect our national l Gene banks are www.tamilaruvi.in
a type of bio repository which www.tamil
animal.www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in preserve genetic
www.tamilaruvi.in materials.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Chapter - 11 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
8. Which one of the following are at high risk extinction
amilaruvi.in PART
www.tamilaruvi.in - A www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
due to habitat destruction
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Mammals www.tamilaruvi.in b) Birds www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Amphibianswww.tamilaruvi.in d) Echinoderms www.tamil
1. Which of the following region has maximum
amilaruvi.inbiodiversity
amilaruvi.ina) Taigawww.tamilaruvi.in 9. Assertion: The
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Tropical forest Environmental conditions ofwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Temperate
www.tamilaruvi.in tropics are favourable for speciation and diversity of
rain forest d) Mangroves www.tamilaruvi.inorganisms.
Reason: The climate seasons, temperature,
2. Conservation of biodiversity within theirwww.tamilaruvi.in
natural www.tamilaruvi.in
humidity and photoperiod are more or less stable
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inhabitat iswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and congenial. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Insituwww.tamilaruvi.in
conservation www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Exsitu conservation a) Both Assertion www.tamilaruvi.in
and Reason are true www.tamiland
amilaruvi.inc) In vivo
conservation d) In vitro conservation Reason explains Assertion
www.tamilaruvi.in correctly. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : a b) Both Assertion
www.tamilaruvi.in and Reason are true but Reason
is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
amilaruvi.in
3. Which one www.tamilaruvi.in
of the following is not coming www.tamilaruvi.in
under www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
insitu conservation c) Assertion is true , but Reason is false.
a) Sanctuarie b) Natural parks d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
amilaruvi.inc) Zoological park
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Biosphere reserve
www.tamilaruvi.in PART – B,C and D
4.
www.tamilaruvi.inis considered a hotspots of
biodiversity in India TEXTUAL QUESTIONS (2,3 AND 5 MARKS)
a) Western ghats b) Indo-gangetic plain 10. Define endemism.
c) Eastern Himalayas d) A and C l It is the ecological state of a species
Ans : d
being unique to a defined geographical
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inlocation. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
5. The organization which published the red list of
amilaruvi.inspecies www.tamilaruvi.in
l This is known www.tamilaruvi.in
as Endemism. It is a crucial www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) WWFwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inindicator of richness.
b) IUCN
amilaruvi.inc) ZSI www.tamilaruvi.in d) UNEP
www.tamilaruvi.in
11. How many hotspots www.tamilaruvi.in
are there in India? Name www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in them.
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  India has four
www.tamilaruvi.in biodiversity hotspots. Theywww.tamil
6. Who introduced the term biodiversity?
amilaruvi.ina) Edwardwww.tamilaruvi.in 1. Himalaya www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in (the entire Indian Himalayan www.tamil
Wilson b) Walter Rosen region)
amilaruvi.inc) Normanwww.tamilaruvi.in
Myers d) Alice Norman
2. Western Ghats
3. Indo-Burma:
7. Which of the following forests is known as the lungs
It includes entire North-eastern India,
amilaruvi.inof the planet
www.tamilaruvi.in
earth? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
except Assam and Andaman group of Islands
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Tundrawww.tamilaruvi.in
forest www.tamilaruvi.in
4. Sundalands:
amilaruvi.inb) Rain www.tamilaruvi.in
forest of north east India www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
It includes Nicobar group of Islands
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Taigawww.tamilaruvi.in
forest www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
12. What are the three levels of biodiversity?
amilaruvi.ind) Amazonwww.tamilaruvi.in
rain forest www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Levels of biodiversity are
1. Genetic diversity,
2. Species diversity,
3. Community or Ecosystem diversity.
amilaruvi.in
13. Name the active chemical found in the
 Keystone species is an organism that helps
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inmedicinal
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
plant Rauwolfia vomitoria. What define an entire ecosystem.
amilaruvi.intype of diversity it
www.tamilaruvi.in belongs to? www.tamilaruvi.in
 Extinctionwww.tamilaruvi.in
of a keystone species leads www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inl Reserpine is
www.tamilaruvi.in the active chemical found
www.tamilaruvi.into the extinction of another/cease
www.tamilaruvi.in another
www.tamil
Rauwolfia vomitoria. orgnisms.
l It belongs to genetic diversity. E.g : orchid bees and forest trees by cross
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inpollination www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Genetic diversity helps to develop
amilaruvi.in adaptations.
 Extinction of www.tamilaruvi.in
one will automatically cause www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inextinction ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
the other. www.tamil
14. “Amazon forest is considered to be the lungs
amilaruvi.inof the planet”-Justify
www.tamilaruvi.in this statement. www.tamilaruvi.in E.g : Dodowww.tamilaruvi.in
in Mauritius Island www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Amazonwww.tamilaruvi.in
covers a vast area, and sheltering  There is a direct
www.tamilaruvi.in relationship between Calvaria
tree and the extinct bird of Mauritius
amilaruvi.in millions of species.
Island, the Dodo.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Morewww.tamilaruvi.in
over it has numerous www.tamilaruvi.in plants www.tamilaruvi.in
 The Calvaria tree is dependent on the Dodo
www.tamil
which involve in reduction of CO2 by
amilaruvi.in photosynthesis,
hence it is called as“Lungs
www.tamilaruvi.in
bird for completion of its life cycle. www.tamil
planet” www.tamilaruvi.in
 Tough horny www.tamilaruvi.in
endocarp of the seeds www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inCalvaria tree are made
www.tamilaruvi.in permeable by the
www.tamil
15. ‘Red data book’-What do you know about it? actions of the large stones in birds gizzard
amilaruvi.in Red www.tamilaruvi.in
Data book or Red list is a catalogue of
www.tamilaruvi.inand digestive www.tamilaruvi.in
juices thereby facilitatingwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in taxawww.tamilaruvi.in
facing risk of extinction. www.tamilaruvi.ineasier germination.
amilaruvi.in Red Data
www.tamilaruvi.in
book is maintained by WCU www.tamilaruvi.in
– World  The extinction of the Dodo bird led towww.tamil
amilaruvi.in Conservation Union
www.tamilaruvi.in (early known as IUCN –
www.tamilaruvi.inextinction of Calvaria
www.tamilaruvi.intree. www.tamil
International Union of Conservation of Nature
amilaruvi.in and Natural
www.tamilaruvi.in 17. Compare andwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Contrast the insitu and exsitu www.tamil
Resources)
conservation.
concept of Red list was suggested www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in 1963. www.tamilaruvi.in Insitu
www.tamilaruvi.in Conservation Exsitu
www.tamilaruvi.in Conservation
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inThe purpose
www.tamilaruvi.in
of preparation of Red List are: 1.
www.tamilaruvi.in It is the on-site 1. It
www.tamilaruvi.in is a conservation
www.tamil
conservation of of threatened
amilaruvi.in1. To create awareness on the degree
plant or animal animals and plants www.tamil
amilaruvi.in threat to biodiversity.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in species. www.tamilaruvi.in in special care www.tamil
amilaruvi.in2. Identification
www.tamilaruvi.in and documentation of
www.tamilaruvi.in locations.
species at high risk of extinction. 2. It is the process 1. It helps in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of protecting www.tamilaruvi.in
recovering www.tamil
3. Provide global index on declining bio
amilaruvi.in diversity.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in an endangered populations
amilaruvi.in4. Preparing
www.tamilaruvi.in plant or animal or preventing
conservation priorities and www.tamilaruvi.in
help in species in its
www.tamilaruvi.in
their extinction
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in conservation of action.
natural habitat. under simulated www.tamil
amilaruvi.in5. Information on international agreements
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in conditions.
amilaruvi.in on conservation
www.tamilaruvi.in of biological diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in E.g : National E.g
www.tamilaruvi.in : Zoological www.tamil
 Red list has eight categories of species Parks, parks and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Biospherewww.tamilaruvi.in Botanical gardens www.tamil
amilaruvi.ini) Extinct ii) Extinct
www.tamilaruvi.in in wild iii) Critically
www.tamilaruvi.in Reserve www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Endangered iv) Endangered v) Vulnerable
amilaruvi.invi) Lower
www.tamilaruvi.in
risk vii) Data deficiency viii) www.tamilaruvi.in
Not 18. What are called www.tamilaruvi.in
endangered species? Explain www.tamil
amilaruvi.inevaluated.
www.tamilaruvi.in with
www.tamilaruvi.in examples. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
16. Extinction of a keystone species led towww.tamilaruvi.in
loss of l A species that are likely to become extinct
amilaruvi.inbiodiversity – Justify.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inin future are known as
www.tamilaruvi.inEndangered species.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Keystone species
www.tamilaruvi.in is a species that has a l
www.tamilaruvi.inEndangered species are
www.tamilaruvi.incategorized by IUCN
www.tamil
excessively large effect on its natural E.g : Dodo bird, orchid bees, Sparrow,
amilaruvi.in environment
www.tamilaruvi.in
to its abundance.
www.tamilaruvi.inWhite tiger.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
19. Why do we find a decrease in biodiversity
l Various products of human use can be
www.tamil
amilaruvi.indistribution,
www.tamilaruvi.in
if we move from the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
tropics obtained from rich biodiversity.
amilaruvi.intowards the poles?
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in E.g : gums,www.tamilaruvi.in
resins, dyes, paper, fibres, etc. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
for decrease in biodiversity
www.tamilaruvi.in
l Variety ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
plant species www.tamil
provide
amilaruvi.indistribution in polar
www.tamilaruvi.inregion : www.tamilaruvi.in innumerable drugs and medicines. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in1. Very harsh (too cold)
www.tamilaruvi.in conditions prevail
www.tamilaruvi.in E.g : Morphine, Quinine,
for most of the year in polar regions that will
amilaruvi.in reduce www.tamilaruvi.in
bio diversity. www.tamilaruvi.in
23. Why do animals www.tamilaruvi.in
have greater diversification www.tamil
amilaruvi.in2. Organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in than plant diversity?
need a range of temperatures
amilaruvi.in betweenwww.tamilaruvi.in
25°C to 35°C, for mostwww.tamilaruvi.in
of the  Plants are self dependent (Autotroph)
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in metabolic activities, which is absent www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in in polar their nutrition so there is
www.tamilaruvi.in no need of variation
www.tamil
region and adaptation by the plant, this lead to the
limited diversity in plant. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in3. Climate, seasons,
www.tamilaruvi.in temperature, humidity,
photoperiods are not support the growth of  Plant can withstand in any kind of
amilaruvi.in varietywww.tamilaruvi.in
of organism. www.tamilaruvi.in environment www.tamilaruvi.in
condition but animal need www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in adaptation to suit different
www.tamilaruvi.in environment. www.tamil
20. What are the factors that drive habitat loss?
www.tamilaruvi.in This also result in more
www.tamilaruvi.in diversity in animal
www.tamil
l Mining than plants.
l Construction of highways
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 24. Alien
www.tamilaruvi.in species invasion is
www.tamilaruvi.in a threat to endemic
www.tamil
l Over population species – substantiate this statement.
l Urbanization, industrialization l Exotic species are organisms often introduced
unintentionally or deliberately
www.tamil
for
l Agricultural advancements
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in commercial www.tamilaruvi.in
purpose, as biological control www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Filling wetlands
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in agents and www.tamilaruvi.in
other uses. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Ploughing grasslands
www.tamilaruvi.in become invasive and drive
l They oftenwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inl Cutting down trees
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in away the local species
www.tamilaruvi.in and is considered
www.tamil
l Deforestation as the second major cause for extinction of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in species.
amilaruvi.inl Caving mountains
l Exotic species have proved harmful to both
amilaruvi.inl Changing the course of rivers andwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in filling aquatic and www.tamilaruvi.in
terrestrial ecosystems. www.tamil
of seashore.
l E.g www.tamilaruvi.in
Tilapia fish (Jilabi, www.tamil
kendai)
amilaruvi.in are biodiversity hotspots normally www.tamilaruvi.in (Oreochromis mosambicus) introduced
located? Why? from South Africa for its high productivity into
are located in areas where high Kerala’s inland waters, became invasive, due
amilaruvi.in Hotspots
www.tamilaruvi.in
concentration of endemic species
www.tamilaruvi.in to which the www.tamilaruvi.in
native species such as Puntius www.tamil
amilaruvi.in experiencing
www.tamilaruvi.in
unusual rapid rate of www.tamilaruvi.in
habitat dubius and www.tamilaruvi.in
Labeo kontius face local www.tamil
amilaruvi.in modification loss.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in extinction. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
22. Why is www.tamilaruvi.in
biodiversity so important and www.tamilaruvi.in
worthy l Amazon sailfin catfish
www.tamilaruvi.in is responsible for
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inof protection?
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in destroying the fish population
www.tamilaruvi.in in the wetlands
www.tamil
of Kolkata.
amilaruvi.inl Biodiversity is essential
www.tamilaruvi.in for stability of an
ecosystem. l African apple snail (Achatina fulica)
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in is the mostwww.tamilaruvi.in
invasive among all alien fauna www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.inl Biodiversity serves
www.tamilaruvi.in as source of food and
India.
provides source material for new improved
amilaruvi.in varieties.
l Papaya Mealy www.tamilaruvi.in
Bug (Paracoccus margin www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Biodiversity
www.tamilaruvi.in atus) is native of Mexico and Central America,
has scientific valuewww.tamilaruvi.in
also, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
is believed to have destroyed huge crops of
amilaruvi.in as different
www.tamilaruvi.in
animal species are used www.tamilaruvi.in
for www.tamilaruvi.in
papaya in Assam, West Bengal and TamilNadu.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in biological and medical
www.tamilaruvi.in research. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Chapter - 11 | Biodiversity and it’s Conservation
www.tamil
25. Mention the major threats to biodiversity 27. In north eastern states, the jhum culture is a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.incausedwww.tamilaruvi.in
by human activities. Explain. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
major threat to biodiversity – substantiate.
amilaruvi.inl Indiawww.tamilaruvi.in
is one of the 17 identifiedwww.tamilaruvi.in
mega www.tamilaruvi.in
 In shifting cultivation, plots of natural www.tamil
tree
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in diverse countries
www.tamilaruvi.in of the world, but it faces
www.tamilaruvi.invegetation are burnt away
www.tamilaruvi.in and the cleared
www.tamil
lots of threats to its biodiversity. patches are farmed for 2-3 seasons, after
which their fertility reduces to a point
www.tamil
l Apart from natural causes, human activities,
amilaruvi.in bothwww.tamilaruvi.in
directly and indirectly are www.tamilaruvi.in
today’s where crop www.tamilaruvi.in
production is no longer www.tamil
amilaruvi.in mainwww.tamilaruvi.in
reason for habitat loss and biodiversitywww.tamilaruvi.inprofitable.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in loss. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in then abandons this patchwww.tamil
 The farmer www.tamilaruvi.in and
amilaruvi.inl Fragmentation and
www.tamilaruvi.in degradation due to
www.tamilaruvi.incuts down a new patch
www.tamilaruvi.in of forest trees
www.tamil
agricultural practices, extraction elsewhere for crop production.
amilaruvi.in (mining, www.tamilaruvi.in
fishing, logging, harvesting) www.tamilaruvi.in
 This system is practiced in north-eastern
amilaruvi.in development (settlements, industrial
regions of India.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in associated infrastructures)
www.tamilaruvi.in leads to habitat
loss and fragmentation leads to formation  When vast areas are cleared and burnt, it
amilaruvi.in of isolated,
www.tamilaruvi.in
small and scattered populationswww.tamilaruvi.inresults in www.tamilaruvi.in
loss of forest cover, pollution www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and as endangered
www.tamilaruvi.in species. www.tamilaruvi.inand discharge of CO which
www.tamilaruvi.in
2
in turn attributes
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Some of the other
www.tamilaruvi.inthreats include specialised
www.tamilaruvi.into loss of habitat and climate
www.tamilaruvi.in change which
www.tamil
diet, specialized habitat requirement, has an impact on the faunal diversity of
amilaruvi.in largewww.tamilaruvi.in
size, small population size, limited
that regions. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in geographic
www.tamilaruvi.in
distribution and www.tamilaruvi.in
high www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
28. List out the various causes for biodiversity
amilaruvi.in economic or commercial
www.tamilaruvi.in value. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
losses.
amilaruvi.inl Large mammals
www.tamilaruvi.in by virtue of their size
The major causes for reductionwww.tamil in
require larger areas to obtain the necessities
amilaruvi.in of lifewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inbiodiversity are:
- food, cover, mates than do smaller
amilaruvi.in mammals. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
1. Habitat www.tamilaruvi.in
loss, fragmentation www.tamil and
amilaruvi.in E.g : www.tamilaruvi.in
Single Lion need about 100 square www.tamilaruvi.in
Km. destruction (affects about
www.tamilaruvi.in 73% of all species)
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 2. Pollution and
www.tamilaruvi.in pollutants (smog, pesticides,
26. What is mass extinction? Will you encounter
herbicides, oil slicks, GHGs)
amilaruvi.inone such www.tamilaruvi.in
extinction in the near www.tamilaruvi.in
future. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inEnumerate the steps
www.tamilaruvi.in to be taken to prevent 3.
www.tamilaruvi.inClimate change
it. 4. Introduction of alien/exotic species
 The extinction of large number of species 5. Over exploitation of resources (poaching,
amilaruvi.in withinwww.tamilaruvi.in
a short period of time is known as www.tamilaruvi.in
mass www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
indiscriminate cutting of trees, over fishing,
amilaruvi.in extinction.
hunting, mining)
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In thewww.tamilaruvi.in
450 million years of life on Earth, there
6. Intensive agriculture and aqua cultural
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in had www.tamilaruvi.in
been 5 mass extinctions, which had
www.tamilaruvi.inpractices www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
eliminated at least 50% of the species of flora
amilaruvi.in and faunawww.tamilaruvi.in
on the globe. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
7. Hybridization between native and www.tamil non-
extinction of species is mainly www.tamilaruvi.in
due to native species and loss of
www.tamilaruvi.in native species www.tamil
amilaruvi.in drastic environmental changes and population
www.tamilaruvi.in 8. Natural disasters
www.tamilaruvi.in (Tsunami, forest www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in fire,
amilaruvi.in characteristics.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inearth quake, volcanoes)
amilaruvi.in Extinctions are three
www.tamilaruvi.in types. It include, 9.
www.tamilaruvi.inIndustrialization,
www.tamilaruvi.in Urbanization,www.tamil
 Mass extinction: The earth has experienced infrastructure development, Transport,
communication towers,
www.tamil
dam
quite a few mass extinctions due to
www.tamilaruvi.in
catastrophes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
construction, unregulated tourism www.tamil are
amilaruvi.in A mass www.tamilaruvi.in
extinction occurred about www.tamilaruvi.in
225 areas of specific threats
amilaruvi.in million years ago during the Permian,
www.tamilaruvi.in where 10.Co-extinction
90% of
amilaruvi.in disappeared. shallow
www.tamilaruvi.inwater marine invertebrates
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
29. How can we contribute to promote biodiversity
recognized 37,000 protected areas world-
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inconservation?
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
wide.
amilaruvi.inWe can www.tamilaruvi.in
conserve biodiversity by www.tamilaruvi.in
 India has www.tamilaruvi.in
about 771 protected areas www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
and protect all threatened www.tamilaruvi.in
species covering www.tamilaruvi.in
162099 km 2
comprising
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in of National Parks (104), Wild Life
and conserve in protectedwww.tamilaruvi.in
areas www.tamilaruvi.in
Sanctuaries (544), biosphere reserves and
www.tamil
wild relatives of all the economically
amilaruvi.in the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
several sacred www.tamilaruvi.in
groves. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in important organisms
ii) Wild Life Sanctuaries (WLS):
amilaruvi.in3. Identify and protect
www.tamilaruvi.in critical habitats for
feeding, breeding, nursing, resting of  Any area other than the area comprised with
species www.tamilaruvi.in
any reservewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
forest or the territorial waters
amilaruvi.in4. Resting,
www.tamilaruvi.in can be notified
www.tamilaruvi.in by the State Government
www.tamil
feeding and breeding places constitute as a sanctuary if such area is
amilaruvi.in of the www.tamilaruvi.in
organisms should be identified www.tamilaruvi.in
of adequate ecological, faunal, floral,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in protected.
geomorphological, www.tamil
natural or zoological
amilaruvi.in5. Air, www.tamilaruvi.in
water and soil should be conserved significance.
amilaruvi.in on priority basis.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the purpose of protecting,
 This is forwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in6. Wildlife protection
www.tamilaruvi.in act should be endangered
www.tamilaruvi.in factual species.
implemented.  Some restricted human activities are
30. Stability of a community depends upon its allowed inside the Sanctuary area under
species diversity’ Justify the statement.
Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) 1972.
www.tamil
 Ecoturism is permitted, as long as animal
www.tamil
l Communities with more species tend to be
amilaruvi.in morewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
stable than those with less species as www.tamilaruvi.in
life is undistrubed. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in it is able
to resist occasional disturbance.  There are 544 www.tamilaruvi.in
existing wildlife sanctuarieswww.tamil
has been confirmed experimentally by in India covering
an area of 118,918 www.tamil
km2,
amilaruvi.in David Tilman’s.
www.tamilaruvi.in which is 3.62
www.tamilaruvi.in % of the geographical area
plots with different diversities of the country (National Wildlife Database,
amilaruvi.inl He raised
2017).
in Minesota grassland and subjected them
amilaruvi.in various www.tamilaruvi.in
stresses.
 Sanctuaries are tracts of land where wild
www.tamil
animals and www.tamilaruvi.in
fauna can take refuge www.tamil
l He found that plots with more species
amilaruvi.in showed www.tamilaruvi.in
less year to year variationwww.tamilaruvi.in
in total without being hunted or poached.
amilaruvi.in biomass.www.tamilaruvi.in  Collection www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of forest products, regulated www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl He alsowww.tamilaruvi.in harvesting
www.tamilaruvi.in
showed that in his experiments, of timber, private
www.tamilaruvi.in ownership
www.tamil
of land are also permitted.
amilaruvi.in increased diversity contributed to www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in higher www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
productivity.  E.g Periyar wild life sanctuary in Kerala is
famous for the Indian Tiger and Asiatic
www.tamil
31. Write awww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in note on www.tamilaruvi.in
Elephant. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ini) Protected areas,
www.tamilaruvi.in ii) Wild life sanctuaries,
iii) WWF
iii) WWF.
WWF – Worldwww.tamilaruvi.in
Wide Fund for Nature www.tamil
i) Protected areas :-
l It is an international non- government
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in These are biogeographical
www.tamilaruvi.in areas where
organization founded in1961, working in
biological diversity along with natural and
amilaruvi.in culturalwww.tamilaruvi.in the
www.tamilaruvi.in field of the wilderness
www.tamilaruvi.in preservation,
www.tamil
resources is protected, maintained
and the reduction of human impact on the
amilaruvi.in and managed
www.tamilaruvi.in
through legal measures.www.tamilaruvi.in
environment.
amilaruvi.in Protected
www.tamilaruvi.in
areas include national parks,www.tamilaruvi.in
wild www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in life sanctuaries,
www.tamilaruvi.in community reserves
and biosphere reserves.
 World Conservation monitoring centre has
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
10. Which information is correct for our country ?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART-A
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
a) India is one of the seventeen mega biodiversity
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incountries ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
the world. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
(1 MARK) b) India compriseswww.tamilaruvi.in
2.4% biodiversity of world. www.tamil
c) India contains www.tamilaruvi.in
more than 7 % plant species www.tamil
of
1. Which one is odd for species diversity ?
amilaruvi.ina) diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inworld. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) γ diversity
amilaruvi.inc) β diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in d) India stands
www.tamilaruvi.in at 7th rank in traditional www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in crop
d) λ diversity Ans : d
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.invarieties. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2. How many biosphere reserves are present in India ? Ans : a
a) 41 b) 34 c) 18 d) 43 11. Species diversity is responsible for which phenomena?
Ans : c www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in a) process of Evolution
3. In whichwww.tamilaruvi.in
region of South America maximumwww.tamilaruvi.in
species www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inof birds www.tamilaruvi.in
can be found ? b) speciation www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.ina) Equadorwww.tamilaruvi.in b) Brazil c) For alternative
www.tamilaruvi.in types (allele) of gene.
amilaruvi.inc) Colombia
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Peru Ans : c d)
www.tamilaruvi.inrichness of the species in
www.tamilaruvi.in any habitat www.tamil
Ans : d
4. Which can
be used for cryopreservation at www.tamilaruvi.in
196°C www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.intemprature ?
www.tamilaruvi.in 12. Biodiversity
www.tamilaruvi.in of which organism
www.tamilaruvi.in is more in Eastern
www.tamil
a) liquid N2 b) Free N2 Ghat in comparison to Western Ghat ?
c) liquid CO2 d) Solid N2 Ans : a a) Reptilia b) Amphibian
5. How many protected areas are present in India ? c) Aves d) Mammals Ans : b
amilaruvi.ina) 89 b) 771
www.tamilaruvi.in c) 492 d) 34 13. What
www.tamilaruvi.in is Ecosystem diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in? www.tamil
Ans : b
www.tamilaruvi.inSimilarity of species diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in in Ecosystemwww.tamil
6. Which type of relation is found in between richness
amilaruvi.inof specieswww.tamilaruvi.in
and variety of phylum ? b) Variation in www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in species diversity in Ecosystemwww.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Hyperbola
www.tamilaruvi.in c) Mutation in www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Circular hyperbola species diversity in Ecosystemwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Rectangular
www.tamilaruvi.in
hyperbola d) Reciprocal www.tamilaruvi.in d) Homozygosity in species diversity in Ecosystem
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans :b
www.tamil
7. Which iswww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in the right option for national animal and 14. How can the biodiversity
www.tamilaruvi.in can be conserved ? www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
bird of India ?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) By maintenance
www.tamilaruvi.in of different species
a) Peacock & Lion b) Flamingo & Tiger
b) By maintenance www.tamilaruvi.in
of genes of different species www.tamil
c) Peacock & Tiger d) Flamingo & Lion
Ans : c c) By maintenance www.tamilaruvi.in
of different Ecosystem www.tamil
8. Which is the right sequence for Ecological diversity?
www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil
d) all of the given :d
amilaruvi.ina) Biomes www.tamilaruvi.in
→habitat →Ecosystem → population www.tamilaruvi.in
15. Which regions are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
included in Biodiversity Hot-spot?
amilaruvi.inb) Biomes→www.tamilaruvi.in
Ecosystem → habitat →niches www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Sanctuary www.tamilaruvi.in b) National park www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Biomes www.tamilaruvi.in
→Ecosystem →population →niches www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Only Hotspot
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) all the given
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Biomes www.tamilaruvi.in
→ habitat →niches →Ecosystem www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :a
16. For which animal sunderbans is declared as a
9. Where the
amilaruvi.in knowledge of biodiversity is applicable
www.tamilaruvi.in ?
www.tamilaruvi.in
National Park ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) To study, classification
www.tamilaruvi.in of animals and plants
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Lion www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Rhino www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) To study, Ecosystem
c) Tiger www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Wild ass www.tamil
Ans :c
amilaruvi.inc) To study, Biogeological
www.tamilaruvi.in region www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) all the given
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
17. Among the recently extinct animal(2012) which is 24. Animals and plants are used as a food that means.....
www.tamil
amilaruvi.incorrect www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
a) Destruction value of biodiversity
amilaruvi.ina) 3079www.tamilaruvi.in
animal b) 2079 animalwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Utility value of biodiversity
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) 7039www.tamilaruvi.in
animal d) 9073 animalwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Ecosystem services
www.tamil
d) all the given Ans : a
18. Which reason is responsible for extinction of host 25. Which is the example of ex-situ conservation ?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.infish andwww.tamilaruvi.in
parasites. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) co-extinctions
www.tamilaruvi.inNational park b)
www.tamilaruvi.inSanctuary www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Alienwww.tamilaruvi.in c)
www.tamilaruvi.inBiosphere reserve d)
www.tamilaruvi.inZoo Ans :d
www.tamil
species invasions
amilaruvi.inc) over www.tamilaruvi.in
exploitation 26. Which type of information
www.tamilaruvi.in is obtained form Red-List?
amilaruvi.ind) loss www.tamilaruvi.in
of habitat Ans : a a) Red coloured
www.tamilaruvi.in fishes
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in b) Red eyed birds
19. Which organisation is active for conservation of
amilaruvi.inbiodiversity
www.tamilaruvi.in
at world level ? c) Endangeredwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in plants and animals www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) WWFwww.tamilaruvi.in b) WCU www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Red coloured www.tamilaruvi.in
insects Answww.tamil
:c
amilaruvi.inc) a andwww.tamilaruvi.in
b both d) EE www.tamilaruvi.in
27. Which is true for www.tamilaruvi.in
wild life conservation? www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Hunting of preywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
20. Which statements are true? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) ex-situ conservation www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. At present
there are 17 biosphere reserves in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) In-situ conservation
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in India.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
d) b and c both
www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :d
amilaruvi.in2. Biospheres
www.tamilaruvi.in
includes 3 zones. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
28. Which is the main cause of extinction of wild life ?
amilaruvi.in3. Bandipur,
Periyar, Kaziranga and Hazirabaugh www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
are biosphere reserve a) Destruction of habitat
b) Hunting for flesh
amilaruvi.in4. UNOwww.tamilaruvi.in
has formulated the concept of biosphere
reserve. c) Pollution of medicine and water
amilaruvi.in5. Core Zone is the inner
www.tamilaruvi.in most region of biosphere d)
www.tamilaruvi.inAll the given
www.tamil
reserve.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 29. At which place animals
www.tamilaruvi.in and plants are most protected?
a) 1, 2, 4 b) 3, 5, 2
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) Botanical gardens
www.tamilaruvi.in b) National Park www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) 1, 3, 4, 5 d) 1, 2, 5 Ans : d
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) Zoos
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Sanctuary Answww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in :b
21.
amilaruvi.inFind odd one out :-
30. For which animal Gir National Park is famous ?www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Project Elephant
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Tiger Projectwww.tamilaruvi.in
a) Tiger www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Asiatic Lion www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Gir Lion Project
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Project Wildwww.tamilaruvi.in
ass
c) Leopard www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Deer Answww.tamil
:b
Ans : d
31. Which one is protected in national park ?
www.tamil
22.
amilaruvi.inWhich one is correct
www.tamilaruvi.in for individual of the same
species ? a) Micro organism b) Only plants
a) Population b) Biotic Community c) Plants and animals d) None Ans : c
c) Ecosystem d) All the given 32. What is called the biodiversity of different ecosystem
Ans : a
www.tamilaruvi.in
of geographical area ?
www.tamil
a) α diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) δ − diversity
www.tamil
23. Which animal is endemic to Indian desert?
a) Flamingo b) Painted Frog c) β diversity d) γ diversity Ans : d
c) Wild ass d) Spring tailed Lizard
Ans : c
amilaruvi.in
33. Which is the Hot spot of India ?
41. Which number is correct for Indentfied popular
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Gangatic
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
plain b) Western Ghat species ?
amilaruvi.inc) Eastern
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ghat
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Arravali mountain
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) 1.1 to 1.1 million b) 0.5 to 1.0 millionwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : b www.tamilaruvi.in
c) 2.5 to 3.0 million d) 1.7 to 1.8 millionwww.tamil
34. Which is included in types of biodiversity ?
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :d
amilaruvi.ina) Genes www.tamilaruvi.in b) Species
42. IUCN means …................... www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Ecosystem
d) All the given a) International www.tamilaruvi.in
union for conservation of nature www.tamil
Ans : d and natural www.tamilaruvi.in
resources www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in b) Indian union
www.tamilaruvi.in for conservation of naturewww.tamil
35. Which is the most appropriate method for
amilaruvi.inconservation
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in natural resources
of wild life ?
amilaruvi.ina) Vaccination
www.tamilaruvi.in International union for
www.tamilaruvi.in conservation of nature
www.tamil
and nutrients resources
amilaruvi.inb) Hybridization
d) Indian Union chemical nomenclature
amilaruvi.inc) conservation
www.tamilaruvi.in
in natural habitat www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :a
amilaruvi.ind) Killingwww.tamilaruvi.in
of predator www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
43. In India, Western ghat is known as Hot-spot because
www.tamilaruvi.in
of ….. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
36. Where iswww.tamilaruvi.in
the genes of rare plants species to www.tamilaruvi.in
stored a) Evergreen forest www.tamilaruvi.in b) High endemismwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) More height
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Topical climate
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Genewww.tamilaruvi.in
bank b) Gene Librarywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :b
amilaruvi.inc) Herberium
www.tamilaruvi.in d) none of themwww.tamilaruvi.in
44. What is important www.tamilaruvi.in
of gene diversity ? www.tamil
a) Maintenance of species
37. Which iswww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in the Hotspot region ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Speciation
amilaruvi.ina) Region which is having volcanoes
c) Research of genetic code
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Regionwww.tamilaruvi.in
which is having possibility of www.tamilaruvi.in
earth www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Maintenance and research of spices Ans : b
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in quake www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
45. What is called the biodiversity of habitat ?
amilaruvi.inc) Coastal region which is having species www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in diversity www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Ans :c a) α diversity b) β diversity
amilaruvi.ind) Region which is having Tsunami
www.tamilaruvi.in γ diversity www.tamilaruvi.in d) Biosphere Ans :a
www.tamil
38. MAB means …......................
amilaruvi.ina) Man www.tamilaruvi.in
and biosphere programme 46. Which is the modern
www.tamilaruvi.in concept of conservation ?www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inb) Mammalwww.tamilaruvi.in
and biological programme www.tamilaruvi.in a) Biosphere reservewww.tamilaruvi.in b) sanctuary www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Mammalwww.tamilaruvi.in
and biosphere programme www.tamilaruvi.in c) National park www.tamilaruvi.in d) Protected forestwww.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Men www.tamilaruvi.in
and biological programme www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : a www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 47. Match the following:-
39. Who published Red-list?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Column – www.tamilaruvi.in
1 Column – 2 www.tamil
a) WWF b) IUCN c) MAB d) IBWL
Ans : b p) Assam www.tamilaruvi.in
i) Corbatt National Parkwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in q) Uttar Pradesh
www.tamilaruvi.in ii) Marine National Parkwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
40. Which pair contains maximum diversity and endemic r) Gujarat iii) Kaziranga National Park
amilaruvi.inspecies www.tamilaruvi.in
in India ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
s) Madhya Pradesh iv) Kanha Patiala Park
amilaruvi.ina) Sunderban
www.tamilaruvi.in
and runn of Kutch www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) (p - i), (q – ii), (s - iii), (r - iv)
amilaruvi.inb) Eastern
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ghat and West Bangal www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) (r - i), (s – ii), (q - iii), (p - iv)
amilaruvi.inc) East www.tamilaruvi.in
Himalaya and Western Ghat
amilaruvi.ind) Keralawww.tamilaruvi.in c)
www.tamilaruvi.in (s - i), (q – ii), (r - iii),
www.tamilaruvi.in (p - iv) www.tamil
and Punjab
www.tamilaruvi.in (q - i), (r – ii), (p - iii),
www.tamilaruvi.in (s – iv) Ans :d
www.tamil
Ans : c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
48. Match the following:-
a) Both A and R are true and R is correct
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in explanationwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
of A
amilaruvi.in Column – 1
www.tamilaruvi.in Column – 2
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Both A andwww.tamilaruvi.in
R are true but R is not correctwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in p) Biosphere reserve
www.tamilaruvi.in i) Eastern Himalayan
www.tamilaruvi.in explanation of A
q) Hot-spot ii) Amazon c) A is true but R is false
amilaruvi.inr) Biodiversity
www.tamilaruvi.in
of iii) Great Nicobar
amilaruvi.in Gujarat www.tamilaruvi.in d)
www.tamilaruvi.in A is false but R is true
amilaruvi.ins) Greatestwww.tamilaruvi.in iv) Marine National 51. Assertion :- There
www.tamilaruvi.in is threat to the indigenouswww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in cat
amilaruvi.in biodiversity
www.tamilaruvi.in Park fish
www.tamilaruvi.in in our rivers
amilaruvi.ina) (r - i), (p – ii), (s
www.tamilaruvi.in - iii), (q - iv) Reason :- African
www.tamilaruvi.in cat fish (alien species)
b) (r - i), (q – ii), (p - iii), (s - iv) producestoxic effect for agriculture
c) (p - i), (r – ii), (q - iii), (s - iv) a) A b) B c) C d) D Ans : a
amilaruvi.ind) (q - i), (s – ii), (p - iii), (r – iv)
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : d 52. Assertion :- In-situ
www.tamilaruvi.in conservation is a type
www.tamil
biodiversity conservation.
49. Match the
amilaruvi.in following:-
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inColumn –www.tamilaruvi.in Reason :- It is the conservation
www.tamilaruvi.in of resources
www.tamil
Column – 1 2 out side their natural habitat.
amilaruvi.inp) Endemic www.tamilaruvi.in
species i) SpingTailedLizardwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) A b) B c) C d) D Ans : c
amilaruvi.inq) Alienwww.tamilaruvi.in
species ii) Nilgiri pipit www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
r) Habitat loss iii) African cat fish 53. Assertion :- Biodiversity is important to maintain
ecosystem and biosphere of the world
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in s) over exploitation
www.tamilaruvi.in iv) Lion tailed Macaque
a) (p - i), (q – ii), (r - iii), (s - iv) Reason :- Biodiversity provides food for
mankind and their pets.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) (q - i), (r – ii), (s
www.tamilaruvi.in - iii), (p - iv) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) A b) B c) C d) D Answww.tamil
:b
amilaruvi.inc) (q - i), (r – ii), (p
www.tamilaruvi.in - iii), (s - iv) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
54. Assertion :- In National Park Wild life is strictly
amilaruvi.ind) (s - i), (p – ii), (q - iii), (r – iv)
protected
50. Match the
following:- www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Reason :- In National Park, activity such as
amilaruvi.in Column www.tamilaruvi.in
–1 Column – 2
www.tamilaruvi.in
forestry, grazing, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
cultivation are not allowed.
amilaruvi.inp) α diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in i) Richness of different www.tamilaruvi.in
b) B c) C d) D Answww.tamil
:a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in species in a habitat www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
55. Assertion:- The biodiversity is not uniform
amilaruvi.inq) β diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in ii) Richness of different www.tamilaruvi.in
throughout the www.tamilaruvi.in
world www.tamil
species along with a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in gradiant from one www.tamilaruvi.in
habitat www.tamilaruvi.in
Reason :- Biodiversity www.tamil
increases as we move
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in to another habitatwww.tamilaruvi.in
within from equator www.tamilaruvi.in
to polar region. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the community a) A
www.tamilaruvi.in b) B c) C
www.tamilaruvi.in d) D Ans :c
www.tamil
r) γ diversity iii) Richness of different
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in species in
www.tamilaruvi.in
different
PART-B
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in habitat www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) (p - i),www.tamilaruvi.in
(r – ii), (q - iii) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) (p - i),www.tamilaruvi.in
(q – ii), (r - iii) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) (q - i),www.tamilaruvi.in
(p – ii), (e - iii) www.tamilaruvi.in
1. Define biodiversity.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) (r - i),www.tamilaruvi.in
(q – ii), (p - iii)  The totality
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : b of all living organismswww.tamil
amilaruvi.inAssertion www.tamilaruvi.in variability among living organisms are
and reasoning questions: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
known as Biodiversity.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inIn eachwww.tamilaruvi.in
of the following questions there www.tamilaruvi.in
are two www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2. Enumerate the significance of biodiversity.
amilaruvi.instatements.www.tamilaruvi.in
One is assertion (a) and www.tamilaruvi.in
other is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inreasoning (R). Mark
www.tamilaruvi.in the correct answer as 
www.tamilaruvi.in It provides an index
www.tamilaruvi.in of health of an
www.tamil
ecosystem.
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
survival of human race depends on the 12. List out the factors which determines
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in existence and wellbeing of all lifewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in forms www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
biodiversity distribution pattern.
amilaruvi.in (plants and animals)
www.tamilaruvi.in in the biosphere.www.tamilaruvi.in
 Biodiversity www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
distribution pattern is determined
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
3.
amilaruvi.inList out the types of
www.tamilaruvi.in biodiversity. www.tamilaruvi.inby temperature, precipitation, distance
amilaruvi.inThere are three levels
www.tamilaruvi.in of biodiversity www.tamilaruvi.infrom the equator (latitudinal
www.tamilaruvi.in gradient),
www.tamil
1. Genetic diversity altitude from sea level (altitudinal gradient)
2. Species diversity 13. How biodiversity affected by different zone of
earth? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
3. Community/Ecosystem diversity
 Diversity increases as one moves towards www.tamil
4.
amilaruvi.inDefine genetic diversity.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inthe temperate zones and reaches www.tamil
 Genetic diversity refers to the differences maximum at the tropics.
amilaruvi.in in genetic
www.tamilaruvi.in
make-up between distinct
 Thus, tropics have more biodiversity than
amilaruvi.in specieswww.tamilaruvi.in
and to the genetic variationwww.tamilaruvi.in
within temperate or www.tamilaruvi.in
polar regions. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in a single species, also genetic variation
between distinct populations of the same 14. What is habitat fragmentation?
amilaruvi.in species.
 Habitat fragmentation is the process where a
www.tamil
5. How genetic diversity has been useful ?
www.tamilaruvi.inlarge, continuous area of habitat is both,
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inreduced in area and divided
www.tamilaruvi.in into two or
www.tamil
diversity helps in developing more fragments.
amilaruvi.in adaptation to changing environmental
condition 15. What are the drastic effect climatic change
affect biodiversity? www.tamil
6.
amilaruvi.inDefine species diversity.
 Climate change result in increases land
 Species
amilaruvi.in number diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in refers to the variety in
www.tamilaruvi.inand ocean temperature,
www.tamilaruvi.in changes
www.tamil
and richness of the species in precipitation patterns and raises the sea
amilaruvi.in any habitat.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inlevel. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
species richness. www.tamilaruvi.in
 This inturn www.tamilaruvi.in
results in melting of glaciers, www.tamil
number of species per unit area www.tamilaruvi.in
at a water inundation, less predictability
of weather patterns, extreme weather
amilaruvi.in specific time is called species richness
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inconditions,www.tamilaruvi.in
outbreak of squalor diseases, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the types of species diversity.www.tamilaruvi.in migration www.tamilaruvi.in
of animals and loss of trees in
www.tamil
forest.
amilaruvi.in Therewww.tamilaruvi.in
are three types of species diversity are
- Alpha, Beta and Gamma diversity  Thus, climate change is an imminent danger
to the existing biodiversity. www.tamil
9.
amilaruvi.inDefine community.
 Variety of habitats, biotic communities, 16. How Intensive agriculture affect biodiversity?
amilaruvi.in and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
ecological processes in the biosphere is
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Intensive agriculture is based on only few
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in known www.tamilaruvi.in
as Community/Ecosystem diversity www.tamilaruvi.inhigh yieldingwww.tamilaruvi.in
varieties. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
taxonomic impediment. www.tamilaruvi.in in reduction in the genetic
 This result www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.indiversity. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
current estimate of different species on
amilaruvi.in earth is around
www.tamilaruvi.in8-9 million. 17. What
www.tamilaruvi.in is Hotspots?
amilaruvi.in However, we really
www.tamilaruvi.in don’t know the exact 
www.tamilaruvi.inHotspots are areas characterized
www.tamilaruvi.in with high
www.tamil
number of our natural wealth. concentration of endemic species
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inexperiencing www.tamilaruvi.in
unusual rapid ratewww.tamil of
 This is called the ‘The Taxonomic
amilaruvi.in impediment’
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inhabitat modification loss.
amilaruvi.in
11. Why Indiawww.tamilaruvi.in
is rich in biodiversity? 18. Define Extinction.
amilaruvi.in Indiawww.tamilaruvi.in
is very rich in biological diversity,  Species is considered
www.tamilaruvi.in
this extinct when none
www.tamil
to its unique bio-geographical its members are alive anywhere in the
amilaruvi.in is due www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inworld.
location, diversified climatic conditions,
amilaruvi.in enormous
www.tamilaruvi.in
eco-diversity and www.tamilaruvi.in
geo- www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in diversity.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
19. List out some wildlife sanctuaries in Tamil
species are prone to endanger are known
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inNadu. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inas biodiversity hotspots.
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Year of
www.tamilaruvi.in
26. Why does tropicalwww.tamilaruvi.in
region contain rich species www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Prominent
amilaruvi.in Tamil WLS in
www.tamilaruvi.in diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in than temperate
www.tamilaruvi.inregion ? www.tamil
establish- Districts
Nadu
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in ment l
www.tamilaruvi.inTropical region have lesser
www.tamilaruvi.in temperature
www.tamil
 Vedanthangal  1936  Kanchepuram fluctuations and receive more solar
amilaruvi.in Lakewww.tamilaruvi.in
Birds
www.tamilaruvi.inenergy which www.tamilaruvi.in
is favored the growthwww.tamil of
amilaruvi.in WLSwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inorganism. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in M uwww.tamilaruvi.in
d u m a l a i  1942  Nilgiriswww.tamilaruvi.in l Hence tropical region are rich in biodiversity.
amilaruvi.in WLS www.tamilaruvi.in 27. What do you mean
www.tamilaruvi.in by co-extinction ?
 Point Calimere  1967  Nagapattinam
amilaruvi.in WLSwww.tamilaruvi.in l Simultaneous
www.tamilaruvi.in extinction of two or more
species where one is dependent on other
amilaruvi.in Indirawww.tamilaruvi.in
Gandhi  1976  Coimbatore www.tamilaruvi.inspecies.
amilaruvi.in (Annamalai)
WLS 28. What are invasive species ? Give an example
amilaruvi.in Mundanthurai
www.tamilaruvi.in
 1977  Tirunelveli
l Invasive species are a foreign species that
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in WLSwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
grow and reproduce www.tamil
rapidly causing major
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.indisturbance in the endemic
www.tamilaruvi.in species. www.tamil
20. What are Sacred Groves?
amilaruvi.in A sacred
www.tamilaruvi.in E.g : Tilapia fish, Amazon sailfin catfish,
grove or sacred woods www.tamilaruvi.in
are any www.tamilaruvi.in
African apple snail.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in grove of trees that
www.tamilaruvi.in are of special religious
importance to a particular culture. 29. What are keystone species ?
21. What is Ex-Situ Conservation? l Organisms which helps to maintain species
diversity within an ecosystem are known www.tamil
 It is
amilaruvi.in animals conservation
www.tamilaruvi.in of selected rare plants/
www.tamilaruvi.inas keystonewww.tamilaruvi.in
species. www.tamil
in places outside their natural
amilaruvi.in homes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
30. What is cryopreservation ? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in It includes
www.tamilaruvi.in
offsite collections and www.tamilaruvi.in
 It is cold preservation technique for Seedswww.tamil
amilaruvi.in banks.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inof different genetic strains
www.tamilaruvi.in of commercially
www.tamil
important plants.
amilaruvi.in Offsite Collections. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Seeds can be stored in seed banks, gametes
amilaruvi.in Offsite Collections are live collections
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inof threatened www.tamilaruvi.in
species can be preserved www.tamil
in
of wild and domesticated species in viable and fertile condition for long periods.
amilaruvi.in Botanical
gardens, Zoological parks, Wildlife www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in safariwww.tamilaruvi.in
parks, Arborata (gardens with trees and 31. What are endemic
www.tamilaruvi.in species ?
shrubs). l A species which is found only in a particular
23. What are Gene Banks? area because of isolation and climatic
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incondition. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Gene banks are
amilaruvi.in whichwww.tamilaruvi.in a type of bio repository
preserve genetic materials. 32. What is species diversity?
amilaruvi.in Seedswww.tamilaruvi.in
of different genetic strains of
l Variety of different species in a given
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in commercially
www.tamilaruvi.inimportant plants www.tamilaruvi.in
can geographical www.tamilaruvi.in
area. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in be stored in long
www.tamilaruvi.in periods in seed banks,
gametes of threatened species can be PART-C
amilaruvi.in preserved
in viable and fertile condition www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in for long periods
www.tamilaruvi.in using cryopreservation
techniques. ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
24.
amilaruvi.inDefine a species.
1. Explain different types of species diversity
l A group of closely related organisms which can
amilaruvi.in interbreed
www.tamilaruvi.in
to produce viable and fertile
www.tamilaruvi.in
Alpha diversity: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in off springs.
l It is measured www.tamilaruvi.in
by counting the number www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
biodiversity hotspots ? www.tamilaruvi.inof taxa (usually species) within a particular
amilaruvi.inl Habitats
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inarea, community or ecosystem.
with rich endemism and the
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inBeta diversity:
in farming and changing lifestyles and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl It iswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
architecture resultingwww.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
species diversity between two matchbox-styled in
amilaruvi.in adjacent
www.tamilaruvi.in
ecosystems and is obtaining www.tamilaruvi.in
by an inadequate availability
www.tamilaruvi.in of food and
www.tamil
shelter for the birds.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in comparing the
www.tamilaruvi.in number of species unique
to each of the ecosystem. l Unlike pigeons that can make nests on ledges,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.insparrows need www.tamilaruvi.in
cavities to build their nests. www.tamil
Gamma diversity :
l It refers to the diversity of the habitats 4. Over exploitation led decline in biodiversity –
amilaruvi.in over www.tamilaruvi.in
the total landscape or geographical www.tamilaruvi.in
area. justify. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 We depend www.tamilaruvi.in
on nature for our basic needs www.tamil
2. Write short notes on species area relationship
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.insuch as food and shelter.
 German Naturalist and Geographer Alexander
amilaruvi.in von www.tamilaruvi.in
Humboldt explored the wilderness of  However, when
www.tamilaruvi.in the need becomes more,
amilaruvi.in southwww.tamilaruvi.in within
American jungles and found thatwww.tamilaruvi.in it leads to over exploitation
www.tamilaruvi.in of natural
www.tamil
a region the species richness increased resources.
increasing area but upto a certain
 Excessive exploitation of a species, reduces
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in limit.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inthe size ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
its population to such a www.tamil level
relationship between species richness www.tamilaruvi.inthat it becomes susceptible
www.tamilaruvi.in to extinction. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and area for
www.tamilaruvi.in a wide variety of taxa 
www.tamilaruvi.inE.g. Dodo, have become
www.tamilaruvi.inextinct due to over
www.tamil
(angiosperm plants, birds, bats, freshwater exploitation.
amilaruvi.in fishes)www.tamilaruvi.in
turned out to be the rectangular
 Overfishing due to population pressure leads
amilaruvi.in hyperbola.
to extinction of many marine fish
www.tamil
5. How extinction of dodo bird affect calvaria
tree?
 There is a connection between the extinction www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inof Calvaria www.tamilaruvi.in
tree and the extinction www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inDodo bird in Mauritius Island.
www.tamilaruvi.inBecause the Calvaria tree
www.tamilaruvi.in is dependent on
www.tamil
the Dodo bird for completion of its life cycle.
 The mutualistic association is that the tough
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inhorny endocarp www.tamilaruvi.in
of the seeds of Calvaria www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intree are made permeable by the actions
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inthe large stones in birds
www.tamilaruvi.ingizzard and digestive
www.tamil
 On a logarithmic scale, the relationship is juices thereby facilitating easier germination.
amilaruvi.in a straight
line described by the equation,
 Hence, extinction of the Dodo bird led
amilaruvi.in log Swww.tamilaruvi.in
= log C + Z log A www.tamilaruvi.into the imminent www.tamilaruvi.in
danger of the Calvaria www.tamil
amilaruvi.inWhere, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intree. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inS = Species
www.tamilaruvi.in
richness www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
6. List out the General strategies for biodiversity www.tamil
amilaruvi.inA = Areawww.tamilaruvi.in conservation.
amilaruvi.inZ = Slope of the line
www.tamilaruvi.in (regression coefficient) l
www.tamilaruvi.inIdentify and protect all
www.tamilaruvi.in threatened species
www.tamil
C = Y-intercept. l Identify and conserve in protected areas
3. Why sparrows are been in the state of extinct? the wild relatives of all the economically
important organisms
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Common Sparrows
www.tamilaruvi.in are going extinct because
of mindless urbanization. l Identify and protect critical habitats for
feeding, breeding, nursing, restingwww.tamilof
l They are losing not just their natural each species.
amilaruvi.in habitats
www.tamilaruvi.in
but also the essential human www.tamilaruvi.in
touch www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in they www.tamilaruvi.in
need and thrive upon. l
www.tamilaruvi.inResting, feeding and
www.tamilaruvi.in breeding places
www.tamil
of the organisms should be identified and
population of sparrows is decreasing www.tamilaruvi.in
due protected.
amilaruvi.in to the use of
www.tamilaruvi.inpacked food, insecticides
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Air, www.tamilaruvi.in
water and soil should be conserved on
 Climate stability (forests are essential
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in priority
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in for rainfall,www.tamilaruvi.in
temperature regulation, www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
basis. CO2
amilaruvi.inl Wildlife protection act should
www.tamilaruvi.in absorption, www.tamilaruvi.in
which in turn regulate the density
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
implemented. and type of vegetation).
7. Interdependence
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inof all living components – 
www.tamilaruvi.in Forest resource management
www.tamil
explain this term with an example. sustainable development.
l The interrelationship and interdependence of  Maintaining balance between biotic
amilaruvi.in all living
www.tamilaruvi.in
components in a system can www.tamilaruvi.in
be seen components. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the example of the fruit bats ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in fromwww.tamilaruvi.in Guam www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Cleaning up of pollutants – microbes are
(South East Asia).
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the biggestwww.tamilaruvi.in
degraders of molecules includingwww.tamil
l The fruit bats are a weak here, and hence many anthropogenic ones which are present
population has decreased.
in effluents, sewage, garbage and agro-
amilaruvi.inl It results
in local fruit production has got chemicals.
amilaruvi.in affected,
www.tamilaruvi.in bats
www.tamilaruvi.in
then it was identified that the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
served as pollinators.  Ecological stability– the varieties and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in richness ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
species contribute to ecologicalwww.tamil
l Hence
amilaruvi.in diversity.there is a
www.tamilaruvi.in need for conservation of
www.tamilaruvi.in stability andwww.tamilaruvi.in
survival of species. www.tamil
 To provide www.tamilaruvi.in
unique aesthetic value www.tamiland
8. How development of human society affect hotspots for Ecotourism.
amilaruvi.inanimal www.tamilaruvi.in
habitat? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Development
www.tamilaruvi.in of human society www.tamilaruvi.in
is 2. List out thewww.tamilaruvi.in
reason for the richnesswww.tamil of
amilaruvi.in unavoidable.
www.tamilaruvi.in biodiversity
www.tamilaruvi.in in the tropics.
amilaruvi.in Natural habitats are destroyed for
www.tamilaruvi.in the Tropical
www.tamilaruvi.in regions are rich in biodiversity,
www.tamilaruvi.in because:
www.tamil
purpose of settlement, agriculture, 1. This region is present in between Cancer
amilaruvi.in mining,
www.tamilaruvi.in
industries and construction of
and Capricorn on either side of equator
amilaruvi.in highways.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in which is www.tamilaruvi.in
congenial habitats for living www.tamil
result species are forced to adaptwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in As a www.tamilaruvi.in to the organisms.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
changes
amilaruvi.in other in the
www.tamilaruvi.in environment or move to
2. Environmental conditions of the tropicswww.tamil
are
places.
amilaruvi.in If not,
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in favourable not only
www.tamilaruvi.infor speciation but
www.tamil
they become victim to predation, also for supporting both variety and
amilaruvi.in starvation,
www.tamilaruvi.in
disease and eventually www.tamilaruvi.in
die or www.tamilaruvi.in
number of organisms. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in results in human animal conflict.
3. The temperatures vary between 25°Cwww.tamil
to
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 35°C, a range in which most metabolic
PART-D activities of living organisms occur with www.tamil
ease
and efficiency.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (5 MARKS) 4. The average rainfall is often more than
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 200 mm per www.tamilaruvi.in
year. www.tamil
1. List out
amilaruvi.in the Role of organizationwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in which www.tamilaruvi.in
5. Climate, seasons, temperature, humidity, www.tamil
involved in conservation of biodiversity. photoperiods are more or less stablewww.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in Continuity of
www.tamilaruvi.in nutrient cycles or
www.tamilaruvi.in encourage both variety and
www.tamilaruvi.in numbers. www.tamil
biogeochemical cycles (N2, C, H2O, P, S cycles). 6. Rich resource and nutrient availability.
 Soil formation, conditioning or
amilaruvi.in maintenance
www.tamilaruvi.in 3. List out and explain
www.tamilaruvi.in any three biogeographical
of soil health (fertility) by soil
region of india
amilaruvi.in microbial
www.tamilaruvi.in
diversity. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Himalayas:
amilaruvi.in Increases
www.tamilaruvi.in
ecosystem productivity www.tamilaruvi.in
l The entire mountain chain comprising a
amilaruvi.in provide food resources.
diverse range of biotic provinces and
www.tamil
as water traps, filters, water
amilaruvi.in Act www.tamilaruvi.in flow
www.tamilaruvi.in biomes and www.tamilaruvi.in
covers 7.2% of the country’s www.tamil
amilaruvi.in regulators and
www.tamilaruvi.in water purifiers (forest
www.tamilaruvi.in landmass. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
cover and vegetation).
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inl Animals
in this regions are - wild sheep, catastrophes.
amilaruvi.in mountain
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
goats, shrew, snow leopard  A mass extinction occurred about 225
amilaruvi.in and panda,
million years ago during the Permian, where
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inIndian Desert:
www.tamilaruvi.in 90% of shallow
www.tamilaruvi.in water marine invertebrates
amilaruvi.inl The extremely arid
www.tamilaruvi.in area west of the disappeared.
Aravalli hill range, comprising both the 3) Anthropogenic extinctions:
amilaruvi.in saltywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
desert of Gujarat and the sand desert of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Rajasthan.
www.tamilaruvi.in  These
www.tamilaruvi.in are assisted by
www.tamilaruvi.in human activities
www.tamil
like hunting, habitat destruction,
amilaruvi.inl It comprises 6.9% of the country’s
www.tamilaruvi.in land-
over exploitation,urbanization and
mass.
industrialization. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Wildwww.tamilaruvi.in
ass is endemic to this region.
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Some examples www.tamilaruvi.in
of extinctions are Dodo www.tamil
of
l Animals in this regions are - Indian Mauritius and Steller’s sea cow of Russia.
amilaruvi.in Bustard,
camel, foxes and snakes, many of
are endangered.  Amphibians
www.tamilaruvi.in seem to be at higher risk
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inWestern www.tamilaruvi.in extinction
www.tamilaruvi.in because of habitat
www.tamilaruvi.in destruction.www.tamil
Ghats:
amilaruvi.inl Western
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ghats are mountain ranges 5. Write
www.tamilaruvi.in
along short notes on IUCN.
amilaruvi.in the west coast
www.tamilaruvi.inof India, extending over The
www.tamilaruvi.in
 International Union
www.tamilaruvi.in for Conservation of
www.tamil
almost 1,500km. Nature (IUCN) is an organization working
l The annual rainfall is about 2000 mm. in the field of nature conservation and
sustainable www.tamilaruvi.in
use of natural resources.www.tamil
l Animals in this regions are - Nilgiri tahr
amilaruvi.in (Statewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
animal of Tamil Nadu), Nilgiri Langur, www.tamilaruvi.in
 It was established in 1948 and located www.tamil
at
amilaruvi.in tiger, leopard, and Indian elephant.
Gland VD, Switzerland. www.tamil
grizzled squirrel and lion tailed macaque
www.tamilaruvi.in
 It is involvedwww.tamilaruvi.in
in data gathering and analysis www.tamil
amilaruvi.in are endemic to this
www.tamilaruvi.in region. research, field
www.tamilaruvi.in projects and education
www.tamilaruvi.in on
www.tamil
Gangetic Plains: conservation, sustainable development
l These plains are relatively homogenously and biodiversity.
amilaruvi.in definedwww.tamilaruvi.in
by the Ganges river system
 IUCN’s mission is to influence, encourage
occupy about 11% of the country’s www.tamilaruvi.in
and assist www.tamilaruvi.in
societies throughout the world www.tamil
to
amilaruvi.in landmass.
conserve nature and to ensure that any use www.tamil
of
region is very fertile and extends
amilaruvi.inl This www.tamilaruvi.in up natural resources
www.tamilaruvi.in is equitable and ecologically
to the Himalayan foothills. sustainable.
l Animals in this regions are - Fauna  It influences governments and industries
amilaruvi.in includes
rhinoceros, elephant, buffalo, www.tamilaruvi.in
through partnerships by providing information
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in swamp deer, hog-deer.
and advice.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
and explain the types of extinction. www.tamilaruvi.in
 The organization collects, compiles www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in Extinctions
www.tamilaruvi.in
are three types, they are :www.tamilaruvi.inpublishes www.tamilaruvi.in
the IUCN red list of threatened www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1) Natural
www.tamilaruvi.in species
www.tamilaruvi.in and their conservation
www.tamilaruvi.in status in the
www.tamil
extinction
world.
a slow process of replacement www.tamilaruvi.in
existing species with better adapted species  It plays a vital role in the implementation
of several international conventions on
www.tamil
due to changes in environmental conditions,
amilaruvi.in evolutionary
changes, predators and diseases.
www.tamilaruvi.in
nature conservation and biodiversity. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in A small
population can get extinct sooner 6. Write short on National Parks.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in thanwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
the large population due to inbreeding www.tamilaruvi.in
 It is a natural habitat that is notified by the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in depression (less adaptivity and variation).
state government to be constituted as www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.in2) Masswww.tamilaruvi.in
extinction: National Park
www.tamilaruvi.in due to its ecological, faunal,
amilaruvi.in The www.tamilaruvi.in floral, geomorphological, or zoological
earth has experienced quite www.tamilaruvi.in
a few www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
association of importance.
amilaruvi.in mass extinctions
www.tamilaruvi.in due to environmental
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in No human
activity is permitted inside
www.tamilaruvi.in
and social development and maintenance
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
national park except the activities of associated cultural values.
amilaruvi.in permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden
www.tamilaruvi.in of the
www.tamilaruvi.in
 Biosphere www.tamilaruvi.in
Reserves are thus special www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
state under the conditions of the Wildlife environments for both people and nature
amilaruvi.in Protection
www.tamilaruvi.in
Act (WPA) 1972.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in  The Biosphere
www.tamilaruvi.in Reserve Programme is guided
National Parks in Tamil Nadu by UNESCO’s Man And Biosphere (MAB)
programme.
establish-
 The scheme called Biosphere Reserve was
Year of
National Parks
ment
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in District(s) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
implemented by the Government of
www.tamil
in Tamil Nadu
India in 1986. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in  Guindywww.tamilaruvi.in
NP  1976  Chennai
www.tamilaruvi.in
 There are 18www.tamilaruvi.in
Biosphere Reserves inwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in  Gulf www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incountry. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of  1980  R a m a n a t h -
amilaruvi.in Mwww.tamilaruvi.in
annar puramwww.tamilaruvi.in
and  E.g. Agasthyamalai (Karnataka - Tamil Nadu
amilaruvi.in Marine NP
www.tamilaruvi.in Tuticorin
www.tamilaruvi.in- Kerala) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 I n d i r a  1989  Coimbatore  Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu - Kerala)
Gandhi
amilaruvi.in (www.tamilaruvi.in
Anna- 
www.tamilaruvi.inGulf of Mannar (Tamil
www.tamilaruvi.inNadu) www.tamil
amilaruvi.in malai) NP
www.tamilaruvi.in 8. Write short note
www.tamilaruvi.in on project tiger.
amilaruvi.in  M u d u -
www.tamilaruvi.in 1990  Nilgiriswww.tamilaruvi.in of India launched www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
l The Government the
malai NP
amilaruvi.in  M www.tamilaruvi.in ‘Project Tiger’ in 1973 to protect our
u k u r t h i  1990  Nilgiriswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
national animal.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in NP
l From 9 tiger reserves since its inception, the
are 104 existing national parks
Project Tiger coverage has increased to
amilaruvi.in India covering an
www.tamilaruvi.inarea of 40,501 km 2
, which
50%.
is 1.23% of the geographical area of the
amilaruvi.in country www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l Project Tiger is an on going Centrally www.tamil
amilaruvi.in National
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inSponsoredwww.tamilaruvi.in
Scheme of the Ministrywww.tamil of
Park is an area which is strictly
amilaruvi.in reservedwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inEnvironment and Forests,
www.tamilaruvi.in providing central
www.tamil
for the betterment of wildlife
assistance to the states for tiger conservation
biodiversity and where activities www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in designated tiger reserves. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in like development,
www.tamilaruvi.in forestry, poaching,
hunting, grazing and cultivation are not l Project Tiger was launched in the Jim
amilaruvi.in permitted.
Corbett National www.tamil
Park, Uttarakhand in1973.
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
are large areas of scenic and national l The projectwww.tamilaruvi.in
ensures a viable population www.tamil
amilaruvi.in beauty www.tamilaruvi.in
maintained for www.tamilaruvi.in
scientific of Bengal www.tamilaruvi.in
tigers in their natural habitats,www.tamil
amilaruvi.in educational and recreational use.www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in protecting them from extinction
www.tamilaruvi.in and preserving
www.tamil
areas of biological importance as a natural
are not used for commercial
amilaruvi.in Theywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inheritage. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in extraction of resources.
l The National Tiger Conservation
amilaruvi.in Kaziranga National
www.tamilaruvi.in park is a protected
Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body
area for the one Horned Rhinoceros in Assam.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inof the Ministry, created
www.tamilaruvi.in under the Wildlife
www.tamil
7. Write short notes on Biosphere Reserve (BR). (Protection) Act, 1972.
amilaruvi.in BR is an international
www.tamilaruvi.in designation by l
www.tamilaruvi.inIndia holds over half
www.tamilaruvi.in the world’s tiger
www.tamil
UNESCO for representative parts of natural population.
cultural landscapes extending over www.tamilaruvi.in
large www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l According to the latest tiger census report
amilaruvi.in area www.tamilaruvi.in
of terrestrial or coastal/ www.tamilaruvi.in
marine released onwww.tamilaruvi.in
20th January 2015 by NTCA,www.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in ecosystems or a
www.tamilaruvi.in combination thereof.
current tiger population is estimated www.tamil
at
amilaruvi.in BRs are designated
www.tamilaruvi.in to deal with the
www.tamilaruvi.in2,212. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
conservation of biodiversity, economic l There are 50 tiger reserves in the country.
amilaruvi.in
CHAPTER
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in ENVIRONMENTAL
www.tamilaruvi.in ISSUE
12
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Points to Remember www.tamilaruvi.in
l Earth is currently facing a lot of environmental l Air Pollution causes irritation in the throat,
problems like air pollution, water pollution,
nose, lungs and eyes.
www.tamil
noise pollution, www.tamilaruvi.in
global warming, acid rain, bio www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l It causes breathing problems and aggravates
magnification,
amilaruvi.in eutrophication, deforestation,
existing healthwww.tamilaruvi.in
conditions such as emphysema www.tamil
waste disposal, ozone layer depletion and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in and asthma. www.tamilaruvi.in
climate change.
amilaruvi.in
l
It will result in natural disasters which striking
l Smog is a type www.tamilaruvi.in
of air pollution caused bywww.tamil
tiny
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in particles in the
www.tamilaruvi.in air.
us more often in the form of floods, tsunami
and cyclones.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in The word comes
www.tamilaruvi.in
l from a mixture of the words
smoke and fog.
l Pollution
amilaruvi.in is any undesirable change
the physical, chemical and biological l Smog also affects plants and animals.
characteristics of the environment due to
amilaruvi.in Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is a secondary
natural www.tamilaruvi.in
causes and human activities. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l
pollutant present in photochemical smog.
amilaruvi.in
l Pollutantwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
are the agents which cause pollution. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l The raised atmospheric temperature by the
amilaruvi.in
l
www.tamilaruvi.in
Types of pollution - Air, Water and Soil
increase in concentration of green house
www.tamil
Pollution. www.tamilaruvi.in
gases is known www.tamilaruvi.in
as global warming. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l
www.tamilaruvi.in
Pollutants can be classified into two www.tamilaruvi.in
basic l Ozone depletion: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Thinning of the stratospheric
– Non-degradable and degradable.
groups www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in ozone layer iswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in known as ozone depletion.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l www.tamilaruvi.in
Non-degradable pollutants - These cannot be l Such depletion
www.tamilaruvi.in causes the ‘ozone hole’,
degraded
amilaruvi.in by natural
www.tamilaruvi.in processes. E.g : - lead, resulting
www.tamilaruvi.in in poor screening
www.tamilaruvi.in of the harmful UV
www.tamil
mercury, rays and increase in incidences of skin cancer.
l Degradable pollutants - These can be l Forests act as carbon sinks and lungs of the
degraded by natural processes - E.g :. Paper,
www.tamilaruvi.in
planet. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
wood, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l
www.tamilaruvi.in
Catalytic converters in vehicles help to reduce
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l www.tamilaruvi.in
The alterations www.tamilaruvi.in
or changes in the composition polluting gaseswww.tamilaruvi.in
drastically. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in earth’s atmosphere by natural or
l Air Quality Index (AQI) is a number used by
human activities (anthropogenic factors) are
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in government agencies
www.tamilaruvi.in to communicate towww.tamil
referred as Air Pollution.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in public how polluted
www.tamilaruvi.in the air is at a given time.
l Air pollutants can be - Discharge of dusts or
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Water pollution occurs when there is a change
matter and Discharge ofwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l
particulate gases
in the chemical, physical or biological quality
(SO NO CO, CO
amilaruvi.in 2, www.tamilaruvi.in ) www.tamilaruvi.in
2, 2 of water that www.tamilaruvi.in
has harmful effect(s) on livingwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l CO2 From www.tamilaruvi.in
automobiles, aeroplanes, www.tamilaruvi.in
power organisms that www.tamilaruvi.in
consume it or live in it. www.tamil
plants
amilaruvi.in and other
www.tamilaruvi.in human activities that
l There are three main types of sources: point
involving the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil
amilaruvi.in sources, non-point sources, leaks and spills.
etc.,) iswww.tamilaruvi.in
the main pollutant that is leading www.tamilaruvi.in
global warming. Sources of water
www.tamilaruvi.in
l pollution can alsowww.tamil
classified in three ways:
amilaruvi.in
l Causes www.tamilaruvi.in
of acid rain - Sulphur dioxide www.tamilaruvi.in
nitrogen
amilaruvi.in oxides.
www.tamilaruvi.in Municipal
www.tamilaruvi.in
l wastes, Industrial
www.tamilaruvi.in wastes,
www.tamil
agricultural wastes.
l Sourceswww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in of air pollution -Transport sources,
Stationary sources area sources, Natural l Water pollution can be lethal to aquatic
amilaruvi.in
sources.
organisms and others that depend on these
www.tamil
water bodies. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
| Environmental Issue
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l
Water pollution can cause eutrophication and l Pollutants from anthropogenic activities like
www.tamil
effluents fromwww.tamilaruvi.in
the industries and homeswww.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
algal bloom due to nutrient enrichment. can
amilaruvi.in
l www.tamilaruvi.in
Waste water radically
www.tamilaruvi.in
can be pretreated by scientific accelerate the aging
www.tamilaruvi.in process. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
methods
amilaruvi.in before discharge to municipal
www.tamilaruvi.in This phenomenon
www.tamilaruvi.in
l is known as Cultural
www.tamil
treatment sources. Accelerated Eutrophication.
l E.g
amilaruvi.in : Setting up of
www.tamilaruvi.inSewage Treatment Plants Wastewater
www.tamilaruvi.in
l or sewage
www.tamilaruvi.in originates from
www.tamil
(STP) and Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP). domestic waste waters, industrial wastes and
animal wastes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Sound that is unwanted and undesirable or
can disrupt www.tamilaruvi.in
one’s quality of life is called as l The treatmentwww.tamilaruvi.in
can be carried out - Physical
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Noise. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
methods, Chemicalwww.tamilaruvi.in
methods and Biological www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l www.tamilaruvi.in
When there is lot of ‘noise’ in the environment, methods.
it is termed
amilaruvi.in as Noise Pollution.
www.tamilaruvi.in It is a method
www.tamilaruvi.in
l of farming system which
The intensity of noise is measured in decibels primarily aims at cultivating the land and
amilaruvi.in
l www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
raising crops
www.tamilaruvi.in
in such a way, so as to keep
www.tamil
the
(dB).
soil alive and inwww.tamilaruvi.in
good health. www.tamil
l Sourceswww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in of air pollution - Vehicle engines, air
horns, audio video systems, trains, low flying l G. Nammalvar was a supporter and expert of
aircrafts, factory machines, sirens, motors, organic farming.
drillers www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in and crushers, compressor machines, www.tamilaruvi.in
l www.tamilaruvi.in
He was an agricultural scientist, environmentalwww.tamil
crackers,
amilaruvi.in explosives,
www.tamilaruvi.in modern supersonic activist
www.tamilaruvi.in celebrated for his
www.tamilaruvi.inwork on spreading
www.tamil
transports are the common sources of noise Ecological farming & Organic farming.
pollution. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l He was against the use of chemical fertilizers
amilaruvi.in
l Effect www.tamilaruvi.in
of Noise Pollution - Heart disease, www.tamilaruvi.in
and pesticides.
high blood pressure, stress related www.tamilaruvi.in
illness, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
sleep disruption, hearing loss (deafness), and l Solid waste management includes the
activities andwww.tamilaruvi.in
action required to manage www.tamil
productivity loss.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in waste from itswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in inception to its final disposal. www.tamil
l Planting trees in and around noise sources
is an effective solution for noise pollution as l This includes the collection, transport,
www.tamil
plants are known to absorb noise and treatment
www.tamilaruvi.in
bring and disposal of
www.tamilaruvi.in waste, together
www.tamil
down sound levels. with monitoring and regulation of the waste
management www.tamilaruvi.in
process. www.tamil
l Chemicals
amilaruvi.in which are used in agriculture
growth of plants and pest control are called l Dr. Sultan Ahmed Ismail is an Indian soil
agrochemicals or agrichemicals.
biologist and ecologist from Tamil Nadu. www.tamil
l Overuse of agrochemicals have been observed l His work has centered on techniques for
to generate recycling biodegradable
www.tamilaruvi.in
residues that cause nutrient waste into fertilizer
imbalance, and may kill beneficial bacteria using varieties of earthworms, and on soil
bioremediation.
and soil organisms.
When non-degradable substances enter the l Radioactive wastes are generated during
amilaruvi.in
l
various operations of the nuclear power plant. www.tamil
food chain, they do not get metabolized or
amilaruvi.in
broken www.tamilaruvi.in
down or expelled and instead www.tamilaruvi.in
get l Radioactive waste www.tamilaruvi.in
can be in gas, liquid or
www.tamil
transferred
amilaruvi.in up the tropic levels of the
www.tamilaruvi.in food
www.tamilaruvi.in
solid form, and www.tamilaruvi.in
its level of radioactivity www.tamil
can
chain.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in vary.
During
amilaruvi.in
l this process,
www.tamilaruvi.in they show an increase The
www.tamilaruvi.in
l waste can remain radioactive
www.tamilaruvi.in for a few
www.tamil
in concentration which is referred to as bio- hours or several months or even hundreds of
magnification. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
thousands of years.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l
When water run-off from land containing l Types (Depending on the level and nature of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
nutrientswww.tamilaruvi.in
reaches water bodies like lakes, www.tamilaruvi.in
it radioactivity) www.tamilaruvi.in
Low and Intermediate and High www.tamil
results www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in in dense growth of plant life. www.tamilaruvi.in Level Waste. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l This phenomenon
amilaruvi.in is called Eutrophication.
l www.tamilaruvi.in
Methods of disposal of radioactive wasteswww.tamil
are
amilaruvi.in
- 12 | Environmental Issue
- Limit generation, Dilute and disperse,Delay l CFCs, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride,
www.tamil
hydro chloro www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
and decay, Concentrate and confine process. fluoro carbons, hydro bromo
amilaruvi.in
l www.tamilaruvi.in
Three ways fluoro
are employed to manage www.tamilaruvi.in
nuclear carbons and methyl
www.tamilaruvi.inbromide are found
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
wastes:- to have direct impact on the depletion of the
ozone layer.
amilaruvi.in Spent Fuel Pools, Vitrification method,
Geological Repositories. l Effects: premature skin aging and wrinkling
of skin; suppression www.tamil
of the immune system,
Any
amilaruvi.in
l kind of waste that
www.tamilaruvi.in contains infectious skin cancer www.tamilaruvi.in
material generated by hospitals, laboratories,
amilaruvi.in
medicalwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
research centers, Pharmaceutical l Control- Phase www.tamilaruvi.in
down or ban the use of CFCs www.tamil
companies
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in called (CFC
and Veterinary clinics arewww.tamilaruvi.in free refrigerants).
medical
amilaruvi.in wastes.
www.tamilaruvi.in Minimizing the
www.tamilaruvi.in
l use of chemicals suchwww.tamil
Medicalwww.tamilaruvi.in blood, freons
wastes contain body fluids likewww.tamilaruvi.in and halocarbons.
amilaruvi.in
l www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
urine, body parts and other contaminants, l Deforestation is the destruction of forests in
culture dishes, glasswares, bandages, gloves,
www.tamilaruvi.in
order to clear the land and make it available
www.tamil
discarded needles, scalpels, swabs www.tamilaruvi.in
and for other uses. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
tissues.
l The Bishnois, www.tamilaruvi.in
who are known conservators www.tamil
of
Electronic
amilaruvi.in
l waste or
www.tamilaruvi.in e-waste describes their forest, were
www.tamilaruvi.in inspiration to many people’s
discarded electrical electronic devices as well participatory www.tamilaruvi.in
movements for Environmental
as any refuse created by discarded electronic
www.tamil
protection in India.
amilaruvi.in
deviceswww.tamilaruvi.in
and components and substances www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
involved in their manufacture or use. l The Chipko movement resisted the destruction
of forests of India in the 1970s. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l are low molecular weight www.tamilaruvi.in
Plasticswww.tamilaruvi.in organic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
polymers that are non-degradable in the l Sunderlal Bahuguna was the leader of this
natural environment.
www.tamilaruvi.in
movement. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Plastic waste constitutes a major part of l The ‘Forest man of India’, Jadav Payeng who
municipal solid waste. created 1,360www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in acres of dense and defiant www.tamil
forest was born in Arunasapori (a river island
amilaruvi.in
l
www.tamilaruvi.in
Remedies: ‘4R’- Refuse, Reduce, Reuse and
on the Brahmaputra).
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Recyclewww.tamilaruvi.in
mantra is the best available www.tamilaruvi.in
remedy www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
for plastic waste pollution. l For his remarkable initiative, the Jawaharlal
Nehru University www.tamilaruvi.in
invited Payeng in 2012 www.tamil
on
Causes www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
l of Global warming -It is causedwww.tamilaruvi.in
mainly Earth Day andwww.tamilaruvi.in
honoured him with the title of
www.tamil
due to CO2 from automobiles or burning coals the ‘Forest Man of India’.
by power plants, soil erosion, desertification,
amilaruvi.in
and CFCwww.tamilaruvi.in
etc. Ecological sanitation
www.tamilaruvi.in
l (EcoSan) is a sustainable
system for handling human excreta by using
Effects of global warming www.tamilaruvi.in
dry composting www.tamilaruvi.in
toilets. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l Seasonswww.tamilaruvi.in
will be longer in some areas, www.tamilaruvi.in
Some l EcoSan toiletswww.tamilaruvi.in
not only reduce wastewater
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
types ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
forests may disappear, Storms www.tamilaruvi.in
are generation but www.tamilaruvi.in
also generate the natural www.tamil
expected
amilaruvi.in to be more
www.tamilaruvi.in frequent and intense, fertilizer
www.tamilaruvi.in from recycled human
www.tamilaruvi.in excreta, which
www.tamil
Rise in the sea level ,It causes food & water forms an excellent substitute for chemical
shortage. www.tamilaruvi.in
fertilizers.
amilaruvi.in
l
Control measures - Reforestation , Recycling l ‘EcoSan’ toilets are being used in several
www.tamil
of products,Using www.tamilaruvi.in
natural resources like wind parts of India www.tamilaruvi.in
and Sri Lanka. www.tamil
energy,
amilaruvi.in solar energy
www.tamilaruvi.inand wave energy. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
l the production of green housewww.tamilaruvi.in
Reducewww.tamilaruvi.in gases. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Ozone is
amilaruvi.in found in the layer of the atmosphere
called
amilaruvi.in the Stratosphere.
It
amilaruvi.in
l acts as a protective
www.tamilaruvi.in covering that absorbs
ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
a) Biomagnification b) Bioremediation
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in PART
www.tamilaruvi.in – A www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Bioreduction Answww.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
c) Biomethanation :b
www.tamilaruvi.in
8. The Ozone Day www.tamilaruvi.in
is observed every yearwww.tamil
on
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in September 16
www.tamilaruvi.in as on this day in 1987www.tamil
1. Right to Clean Water is a fundamental right, ___________was signed for launching
amilaruvi.inunder the
www.tamilaruvi.in
Indian Constitution www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
efforts to arrest the depletion of the fragile
amilaruvi.ina) Article
www.tamilaruvi.in
12 b) Article 21 www.tamilaruvi.in
ozone layer inwww.tamilaruvi.in
the stratosphere that prevents www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Article
www.tamilaruvi.in the harmful ultra-violet rays of the sun from
31 d) Article 41 www.tamilaruvi.in
reaching the earth. Fill the correct word in
blank.
2. With which of the following, the agenda 21’
amilaruvi.inof Rio Summit,
www.tamilaruvi.in
1992 is related to? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Montreal Protocol b) Geneva Protocol
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Sustainable
www.tamilaruvi.in
development www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Kyoto Protocol
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Nagoya Protocol
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Combating
the consequences of population www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :a
amilaruvi.inc) Mitigation
norms of Green House Gases 9. Which among the following always decreases
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in (GHGs) www.tamilaruvi.in
emission. www.tamilaruvi.in
in a Food chain www.tamilaruvi.in
across tropic levels? www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Technology
transfer mechanism to developing a) Number www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Accumulated chemicals
amilaruvi.in countries for ‘clean-energy’
www.tamilaruvi.in production.
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Energy www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Force Answww.tamil
:c
10. In the E-waste generated by the Mobile
3.
amilaruvi.inWhich among the following
www.tamilaruvi.in awards instituted Phones, which
www.tamilaruvi.in among the following metal
www.tamil
by the Government of India for individuals most abundant?
amilaruvi.inor communities
from rural areas that have
amilaruvi.inshown www.tamilaruvi.in a)
www.tamilaruvi.in Copper b)
www.tamilaruvi.inSilver www.tamil
extraordinary courage and dedication
amilaruvi.inin protecting Wildlife?
www.tamilaruvi.in Palladium d)
www.tamilaruvi.inGold Ans :a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Indirawww.tamilaruvi.in
Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar www.tamilaruvi.in11. The Hydro chloro fluoro carbons (HCFCs)www.tamil
the compounds which have the following
amilaruvi.inb) Medini Puruskar Yojana
molecules.
amilaruvi.inc) Amrita Devi Bishnoi Award
a) Hydrogen
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Carbon
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) Pitambar Pant National Award
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : c
c)Chlorine d) Fluorine Ans : c
4. The ‘thickness’ of Stratospheric Ozone www.tamilaruvi.in
layer www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
12. SMOG is derived from :
amilaruvi.inis measured in/on.
a) Smoke b) Fog
amilaruvi.ina) Sieverts units
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Dobson units www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Both A and B d) Only A Ans : c
amilaruvi.inc) Melson units
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : b
d) Beaufort Scale www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 13. Excess of fluoride in drinking water causes:
among the following is the www.tamilaruvi.in
most www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inabundant Green-House-Gas (GHG) www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in in the a) Lung disease b) Intestinal infection
earth’s atmosphere? c) Fluorosis www.tamilaruvi.ind) None of the above
a) Carbon dioxide b) Water Vapour Ans : c
amilaruvi.inc) Sulphur Dioxide
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Tropospheric Ozone
www.tamilaruvi.in PART – B,C AND
www.tamilaruvi.in D www.tamil
Ans : b
6. As per 2017 statistics, the highest per capita TEXTUAL QUESTIONS (2,3 AND 5 MARKS)
amilaruvi.inemitterwww.tamilaruvi.in
of Carbon dioxide in the world is
amilaruvi.ina) USA www.tamilaruvi.in b) China
www.tamilaruvi.in
14. Expand (i) CFC www.tamilaruvi.in
(ii) AQI (iii) PAN www.tamil
i. CFC – Chloro www.tamilaruvi.in
Fluoro Carbon www.tamil
c) Qatar d) Saudi Arabia
Ans : b www.tamilaruvi.in
ii. AQI -Air Quality Index www.tamil
7. The use of microorganism metabolism to
iii. PAN -Peroxyacetyl nitrate www.tamil
amilaruvi.inremovewww.tamilaruvi.in
pollutants such as oil spillswww.tamilaruvi.in
in the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inwater bodies is known as
amilaruvi.in
15. What is SMOG and how it is harmful for us?
17. Discuss the causes and effects of global
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Smogwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
is a type of air pollution caused by warming. What measures need to be taken to
amilaruvi.in tiny particles
www.tamilaruvi.in control
www.tamilaruvi.in global warming?
in the air.
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inl The www.tamilaruvi.in The raised atmospheric average
word comes from a mixture www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l
of the
temperature by the increase in concentration
amilaruvi.in words smoke and fog.
of green house gases is known as global
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Today, smog generally refers to photochemical
warming. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in smog, which is
www.tamilaruvi.in created when sunlight
Causes of Global warming :
reacts with nitrogen oxides and volatile
amilaruvi.in organicwww.tamilaruvi.in
compounds found in fossil www.tamilaruvi.in
fuel www.tamilaruvi.in from
l It is caused mainly due to CO
www.tamil
2
amilaruvi.in emissions
www.tamilaruvi.in
from automobiles, factories, automobiles
www.tamilaruvi.in
and or burning coals by power
amilaruvi.in power plants.
www.tamilaruvi.in plants,
www.tamilaruvi.in soil erosion, desertification,
www.tamil
CFC etc.
reactions create ground-level
amilaruvi.inl Thesewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
ozone and particulate matter, reducing Effects
visibility. 1. Seasons will be longer in some areas
l Smog can make breathing more difficult, 2. Some types of forests may disappear
amilaruvi.in especially
www.tamilaruvi.in
for people with asthma. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Smogwww.tamilaruvi.in 3. Storms
www.tamilaruvi.in are expected to be
www.tamilaruvi.in more frequent
www.tamil
also affects plants and animals. and intense
amilaruvi.inl It damages
www.tamilaruvi.in
crops as well as causes
4. Tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue
amilaruvi.in health www.tamilaruvi.in
problems in pets, farm animals www.tamilaruvi.in
and fever, yellowwww.tamilaruvi.in
fever and encephalitiswww.tamil
will
amilaruvi.in human beings.
spread to other parts of the world www.tamil
has also been known to cause corrosive
amilaruvi.inl Smogwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
5. Rise in thewww.tamilaruvi.in
sea level www.tamil
amilaruvi.in damage to buildings
www.tamilaruvi.in and vehicles.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
6. It causes food & water shortage
16. List all the
amilaruvi.in wastes that you generate, at
www.tamilaruvi.in home,
Control measures
school or during your trips to other places.
amilaruvi.inCould you
very easily reduce the generation  Reforestation
amilaruvi.inof thesewww.tamilaruvi.in
wastes? Which would be difficult www.tamilaruvi.in
or www.tamilaruvi.in
 Recycling of products
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inrather impossible to reduce?
 Using natural resources like wind energy,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Waste www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
solar energy www.tamilaruvi.in
and wave energy www.tamil
Source
amilaruvi.in category
 Conservation www.tamilaruvi.in
of energy by using eco- www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Residential Food
www.tamilaruvi.in wastes, plastics, friendly bulbs,
www.tamilaruvi.in carpooling & adopting
paper, glass, leather, CFC free zone
cardboard, metals, yard www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
 Carbon sequestration
amilaruvi.in wastes, ashes, tires, www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in batteries,
www.tamilaruvi.in old mattresses  Reduce the production of green house
School Wood, paper, metals, gases.
cardboard materials, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in electronics
www.tamilaruvi.in would Earth be like
www.tamilaruvi.in without the
www.tamil
greenhouse effect?
amilaruvi.inDuringwww.tamilaruvi.in
trip Plastic water bottle, carry www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
bag , Aluminium foils l Greenhouse gases in the air , trap radiation
from the www.tamilaruvi.in
Sun and act like a thermal www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Yes, we can reduce
www.tamilaruvi.in the generation of waste
blanket around the planet. www.tamil
by adopting some measure
l Without the www.tamilaruvi.in
greenhouse effect, the Earthwww.tamil
l Plastics and E –Waste are very difficult
amilaruvi.in to remove
www.tamilaruvi.in would
www.tamilaruvi.in have an average
www.tamilaruvi.in temperature of
www.tamil
because they are non bio- -18 °C and be covered in ice.
amilaruvi.in degradable.
l This makes living organisms unable to
survive
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
19. Write notes on the following:
24. Discuss the role of women in protection and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Eutrophication
conservation www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
: of forests.
amilaruvi.inl Overflow
of nutrient rich water from land Women play www.tamilaruvi.in
a vital role in conservation www.tamil
of
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in to water
www.tamilaruvi.in
bodies like lakes, it results in dense forest.
amilaruvi.in growth of plant life.
www.tamilaruvi.in Amrita Devi :www.tamilaruvi.in
phenomenon is called Eutrophication.
amilaruvi.inl This www.tamilaruvi.in l Amrita Devi
www.tamilaruvi.in was a brave lady from Khejarli
Village of Jodhpur District, Rajasthan.
b) Algal Bloom: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l She sacrificed her life to maintain Bishnoi
amilaruvi.inl An algal
www.tamilaruvi.in
bloom is a rapid increasewww.tamilaruvi.in
in the Dharma.
amilaruvi.in population of algae in an aquatic system.
l In 1730, Maharaja Abhay Singh, ruler of
www.tamil
blooms may occur in freshwater
amilaruvi.inl Algalwww.tamilaruvi.in as
Marwar, Rajasthan state wanted to www.tamil
log
amilaruvi.in wellwww.tamilaruvi.in
as marine environments. green Khejri
www.tamilaruvi.in (Prosopis cineraria) trees
20. What effect can fertilizer runoff havewww.tamilaruvi.in
on an
to burn lime for the construction of his new
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in palace.
amilaruvi.inaquatic ecosystem?
l Since there was a lot of greenery in the
l Overflow of nutrient rich water from land
Bishnoi villages even in the middle www.tamil
of
to water bodies like lakes, it results in dense
amilaruvi.in growthwww.tamilaruvi.in Thar
www.tamilaruvi.in Desert, the king ordered
www.tamilaruvi.in his men to get
www.tamil
of plant life.
amilaruvi.inl It will
www.tamilaruvi.in wood from Khejri trees.
result in Eutrophication and algal l When she came to know about the cutting
amilaruvi.in bloom.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of trees by the King’s men, she and many
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
21. How can www.tamilaruvi.in
we control eutrophication? www.tamilaruvi.in others had www.tamilaruvi.in
hugged the Khejri trees www.tamil
to
amilaruvi.inl In order
www.tamilaruvi.in save from www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in cutting. www.tamil
to control eutrophication first you
amilaruvi.in needwww.tamilaruvi.in
to identify the sources. www.tamilaruvi.in men killed Amrita Devi along
l But king’s www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Depending
www.tamilaruvi.in with more than 363 other Bishnois.
on the sources, you www.tamilaruvi.in
have to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l It was a Tuesday, black Tuesday in Khejarli.
amilaruvi.in decide your management strategy. www.tamilaruvi.in
l This incident took place to save trees and is
also reducing the usage of fertilizer
amilaruvi.inl And www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
recorded in India’s history.
amilaruvi.in eutrophication can
www.tamilaruvi.in be controlled. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l To commemorate her bravery, the Government
22. Why does
amilaruvi.in ozone hole form over Antarctica?
of Rajasthan www.tamilaruvi.in
and Madhya Pradesh www.tamil
have
amilaruvi.inl Chlorine reacts with ozone and produce
www.tamilaruvi.in initiated the
www.tamilaruvi.in prestigious state level award
named as ‘Amrita Devi Bishnoi Smriti
amilaruvi.in chlorine monoxide and diatomic oxygen.
Award’ for excellent contribution to the
www.tamil
l These reactions are most effective when
protection andwww.tamilaruvi.in
conservation of wildlife. www.tamil
they occur on the surface of ice crystals,
amilaruvi.in in thewww.tamilaruvi.in
stratosphere. www.tamilaruvi.in
Chipko movement www.tamilaruvi.in
: www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Antarctica
is colder than other part of world l The Chipkowww.tamilaruvi.in
movement resisted www.tamil the
amilaruvi.inl Therefore
ozone hole form over Antarctica. destruction www.tamilaruvi.in
of forests of India in the www.tamil
1970s.
l Sunderlal www.tamilaruvi.in
Bahuguna was the leader ofwww.tamilthis
23. Mention the causes of enhanced use of
amilaruvi.inultraviolet
www.tamilaruvi.in movement.
radiation.
amilaruvi.inl Ozonewww.tamilaruvi.in People
www.tamilaruvi.in
l in the movement
www.tamilaruvi.in hugged the
www.tamil
layer depletion decreases our
amilaruvi.in atmosphere’s
www.tamilaruvi.in trees, andwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in prevented felling of treeswww.tamil by
natural protection from the sun’s
contractors.
amilaruvi.in harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
25. Discuss the role of an individual to reduce
amilaruvi.inCauseswww.tamilaruvi.in
of Skin Cancer are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
environmental pollution.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. Skinwww.tamilaruvi.in
cancer www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l Installation of proper sewage disposal
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in2. Premature aging and other skin damage
methods. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in3. Cataracts
www.tamilaruvi.in
and other eye damage www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l Dumping of non biodegradable wastes in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in4. Immune
www.tamilaruvi.in
system suppression low lying areas.
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Installation
of gobar gas plants in areas
www.tamilaruvi.in
l The same year, he received the ‘Padma Shri’.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of high www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
availability of cow dung. l The Indian Constitution also stresses on the
amilaruvi.inl Reduction
www.tamilaruvi.in
of smoke emission www.tamilaruvi.in
and importance www.tamilaruvi.in
of the role of the People www.tamil
in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in treatment of chimney smoke to www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in remove protectingwww.tamilaruvi.in
their environment. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in solidwww.tamilaruvi.in
carbon particles. www.tamilaruvi.in
29. Discuss brieflywww.tamilaruvi.in
the following : www.tamil
l Limited use of fertilizers, pesticides and
a) Catalytic converter www.tamil
detergents.
l Catalytic converters in vehicles helpwww.tamil
to
l Reforestation
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in reduce polluting gases drastically
26. How does
amilaruvi.in recycling help reduce pollution?
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Greenhouse
www.tamilaruvi.in gases
l Recycling prevents the emissions of many
l Gases which are responsible for green
green house gases and pollutants, and saves house effect is known as Greenhouse gases
amilaruvi.in energy. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Using recovered material generates www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in less solid
www.tamilaruvi.in
waste. www.tamilaruvi.in E.g : Water vapour, carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and
amilaruvi.inl Recycling
helps to reduce the pollution www.tamilaruvi.in
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in caused by the extraction
www.tamilaruvi.in and processing of
virgin materials. EcoSan :
l Ecological sanitation (EcoSan) is a sustainable
27.
amilaruvi.inWhat is the primary
www.tamilaruvi.in purpose of the Kyoto
www.tamilaruvi.in system forwww.tamilaruvi.in
handling human excreta www.tamil
by
Protocol?
using dry composting toilets. www.tamil
To decrease the dependence on natural
amilaruvi.inl resources
www.tamilaruvi.in
in developing countries
l EcoSan toilets not only reduce wastewater www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in generation but also generate
www.tamilaruvi.in the natural
www.tamil
l To limit and decrease the world-wide fertilizer from recycled human excreta,
amilaruvi.in emissionwww.tamilaruvi.in
of greenhouse gases www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
which forms an excellent substitute for
www.tamil
28. In what way Peyang conserves the forest?
chemical fertilizers. www.tamil
30. What are some solutions to toxic dumping in
www.tamil
l Jadav Payeng known as ‘Forest man of
amilaruvi.in India’. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
our oceans? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl He created
www.tamilaruvi.in
1,360 acres of dense andwww.tamilaruvi.in
defiant l Management www.tamilaruvi.in
and minimization of waste www.tamil
was born in Arunasapori(a river
amilaruvi.in forestwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
island dumping at www.tamilaruvi.in
the port www.tamil
amilaruvi.in on the Brahmaputra).
www.tamilaruvi.in l Education www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in and awareness creation www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl He had just completed his Class Xwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in exams l Regulations and laws
in1979 when he started to sow the seeds
amilaruvi.in and www.tamilaruvi.in l Using reusable
www.tamilaruvi.in plastics
shoots on the eroded island covered
sand and silt. www.tamilaruvi.in
31. Describe howwww.tamilaruvi.in
deforestation might contribute www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Thirty-six
www.tamilaruvi.in
years later he had converted the to global warming.
amilaruvi.in oncewww.tamilaruvi.in
unproductive land into a forest. l Forests
www.tamilaruvi.in through photosynthesis absorb
amilaruvi.inl Payeng’s forest is now home to fivewww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Royal carbon dioxide (CO )
www.tamilaruvi.in
2
and release oxygen.
www.tamil
Bengal tigers, over a hundred deer, wild l The timber of the trees also sequesters
boar, vultures, and several species of carbon.
amilaruvi.in birds. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Deforestation means result in reduction in
amilaruvi.inl For hiswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
remarkable initiative, the Jawaharlal
www.tamilaruvi.in
area of forest.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Nehru www.tamilaruvi.in
University invited Payeng in www.tamilaruvi.in
l Hence, green leaves no longer act as carbon
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in on Earth Day and honoured him with
sinks to suck in CO2. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in title of the ‘Forest
www.tamilaruvi.in Man of India’. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l By this way deforestation contributes to
l Later, the President APJ Abdul Kalam
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in the global www.tamilaruvi.in
warming. www.tamil
felicitated him with a cash award in
amilaruvi.in Mumbai. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
32. How does forest conservation help to reduce 7. Which type of pollution causes altered
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inair pollution?
increased heartbeats www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
breathing pattern, and
most important function of forests is that sleeplessness?
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in it produces mass
www.tamilaruvi.in amounts of oxygen as a a)
www.tamilaruvi.in Noise pollution b) Soil
www.tamilaruvi.in pollution www.tamil
by-product of photosynthesis.
amilaruvi.inl And www.tamilaruvi.in c) Radioactive www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in pollution d) Thermal pollutionwww.tamil
while photosynthesis, trees also absorb Ans : b
amilaruvi.in carbon www.tamilaruvi.in
dioxide from the air. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
is one of the main pollutantswww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inl This www.tamilaruvi.in of air 8. Which harmless gases are
www.tamilaruvi.in produced by
www.tamil
thermal power plants?
amilaruvi.in pollution.
l Hence, forests also reduce air pollution. a) N2, O2 b) CO2
c) CO, N2 d) SO2
PART-A www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :a
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS ( 1MARK) 9. To safeguard our water resource the
amendment was passed in the year.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
1. Pollution www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is any undesirable change in physical, a) 1974
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) 1981
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inchemical and biological
www.tamilaruvi.in characteristics. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) 1986 d) 1987
amilaruvi.ina) Land www.tamilaruvi.in b) Soil www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :a
amilaruvi.inc) Air and Water
d) All of these www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
10. Which colloidal material is seen in domestic
amilaruvi.in
the effect of air pollution on www.tamilaruvi.in
living sewage? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inorganisms?
a) Sand and siltwww.tamilaruvi.in
b) Fecal material www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.ina) Reduce growth and
www.tamilaruvi.in yield of crops www.tamilaruvi.in bacteria www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Cause premature death
www.tamilaruvi.in of plants c) Sodium andwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in calcium d) Phosphorus www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Premature leaf fall
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans :b
www.tamil
a and b Ans : d 11. What is the www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in reason for mortality of fish in
www.tamil
water body?
amilaruvi.in
gas is responsible for increase www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inatmospheric temperature?
www.tamilaruvi.in Eutrophication
a) O b)
amilaruvi.in 2 www.tamilaruvi.inCO 2
c) SO 2
d) CO b)
www.tamilaruvi.in Due to algal bloom
Ans : b c) Due to decrease in BOD
4.
amilaruvi.inParticulate matter
www.tamilaruvi.in of which size causes d)
www.tamilaruvi.in a and b both
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans :d
www.tamil
greatest harm to human health?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 12. Which compound
www.tamilaruvi.in used in refrigerator www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in is a
a) 2.5 micrometer or less in diameter source of chlorine?
b) More than 2.5 micrometer
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) CFC
www.tamilaruvi.in b) HFC c) BHC d) Nonewww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) More than 3.5 micrometer
d) Less than 3.5 micrometer Ans : a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 13. What is biological
www.tamilaruvi.in magnification of DDT
www.tamil
5. Which is the main cause of atmospheric large size fish eating birds?
amilaruvi.inpollution
www.tamilaruvi.in
in major cities?
a) 25ppm b) 25ppm
amilaruvi.ina) Industrialization
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Noise
c) 2.5ppm d) 0.25ppm Ans : b
amilaruvi.inc) Automobiles
d) Dust particles and SPM
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 14. By
www.tamilaruvi.in which method large number
www.tamilaruvi.in of particles of
www.tamil
Ans : c
pollutants are separated?
amilaruvi.in
6. Sound www.tamilaruvi.in
waves of _____ decibels www.tamilaruvi.in
causes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Cyclone collector
amilaruvi.indamagewww.tamilaruvi.in
to eardrum or permanentlywww.tamilaruvi.in
impair
b) Porous filter
amilaruvi.inhearing?www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Electrostatic precipitator
amilaruvi.ina) 150db or more
www.tamilaruvi.in b) 120db or more
d) By using solvent :c
amilaruvi.inc) More than 80db
www.tamilaruvi.in d) 110db Ans : a
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
15. Which of the following is not responsible for
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Eutrophication
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Global warming
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inpollution?
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
c) Biological bloom d) Biological magnification
amilaruvi.ina) Woodwww.tamilaruvi.in b) SO2 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :d
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) Unsaturated
www.tamilaruvi.in
carbon d) Solar energy www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
23. Deforestation results in
www.tamil
a) Change in climatic condition
16. The population of eagles and hawks www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Reduce rain fall
www.tamil
amilaruvi.indeclining because of,
c) Loss of biodiversity
amilaruvi.ina) Foodwww.tamilaruvi.in
scarcity www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
d) All of these Ans : d
amilaruvi.inb) Gamewww.tamilaruvi.in
lovers www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
24. Chipko movement is associated with
amilaruvi.inc) Harmful effects of pesticides
prevention of
amilaruvi.ind) Verywww.tamilaruvi.in
few dead animals are found in fieldswww.tamilaruvi.in
a) Air pollution
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Cutting of trees
www.tamil
c) River pollution d) Construction of dams
17. BOD ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in a river was found to be very low, this
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :b
means the water
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 25. Jhum refers to
amilaruvi.ina) Was www.tamilaruvi.in
clean b) Was polluted a) Crop Cultivation
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Social forestry
amilaruvi.inc) Contains algae
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Contains other
c) Shifting cultivation d) Large scale agriculturewww.tamil
dissolved minerals Ans :c
26. Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight causes www.tamil
a
18. Warmth on the surface of the earth is due to reaction that produces
a) Solar radiation b) Green house effect
www.tamilaruvi.in Fluorides b) CO c)
www.tamilaruvi.inSO 2
d) OZONEwww.tamil
c) Geothermal energy d) All above Ans : b Ans : d
19.
amilaruvi.inThinning of eggshell
www.tamilaruvi.in and their premature 27. The
www.tamilaruvi.in biological amplification
www.tamilaruvi.in of DDT in various
www.tamil
breaking is due to tropic levels is known as
a) Eutrophication b) Global warming a) Eutrophication b) Global warming
c) Green house effect d) Biological c) Biological bloom d) Biological magnification
magnification www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :d
Ans : d 28. BOD is relatedwww.tamilaruvi.in
to www.tamil
20. Pollutants from anthropogenic activities www.tamilaruvi.in
like a) Detergents www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Inorganic pollutants
amilaruvi.ineffluents from the industries and homes
c) Organic pollutants d) Organo phosphorus www.tamil
amilaruvi.inradically accelerate
www.tamilaruvi.in the aging process, this is
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :c
known as
29. Noise was recognized as air pollutant through www.tamil
a) Cultural Eutrophication
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in amendment of
b) Biological magnification
www.tamilaruvi.in Environment act b) the
www.tamilaruvi.in air act www.tamil
c) Biological accumulation
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) Noise act www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in d) All of above Answww.tamil
:a
d) Algal bloom Ans : a
30. Enrichment of www.tamilaruvi.in
a water body with organic www.tamil
21.
amilaruvi.inIn which cities EcoSan
www.tamilaruvi.in toilets are working? waste
www.tamilaruvi.in results in sudden
www.tamilaruvi.inalgal bloom. This
www.tamil
phenomenon is known as
amilaruvi.ina) Kerala and Srilanka
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Srinagar and Kerala
amilaruvi.inc) Kullu and Srilanka
www.tamilaruvi.in d) TamilNadu and a)
www.tamilaruvi.in Eutrophication b) Aqua
www.tamilaruvi.in bloom www.tamil
Kerala c) Biological bloom d) Biological magnification
Ans : a Ans : a
22. Increase in the concentration of a non- 31. Which of the following is mismatched?
amilaruvi.inbiodegradable
substance of various tropic
amilaruvi.inlevel iswww.tamilaruvi.in a)
www.tamilaruvi.in Fossil fuel burning - Release
www.tamilaruvi.in2 of CO www.tamil
called
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Nuclear
www.tamilaruvi.in
power station - Radioactive waste
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) O
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) C c) Fl d) Cl
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Solarwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
energy – Green house effect :d
amilaruvi.ind) Biomass
www.tamilaruvi.in
combustion – Release of CH4
www.tamilaruvi.in
41. In which partwww.tamilaruvi.in
of atmosphere degradation www.tamil
of
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : c ozone takes www.tamilaruvi.in
place? www.tamil
32. Which of the following is not causing
www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Tropospherewww.tamilaruvi.in
b) Stratosphere www.tamil
c) Thermospherewww.tamilaruvi.in
d) Ozonosphere Answww.tamil
:b
amilaruvi.ina) Thermal
power plant b) Nuclear power plant 42. Formation of ozone gas in upper layer www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Automobiles
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Hydroelectric www.tamilaruvi.in
power depends on www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in plantwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
a) UV rays www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Infra red rays www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Gamma rayswww.tamilaruvi.ind) Alpha rays Ans www.tamil
:a
amilaruvi.in the major problem of using www.tamilaruvi.in
nuclear www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
43. In the water of flooded river what type of
amilaruvi.inenergy?www.tamilaruvi.in change is seen
www.tamilaruvi.in in BOD?
amilaruvi.ina) Accidental leakage
www.tamilaruvi.in b) It is very costlywww.tamilaruvi.in
a) Increases www.tamilaruvi.inb) Decreases www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Safe Disposal
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Both A and C Ans : d
c) Remains same d) Drastic decrease
34.
amilaruvi.inName the natural phenomenon
www.tamilaruvi.in responsible
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans :a
www.tamil
for heating of earth’s surface and atmosphere.
44. The death of www.tamilaruvi.in
fishes due to Eutrophication www.tamil
is
amilaruvi.ina) Global warming
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Green house effect because
www.tamilaruvi.in of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Eutrophication
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Afforestation Ans : b a)
www.tamilaruvi.in Increase O content
2www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
35.
amilaruvi.inWhat is the average
www.tamilaruvi.in temperature of earth b)
www.tamilaruvi.in Decrease CO content
www.tamilaruvi.in
2 www.tamil
maintained by green house effect? c) Decrease O content
2 www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) 15°c b) 18°c
www.tamilaruvi.in c) 25°c d) 30°c d) Increase COwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in content Ans :c
www.tamil
2
Ans : a
45. What do you www.tamilaruvi.in
understand by greenhouse www.tamil
36.
amilaruvi.inIn which form earth‘s
www.tamilaruvi.in surface reemits heat? effect?
amilaruvi.ina) UV radiation
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Infrared radiation a) Increase in www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in temperature due to increase in O2
www.tamil
c) Gamma rays d) rays Ans : d concentration of the atmosphere
37. Name the
amilaruvi.in disease caused by water pollution?
www.tamilaruvi.in Decrease in temperature
www.tamilaruvi.in due to decrease in
www.tamil
O2 concentration of the atmosphere
amilaruvi.ina) Poliowww.tamilaruvi.in b) Typhoid www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
c) Increase in temperature due to increase in
amilaruvi.inc) Tuberculosis
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Leprosy Ans : b
CO2 concentration of the atmosphere www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
is the main pollutant content www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Decrease in temperature due to decrease in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.indomestic sewage?
CO2 concentration of the atmosphere www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Biodegradable organic matter
amilaruvi.inb) Biodegradable
www.tamilaruvi.in
inorganic matter www.tamilaruvi.in
46. The release of www.tamilaruvi.in
phosphates and nitrates www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.inc) Flurohydro
www.tamilaruvi.in
carbons lakes
www.tamilaruvi.in and ponds leads to
amilaruvi.ind) Dissolved
www.tamilaruvi.in
salts a)
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : a Reduce algal growth b)
www.tamilaruvi.in Eutrophication www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in Nutrient enrichment d)
www.tamilaruvi.in Both B and C www.tamil
39. Name the community known for its peaceful
Ans : d
amilaruvi.incoexistence
www.tamilaruvi.in
with nature? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Bishnoi
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Bikaneries 47. Amrita
www.tamilaruvi.in Devi Bishnoi Wild
www.tamilaruvi.in life Protection
www.tamil
award has recently instituted for
amilaruvi.inc) Krishnoi
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Jhodhapuries www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Extraordinary courage and dedication in
40. Which atoms are released by the action www.tamilaruvi.in
of UV www.tamilaruvi.in
protecting wildlife
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inrays onwww.tamilaruvi.in
CFC? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Extraordinary courage and dedication in
www.tamil
protecting plants www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) Extraordinary
www.tamilaruvi.in
courage and dedication in
b) They reduces emission of harmful gases
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in protecting
CO and nitric oxide into CO2www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
wild animals c) They convert and
amilaruvi.ind) Extraordinary
www.tamilaruvi.in
courage and dedication inwww.tamilaruvi.in H 2
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in Protecting Environment
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : a d) Both B and www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in C Ans :b
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
48. Which is www.tamilaruvi.in
the main factor of water pollution? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
58. How can we control global warming? www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Ammonia
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Smog a) By reducingwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the use of fossil fuel www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) detergents
www.tamilaruvi.in d) None of these www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : d b) Afforestationwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in By slowing down the growth
www.tamilaruvi.in of human
www.tamil
49. Which one of these has highest levels of DDT population
amilaruvi.indeposition?
d) All of these Ans : d
amilaruvi.ina) Eel www.tamilaruvi.in b) Phytoplankton’swww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
59. Ozone depletion in the stratosphere will
amilaruvi.inc) Sea gull,
www.tamilaruvi.in
Eagle d) Crab www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : c cause
50. Exhaust of motor vehicles produces pollutants
a) Increased incidence of skin cancer
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inlike www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Forest fire
amilaruvi.ina) CO www.tamilaruvi.in b) Hydrocarbons www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Global warming
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) SO2 www.tamilaruvi.in d) All of these www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : d www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil
d) None of these :a
51. The stress reaction is caused by
60. Eutrophication causes decrease in
amilaruvi.ina) Air pollution
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Nuclear pollution
a) Dissolved oxygen b) Dissolved salts
amilaruvi.inc) Waterwww.tamilaruvi.in
pollution
www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Noise pollution Ans : d
c) Dissolved hydrogen d) All of these Ans : a
52. Deforestation may reduce the chances of 61. Green house effect is caused by
a) Rain fall a) Green plants b) Infra red rays
b) Frequent cyclones c) UV rays d) X-rays Ans :b
amilaruvi.inc) Erosion of surface soil
www.tamilaruvi.in 62. Ozone hole refers
amilaruvi.ind) Frequent landslide
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : a a) Reduction www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in in thickness of ozone layer in
www.tamil
53. Most www.tamilaruvi.in
severe environmental hazard to troposphere
mankind is due to b) Reduction in thickness of ozone layer in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in stratosphere
amilaruvi.ina) Air pollution
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Radioactive pollution
c) Hole in ozone layer in stratosphere
amilaruvi.inc) Water pollution
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Noise pollution Ans : b
d) Increased concentration of ozone :b
54. Which is
amilaruvi.in biodegradable pollutant?
63. As it travels along the food chain the
amilaruvi.ina) Mercury salts
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Polythene bags www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
concentration of DDT
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Domestic sewage
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Aluminum canes www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Increases
www.tamilaruvi.in
b) Stays constant
www.tamil
c) Decreases d) Fluctuates randomly
55.
amilaruvi.inWhich is the native
www.tamilaruvi.in place of Bishnoi
community?
64. In the coming www.tamilaruvi.in
year skin related disorders www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Bikaner
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Jodhpur might be more
www.tamilaruvi.in common due to …
amilaruvi.inc) Jamshedpur
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Jaipur Ans : b a) Use of detergents
56. Formation
amilaruvi.in of ozone hole is maximum www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in over b) Water pollution
amilaruvi.ina) Antarctica
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Europe c) Depletion ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in ozone layer www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) Africawww.tamilaruvi.in d) India Ans : a
d) Air pollution :c
amilaruvi.in
importance of catalytic converter? www.tamilaruvi.in
65. Match the items www.tamilaruvi.in
given in column I and www.tamil
II
amilaruvi.ina) Theywww.tamilaruvi.in
increases average of the vehicles (Kerala
www.tamilaruvi.in PMT 2011)
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
a) (p-iv), (q-iii), (r-i), (s-ii)
www.tamil
Column-I Column-II
amilaruvi.inP) Electrostatic
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
i) Removes gases like SO2 b) (p-i), (q-ii),(r-iii), (s-iv)
amilaruvi.in precipitator
c) (p-iv), (q-iii), (r-ii),(s-i)
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inQ) Scrubber
www.tamilaruvi.in
ii) Removes impuritieswww.tamilaruvi.in
from www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil
d) (p-ii), (q-iv), (r-i), (s-iii) :c
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in exhaust of vehicles www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
69. Which gas is responsible for increase in
amilaruvi.inR) Catalytic iii) Removes particulatewww.tamilaruvi.in
atmospheric temperature? www.tamil
converter matter
a) O2 www.tamilaruvi.in
b) CO2 c) SO2 d) CO www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) (p-i), (q-ii),(r-iii)
www.tamilaruvi.in b) (p-iii),(q-i),(r-ii)
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :b
amilaruvi.inc) (p-iii),(q-ii),(r-i )
www.tamilaruvi.in d) (p-ii),(q-i),(r-iii)
70. Slash and burn agriculture means
Ans : b
a) Agriculture www.tamilaruvi.in
on desert land www.tamil
66. Match the items given in column I and II
b) Jhum cultivation www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inColumn-II
Column-I www.tamilaruvi.in
c) Cultivation on www.tamilaruvi.in
hills www.tamil
amilaruvi.inP) B i owww.tamilaruvi.in
d e g r a d a b l e i) Bottles, cans,
d) Reforestation :b
waste metals
71. Which of the following is responsible for
www.tamil
Q) Non-biodegradable ii) Domestic waste,
amilaruvi.in waste www.tamilaruvi.in cow dung www.tamilaruvi.in protection of www.tamilaruvi.in
living organism on earth? www.tamil
amilaruvi.inR) Recyclable
www.tamilaruvi.in
waste iii) Mercury, DDT www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Ozone layerwww.tamilaruvi.in
b) Green house strategywww.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) (p-iii)www.tamilaruvi.in
(q-ii),(r-i) www.tamilaruvi.in
b) (p-ii),(q-i),(r-iii) c) Tropospherewww.tamilaruvi.in
d) UV-rays Answww.tamil
:a
amilaruvi.inc) (p-ii),(q-iii),(r-i
www.tamilaruvi.in
) www.tamilaruvi.in
d) (p-i),(q-ii),(r-iii) 72. Green house www.tamilaruvi.in
Effect is the cumulative result www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : b of the influence
www.tamilaruvi.in of certain gases. Identifywww.tamil
amilaruvi.in
67. Match the www.tamilaruvi.in
items given in column I andwww.tamilaruvi.in
II gas which is not involved
www.tamilaruvi.inin the influence ?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) CO
www.tamilaruvi.in b) CFC c) N2
www.tamilaruvi.in d) CH4 www.tamil
Column-I Column-II Ans : c
amilaruvi.inP) Globalwww.tamilaruvi.in
warming i) Mercury,DDT www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
73. If fertilizers are added to fresh water
amilaruvi.inQ) Eutrophication
www.tamilaruvi.in ii) Rise in seawww.tamilaruvi.in
level www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a) Plants will die
amilaruvi.inR) Biological
www.tamilaruvi.in iii) CH4,CO2 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
magnification b) Eutropication will occur
S) Green house effect iv) Algal bloom c) Fish population will decrease
a) (p-iv), (q-i),(r-ii),(s-iii) d) Overall animal population will decrease
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :b
b) (p-i), (q-ii),(r-iii), (s-iv)
amilaruvi.inc) (p-ii),www.tamilaruvi.in
(q-iii), (r-I), (s-iv) 74. Non-biodegradable pollutants are created by
d) (p-ii), (q-iv), (r-i), (s-iii) Ans : d a) Nature b) Excessive use of resources
68. Match the items given in column I andwww.tamilaruvi.in
II c) Humans d) Natural disasters Ans :c
amilaruvi.in Column-Iwww.tamilaruvi.in 75. According to www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the Central Pollution Control www.tamil
Column-II
Board, particles that are responsible for
amilaruvi.inP) 1988www.tamilaruvi.in
i) Noise pollution addedwww.tamilaruvi.in
in Air causing greatwww.tamilaruvi.in
harm to human health are www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in act
www.tamilaruvi.in diameter.
amilaruvi.inQ) 1974www.tamilaruvi.in
ii) Concept of joint forest
management
a) 2.50 micrometers
www.tamilaruvi.in b) 5.00 micrometers www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inR) 1980www.tamilaruvi.in
iii) Chipko movement c) 10.00 micrometers
www.tamilaruvi.in d) 7.5 micrometers www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inS) 1987www.tamilaruvi.in
iv) National Forest policy www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil :a
the following www.tamil
causes
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in biomagnification?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in a) SO2
www.tamilaruvi.in b) sodium
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in c) DDT
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Both b) & c)
www.tamilaruvi.in Ans. c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
77. The expanded form of DDT is:
82. For the given statement which option is
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) dichloro
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
diphenyl trichloro ethane correct?
amilaruvi.inb) dichloro
www.tamilaruvi.in
diethyl trichloro ethane Statement: www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inc) dichloro
www.tamilaruvi.in Assertion (a) www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in : Air pollution causes injury to
www.tamil
dipyrydyl trichloro ethane
all living organisms.
amilaruvi.ind) dichloro
www.tamilaruvi.in
diphenyl tetrachloro acetate www.tamilaruvi.in
Reason (R): The harmful effect depends on
78. The major source of noise pollution,
the concentration of pollutants, duration.www.tamil
amilaruvi.inworldwidewww.tamilaruvi.in
is due to: www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Both A and www.tamilaruvi.in
R are correct.R gives correctwww.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Officewww.tamilaruvi.in
equipment www.tamilaruvi.inexplanationwww.tamilaruvi.in
for A www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Transport system
b) Both A andwww.tamilaruvi.in
R are correct.R does not www.tamil
give
amilaruvi.inc) Sugar, textile and paper industries
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incorrect explanation for A
amilaruvi.ind) oil refineries
and thermal power plantswww.tamilaruvi.in c) A is correct,www.tamilaruvi.in
R is wrong www.tamil
79. Match correctly the following and choose d) A is wrong and
www.tamilaruvi.in
the R is correct
www.tamil
amilaruvi.incorrectwww.tamilaruvi.in
option www.tamilaruvi.in
83. For the given www.tamilaruvi.in
statement which option www.tamil
is
Column-I Column-II correct?
amilaruvi.ini) Environmental Protection A. 1974 www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Statement: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Act www.tamilaruvi.in Assertion
www.tamilaruvi.in :DDT and plastic
www.tamilaruvi.in both are non-
www.tamil
ii) Air Prevention & Control of B. 1987 biodegradable Waste
amilaruvi.in Pollution
www.tamilaruvi.in
Act www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Reason :As the time passes, Pollutants of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.iniii) Water
www.tamilaruvi.in
Act C. 1986 www.tamilaruvi.in
domestic sewage www.tamilaruvi.in
does not remain pollutants.www.tamil
amilaruvi.iniv) Amendment of Air Act to D. 1981 www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Both A andwww.tamilaruvi.in
R are correct. R gives correctwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in include noise
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inexplanationwww.tamilaruvi.in
for A www.tamil
The correct match is; b) Both A andwww.tamilaruvi.in
R are correct. R does not www.tamil
give
a) (i)-C, (ii)-D, (iii)-A, (iv)-B correct explanation for A
b) (i)-A, (ii)-C, (iii)-B, (iv)-D c) A is correct, R is wrong
c) (i)-D, (ii)-A, (iii)-B, (iv)-C d) A is wrong and R is correct Ans :b
d) (i)-C, (ii)-D, (iii)-B, (iv)-A Ans : a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 84. For the given
www.tamilaruvi.in statement which option
www.tamil
80. Which one of
amilaruvi.indue to contaminationthe
www.tamilaruvi.infollowing diseases is not correct?
of water? Statement
amilaruvi.ina) Hepatitis-B
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Jaundice
Assertion :Organic farming means agriculture
amilaruvi.inc) Cholera
www.tamilaruvi.in d) Typhoid
www.tamilaruvi.in
Ans : a with the help www.tamilaruvi.in
of chemicals. www.tamil
Reason :500 www.tamilaruvi.in
members of Haryana Kissan www.tamil
81. Match the items in column I and column II
amilaruvi.inand choose
www.tamilaruvi.in
the correct option: welfare club www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in have adopted this agricultural www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in practice.
Column-I Column-II a) Both A and R are correct. R gives correct
amilaruvi.inA. UV www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
i) Biomagnifications
explanation for A
amilaruvi.inB. Biodegradable
ii) Eutrophication www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
b) Both A and R are correct. R does not give
amilaruvi.in Organic Matter
correct explanation for A
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in C. DDT www.tamilaruvi.in iii) Snow blindness
D. Phosphates iv) BOD c) A is correct, R is wrong
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Answww.tamil
d) A is wrong and R is correct :d
The correct match is:
amilaruvi.ina) A (ii),www.tamilaruvi.in
B (i), C (iv), D (iii)
b) A (iii), B (ii), C (iv), D (i)
c) A (iii), B (iv), C (i), D (ii)
d) A (iii), B (i), C (iv), D (ii) Ans : c
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
85. For the given statement which option is
www.tamilaruvi.in
l CO
www.tamilaruvi.in
is also release from automobiles,
www.tamil
2
amilaruvi.incorrect?www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
aeroplanes, power plants and burning
amilaruvi.inStatement
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of fossil fuels which
www.tamilaruvi.in is leading to global
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
warming.
amilaruvi.inAssertion : Deforestation is one www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
important factor for global warming. 7. List out the Sources of air pollution.
amilaruvi.inReason : Green house
www.tamilaruvi.in 2 gas CO increases due The
www.tamilaruvi.in main sources of air pollution
www.tamilaruvi.in are: www.tamil
to deforestation. i. Transport sources - Cars, buses, airplanes,
a) Both A and R are correct. R gives correct trucks, trains
amilaruvi.in explanation
www.tamilaruvi.in
for A
ii. Stationary sources - Power plants,
amilaruvi.inb) Bothwww.tamilaruvi.in
A and R are correct. R does not give
www.tamilaruvi.in incinerators,www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
oil refineries, industrial facilities,
amilaruvi.in correctwww.tamilaruvi.in
explanation for A www.tamilaruvi.in and factories www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inc) A is correct,
www.tamilaruvi.in
R is wrong iii. Area sources
www.tamilaruvi.in - Agricultural - wood
www.tamilaruvi.in /
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ind) A is wrong
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in stubble burning, fireplaces
and R is correct Ans : a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in iv.
www.tamilaruvi.in Natural sources -
www.tamilaruvi.in Wind-blown dust,
www.tamil
PART-B wildfires, volcanoes.
8. Define smog.
l Smog is a type of air pollution caused by
1. Define Pollution. tiny particles in the air.
l The word comes from a mixture of the
l Pollution is any undesirable change in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in words smoke www.tamilaruvi.in
and fog. www.tamil
the physical, chemical and biological
amilaruvi.in characteristics
of the environment is known 9. List out the effects of smog.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in as pollution.
l
www.tamilaruvi.in
Smog can make breathing more difficult,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
pollutants? www.tamilaruvi.in especially for www.tamilaruvi.in
people with asthma. www.tamil
agents which cause pollution are
www.tamilaruvi.in
l Smog also affects www.tamilaruvi.in
plants and animals.www.tamil
pollutants. www.tamilaruvi.in
l It damages www.tamilaruvi.in
crops as well as causes www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Pollution
www.tamilaruvi.in
is classified according to the www.tamilaruvi.in
types of health problems in pets, farm animalswww.tamil
human beings.
amilaruvi.in environment that is affected.
l Smog also cause corrosive damages to
amilaruvi.in
the effects of pollution. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
buildings and vehicles.
www.tamil
adverse effects of pollution www.tamilaruvi.in
include www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
10. What is PAN?
amilaruvi.in depletion of Ozone by Chlorofluorocarbons
or CFCs, used as refrigerants and global • Peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) is a secondary
pollutant present in photochemical smog. www.tamil
warming by elevated CO2(industries,
amilaruvi.in deforestation,
www.tamilaruvi.in
and partial combustion)www.tamilaruvi.in • It is thermally www.tamilaruvi.in
unstable and decomposes www.tamil
.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in into peroxywww.tamilaruvi.in
ethanol radicals and nitrogen www.tamil
4. Define air pollution.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in dioxide gas causing eye
www.tamilaruvi.in irritation. www.tamil
l The alterations or changes in the
amilaruvi.in composition
www.tamilaruvi.in
of the earth’s atmosphere 11. What
www.tamilaruvi.in is Ozone depletion?
amilaruvi.in by natural or human activities (anthropogenic
l Thinning of the stratospheric
www.tamilaruvi.in ozone layer
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in factors) are referred
www.tamilaruvi.in as Air Pollution. www.tamilaruvi.in is known as ozone depletion.
l Such depletion are termed as ‘ozone hole’,
amilaruvi.in Air pollutants. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l It resulting in poor screening of UV rays
amilaruvi.inl SO2, www.tamilaruvi.in
NO2, CO, CO2. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and increase chance of skin cancer.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
6. How Globalwww.tamilaruvi.in
warming arise ? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
12. What is Acid rain?
amilaruvi.inl By www.tamilaruvi.in
rapid urbanization, major amount www.tamilaruvi.in
• Acid rain is a form of precipitation that
amilaruvi.in carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide
www.tamilaruvi.in (SO2)
contains acidic components, such as
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in is released in the
www.tamilaruvi.in atmosphere. www.tamilaruvi.in sulfuric acidwww.tamilaruvi.in
or nitric acid. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in• It damages
trees, crops and harms marine 19. What is Bio-magnification?
amilaruvi.in animals www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
(coral reefs) and induces corrosion. l When non-degradable substances enter the
amilaruvi.in
the Legal Protection against www.tamilaruvi.in
air food chain, www.tamilaruvi.in
they do not get metabolized www.tamil
or
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inpollutionwww.tamilaruvi.in
? www.tamilaruvi.inbroken down or expelled and insteadwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in get
amilaruvi.in• The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.intransferred up the tropic
www.tamilaruvi.in levels of the food
www.tamil
Air (Prevention and Control of
chain.
amilaruvi.in Pollution)Act was
www.tamilaruvi.in enacted in 1981 and
amended in 1987 for the prevention, control l During this process, they show an increase
amilaruvi.in and abatement
of Air pollution in India.
www.tamilaruvi.in
in concentration which is referred to aswww.tamil
bio-
amilaruvi.in• Trafficwww.tamilaruvi.in
Emissions Standards:
www.tamilaruvi.inmagnification.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l This resultswww.tamilaruvi.in
in increased toxicity and may www.tamil
• The Government has decided to enforce
amilaruvi.in Bharat www.tamilaruvi.in even be lethal.
Stage VI norms from 2020.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Green Bench and the Nationalwww.tamilaruvi.in
Green 20. Define Accelerated www.tamilaruvi.in
Eutrophication. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Tribunalwww.tamilaruvi.in
(NGT) give judicial safeguard www.tamilaruvi.in
to l Pollutants fromwww.tamilaruvi.in
anthropogenic activities www.tamil
amilaruvi.in environmental protection.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inlike effluents from the industries and homes
can radically accelerate the aging process.
14. How quality can be defined? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l This phenomenon is known as Cultural or
amilaruvi.inl Waterwww.tamilaruvi.in
has two dimensions: quantity www.tamilaruvi.in
Accelerated Eutrophication.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in quality.
Water quality is commonly defined by 21. What is organic farming and its
amilaruvi.inl www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
implementation?
physical, chemical, biological
amilaruvi.in its www.tamilaruvi.in
and aesthetic (appearance and smell)
l It is a method of farming system which
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in characteristics.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inprimarily www.tamilaruvi.in
aims at cultivating the land www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inand raising crops in such a way, so as
www.tamil
15. How water pollution occur?
amilaruvi.inl Waterwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inkeep the soil alive and in
www.tamilaruvi.ingood health by use
www.tamil
pollution occurs when there is a change of organic wastes and other biological
amilaruvi.in in the www.tamilaruvi.in
chemical, physical or biological www.tamilaruvi.inmaterials www.tamilaruvi.in
along with beneficial microbes www.tamil
amilaruvi.in quality of water that has harmful
(bio-fertilizers) www.tamil
to release nutrients to crops
amilaruvi.in effect(s) on living
www.tamilaruvi.in organisms that consume it
www.tamilaruvi.infor increased sustainable
www.tamilaruvi.in production in an
www.tamil
or live in it. eco-friendly pollution free environment.
16.
amilaruvi.inDefine Noise & Noise
www.tamilaruvi.in Pollution. 22. Classify
www.tamilaruvi.in radioactive waste?
l Sound that is unwanted and undesirable on the level and naturewww.tamil
l Depending www.tamilaruvi.in of
or can disrupt one’s quality of life is called as radioactivity, radioactive wastes can be
amilaruvi.in Noise. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inclassified as
amilaruvi.inl Whenwww.tamilaruvi.in
there is lot of ‘noise’ in the
www.tamilaruvi.in
1. Exempt waste
amilaruvi.in environment,
it is termed as Noise Pollution. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2. Low level waste
amilaruvi.in
Legal Protection for noise pollutionwww.tamilaruvi.in
? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
3. Intermediate level waste
amilaruvi.inl Articlewww.tamilaruvi.in
48-A and Article 51-A www.tamilaruvi.in
4. High level waste
amilaruvi.in Constitution
www.tamilaruvi.in
of India, Noise Pollution www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in (Regulation and
www.tamilaruvi.in Control) Rules 2000, and 23. What
www.tamilaruvi.in are Medical waste? Give
www.tamilaruvi.in example. www.tamil
Tamil Nadu State Environment Policy l Waste material which are obtain from
amilaruvi.in 2017www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
are some of the legal relief from noise
medical field such as hospital and laboratories
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inare termed www.tamilaruvi.in
as Medical waste. www.tamil
18. Define Agrochemicals.
www.tamilaruvi.in
l Medical
www.tamilaruvi.in
wastes contain body fluids
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Chemicals
which are used in agriculture for like blood, www.tamilaruvi.in
urine, body parts www.tamil and
amilaruvi.in growth www.tamilaruvi.in
of plants and pest control www.tamilaruvi.in
are other contaminants,
www.tamilaruvi.in culture dishes,
www.tamil
glasswares, bandages, gloves, discarded
agrochemicals or agrichemicals.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
needles, scalpels, swabs and tissues.
www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
24. List out the Waste disposal methods.
l ODS include -CFCs, methyl chloroform,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. Incineration
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
carbon tetrachloride, hydro chloro fluoro
amilaruvi.in2. Chemical
www.tamilaruvi.in carbons,
www.tamilaruvi.in hydro bromo
www.tamilaruvi.in fluoro carbons
www.tamil
disinfection
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
and methyl bromide
amilaruvi.in3. Autoclaving
amilaruvi.in4. Encapsulation
www.tamilaruvi.in are the effects of ozone
www.tamilaruvi.in depletion? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in5. Microwave
www.tamilaruvi.in l UV rays may
www.tamilaruvi.in penetrate deep into the www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in skin
irradiation
and can lead to premature skin aging and
amilaruvi.in6. Landfill
www.tamilaruvi.in
and burying www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
wrinkling of skin, suppression of the
www.tamil
immune system, skin cancer (melanoma) www.tamil
25. What is E-Waste?
l In chronic stages, it affects eye.
www.tamil
l E-Waste is the electronic waste which includes
amilaruvi.in irreparable
www.tamilaruvi.in
components of electronic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l DNA damage can result from free radicals and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in gadgets. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
reactive oxygen and photons can damagewww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.inl It www.tamilaruvi.in
includes discarded electrical DNA itself. www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in electronic devices and their components
www.tamilaruvi.in 32. How ozone depletion
www.tamilaruvi.in can be controlled? www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
or substances involved in their manufacture or
amilaruvi.in use. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Ozone layer depletion can be controlled by :www.tamil
26. Explain the term 4R.
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Phase down www.tamilaruvi.in
or ban the use of CFCs www.tamil
(CFC
amilaruvi.inl Remedies:
www.tamilaruvi.in free
www.tamilaruvi.in refrigerants).
‘4R’ are the Remedies Against
amilaruvi.in Pollutionwww.tamilaruvi.in • Minimizing
www.tamilaruvi.in the use of
www.tamilaruvi.inchemicals such as
www.tamil
amilaruvi.ini. Refuse www.tamilaruvi.in halons and www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in halocarbons. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inii. Reducewww.tamilaruvi.in • Creating
www.tamilaruvi.in awareness about
www.tamilaruvi.in ozone depleting
www.tamil
agents.
amilaruvi.iniii. Reusewww.tamilaruvi.in
and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
33. Define Deforestation.
amilaruvi.iniv. Recycle
www.tamilaruvi.in
mantra is the best availablewww.tamilaruvi.in
remedy www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
for plastic waste pollution. l Deforestation is the destruction of forests
in order to clear the land and make it
amilaruvi.in
Green House gases . www.tamilaruvi.in
available forwww.tamilaruvi.in
other uses. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in1. Water vapour
34. What are EcoSan toilets?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in2. Carbon dioxide
l Ecological sanitation (EcoSan) is a sustainable
amilaruvi.in3. Methanewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
system forwww.tamilaruvi.in
handling human excreta www.tamil
by
amilaruvi.in4. Nitrous oxide
using dry composting toilets. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in5. Chlorofluorocarbons
www.tamilaruvi.in (CFCS) www.tamilaruvi.in
l EcoSan toiletswww.tamilaruvi.in
not only reduce wastewater www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in but also generate the natural
generation www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
28. Write the significance of Stratosphere.
fertilizer from recycled human excreta,
amilaruvi.inl Ozone www.tamilaruvi.in
is found in the stratosphere www.tamilaruvi.in
layer. www.tamilaruvi.in
which forms an excellent substitute for
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl It acts www.tamilaruvi.in
as a protective covering www.tamilaruvi.in
that www.tamilaruvi.in
chemical fertilizers. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in absorbs ultraviolet
www.tamilaruvi.in (UV) radiation from the
35. What are the primary components of acid
amilaruvi.in sun. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
rain?
29.
amilaruvi.inHow ozone is formed
www.tamilaruvi.in ? www.tamilaruvi.in
l Sulfuric acid www.tamilaruvi.in
or nitric acid. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl The ozone molecule
www.tamilaruvi.in (O ) consists of three
3
36. Define water pollution.
oxygen atoms.
l An undesirable change in the nature of
www.tamil
l It is formed when atmospheric oxygen (O )
amilaruvi.in on exposure
to solar radiation breaks into
2 www.tamilaruvi.in
water rendering www.tamil
unfit for human consumption.
amilaruvi.in two oxygen
www.tamilaruvi.in
atoms. www.tamilaruvi.in
37. What is ozonewww.tamilaruvi.in
hole ? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
ODS? Give an example. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l Decrease in the thickness of ozone in the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl ODSwww.tamilaruvi.in
–Ozone Depleting Substances. www.tamilaruvi.in stratosphere www.tamilaruvi.in
due to CFC release is known www.tamil
as
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ozone hole.www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
38. How do algal blooms affect the life in water
l The Central/State Pollution Control Boards
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inbodies?www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
have the power to advise the central/
blooms are toxic to animals
amilaruvi.inl Algalwww.tamilaruvi.in and state
www.tamilaruvi.in government on
www.tamilaruvi.in various matters
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
humans. concerned with the prevention and control
of pollution of water.
www.tamil
l Algal blooms cut off light from submerged
plants causing their death. l The Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change (MoEFCC) is the nodal www.tamil
l There is decrease in oxygen in water that
amilaruvi.in deteriorates
www.tamilaruvi.in
the water quality and killswww.tamilaruvi.in
aquatic agency of www.tamilaruvi.in
the Central Government forwww.tamilthe
amilaruvi.in animals.
www.tamilaruvi.in planning,
www.tamilaruvi.in promotion, co-ordination
www.tamil
for overseeing the implementation of
39. List anywww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in two adverse effects of air pollution.
India’s environmental and forestry policies and
amilaruvi.in1. Asthma
programmes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in2. Respiratory tract infection
3. List out the Sources of Noise Pollution.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
reforestation? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l Vehicle engines, air horns, audio video
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Restoring
www.tamilaruvi.in
a previously existing forestwww.tamilaruvi.in
is systems, www.tamilaruvi.in
trains, low flying aircrafts, www.tamil
reforestation. factory
www.tamilaruvi.in machines, sirens,
www.tamilaruvi.in motors, drillers
www.tamil
and crushers, compressor machines,
happen naturally or can be enhanced
amilaruvi.inl It canwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
crackers, explosives, modern supersonic
amilaruvi.in by human intervention.
transportswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
are the common sources of noise
PART-C pollution. www.tamilaruvi.in
4. List out andwww.tamilaruvi.in
explain the effect of water www.tamil
ADDITIONAL
www.tamilaruvi.in (3 MARKS) pollution on Ecosystems.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 1. Destruction
www.tamilaruvi.in of ecosystems:
1. How can we Control of Air Pollution?
amilaruvi.inl Control
www.tamilaruvi.in l Ecosystems,
www.tamilaruvi.in
measures help in remove pollutants, especially aquatic systems,
amilaruvi.in reduce www.tamilaruvi.in
their presence or prevent can
www.tamilaruvi.in
their be severely affected
www.tamilaruvi.in or destroyed by
www.tamil
water pollution.
amilaruvi.in entrywww.tamilaruvi.in
into the atmosphere. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1. Trees are the best remedy for urban l Water pollutants affect existing niches and
habitats and the survival of organisms.
www.tamil
particulate and gaseous pollution
l Soil fertility is affected and the system
www.tamil
2. Forests act as carbon sinks and lungs of
amilaruvi.in the planet
becomes uninhabitable. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in3. Catalytic
www.tamilaruvi.in
converters in vehicles www.tamilaruvi.in
help to 2. Disruptionwww.tamilaruvi.in
of food-chains: www.tamil
amilaruvi.in reduce polluting gases drastically
l Water pollution disrupts the natural food
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in4. Diesel exhaust filters in automobiles
www.tamilaruvi.in cuts chains as well
as food webs. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in particulates
l Pollutants such as lead and cadmium are taken
amilaruvi.in5. Electrostatic precipitators
www.tamilaruvi.in reduce release up by primary
www.tamilaruvi.in consumers where theywww.tamil
of industrial pollutants. be lethal or get stored.
amilaruvi.in6. Cost www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
effective air pollution treatment systems
l Later, when these animals are consumed by
amilaruvi.in like indoor
www.tamilaruvi.in
plants and high performancewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
secondary consumers, the food chain
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in bio-filters can improve indoor air quality.
can get disrupted www.tamil
at any trophic level or
amilaruvi.in
2. List out www.tamilaruvi.in
the Control Measures forwww.tamilaruvi.in
water result in enhanced concentration of these
www.tamilaruvi.in pollutants (bio-magnification).
amilaruvi.inl Right to clean water is a fundamental
www.tamilaruvi.in right Hot
www.tamilaruvi.in
l water from industries
www.tamilaruvi.inwhen released into
www.tamil
the water bodies affects aquatic density
amilaruvi.in underwww.tamilaruvi.in
the Indian Constitution. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and diversity.
www.tamil
l Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974, sections 17 to 40 prohibit the
amilaruvi.in pollution
of a stream or well by disposal of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in polluting
www.tamilaruvi.in
matter. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
5. List out the Preventive measures against
l Lubrication of machinery and regular
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inwater pollution.
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
servicing minimizes noise levels.
amilaruvi.inl Regulate
www.tamilaruvi.in
or control of pollutant(s) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l Regulations should be imposed to restrict
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in discharge at the point of generation.www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in the usagewww.tamilaruvi.in
of loudspeakers in crowded www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Wastewater can be pretreated by scientific
www.tamilaruvi.in areas and www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in public places. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in methods before
www.tamilaruvi.in discharge to municipal
www.tamilaruvi.in
notes on contribution of www.tamil Dr.
treatment sources. Sultan Ahmedwww.tamilaruvi.in
Ismail.
l Setting up of Sewage Treatment Plants
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l Dr. Sultan Ahmed
www.tamilaruvi.in Ismail is an Indian www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in soil
(STP) and Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP). biologist and ecologist from Tamil Nadu.
l Regulate or restrict the use of synthetic
amilaruvi.in fertilizers
www.tamilaruvi.in l His work has
www.tamilaruvi.in centered on techniqueswww.tamil
and pesticides.
amilaruvi.inl Publicwww.tamilaruvi.in recycling
www.tamilaruvi.in biodegradable
www.tamilaruvi.in waste into
www.tamil
awareness and people’s fertilizer using varieties of earthworms, and
amilaruvi.in involvement
www.tamilaruvi.in
is essential. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
on soil bioremediation.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
the Effect of Noise Pollution. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Dr. Ismail received a D.Sc. in Zoology from the
amilaruvi.inl According
www.tamilaruvi.in
to the USEPA (United States
www.tamilaruvi.in
University ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
Madras for his research onwww.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in Environmental
www.tamilaruvi.in
Protection Agency) there www.tamilaruvi.in
role of earthworms in soil ecology www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in direct links between noise and health.
www.tamilaruvi.in waste management.
pollution result in Heart disease,
amilaruvi.inl Noisewww.tamilaruvi.in high
www.tamilaruvi.in
l He workswww.tamilaruvi.in
on vermicomposting aswww.tamil a
amilaruvi.in blood pressure,
www.tamilaruvi.in stress related illness, sustainable
www.tamilaruvi.in ecological
www.tamilaruvi.in practice. www.tamil
sleep disruption, hearing loss (deafness),
amilaruvi.in and productivity
www.tamilaruvi.in l He has beenwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in instrumental in introducing aswww.tamil
well
loss.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in as
www.tamilaruvi.in spreading awareness
www.tamilaruvi.in on environmental
www.tamil
l It also leads to increase stress and tension, issues, solid waste management,
amilaruvi.in nervousness,
www.tamilaruvi.in irritability, www.tamilaruvi.in
anxiety, www.tamilaruvi.in
vermicomposting, organic
www.tamil
farming,
amilaruvi.in depression
www.tamilaruvi.in
and panic attacks, www.tamilaruvi.in
Peptic vermitechwww.tamilaruvi.in
and waste managementwww.tamil to
amilaruvi.in ulcer, severe head ache, memorywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in loss. several educational institutions, industrieswww.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Marine animals are affected bywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in noise organic farmers in India and abroad.
amilaruvi.in pollution from
www.tamilaruvi.inoffshore activities and port 9. List out the ways
www.tamilaruvi.in of Management of nuclear
activities. waste.
l Fire crackers frighten animals.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in l Three wayswww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in are employed to manage nuclear www.tamil
l Birds are often affected by increased air wastes
traffic.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Spent Fuel Pools:
7. How can we Control Noise pollution?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in fuel discharged from www.tamil
• The spentwww.tamilaruvi.in the
We can control noise pollution by following reactors is temporarily stored in the reactor
amilaruvi.inmethods www.tamilaruvi.in
:
pool.
l Planting trees in and around noise
 The Spent fuel rods are used in stored
amilaruvi.in sourceswww.tamilaruvi.in
is an effective solution for www.tamilaruvi.in
noise www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
cooling ponds.
amilaruvi.in pollution
www.tamilaruvi.in
as plants are known to www.tamilaruvi.in
absorb www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in noise and bring
www.tamilaruvi.in down sound levels.  They
www.tamilaruvi.in protect the surroundings
www.tamil
radiation and absorb the heat generated
amilaruvi.inl Regular servicing and tuning
during radioactive decay. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in automobile engines
www.tamilaruvi.in can effectively reduce
noise pollution by vehicles and machinery. Vitrification method:
l Workers should be provided with ear plugs • This prevents reaction or degradation of
earmuffs at work sites that generate
nuclear waste for extended periods of time
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in high www.tamilaruvi.in
noise levels. www.tamilaruvi.in
and encasedwww.tamilaruvi.in
in dry cement caskets. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inGeological
www.tamilaruvi.in
Repositories:
amilaruvi.in• A deepwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Air Quality
www.tamilaruvi.inIndex www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
geological repository is a nuclear
amilaruvi.in waste www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Air Pollution
www.tamilaruvi.in
repository excavated deep within a AQI Colourwww.tamil
Level
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in stablewww.tamilaruvi.in
geologic environment. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
0-50 Good GREEN
amilaruvi.in
10. Why iswww.tamilaruvi.in
the load of biodegradable material www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.indangerous to the water bodies?
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 51-100 www.tamilaruvi.in
Moderate LIGHT GREENwww.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Whenwww.tamilaruvi.in
the large amount of sewage water
Unhealthy www.tamil
amilaruvi.in enters into the ponds,
www.tamilaruvi.in rivers, lakes, seas and
www.tamilaruvi.in for Sensi-
101-150 www.tamilaruvi.in YELLOWwww.tamil
oceans, it reduces the amount of free tive Groups
amilaruvi.in oxygen.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl This www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 151-200 Unhealthy
www.tamilaruvi.in ORANGE www.tamil
depletes the respiratory oxygen
amilaruvi.in levels www.tamilaruvi.in
and causes suffocation for www.tamilaruvi.in Very Un-
aquatic 201-300 www.tamilaruvi.in LIGHT RED www.tamil
amilaruvi.in faunawww.tamilaruvi.in
thereby killing aquatic life. www.tamilaruvi.in healthy
amilaruvi.inl In India
www.tamilaruvi.in
at Tarapur and Kalpakkam, www.tamilaruvi.in
a wet 301+ www.tamilaruvi.in
Hazardous DARK RED www.tamil
amilaruvi.in storage facility of Spent
www.tamilaruvi.in Fuel is the main mode
13. List out the Methods www.tamil
of disposal of radioactive
of storage. wastes.
11.
amilaruvi.inWhy E-waste are known
www.tamilaruvi.in as hazardous waste ? (i)Limit
www.tamilaruvi.in generation
l Recycling and disposal of e-waste may Limiting the generation of waste is the
involve significant risk to the health first and most important consideration in
amilaruvi.in of workers
www.tamilaruvi.in
and communities in developed
managing radioactive wastes.
amilaruvi.in countries
www.tamilaruvi.in
and great care must bewww.tamilaruvi.in
taken www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
(ii)Dilute and disperse
amilaruvi.in to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling
l For wastes having low radioactivity, dilution
amilaruvi.in operations and leaking
www.tamilaruvi.in of materials such as
heavy metals from landfills and incinerator and dispersion are adopted.
amilaruvi.in ashes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
(iii)Delay and decay
www.tamil
l Delay and decay is frequently an important
www.tamil
l Their disposal is a growing problem because
amilaruvi.in electronic
www.tamilaruvi.in
equipment www.tamilaruvi.in
frequently www.tamilaruvi.in
strategy because much of the radioactivitywww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
hazardous substances. www.tamilaruvi.in in nuclearwww.tamilaruvi.in
reactors and accelerators is
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl In awww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in very short lived.
personal computer, for example, there
be lead (Pb)
amilaruvi.in may www.tamilaruvi.in in the cathode ray (iv)Concentrate
www.tamilaruvi.in and confine
www.tamilaruvi.in process www.tamil
amilaruvi.in tube (CRT) and
www.tamilaruvi.in soldering compound, l Concentrating
www.tamilaruvi.in and containing is the objective
mercury (Hg) in switches and housing, of treatment activities for longer lived
cobalt (Co) in steel components, among
radioactivity.
www.tamil
equally toxic substances. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l The waste is contained in corrosion resistant
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl E-wastes
www.tamilaruvi.in
are basically PCB (Polychlorinatedwww.tamilaruvi.in containerswww.tamilaruvi.in
and transported to disposal www.tamil
amilaruvi.in biphenyl) based, which are non-degradable.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in sites. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Unauthorized
www.tamilaruvi.in
processing of e-waste www.tamilaruvi.in
in 14. Mention the www.tamilaruvi.in
information that the health www.tamil
amilaruvi.in developing countries
www.tamilaruvi.in can lead to adverse workers
www.tamilaruvi.in derive by measuring
www.tamilaruvi.in BOD of a water
www.tamil
human health effects and environmental body.
pollution. l BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) is the
amount of the oxygen required by micro
www.tamil
12. Define Air Quality Index and add different air
amilaruvi.inpollution
www.tamilaruvi.in
level.
www.tamilaruvi.in organismswww.tamilaruvi.in
to decompose the organic www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Air Quality
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in matter present in one litre of water during
www.tamilaruvi.in a
www.tamil
Index (AQI) is a number used
amilaruvi.in by government
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in particular time period.
agencies to communicate to
amilaruvi.in the public how polluted the air is at www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in a given l BOD test measures degree
www.tamilaruvi.in of impurity of
www.tamil
water.
amilaruvi.in time.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl As higher
www.tamilaruvi.in
the BOD, more will be the
to accumulate (bio-magnification).
www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
 Toxic elements like lead, mercury, cadmium,
amilaruvi.inl Thus,www.tamilaruvi.in
indirectly BOD is a measurewww.tamilaruvi.in
of the chromium www.tamilaruvi.in
and nickel are such common www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in organic matter present in the water.
www.tamilaruvi.in pollutants. www.tamilaruvi.in
15. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are widely www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
used 2. List out the Effects of Air Pollution. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inas collents. Then why
www.tamilaruvi.in it is suggested to reduce
l Affects all organisms as they depend onwww.tamil
the
its emission as far as possible? Explain.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in atmosphere
www.tamilaruvi.in for respiration.
(CFCs) are greenhouse
amilaruvi.inl Chlorofluorocarbons
www.tamilaruvi.in
gases which contribute to 14% of global
www.tamilaruvi.in causes irritation in the throat,
l Air pollutionwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in warming.www.tamilaruvi.in nose,
www.tamilaruvi.in lungs and eyes.
amilaruvi.inl CFCswww.tamilaruvi.in l It
www.tamilaruvi.in causes breathing
www.tamilaruvi.in problems and
www.tamil
cause ozone hole.
aggravates existing health conditions such as
amilaruvi.inl In the www.tamilaruvi.in
stratosphere, chlorofluorocarbon www.tamilaruvi.in
emphysema www.tamilaruvi.in
and asthma. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in is degraded in the presence www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of UV-
l Contaminated
www.tamilaruvi.in
air reduces the body’s
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in radiation, releasing Cl atoms.
defense mechanism and decreases www.tamil
the
amilaruvi.inl Cl acts as catalyst
www.tamilaruvi.in in the degradation of body’s
www.tamilaruvi.in capacity to fight other
www.tamilaruvi.in infections in the
www.tamil
ozone releasing molecular oxygen. respiratory system.
l Frequent exposure to polluted air increases
amilaruvi.in PART-D
the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (5 MARKS) l Breathing air that is filled with fine particulate
matter canwww.tamilaruvi.in
induce hardening of www.tamil the
amilaruvi.in
1. Write www.tamilaruvi.in
short notes on classification www.tamilaruvi.in
arteries, triggering cardiac arrhythmiawww.tamil
amilaruvi.inPollutants.
www.tamilaruvi.in or even a heart
www.tamilaruvi.in attack.
amilaruvi.inl In terms of eco-system, pollutants
www.tamilaruvi.in can l People who
www.tamilaruvi.in exercise outdoors canwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in be classified into
www.tamilaruvi.in two basic groups : Non- susceptible
www.tamilaruvi.in to adverse
www.tamilaruvi.in effects of air
www.tamil
degradable and degradable. pollution because it involves deeper and
faster breathing. www.tamil
l Based on the time taken to breakdown into
ingredients, degradable pollutants www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l Hence it is advisable to walk or jog in the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in are www.tamilaruvi.in
classified as rapidly degradable www.tamilaruvi.in
(non- mornings in www.tamilaruvi.in
places with ample tree cover. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in persistent) and slowly degradable (persistent).
l Gas leaks can www.tamilaruvi.in
be lethal or affect the qualitywww.tamil
amilaruvi.ina) Rapidly degradable or non-persistent
www.tamilaruvi.in of air in the
www.tamilaruvi.in affected area.
pollutants: l CO in thewww.tamilaruvi.in
atmosphere interferes with
amilaruvi.in These can be broken down by natural
www.tamilaruvi.in O
www.tamilaruvi.in2
transport since heamoglobin
www.tamilaruvi.in has greater
www.tamil
processes. affinity for carbon monoxide.
 Domestic sewage and vegetable waste are l At low concentration it causes headache
amilaruvi.in exampleswww.tamilaruvi.in
of such pollutants. www.tamilaruvi.in
and blurred www.tamilaruvi.in
vision. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inb) Slowlywww.tamilaruvi.in
degradable or www.tamilaruvi.in
persistent www.tamilaruvi.in
l In higher concentration, it can lead to coma
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in pollutants:
and death.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Thesewww.tamilaruvi.in
are pollutants that remain www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in the 3. List out the Steps taken by the Central www.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in environment for many
www.tamilaruvi.in years in an unchanged the State governments
www.tamilaruvi.in of India to control
www.tamilaruvi.in air
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in condition and take
www.tamilaruvi.in decades or longer to pollution.
degrade, as in the case of DDT.
l Road traffic rationing, encourage public
c) Non-degradable pollutants: transport, carpooling.
 These cannot be degraded by natural l Increase green cover along side roads
amilaruvi.in processes.
(planting avenue trees).
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Oncewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
they are released into the environment,
www.tamilaruvi.in
l Promoting Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in they www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
are difficult to be eliminated and continue www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inl Enactment
www.tamilaruvi.in
and Enforcement of www.tamilaruvi.in
stricter www.tamilaruvi.in
chemicals cause air pollution.
www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.inlaws www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
l Inhalation of contaminated air can cause
amilaruvi.inl Maintenance of air standards bywww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in proper respiratorywww.tamilaruvi.in
problems. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in enforcement and
www.tamilaruvi.in monitoring www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l Consumption can lead to poisoning, www.tamil
side
l Reducing carbon emissions
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in effects and
www.tamilaruvi.in after effects.
amilaruvi.inl Encourage use of renewable energy
www.tamilaruvi.in can cause skin rashes www.tamil
l Chemicals www.tamilaruvi.in
l Limiting the sale of fire crackers and irritation of eyes.
developing eco-friendly crackers Many of these chemicals are carcinogenic.
l Make Environmental Impact Assessment
amilaruvi.in compulsory
www.tamilaruvi.in l They can trigger
www.tamilaruvi.in hormonal disorders www.tamil
neurotoxicity.
4. What are the Effects of Water pollution on l Beneficial insects and animals can be
amilaruvi.inOrganisms?
affected.
amilaruvi.inl Waterwww.tamilaruvi.in
pollution can be lethal to aquatic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
6. Write an essay on waste water treatment.
amilaruvi.in organisms and others that depend on
www.tamilaruvi.in these
water bodies. l Waste water treatment can be carried out by
three ways:
l Oil spills from tanker ships can cause
substantial environmental damage.  Physical methods
l Oil spreads on the water surface, prevents  Chemical methods
entry of light and oxygen into the
 Biological methods
amilaruvi.in water.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Physical methods of wastewater treatment
increases BOD and COD, resulting www.tamilaruvi.in
l Wastewaters containing insoluble substances
amilaruvi.in mass death of organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in and degradation of
water quality. or colloids are treated through processes such
as flotation,www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
sedimentation, filtration
l It also clogs fish gills and the feathers of
amilaruvi.in aquatic
www.tamilaruvi.in and centrifugal
www.tamilaruvi.in separation.
birds.
amilaruvi.inl In Humans
www.tamilaruvi.in Chemical
www.tamilaruvi.in methods of
www.tamilaruvi.in Wastewater
www.tamil
it causes hepatitis and typhoid
amilaruvi.in by consuming
www.tamilaruvi.in treatment
contaminated water and food.
amilaruvi.inl Excess
www.tamilaruvi.in This method includes Generation of
of fluoride in drinking waterwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l
causes
insoluble solids.
amilaruvi.in fluorosis.
l Produce an insoluble gas.
amilaruvi.inl Outbreak of water borne diseases
and epidemics diseases are a result of l Produce biologically degradable
substances from a non-biodegradable
www.tamil
contaminated water.
substance. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l Water pollution can cause eutrophication
amilaruvi.in due towww.tamilaruvi.in
nutrient enrichment. www.tamilaruvi.in
l Oxidize orwww.tamilaruvi.in
reduce to produce a www.tamilnon-
causes algal blooms which affect the www.tamilaruvi.in
objectionablewww.tamilaruvi.in
substance. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in quality
www.tamilaruvi.in
of water bodies. www.tamilaruvi.in
Biological www.tamilaruvi.in
methods of www.tamil
Wastewater
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in treatment
5. List out the effects of over usage of
amilaruvi.inagrochemicals.
www.tamilaruvi.in Bioremediation
www.tamilaruvi.in
l of wastewater
www.tamilaruvi.in includes the
www.tamil
aerobic treatment (oxidation ponds,
amilaruvi.inl It may kill beneficial bacteria and
www.tamilaruvi.in soil
aeration lagoons) and anaerobic treatment
amilaruvi.in organisms.
(anaerobic bioreactors, anaerobic lagoons).
l Can cause eutrophication in water bodies.
l Phytoremediation
www.tamil
of wastewater includes
amilaruvi.inl Affect aquatic animals
www.tamilaruvi.in and their productivity.
www.tamilaruvi.in wetlands,
constructedwww.tamilaruvi.in Root Zone
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Pesticide containing
www.tamilaruvi.in water, even in trace Wastewater
www.tamilaruvi.in (RZWT), and
www.tamil
quantities is unfit for human consumption. Decentralized Waste Water Treatment
System (DEWATS).
www.tamil
l Particles (aerosols) and residues of these
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
7. Write short notes on Sources of Water
containing waste water, sometimes in
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inPollution?
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
toxic concentrations.
l Even though water bodies or sources can be • These discharges can affect temperatures
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
polluted by natural causes and human of the water bodies as well as dissolved
activities. oxygen level.
amilaruvi.inl There are three main
www.tamilaruvi.in types of sources: point Agricultural wastes
amilaruvi.in sources, non-point sources, leaks
• It include fertilizer and pesticide runoffwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in spills.
from agricultural www.tamil
fields, food processing waste,
amilaruvi.inPoint sources:
tree and sawwww.tamilaruvi.in
dust from logging operationswww.tamil
and
amilaruvi.in• Discharge
of pollutants at specific locations
www.tamilaruvi.in
bacteria from sewage or livestock operations.www.tamil
amilaruvi.in through
pipelines or sewers into the water
www.tamilaruvi.in
• Water pollutants reach water bodies like
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in body.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
rivers, streams and the marine system
www.tamil
by precipitation, run-off and the
www.tamil
• Factory effluents, sewage, underground
groundwater by seepage or percolation.
www.tamil
mines, oil wells, oil tankers and
agriculture are common point sources. 8. Write an essay on People’s Participation in
amilaruvi.inNon-point sources:
www.tamilaruvi.in Conservation www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in of Forests. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in• Sources
www.tamilaruvi.in
that cannot be traced to a www.tamilaruvi.in
single www.tamilaruvi.in
l People’s participation www.tamil
is vital in forest
amilaruvi.in site of
www.tamilaruvi.in
discharge like acid rain, dumping www.tamilaruvi.in
conservation, www.tamil
especially those living in them
plastics in water bodies, agriculturewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
or close to the forest. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in chemical
www.tamilaruvi.in
run off are common examples. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
l This is referred to as Community forestry,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inLeaks and
www.tamilaruvi.in
Spills:
www.tamilaruvi.in
which varieswww.tamilaruvi.in
widely in legal, political www.tamil
and
cultural settings and the term covers a wide www.tamil
occurs mostly due to ship collision, off
amilaruvi.in• This www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
range of experiences and practices. www.tamil
shore oil rigs, oil leakages and discharges
into sea. l The Bishnois, who are known
conservators of their forest, were
amilaruvi.inl Sources of water pollution can also be classified
inspiration to many people’s participatory
amilaruvi.in in three ways:
movements for Environmental protection in
amilaruvi.inl Municipal
www.tamilaruvi.in
wastes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
India.
amilaruvi.inl Industrial
www.tamilaruvi.in
wastes
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in The
www.tamilaruvi.in
l Chipko movement
www.tamilaruvi.in resisted the
www.tamil
l Agricultural wastes of forests of India in the 1970s.
destruction www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.inMunicipal wastes
l Sunderlal www.tamilaruvi.in
Bahuguna was the leader ofwww.tamil
this
amilaruvi.in• Waterwww.tamilaruvi.in
is from homes and commercial www.tamilaruvi.in
movement. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in establishments.
l People
www.tamilaruvi.in
in the movement hugged the
www.tamil
trees, and prevented felling of trees by
www.tamil
Industrial wastes
contractors.
amilaruvi.in• It may contain varieties
www.tamilaruvi.in of compounds such
as heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, l The ‘Forest man of India’, Jadav Payeng
lead), and organic / inorganic chemicals who created 1,360 acres of dense and defiant
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in forestwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
was born in Arunasapori(a river island
www.tamilaruvi.in
in magazines & television programs.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in on thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
Brahmaputra). l He founded the Nammalvar Ecological
l He had just completed his Class X exams Foundation for Farm Research and Global
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
in1979 when he started to sow the seeds Food Security Trust or simply Vaanagam at
and shoots on the eroded island covered Karur, Tamilnadu.
with sand and silt. l He developed social forest at Ammankurai
amilaruvi.inl Thirty-six years later he had converted
www.tamilaruvi.inand the www.tamilaruvi.in
Kolunji Ecological Farmwww.tamil in
amilaruvi.in oncewww.tamilaruvi.in
unproductive land into a forest. www.tamilaruvi.inPudukottai. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Payeng’s
www.tamilaruvi.in
forest is now home to fivewww.tamilaruvi.in
Royal l He and his www.tamilaruvi.in
friends made a 10-acre barrenwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in Bengalwww.tamilaruvi.in
tigers, over a hundred deer, www.tamilaruvi.in
wild www.tamilaruvi.in
land into fertile cultivable land in thewww.tamil
dry
amilaruvi.in boar,www.tamilaruvi.in
vultures, and several species of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Pudukottai district. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in birds.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l He planted 52 varieties of trees in the same
amilaruvi.inl For his
remarkable initiative, the Jawaharlal
www.tamilaruvi.in
waste land extending in 20 acres.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Nehru www.tamilaruvi.in
University invited Payeng in 2012
l His organization ‘Kudumbam’preserves
amilaruvi.in on Earth
www.tamilaruvi.in
Day and honoured him with the
and regenerates hundreds of native flora
amilaruvi.in titlewww.tamilaruvi.in
of the ‘Forest Man of India’.
and fauna, in order to ensure a sustainable
l Later, the President APJ Abdul Kalam livelihood.
felicitated him with a cash award in
10. Write a shortwww.tamilaruvi.in
note on electronic waste.www.tamil
List
Mumbai.
the various www.tamilaruvi.in
sources of e-wastes and www.tamil
the
amilaruvi.inl The same year, he received the ‘Padma
www.tamilaruvi.in Shri’.
problems associated with its disposal. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl The Indian
www.tamilaruvi.in
Constitution also stresseswww.tamilaruvi.in
on the l Discarded
www.tamilaruvi.in
computers and www.tamil
other
amilaruvi.in importance
www.tamilaruvi.in
of the role of the Peoplewww.tamilaruvi.in
in electronic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
items comprise electronic waste.
amilaruvi.in protecting
www.tamilaruvi.in
their environment. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
l E-waste contains various metals like copper,
9. Who is Nammalvar? Write his contributions? iron, nickel, gold, silver, etc. and plastic.
amilaruvi.inl G. Nammalvar was a supporter andwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in expert Sources of E-waste: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of organic farming.
l Computers, printers, scanners, webcam,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl He www.tamilaruvi.in
was an agricultural scientist, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
mobile phones, www.tamil
music players, e-reader,
www.tamilaruvi.inactivist celebratedwww.tamilaruvi.in
for etc. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in his work
on spreading Ecological farming & www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Organic
www.tamilaruvi.in Problems
www.tamilaruvi.in associated with disposal
www.tamilaruvi.in of e-waste:
www.tamil
farming.
amilaruvi.inl He www.tamilaruvi.in l Dumping
www.tamilaruvi.in of e-waste will result www.tamil
was against the use of chemical
amilaruvi.in fertilizers
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inaccumulation of plastic on land.
and pesticides.
l Extraction of metals; like iron or gold involves
l He trained hundreds of farmers in natural
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inincinerationwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of plastic components which
farming.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.increates manywww.tamilaruvi.in
polluting substances. www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Nammalvar was the
www.tamilaruvi.in author of several Tamil
l Manual handling of e-waste can be
amilaruvi.in and English books
www.tamilaruvi.in on natural farming,
harmful for workers.
amilaruvi.in pesticides &fertilizers and was featured
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamil
11. What is organic farming? List the benefits of 12. List out different kind of waste and its sources
www.tamil
amilaruvi.inorganicwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
farming.
Waste
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Source
l Organic farming is a method of farming that category
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Residential www.tamilaruvi.in
Food wastes, plastics, paper,www.tamil
relies on various methods and inputs so
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in glass, leather, cardboard, www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
that no synthetic input is used in the process. metals, yard wastes,
ashes, tires, batteries, old
www.tamil
l Green manure is used instead of synthetic
mattresses www.tamil
amilaruvi.in fertilizers.
www.tamilaruvi.in Industrial www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Packaging wastes, ashes, www.tamil
amilaruvi.inl Pesticides and weedicides from www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in natural chemicals, cans, plastics, www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
metal parts
amilaruvi.in sources are used and those from synthetic
Commercial www.tamilaruvi.in
Thin and thick plastics, foodwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in sources are not used.
wastes, metals, paper, glass,www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in wood, cardboard materials.
Benefits of Organic Farming: Institutional Wood, paper, metals,
cardboard materials,
www.tamil
 Organic farming can be highly beneficial to
electronics. www.tamil
the country; because organic farming is highly
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Construction
www.tamilaruvi.in Steel materials,
www.tamilaruvi.in concrete, www.tamil
labour oriented. and wood, plastics, rubber,
Demolition
www.tamilaruvi.in
copper wires, dirt and glass.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Majority of Indian
www.tamilaruvi.in farmers still use cattles
www.tamilaruvi.in
Agriculture www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil

Agricultural wastes, spoiled
amilaruvi.in for farm operations.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in food, pesticide containerswww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in This www.tamilaruvi.in
means good availability of Biomedical
www.tamilaruvi.in
raw Syringes, bandages, usedwww.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
gloves, catheter, urine bags,
amilaruvi.in materials
www.tamilaruvi.in
for making green manure. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
drugs, paper, plastics, food
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Indian www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
farmers have traditional knowledge
www.tamilaruvi.in
wastes, sanitary napkins and www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of many www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in diapers, chemicals.
plants which have pesticidal and
E-waste Electronic items like used
amilaruvi.in weedicidal
www.tamilaruvi.in
properties. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
TVs, transistors, tape
www.tamil
recorders, computer www.tamil
 This knowledge can be harnessed to get
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in cabinets, mother boards, www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
maximum output from organic farming. CDs, cassettes, mouse,
wires, cords, switches,
www.tamil
 Organic farming will also help in reducing
chargers. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in soil pollution and
www.tamilaruvi.in groundwater pollution;
amilaruvi.in especially in rural
www.tamilaruvi.inareas. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in BIOwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
MODEL QUESTION PAPER
ZOOLOGY
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
Time Allowed: 1.15 Hours www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Maximum Marks:www.tamil
35
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in SECTION –A
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 8 X 1 www.tamil
=8
Note: i. Answer
amilaruvi.in all the questions. www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in ii. Each question carries 1 mark.
amilaruvi.in
I. www.tamilaruvi.in
Choose the most suitable answer www.tamilaruvi.in
from the given. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1. Type of binary fission occur in flagellates is ___________
amilaruvi.in a) Irregular binary
www.tamilaruvi.in fission b)
www.tamilaruvi.inTransverse binary fission
amilaruvi.in c) Longitudinal binary
www.tamilaruvi.in fission d)
www.tamilaruvi.inOblique binary fission
amilaruvi.in
2. www.tamilaruvi.in
Mammalian egg is ___________ www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in a) Mesolecithal
www.tamilaruvi.in
and non cleidoic www.tamilaruvi.in
a) Microlecithalwww.tamilaruvi.in
and non cleidoic www.tamil
c) lecithal and non cleidoic d) Alecithal and cleidoic
3.
amilaruvi.in A contraceptive
www.tamilaruvi.in pill prevents ovulation by
www.tamilaruvi.in___________ www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in a) blocking fallopian tube
amilaruvi.in b) inhibiting release of FSH and LH
amilaruvi.in c) stimulating
www.tamilaruvi.in
release of FSH andwww.tamilaruvi.in
LH www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in d) causing
immediate degeneration of released ovum.
4.
amilaruvi.in Non – sense codons
www.tamilaruvi.in take part in ___________
amilaruvi.in a) formation of unspecified aminoacids
amilaruvi.in b) Termination of protein synthesis
amilaruvi.in c) Releasing
t-RNA from polynucleotide chain www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in d) Conversion
www.tamilaruvi.in
of sense DNA in towww.tamilaruvi.in
non-sense one www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
5.
amilaruvi.in The age of fossils
www.tamilaruvi.in can be determined by ___________
amilaruvi.in a) electron microscope
www.tamilaruvi.inweighing the fossils
amilaruvi.in c) carbon dating
www.tamilaruvi.inanalysis of bones
amilaruvi.in
6. Whichwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
one is not used in the production of yoghurt? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in (a) Streptococcus
www.tamilaruvi.inlactis
b) Streptococccus thermophilous
www.tamil
(c) Lactobacillus bulgaris d) Both (2) & (3)
7.
amilaruvi.in What type of human
www.tamilaruvi.in population is represented
www.tamilaruvi.in by the following age
www.tamilaruvi.in pyramid?
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in a) Vanishing population
www.tamilaruvi.in b) Stable population
amilaruvi.in c) Declining
www.tamilaruvi.in
population www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
d) Expanding population www.tamil
www.tamil
Model Question Paper www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
XII Std - Zoology
amilaruvi.in
8.
What is importance of catalytic converter?
www.tnpsnote.com
www.tnpsnote.com
a) They increases average of the vehicles
b) They reduces emission of harmful gases
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in c) They convert CO and
www.tamilaruvi.in nitric oxide into CO and
www.tamilaruvi.in
2
H2
amilaruvi.in d) Both B and C
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in SECTION –B
amilaruvi.in
II. www.tamilaruvi.in
ANSWER ANY FOUR OF THE FOLLOWINGwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in4 X 2 = www.tamil
8
9.
amilaruvi.in Why is the offspring formed by
www.tamilaruvi.in asexual reproductionwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in referred as a clone? www.tamil
10. What
amilaruvi.in is the role of Epidymis in
www.tamilaruvi.in reproduction ?
amilaruvi.in
11. How www.tamilaruvi.in
will you calculate the size www.tamilaruvi.in
of DNA molecule? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
12.
amilaruvi.in What is Activates sludge?
13. Listwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in out the adaptations of camel. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
14. Compare and Contrast the insituwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and exsitu conservation. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in SECTION –
www.tamilaruvi.in C www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in3 X 3 =www.tamil
III. ANSWER ANY THREE OF THE FOLLOWING. QUESTION NO. 18 IS COMPULSORY. 9
15. Write
amilaruvi.in notes on accessory gland
www.tamilaruvi.in in male?
16. Differentiate between ‘ZZ’ and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
‘XY’ type of sex-determination mechanisms.www.tamil
17.
amilaruvi.in State and explain any
www.tamilaruvi.in three factors affecting
www.tamilaruvi.in allele frequency in populations.
18. Write
amilaruvi.in short notes on ethical issues
www.tamilaruvi.in of biotechnology?www.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
19. Listwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
out the Effect of Noise Pollution. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in SECTION –D
amilaruvi.in
IV.
www.tamilaruvi.in
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS
2 X 5 = 10
20.
amilaruvi.in Explain any three Assisted
www.tamilaruvi.in Reproductive Technologies
www.tamilaruvi.in in detail.
amilaruvi.in
(or) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
21. Why did Hershey and Chase use radioactively labelled phosphorous and sulphur
only? Would they have got the same result if they use radiolabelled carbon and
amilaruvi.in nitrogen?
22.
amilaruvi.in Write short notes on
www.tamilaruvi.in a) Payer patches b)
www.tamilaruvi.inTonsils c) Spleen?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in (or)
amilaruvi.in
23. Write www.tamilaruvi.in
short notes on Population www.tamilaruvi.in
Interaction? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inwww.kaninikkalvi.com
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tnpscnote.com
amilaruvi.in ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் மாணவர்களுக்கு
www.tamilaruvi.in தேவவயான
www.tamilaruvi.in வகதயடுகள்,
கல்வி செய்திகள், அரொவணகள் த ான்றவற்வற தமற்கண்ட
amilaruvi.in இவணயேளங்களில்
www.tamilaruvi.in இருந்து திவிறக்கம் செய்து
www.tamilaruvi.in சகாள்ளலாம்.
amilaruvi.in த ாட்டித்தேர்வுகளுக்கு
தேவவயான www.tamilaruvi.in
நடப்பு செய்திகள், ெமச்சீர் www.tamil
amilaruvi.in புத்ேகங்கள், ச ாது அறிவுwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in புத்ேகங்கள் ஆகியவவயும் தமற்கண்ட
amilaruvi.in இவணயேளங்களில்
www.tamilaruvi.inஇருந்துwww.tamilaruvi.in
திவிறக்கம் செய்யலாம்.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in “Dream is not
www.tamilaruvi.in that which
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in you see while
www.tamilaruvi.in sleeping.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in It is something
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in does not let
www.tamilaruvi.in you sleep.”
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in -APJ Abdul
www.tamilaruvi.in Kalam

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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.

amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ans : c 55. Match the appropriate

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• This phenomenon is known as multiple

PERIOD EPOCH FAUNA FLORA

15 Pliocene Human evolution

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 Fever and pain in the abdomen

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weakness and body aches.

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amilaruvi.in Methanogens are a group of anaerobic

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D) Competition 4. Sea anemone on hermit Age structure

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D) Competition 4. Sea anemone on hermit Age structure