縁燻繩逃 HWI

hinearAlqebra.ie?gioi!
i
1
*
Inthespace Rt ,

scalarmultiplicationisdefinedasa@x-x9whe.reas
additionisdefmedasxtoy-xxy.Underthesetwodefininit.io
ns.iftheelementsinRcansatisfythe8axiomslVSI~VS
Picanbede medasavectorspace.letscheckVSI~VS8one.by
8 ) ,
then

:
one

X ④
y
⼆
Xxy
=
y
x x =
y ⊕ X V

( X ⊕ g) ⊕ Z ⼆
( xxy ) x Z

=
xx ( yxz ) = X ⊕ ( y ⊕ E)
nr
 Rf
" "

wecanfmdaneutralelement ,
I
,
in

suchthat I I
lf
X ⊕ =
X x = X

"
9
hererepresentstneneutralelementofR.which.is
"

the 0

thenumber I.

HXEV ,
彐
y= i ,
suchthat

X ⊕
y
= X x
i = I
✓

apparently ,
duh ,
✓

( xbi
"
( axb ) @ x =
x =

= a ☒ ( b @ x) V

adx ⊕
y)
=
( xxyi =
xaxya
= a@ X ⊕
axoy ✓
 "
( at b) ④ X =
( at b) x = x

"

b@xrSinceRsatisfiesallofVSInVS8.Rt
= xaxx = a@ X ⊕

鹀 avectorspacen
 *
(a) Toshow that Wit Wzisasubspaceof V ,

wehave.to verify 3
things :

① 0 EM t Wz

ifu.VE Wit Wz
itmustfollowthatul-FEW.tw
② ,

③ ifǚ EWItwz.it mustfollowthat

axūe Wit Wz

lt
smcehiandwzarebothsubspac.es of V

⼼
10
OEW 2

0 +0 E Wlt Wz

0 E Wit Wz
☒
P-filetui.ibeanytwovectorsinWI.smcehi.is
asubspaceof V

ūtie Wi …
(i)

letli.ibeanytwovectors.hr
smcehb.is asubspaceof V

ǚzt V2 E Wz …
(ii)

(i). (ii)
by
, (vii) t (ii) EW.tw 2

(vii) t (ii) EW , + Wz
nnvu

nrvnletthisbeletthis.be
somevector somevector
ǔ EWI ŪEW 2

u.VE Wit Wz
andūtit Wit Wz
*
砌
1 :

1比 ŪE Wi …
(iii)

smce Wiisasubspaceof V

cxū E Wi …
(iv)

let Ūz E Wz …
(V)

smce Wzisasubspaceof V

cx Ūzt Wz …
(vi)

1 ntEEWitwz.BY
(iii). (V)
By
(viii)
EWitwzletu.tn
(iv). (vi) Cx

besomevector Ǔ

EW.tw
fū
2

cxūt Wlt W 2
☒

Sincewehaveproven all ① ˋ
② nand ③

Wit Wz isasubspaceof V
(b) W V
Let beasubspaceof ,

inwhich Wic W and Wzc W

*
ourgoalistoshowthatwitwz.CN ,

andthisisequivalent.to showing :

"

foranyiEWi.IE Wz ,

EWlthl.butitalsofollowsthatu.tn
itisapparentthatu.tn
EW 。
"

nEWUEWz.CN
letu.EW.CN
EEW

smce Wisasubspaceof V

vituew
Wlt W.CN
*
(a)
showthatthematrixspaceW.is
asubspaceofthematrixspaceMnxnletAI.Azbetwomatric.es in Wl
( A.Azarebothskew-symmetricmatric.es )

① checkwhether Ait Az.EU :

( Ait Ai ⼆ Aít AI -_- Ai -

Az :-( Ait A 2)

Ait Azisalsoaskew-symmetricmat.ir ix.

Ait Az.EU V

② checkwhetherc.AE Wi :

( cA.ie cx EA i) :-( CA i)

cAiisalsoaskew-symmetricmat.irix.
CAIE Wi V

ch.ec/cwhetherOEWi:oT=O=-O
③
 0 isalsoaskew-symmetricmat.mx
OEWI r

By ① ˋ
② 、
and ③

W.is asubspaceof Mnxn 。

(b) Showthatthematrixspace Mnm

"
canbewrittenasthe
"
directsum

ofWIEWz.ie Mnxn WI ⊕ Wz

M isanymatrixin Mnxn

fM-Nimustbeskew-symmetricMtMTmust.be
symmetric

Hence wecanexpress Mas

:
,

M =
È (N_N) tzl Mt ii)

whichisthesumofaskew-symmetricmatrixanc.la
symmetricmatrix _
M-ilM-MT.tt ( Mt ii)

twt-iiandsincew.nu
⼆点
=
{0}

Mnxn Wl ⊕ Wz
*
 •
(a) " "
prove

vi-W-o-isisubspace.HU VEW

" "

Proofbycontradiction
suppose v4 W
cvctw
↓
( thisisequivalent.to :
VEW CVEW )

VE Vt W ( apparently )

0 E v + W ( sincevtwisasubspaceof V)

BecausebothvandOEvtW-vmustalsobeanelement.invtw
 )
12
vtwisasubspaceof V.

(
與

if vttv) =
0 Evt W and VE Vt W
-

VE vtw

VEW
Byvevtw -

However ,
-

VEW contradictswith

ourassumption : cx V4 W

Therefore ,
VEW *

ǙǛW isasubspaceof V

showthatOEvtwismce.VE
①

W 。 …

(i)

cxv EW ( Wisasubspaceof V)

takec -_- 1 -

VEW -

(ii)

By (i). (ii)

Vttv) = 0 E W ( Wisasubspaceof V)
② showthatif XE vt W and
yevtw xtye W
:

letxw.ywbetwovectors.in W ,

vt Xw Evtw and Vtywtvtw

vvvvvnletthis.be
Nvvnr

letthisbe

somevectorx somexectory

xty
=
( Vt Xw ) +
( vtyw )
⼆
Vtlvtxwtyw ) Evt W
tvhrnnrrrrn

EW

③ showthatif XE vt W
cxx E vt W :

1比 Xwbeanyvectorin W
znhu Evtw
letthisbe
somevectorx

Cxx ⼆
Cxlvt Xw )
⼆
fiit Cxxwwm
EW EW

三 Vtllc -1 ) ⼼ tcx Xwl Evt W

miin
 By ① ˋ
② 、
③ ,

wehaveconfirmedthat vt Wisasubspaceof V.
☒

(b)

prov.tw ⼆ V2 + W n-vz.tw

① considerthevectorxEV.tw

theremustexistavectorw.EW.suchthatx-utwin.ci )

② sinceutW-vz.tw XE V2 + W

theremustexistavectorwz.EW.suchthatx-vz.tw
2
-.-
(ii)

By (i). (ii) Vit Wi ⼆ V2 twz

V1 -

V2 ⼆ Wz -
M

=
Wzttni ) EW
*
ProIn-v.tw V.tw ⼆ V2 + W

政
( ① Takeanyvector XEV.tw ,

ifwecanshowthatXEVz.tw ,

thenwecancondudethat :

Vit WE V2 + W …
(iii)

② Takeanyvectory E V2 + W ,

ifwecanshowthatyEV.tw ,

thenwecancondudethat :

V2 + WE nt W …
(iv)

③ Ifwesuccessfullyobtain (iii) 8 (ix) ,

wecanassertthatv.tw ⼆
V2 + W

① Takeanyvectorxtut W

theremustexistavectorwiEW.suchthatx-V.tw
,

x-v.tw,

W
⼆
V2 tlknft ⼆) E V2 +

EW EW

vitWEVztW.co (iii)
 ② Takeanyvectoryt V2 + W

theremustexistavectorwzEW.su
chthat y =
V2 + Wz

y =
V2 + Wz

⼆
V1 tl-hnntyEV.tw
EW ew

vitWEutW.co (ix)

③ By (iii) 0 (iv)

v.tw V2 + W
*

(C)

WEigconsidervectorxeu.tw
① Prove :
( V1 + W ) + ( V2 + W) ⼆
Vit V2 ⼗

andvectorytvz.tw ,

byshowing xty E V1 t V2 + W ,

wecanprovethestatement :

( utw ) +
( vz.tw ) = Vit V2 ⼗ W
 letxev.tw
theremustexistaxectorni EW ,

suchthatx-V.tw/letyEV2tW-theremustexistaxectorWzEW
suchthat V2 Wz
,

y ⼆ t

( utm ) + ( V2 + Wz )
xty
=

⼆ V1 ⼗ V2 +
(iii) E V1 + V2 + W
EW

( V1 + W ) t ( V2 + W) =
ut V2 + W *

② Prove :
alvtw ) =
avt W

letxevtw
theremustexistaxectorw EW ,

suchthat X ⼆ Vt W

axlvtw ) Eavt W
axvtaǚ
ax X = =

alvtw ) = avt W
a)

matrixcanbeexpressedasthelinearcombinat.io
Any 2✗ 2

nof :

I % 1 1 % 1 怡 1in
'

ie.li?1-I'o:l+oi I+rxlGtsTI(x.pr.SER)(b)Asym etric2x

mustlooklikethis
2 matrix
:

pj
nherex. p. k ERRPHence. i t
canbeexpressedasthelinearcombinat.io
n of :

kǒlinandlòl