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HW2 110060040 蔡奎元
HW2 110060040 蔡奎元
HW2 110060040 蔡奎元
Linear Alqebra
"
感的
鱷
幾
òii㦝
.io
ˊ
。
ˋ
(a) 3 unknow
thereare
ns.yetonlyzequationsithereareinfinitesolutionstolxi.X2.X 3)
(b)
thecorrespondinghomogeneoussystemis
Iiiiǒl
Gaussian
-
[ iii)
-
1 |
Elimination 1 0
1比 A =
> = R
0 1 i
州 絒獸
showthattnesolutionsofxformasubspaceinR.wellhave.to
To
show 3 things
:
① 0 E i
② ifu.VE 女 utiei
|別
①
i = ㄨ3 x takex3 0 女 = 0
oeō
②
letnikx
闹 ti ; i =
a
闹 Ei
ūtū =
( ktl )
|別 Ei
𠶜
闹
③
letnikx ti
axū = akx
闹 Ei
Nowthatwéveproven ① 、
② ˋ
③
thesolutionsofxformasubspace.in 成 ⼀
!別
(C)
KHEK x_x
}
since
|別 alonespansthesubspacekt
蹄| formsabasisfor KH .
(d)
letssolvethissystemofequations :
Iiii 别 [ 7
7
1 2 1
"" >
0 -
3 2
-
-
11
-
Iòiiililòiiiil
1哈 憫瑜
Xnitix
1
3
xij -53
" "
州絒 j.is
0 t
代跳悯
X3
㮺
special 下
v1 訂 isaspecialsolutionr
(e) thesystemcanbewrittenas :
[ 囐岡
1 2 1
…
Tsletthisbevector 5
ninmi
letthisbe letthisbe
matrix A vectorx
suppose
thesetkisthegeneralsolutionofAx-5ithevectortisaspe.ci
alsolutionof Ai -5 ;
andtheset KH istnegeneralsolutionof Ai ⼆
0
i.e-KHistnenulspaceofA.rci?)considerthesetk-i,A(k-t)=Ak-Ai=5
(
-5 =
0
K-iisthenullspaceofA.in (ii)
By (i). (ii) KÚ ⼆
KH
k ⼆ Ūt KH
thecosetttKHisthegeneralsolutionofthesyste.mx
(f) of HWI weleamedthat
Inproblem 4.la ) ,
:
If Wisasubspaceofthevectorspace V
and ŪEV ,
Ūt Wisasubspaceof V ÚEW
Inthisproblem ,
wherei.KHarebothinpiHowever.VE/KH,therefore,K=i+KHdoes
KEŪ t KH ,
notformasubspaceinpi .
" "
(1) showthat spanl.SN 52) Espan (六) tspanl.SI
letxtspanl.SN 品)
T ˋ
⼤ … …
Xk ESiandJI.ir …
.IE 52
suchthattaitait-tarntbiitbzizt.at5 mkx
let ū ⼆ a.it ait-tanxtspanl.si )
F = biiktltbziktzictbmkx Espan ( 5 ) 2
" "
(2) showthat span 你 ) tspanl.SI Espanl.SN 52)
suchthat ieūtt
sinceutspanl.sn
T.i.i.IE Si ,
suchthatu-axtal-tarnsinceitspanl.SI
Ixn.in …
.in E 52
,
,
suchthat Ū ⼆ bihtbzizt …
tbnnx
iūti
GIikfieitbiitbzit-tbn-risincei.E.o.o.it
⼆
,
Si
ii. …
在 ESIUS 2
ǎnanuneynn …
们
sincetkti.cz … ˋ
XE Sz
v
Fktl 在2
ˋ
… ˋ
⼤ E Si V52
bii.biz … …
bn-kXEspanlS.US ) …
(ii)
你
Espan V52)
spanlS.lt spanlSDEspanlS.US 2)
(3) sinceweieshownthat
spanlS.US 2 ) =
span 你 ) tspan ( 5 2) *
Mi
-
Mii M 1 2 MB …
0 Mzz
M23-Mznlet.ME 0 0 M 33 …
M3n
:
ii_OOO.inMnnnxn
i :
andlet.MX:0
ert e re
ee he e re
ee
Mii M 1 2 MB …
Mm Xl 0
0 M 22 M 23
-
Mzn Xz 0
I. e. 0 0 M 33 …
M3n X3 = 0
i : : i i i :
OOO.in Mnn Xn 0
_ -
nxn
- -
nxl - -
nxl
M i ō
in.io
⼀ -
ii
⼀
Mn
○ Mzz Mzn 0
t.n.tl/nM3n=Oi
Xi 0 + Xz 0
i : i
tn.O_sinceMii.Mzzn.in
0 0
- _ _ _
、
Mnn areallnomzero
ee e re e re
ee
x 0
Xz 0
I = X3 = 0
i :
N_n _
0
_
the.co/umnsofMarelinearlyindependent. ☒
(a)
Subspace Basis Dimension
W.nwzlnnii.in } k
Iet
Wi t.nin.n.i.ii.in }
mtkwzfn.nin.li , iii) ptk
Wewanttoprovethat :
dimlwit Wz ) =
dmlWDtdmlwzl-dmlw.nu )
= ( mtk ) + ( ptk ) -
=
ktmtp
Nowconsidertheset
T =
{ n.n.in , t.ii-iim.i.int }
thenwecanobtainthatdmlw.tw ) 2
=
ktmtp
① showthatthevectors.in Tspan Wit Wz
IEWitwzcanbewrittenasx-p.it
Anyvector
tpkǘktqūtqit
PŪ + … …
tqin
+ r.it rtzt …
trp Ūp ,
whichisalinearcombinationofthevectors.in
Ti
② showthatthevectorsin Tareindependent
letawitahi-takhtbiitbnt.at bmtm
+ aūtaūtntcp Ūp ⼆ Ō
aūtazǖztiakhtbiǖtbnt …
tbmtm
-_- cnn.ci - . -
Cpn … … …
(☆)
cnn.ci - . -
cpopEW2.n.li )
( smce-cni-aui-cpnisalinearcombinationjofci.ci
EW2-cni.ci
… …
Ūp
- . -
GUEWi.no (ii)
( smce-cni-aui-cpnisalinearcombinationjofni.no
viii. .in EW, …
By (i). (ii)
cni-ai-n-GWTEW.in Wz
cni-cz.ci
cpopcanbewrittenasalinearcombinationofn.in
-
-,,-
-
Ūk
whichisabasisofhinWz.let-cni-cz.ci
… …
-
-,,-
cpop-dntdtt.it dkūn
GŪ taito.it Cp Ūptdūtd! + …
tdkūk ⼆ Ō
sincecici-ci.in … ⼀
Ūkforma
basisfor Wz
theyarelinearlyindependent
a =
Cz =,=
G =
d = dz =_= dk 0
bmtm ⼆
Ō
Sinceüi …
Úriǖü …
Ūmforma
basisfor Wl
theyarelinearlyindependent .
a = a = …
= a = b, = bz =_= bm = 0
Returningtoourinitialassumption :
aūtazǖztiakhtbiǖtbnt …
tbmtm
ta Ūtaūt …
tcp Úp ⼆ Ō
Sincewediscoveredthat
G =
a = …
=
G =
bi =
bz = _ = bm =
G = G = … =
G =
0
ün …
n.it …
不 ui.ci …
.ci
arelinearlyindependent.BY
① & ② ,
T-fn.n.in , t.ii-iin.ni.int }
formabasisfor Wit Wz
dmlwitwz ) = k+ m +
p
=
dmlw.lt dmlwz) -
dmlwnwj
(b) Given V = Wit Wz ,
inn-n.wnnn-ts.gs
pf " "
Visthedirectsumof Wiand Wz
Visthedirectsumof Wiand Wz
V = W, + Wz and Win Wz ⼆
∅ ( Bydef )
In (a) ,
welearnedthat
nnnnnn-rt-D.gs/iVisthedirectsumofWiandW2
f "
⇐
"
"
dimlWDtdimlwy.o.by given
condition
dim (V) =
dimwtwy
idim (vi) tdimlwz )
-
dim ( Winwz ) …
.by (a)
dimlwnwz ) = 0
Wnwz =
∅