Chapter 6 P.

2 [224 marks]

1.
[Maximum mark: 10]
22M.2.SL.TZ1.1
Three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus) are placental mammals that live in trees in Central
and South America. They eat leaves and fruit and get almost all their water from succulent
plants.

[Source: Adapted from Laube, S., 2003. Three-toed-sloth (Bradypus variegatus), Lake Gatun,
Republic of Panama. [image online] Available at:
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Bradipus#/media/File:Bradypus.jpg]
Three-toed sloths change their body posture in response to the temperature of their
environment (ambient temperature). Researchers assessed posture on a scale from 1 to 6,
with 1 being when the sloth was curled into a tight ball and 6 when it had all limbs spread.
The percentage of time the sloths were observed in each position was recorded at ambient
temperatures from 22 °C to 34 °C. The researchers also measured the body temperature of
the sloths over the same range of ambient temperatures.
[Source: Adapted from Cliffe, R.N., Scantlebury, D.M., Kennedy, S.J., Avey-Arroyo, J., Mindich,
D. and Wilson, R.P., 2018. The metabolic response of the Bradypus sloth to temperature.
PeerJ, [e-journal] 6: e5600. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5600. Licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.]
(a.i)
State the relationship between sloth body temperature and ambient temperature.
[1]
Markscheme
body temperature increases with ambient temperature / positive correlation;
Since direct can be either –/+, no credit for direct correlation alone.
(a.ii)
Explain how this relationship differs from that in humans.
[1]
Markscheme
humans maintain/regulate a constant body temperature at different ambient
temperatures/maintained by homeostasis;
(b.i)
Describe the trend in body posture as ambient temperature rises from 22 to 34 °C.
[1]
Markscheme
As ambient temperature increases, the sloth spends more time with limbs spread
OR
as ambient temperature increases the sloth spends less time curled in a ball
OR
as ambient temperature rises, the posture changes from 1 to 6;
(b.ii)
Suggest reasons for this trend.
[2]
Markscheme
a. less surface area is exposed when curled up
OR
more surface area is exposed when all limbs spread;
b. curled position prevents heat loss/provides warmth
OR
stretched out position allows more heat loss/body cooled;
The daily food intake of three-toed sloths and daily ambient temperatures were monitored
over a 160-day period from February to early July. The graphs show the mean results.
[Source: Cliffe et al. (2015), Sloths like it hot: ambient temperature modulates food intake
in the brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus). PeerJ 3:e875; DOI 10.7717/peerj.875
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.]
(f)
The mean daily food intake fluctuated from day to day. State the month that contains the
day on which the mean intake of food was highest.
[1]
Markscheme
May;
(g)
Outline the relationship between ambient daily temperature and food intake in March.
[2]
Markscheme
a. food intake rises as daily temperature increases / positive correlation;
b. the lowest food intake corresponds to the lowest temperature;
(h)
Suggest, with a reason, how the activity of the sloth varies with ambient temperature.
[1]
Markscheme
a. the sloth will be more active at higher temperatures as it takes in more food for
energy;
b. as temperature rises, the sloth uncurls to dissipate/lose heat;
Reason required.
(i)
State one feature of the sloth that would indicate it is a mammal.
[1]
Markscheme
a. mammals have mammary glands;
b. produce milk for their offspring;
c. bodies covered in hair/fur;
Characteristic must be exclusive to mammals.
If more than one answer, use the first one given.

2.
[Maximum mark: 7]
22M.2.SL.TZ1.5
The graph shows the change in the membrane potential of an axon during an action
potential.
(a)
State the approximate value of the membrane potential at X.
[1]
Markscheme
0 mV; (accept answers in the range of – 10 mV to +10 mV) (Units required)
(b)
Y is the threshold potential. State what happens when the threshold potential is reached.
[1]
Markscheme
sodium channels (start to) open
OR
depolarization/axon begins to depolarize
OR
action potential occurs;
Reject pumping of ions.
(c)
Describe the movements in ions that occur during time t.
[2]
Markscheme
Na+/sodium ions diffuse into the axon (in the first part/half of t);
K+ /potassium ions diffuse out of the axon (in the second half/part of t)
Do not accept the name of the element without indication that it is an ion.
(d)
Explain how a nerve impulse is passed on to other neurons.
[3]
Markscheme
a. impulses pass to another neuron at a synapse/across synaptic gap/cleft;
b. (depolarization causes) Ca2+/calcium ions to diffuse into the (presynaptic)
neuron/axon;
c. depolarization (of presynaptic neuron) causes release of a neurotransmitter
OR
neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse;
d. (neurotransmitters) bind to receptors on postsynaptic neuron/membrane;
e. (if the threshold potential is reached) an action potential occurs/sodium gates open
(in the postsynaptic neuron);

3.
[Maximum mark: 15]
22M.2.SL.TZ1.6
(a)
Outline reasons for the therapeutic use of stem cells.
[3]
Markscheme
a. unspecialized/undifferentiated stem cells can divide / differentiate along different
pathways;
b. (stem cells are accessible as they) come from embryos/bone marrow/umbilical cord
blood/adult tissue;
c. (stem cells) can regenerate/repair diseased/damaged tissues in people;
d. valid specific example;
e. drugs can be tested on stem cells (in laboratories to see if they are harmful);
(b)
Describe how leaf cells make use of light energy.
[5]
Markscheme
a. leaf cells contain chloroplasts;
b. light is absorbed by chlorophyll (in chloroplasts);
c. other pigments absorb different wavelengths;
d. light energy is used in photosynthesis;
e. (light is needed) to combine water and carbon dioxide/fix carbon dioxide;
f. carbon compounds/organic compounds/glucose/starch/carbohydrate are produced;
g. blue and red light is absorbed;
h. perform photolysis
OR
split water molecules;
Wavelengths accepted for mpg.
(c)
Explain how cells and cell components in the blood defend the body against infectious
disease.
[7]
Markscheme
Platelets: [3 max]
a. damage/cuts to blood vessels causes platelets to be activated;
b. the platelets release clotting factors;
c. initiates cascade of reactions
OR
fibrinogen is converted to fibrin;
d. forms a mesh over the damaged area;
e. prevents pathogens from entering the body;

Phagocytes: [3 max]

f. phagocytes/phagocytic white blood cells in the blood travel to the site of infection;
g. (phagocytes) squeeze between the capillary cells;
h. (phagocytes) engulf/ingest/take in pathogens;
i. the pathogen is digested/broken down by/within the phagocyte;

Lymphocytes: [3 max]
j. lymphocytes recognize a particular fragment/antigen of a pathogen;
k. (lymphocytes) release antibodies;
l. (antibodies) provide specific immunity;
m. memory cells provide rapid response giving long-term immunity (to pathogens
previously recognized);
n. antibodies destroy pathogens;
ECF may be applied when candidates use white blood cells in place of specific terms.

4.
[Maximum mark: 12]
22M.2.SL.TZ2.1
There is growing evidence of a decrease in bee populations. This decrease is a serious
problem because of their valuable role as pollinators in the ecosystems where they live.
Neonicotinoid pesticides have been implicated in this decrease because they have been
found at trace levels in the nectar and pollen of crop plants and in the bee colonies.
Scientists placed colonies of a species of bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, in the laboratory to
test the effects of different levels of a neonicotinoid on their development. They divided the
colonies into three groups:
• The control colonies were given a solution of water and sugar that resembled nectar
produced by flowers.
• A second group of colonies was given the same sugar solution containing a
neonicotinoid dissolved in it at low concentrations, similar to those found in nature.
• A third group of colonies was given the same sugar solution containing a neonicotinoid
dissolved in it at high concentrations, similar to those found in nature.
After two weeks, all colonies were placed in the field to allow the bumblebees to feed
naturally.
(a.i)
Describe the effect of neonicotinoid pesticides on the nervous system of insects.
[1]
Markscheme
a. blocks synaptic transmission at (cholinergic synapses);
b. binds to (acetylcholine) receptors;
The mass of the colonies, including adult bumblebees, wax, honey and larvae, was recorded
every week. The cumulative increase in mass was calculated and is shown on the graph.
[Source: Adapted from Whitehorn, P.R., O’Connor, S., Wackers, F.L. and Goulson, D., 2012.
Bumble Bee Colony Growth and Queen Production. Science, [e-journal] 336(6079), pp. 351–
352.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1215025.]
(a.ii)
State the cumulative increase in the mass of control colonies at 7 weeks.
[1]
Markscheme
230 g;
Accept range of 215 – 265. This takes into account the beginning and end of week 7.
Unit required.
(a.iii)
Compare and contrast the cumulative increase in mass of the three groups of colonies once
they were placed in the field.
[2]
Markscheme
a. all increased in (cumulative) mass gain up to 5–6 weeks
OR
all decreased (in cumulative mass gain) after 6 weeks;
b. both with neonicotinoids have significantly lower (cumulative) mass than the control
colonies (at all periods)
 OR
colonies exposed to high concentration always had the lowest (cumulative) mass gain;
Accept vice versa.
(a.iv)
Suggest a reason for the changes in mass in the colonies between weeks 6 and 8.
[1]
Markscheme
a. less production of honey/wax;
b. fewer bees/dispersal of bees/queens;
c. bad weather/environmental change/predators/disease/pests;
The number of queen bumblebees produced in each colony was recorded. New bumblebee
colonies are started by a queen.

[Source: Adapted from Whitehorn, P.R., O’Connor, S., Wackers, F.L. and Goulson, D., 2012.
Bumble Bee Colony Growth and Queen Production. Science, [e-journal] 336(6079), pp. 351–
352.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1215025.]
(b)
Using the data in the graph, predict how the use of neonicotinoid pesticides will affect
bumblebee populations.
[3]
Markscheme
a. number of populations may/will decrease;
b. both treatments decreased very significantly the number of queens;
c. low treatment had (almost) the same effect as the high
OR
even low levels have as toxic/lethal effects as high levels;
d. without new queens, new colonies cannot be founded;
e. no/less/little reproduction (as only queens lay eggs);
f. new colonies are essential to maintain bumblebee populations;
A similar study compared the effect of a different neonicotinoid on four different species of
bumblebees. The queens were exposed to either control conditions (with no pesticide), or
low or high doses of neonicotinoid. The scientists then measured the average length of the
developing eggs in the ovaries of the queens.

[Source: Baron GL, Raine NE, Brown MJF. 2017 General and species-specific impacts of a
neonicotinoid insecticide
on the ovary development and feeding of wild bumblebee queens. Proc. R. Soc. B 284:
20170123.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0123 Licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0
International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source adapted.]
(c.i)
Identify the species whose eggs are most affected by a high dose of neonicotinoid.
[1]
Markscheme
B. lucorum;
(c.ii)
Describe the overall effects of low and high doses of neonicotinoid on the egg lengths of all
four species.
[2]
Markscheme
a. low doses caused (slight) decrease in (average) egg lengths in 3 species/most species
OR
low doses caused a slight increase in 1 species/B. pascuorum;
b. high doses caused (slightly) lower (average) results in all 4 species (compared to
control);
c. in only one species/B. pratorum, the high doses caused larger lengths than the low
doses;
Accept any other valid comparison.
(d)
Deduce, based on the data presented, whether the levels of neonicotinoids used in
agriculture cause direct harm to B. terrestris.
[1]
Markscheme
a. yes, as even low/both doses (of first neonicotinoid) affect the (overall) development of
colonies negatively; (From Graph 1)
b. yes, as decreased numbers of queens (likely) affect reproductive capabilities; (From
Graph 2)
c. the second neonicotinoid (likely) had less/little/no effect on the bees as it had little
effect on egg size; (From Graph 3)
OWTTE

5.
[Maximum mark: 15]
22M.2.SL.TZ2.6
People with the inherited disease hemophilia have a deficiency in one of the proteins that
act as clotting factors in blood.
(a)
Outline how a protein is made in a cell by the process of translation.
[5]
Markscheme
a. translation occurs on ribosomes when proteins/polypeptides are synthesized;
b. amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by the mRNA;
c. mRNA is determined by the order of bases of DNA/order of bases sequence in a gene;
d. codons (of 3 bases) on mRNA correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide;
e. codons are on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA;
f. mRNA binds to ribosome/(during initiation) small ribosomal subunit binds to the start
of the mRNA sequence;
g. tRNA transfers an amino acid to large ribosomal subunit/to the ribosome;
h. reference to start or stop codon;
i. tRNA moves to the next mRNA codon to continue the process, creating an amino acid
chain;
j. peptide bond formed between amino acids
k. translation/order of amino acids depends on complementary base pairing between
codons and anticodons;
(b)
A family has a history of hemophilia that is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. A
woman from this family is a carrier and marries a man who does not have the allele.
Showing your working, determine the probability of their children having the disease.
[3]
Markscheme
a. alleles clearly labelled for both parents (in a Punnett square or other format);
b. correct genotypes for all four possibilities for children;

c. phenotypes of the children: the sons would have a 50 % chance of having hemophilia
and the daughters would have 0 % chance of having hemophilia/50 % chance of being
a carrier;
Sex needs to be mentioned for mpc but info can be taken from the Punnett square.
(c)
Explain how blood clotting occurs and the consequence for a person who has hemophilia.
[7]
Markscheme
Clotting process:
a. blood clotting seals cuts in the skin;
b. clotting factors are released (from platelets);
c. thrombin is activated;
d. a cascade reaction occurs (with thrombin);
e. (thrombin causes) fibrinogen is converted to fibrin;
f. fibrin forms a clot/blocks the cut/prevents blood from being lost;
Consequences of hemophilia:
g. if a person does not have enough clotting factors/hemophilia, the clot will not form;
h. pathogens can enter the body more easily;
i. (in hemophiliacs) blood will be lost from a cut which affects blood pressure/bleeding
to death;
j. loss of blood affects amount of hemoglobin/O2 carried around the body;
k. reference to lifestyle / menstrual/birth problems
e.g. surgery, contact sports

6.
[Maximum mark: 6]
21M.2.SL.TZ1.3
Celiac disease is an immune reaction to eating gluten, a protein found in many cereals. The
diagram shows the arrangement of normal villi and villi affected by celiac disease in the
small intestine.
(a)
Outline the functions of the villi in the small intestine.
[2]
Markscheme
a. increase the surface area for absorption ✔
b. absorption of digested foods/nutrients ✔
c. absorption of mineral ions/vitamins ✔
(b)
Explain the consequences of celiac disease for absorption of digested nutrients.
[2]
Markscheme
a. (celiac disease/gluten causes) much smaller villi/flattened villi/smaller surface area (of
villi) / no villi ✔
b. (smaller villi leads to) less efficient/less/slower/poor absorption
OR
nutrients/energy lost / fatigue/malnutrition may result ✔
c. (celiac sufferers) must eat a gluten-free diet / WTTE ✔
Note that this question requires an explain not an outline.
(c)
Wheat, barley and rye all contain gluten. Outline how a protein such as gluten is digested.
[2]
Markscheme
a. enzymes/protease required ✔
b. (protease/peptidase) breaks peptide bonds/bonds between amino acids ✔
c. hydrolysis adds water molecules/breaks peptide bonds between amino acids ✔
d. protein/macromolecule converted to monomer/amino acids ✔
e. endopeptidase/enzymes/protease/trypsin secreted by the pancreas ✔
Peptidase/endopeptidase can be accepted instead of protease for mpa.
mpd can be awarded for an appropriate equation.
7.
[Maximum mark: 3]
21M.2.SL.TZ1.4
Squid have been used for research on nerve impulses. The mechanism of nerve
transmission in these animals is the same as that in humans. The image shows an
oscilloscope trace from a nerve impulse in a squid’s giant axon.

[squid] Pixabay.
(a)
Estimate the resting potential for this axon.
[1]
Markscheme
−65 mV ✔
Unit required; minus sign required. Accept answers from −62mV to −65mV.
(b)
Outline the role of the sodium–potassium pump in maintaining the resting potential.
[2]
Markscheme
a. sodium/potassium pump pumps sodium ions Na+ out of axon and pumps potassium
ions/K+ in ✔
b. requires energy/ATP/against concentration gradients/active transport ✔
c. three sodium ions pumped out for every two potassium ions pumped in ✔
d. results in charge difference between inside and outside where outside is positive relative
to inside ✔

8.
[Maximum mark: 15]
21M.2.SL.TZ1.7
(a)
Outline the process of inhalation.
[4]
Markscheme
a. diaphragm contracts / moves downwards/flattens ✔
b. external intercostal muscles contract ✔
c. (muscle contraction) moves the rib cage upwards and outwards ✔
d. increases volume of the thorax / lungs ✔
e. difference in pressure/decreasing pressure causes air to flow into lungs / lungs inflate ✔
(b)
Explain the process of gas exchange taking place in the alveoli.
[7]
Markscheme
a. O2 diffuses into blood and CO2 diffuses out from blood ✔
b. blood entering the alveoli is high in CO2/low in O2 ✔
OR
air in alveolus is high in O2/low in CO2 ✔
c. diffusion (in either direction) take place due to concentration gradients ✔
d. concentration gradients maintained by ventilation/blood flow ✔
e. large surface area created by many alveoli/spherical shape of alveoli for more efficient
diffusion ✔
f. rich supply of capillaries (around alveoli) allows efficient exchange ✔
g. type I pneumocytes are thin to allow easy diffusion/short distances ✔
h. gases must dissolve in liquid lining of alveolus in order to be exchanged ✔
i. type II pneumocytes secrete surfactants to reduce surface tension/prevent lungs sticking
together ✔
j. type II pneumocytes create moist conditions in alveoli ✔
(c)
Discuss the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and global
temperatures.
[4]
Markscheme
a. greenhouse effect keeps Earth warm ✔
b. (over-time) earth’s temperature has fluctuated naturally ✔
c. changes in human activities have led to increases in CO2 concentration ✔
d. CO2 absorbs infrared/long wave radiation / trapping heat ✔
e. increase in atmospheric CO2 (concentration) correlates with/causes increased global
average temperature ✔
f. use of fossil fuels increases atmospheric CO2 ✔
g. deforestation removes a carbon sink / less CO2 absorbed ✔
h. loss of polar ice causes less reflection of surface light/ more reradiation as heat
contributing to (global) warming ✔
i. CO2 is not the only greenhouse gas/ there are other greenhouse gases ✔

9.
[Maximum mark: 12]
21M.2.SL.TZ1.1
Antiretroviral drugs are used to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections.
Zidovudine (ZDV) and nevirapine (NVP) are examples of antiretroviral drugs. There are
concerns that these drugs may be toxic to body cells in mitosis. In a study using Allium cepa,
root tips were exposed to the drugs for 96 hours at a range of concentrations. The control
treatment was a drug concentration of 0μmol. In the graph, root lengths after the 96-hour
treatment period are expressed as a percentage of the length of the control.
[Source: Onwuamah CK, Ekama SO, Audu RA, Ezechi OC, Poirier MC, Odeigah PGC (2014)
Exposure of Allium cepa Root Cells to Zidovudine or Nevirapine Induces Cytogenotoxic
Changes. PLOS ONE 9(3): e90296. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090296 (CC0 1.0
- https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).]
(a.i)
Deduce the concentration of ZDV that would cause a 50 % reduction in root growth
compared to the control.
[1]
Markscheme
75 μmol ✔
Allow answers in the range of 70 µmol–80 µmol.
(a.ii)
Identify the root length, as a percentage of the control, resulting from a ZDV concentration
of 400 μmol .
[1]
Markscheme
24 % ✔
Allow answers in the range 23 %–25 %.
(b)
Compare and contrast the effect of ZDV and NVP on the growth of Allium roots.
[2]
Markscheme
Similarities:
a. reduce root length (compared to the control) ✔
b. (ZDV and NVP) have greatest change (in growth) at lowest concentrations (of ZDV and
NVP) ✔
c. same effect at 200 μmol ✔
d. above/at about 400 μmol effect levels off ✔
Differences:
e. the change/differences become significant after 200 μmol ✔
f. ZDV has a (slightly) larger effect / NVP has a (slightly) smaller effect / WTTE
OR
above 400 μmol effect of ZDV remains higher / NVP remains lower ✔
Answer must contain one similarity and one difference.
Credit may be given for numeric differences when accurately stated.
Both ZDV and NVP are believed to have a damaging effect on the process of mitosis but ZDV
in particular is believed to block the formation of the spindle.

[Source: Medical Images / Carolina Biological.]

(c)
Based on the information, suggest with a reason which of the labelled cell types will
become more common in Allium root tips treated with ZDV.
[2]
Markscheme
a. Y (will become more common) ✔
b. spindle not formed yet
OR
cells x and z have spindles ✔
c. cells in Y cannot progress (into Z/into metaphase) ✔
(d)
Allium root tips continue to show some growth even at high concentrations of NVP. Suggest
a possible reason for the growth seen in root tips with 800μmol NVP.
[1]
Markscheme
a. still some mitosis ✔
b. individual cells grow/elongate (expand by absorbing water) ✔
c. NVP is not 100 % effective / does not enter all of the cells / not all cells have come in
contact with NVP ✔
d. roots have reached maximum saturation of NVP and are no longer functionally affected ✔
e. some cells are resistant to the drug ✔
Accept reasonable suggestions.
Mitosis plays an important role in tissue regeneration and can be an important factor in
recovery from surgery. The hormone leptin has been shown to promote mitosis in certain
circumstances. The bar chart shows the mitotic indices of liver tissue exposed to leptin and
control tissue during 72 hours after surgery.
[Source: Adapted from Cilekar M, Uysal O, Bal C, Turel S, Yılmaz S. Leptin increases mitotic
index and regeneration ratio in hepatectomized rats. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2013 Nov
13;19:279-84. doi: 10.12659/MSMBR.889591]
(e)
Deduce the change in mitotic index after 72 hours compared to the control.
[1]
Markscheme
0.3 / 100 % increase / doubling ✔
Do not penalize errors in significant figures. For example, 0.34 would be acceptable.
(f)
Based on the data, evaluate the evidence for leptin promoting regeneration of liver tissue.
[3]
Markscheme
a. mitotic index in treatment greater than in control/leptin appears to promote mitosis ✔
b. mitotic index increases with time suggests ongoing regeneration/growth
OR
positive correlation between exposure to leptin and increased mitotic index ✔
c. but experiment limited to 72 hours/regeneration/recovery may take longer than 72
hours ✔
d. no error bars shown/no information on significance/sample size ✔
Acknowledge WTTE.
(g)
Outline the role of leptin in appetite control.
[1]
Markscheme
a. acts on receptors in the hypothalamus/appetite centre ✔
b. inhibits appetite ✔
Accept WTTE for mpb.

10.
[Maximum mark: 15]
21M.2.SL.TZ2.6
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
(a)
Outline the structures in M. tuberculosis that are not present in a human cell.
[3]
Markscheme
a. cell wall ✔
b. pili/flagella ✔
c. 70S ribosomes ✔
d. nucleoid / circular DNA
OR
naked DNA ✔
e. plasmids ✔
As candidates do not need to know the structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, all
prokaryotic structures are accepted.
Ignore references to membrane bound organelles.
(b)
Explain the production of antibodies when a patient is infected with the TB bacterium.
[7]
Markscheme
a. phagocytes/lymphocytes are white blood cells ✔
b. TB bacterium has a specific antigen ✔
c. this antigen is recognised by white blood cells ✔
d. a clone of lymphocytes/plasma cells/B cells are produced ✔
e. antibodies are produced by lymphocytes ✔
f. each lymphocyte produces just one type of antibody ✔
g. (this is) specific immunity ✔
h. (part of the) antibody/immunoglobulin binds to the antigen / specific antibody binds to
the specific antigen ✔
i. antibodies are proteins/immunoglobulins ✔
j. (some) plasma cells become memory cells ✔
k. memory cells reproduce quickly ✔
l. memory cells prevent infection in the future ✔
Allow annotated diagrams to explain the process.
(c)
Describe the risk to the human population of indiscriminate use of antibiotics.
[5]
Markscheme
a. antibiotics block bacterial processes ✔
b. example of bacterial process ✔ e.g. cell wall formation
c. variations exist naturally in a population / some are naturally resistant to the antibiotic ✔
d. bacteria that are not resistant to this antibiotic will die / only resistant will survive
(when antibiotic given) ✔
e. this characteristic could be passed to next generation ✔
f. (natural selection) leads to changes in the proportions/frequency in the population ✔
g. human population will be exposed to antibiotic resistant bacteria and will not have
antibiotic to kill them ✔
h. (antibiotic resistant bacteria) may pass resistance to other bacteria species/types by
means of plasmids (so other bacteria species turn resistant too) ✔
11.
[Maximum mark: 15]
21M.2.SL.TZ2.5
Pastry cream or confectioners’ custard is made with a combination of milk (rich in casein
and lactose), egg yolks, sugar, starch and a flavouring such as vanilla.
(a)
Describe the structure of starch.
[5]
Markscheme
a. starch is a carbohydrate ✔
b. starch is formed by carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ✔
c. it is a polymer/chain/polysaccharide ✔
d. formed from monosaccharides/simple sugars/glucose ✔
e. linked together by condensation/dehydration ✔
f. consists of amylose and amylopectin ✔
g. amylose is a long chain/unbranched ✔
h. amylopectin is branched ✔
(b)
Explain how amino acids in casein could reach the liver, starting from the moment when
the person takes a bite of pastry cream pie.
[7]
Markscheme
a. food is mechanically/physically digested in the mouth through mastication/chewing ✔
b. mixed with saliva (to form the bolus) in mouth ✔
c. moved through esophagus/peristalsis ✔
d. proteins digested in the stomach (pepsin) ✔
e. pancreas secretes enzymes into lumen of small intestine
OR
(endo)peptidases/trypsin) are secreted by pancreas ✔
f. enzymes digest macromolecules to monomers
OR
endopeptidases digest polypeptides to peptides/amino acids ✔
g. villi of small intestine absorb amino acids ✔ Allow pepsin.
h. amino acids carried to blood capillaries ✔
i. blood (capillaries) carry amino acids to (hepatic portal) vein/blood vessel going to liver ✔
j. amino acids absorbed by active transport/protein pumps in the villi ✔
(c)
Congenital lactase deficiency is a type of lactose intolerance that occurs in infants. It is
inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Calculate the chance of congenital lactose
intolerance in a child whose parents are both carriers for the disorder, showing fully how
you reached your answer.
[3]
Markscheme
a. gametes of both parents shown as a capital and small letter (e.g. L and l) ✔
b. possible F1 genotypes ✔
c. 25 % lactose intolerant, 50 % carriers, 25 % lactose tolerant
OR
75 % tolerant and 25 % intolerant
OR
1
child has 25 %/1:4/ chances of inheritance of intolerance ✔
4

12.
[Maximum mark: 15]
21M.2.SL.TZ2.1
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are key pollinators in most ecosystems. The worldwide use of
neonicotinoid pesticides has caused concern because they may be contributing to the
decline of honeybee populations.
Scientists measured the concentration of five neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin,
imidacloprid, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam) in honey samples from 198 different
locations across the world. Each pie chart shows the relative frequency of neonicotinoids in
honey samples from a continent.

[Source: Republished with permission of American Association for the Advancement of

Science, from A worldwide survey of neonicotinoids in honey, Mitchell, E.A., et al., Science,
Volume 358, Issue 6359, 2017. Permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center,
Inc. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6359/109.full.]
(a)
Identify in which continent the fewest types of neonicotinoid were detected in honey
samples.
[1]
Markscheme
Oceania ✔
(b)
Using the data, outline the different use of thiamethoxam in North and South America.
[1]
Markscheme
thiamethoxam is the most used in North America (but not in South America) / CONVERSE
OR
in South America they use different neonicotinoids to thiamethoxam ✔
OWTTE.
Allow numerical comparison.
The neonicotinoids can be used alone or together with other neonicotinoids. The
percentage of honey samples with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 different neonicotinoids in each
continent are shown in the stacked bar chart.

[Source: Republished with permission of American Association for the Advancement of

Science, from A worldwide survey of neonicotinoids in honey, Mitchell, E.A., et al., Science,
Volume 358, Issue 6359, 2017. Permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center,
Inc. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6359/109.full.]
(c)
Identify the total percentage of honey samples contaminated with neonicotinoid pesticides
in the continent with the lowest overall levels of contamination.

............%
[1]
Markscheme
57 (%) ✔
Allow range 56 % to 58 %.
In order to grow, honeybee larvae are fed royal jelly, a high energy food with very high
acetylcholine concentrations.
In an experiment, larvae were bred artificially on a diet with reduced acetylcholine content
in the royal jelly. The graph shows the mean survival rate of these larvae compared to
control larvae fed on a normal diet.

[Source: Wessler I, Gä rtner H-A, Michel-Schmidt R, Brochhausen C, Schmitz L, Anspach L, et

al. (2016) Honeybees Produce Millimolar Concentrations of Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine
for Breeding: Possible Adverse Effects of Neonicotinoids. PLOS ONE 11(6):e0156886.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156886 Copyright: © 2016 Wessler et al. This is an open access
article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.]
(d)
Deduce the conclusions that can be drawn from the data in the graph.
[2]
Markscheme
a. reduced acetylcholine does not affect larval survival in the first two days ✔
b. reduced acetylcholine causes increased mortality from day 3 onwards ✔
c. 90 % versus 40 % survival/other valid numerical comparison by day 5
OR
(much) greater decrease in survival occurs between days 4 and 5/by day 5 for the reduced
group ✔
Do not accept answers without times/ days.
(e)
Suggest a reason for the effect of a diet reduced in acetylcholine on the larval survival rate.
[1]
Markscheme
(larvae lacking acetylcholine/with reduced AcH cannot survive because) acetylcholine is a
neurotransmitter taking message from one neuron to another in synapses of nervous
tissues
OR
messages would not pass from one neuron to the other
OR
(larvae) unable to synthesise/produce AcH, so need it from their diet ✔
OWTTE.
The concentration of acetylcholine was measured in royal jelly produced by honeybees that
had never been exposed to neonicotinoids (control) and honeybees that had been exposed
for three weeks to two neonicotinoids; clothianidin and thiacloprid.

Wessler I, Gä rtner H-A, Michel-Schmidt R, Brochhausen C, Schmitz L, Anspach L, et al.

(2016) Honeybees Produce Millimolar Concentrations of Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine for
Breeding: Possible Adverse Effects of Neonicotinoids. PLOS ONE 11(6):e0156886.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156886 Copyright: © 2016 Wessler et al. This is an open access
article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.
(f)
Compare and contrast the effect of clothianidin and thiacloprid treatments on the
concentration of acetylcholine in royal jelly.
[2]
Markscheme
a. both neonicotinoids reduce the concentration of acetylcholine in royal jelly (compared to
control) ✔
b. clothianidin reduces the concentration of acetylcholine in royal jelly more than
thiacloprid (but perhaps not statistically different) ✔
c. clothianidin is used in smaller concentrations (than thiacloprid) so no firm conclusion
can be obtained ✔
Need one similarity and one difference.
(g)
Explain how neonicotinoids affect synaptic transmission in insects.
[3]
Markscheme
a. neonicotinoids bind to the (acetylcholine) receptor (in insects) ✔
b. (binding happens) in (cholinergic) synapses/at motor end plate/between motor neuron
and muscles ✔
c. neonicotinoids bind irreversibly (to receptors)
OR
(receptors are blocked so) acetylcholine is unable to bind ✔
d. acetylcholinesterase/enzymes cannot break down neonicotinoids ✔
e. (synaptic) transmission prevented ✔
f. (causing) insect paralysis/death ✔
(h)
Companies that manufacture neonicotinoid pesticides have argued that they do not cause
significant harm to honeybees. Construct an argument, based on the data in this question,
for serious concern about the manufacture and use of neonicotinoid pesticides.
[4]
Markscheme
a. neonicotinoids are used in every continent ✔
b. the choice of specific neonicotinoid varies considerably around the world ✔
c. neonicotinoids contaminate honey (so must get into honeybees) ✔
d. only a minority of honey samples from around the world contain no neonicotinoids ✔
e. neonicotinoids reduce the acetylcholine (content of royal jelly)
OR
only a small amount of clothianidin can reduce acetylcholine in royal jelly ✔
f. survival of honeybee larvae is lower if the acetylcholine is lower/content of royal jelly is
reduced ✔

13.
[Maximum mark: 5]
19M.2.SL.TZ1.4
The diagram shows the structure of an alveolus and an adjacent capillary.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
(a)
Outline the functions of type I and type II pneumocytes.
[2]
Markscheme
type I:
a. carry out gas exchange
OR
diffusion of gases/CO2/O2 ✔
type II:
b. secrete fluid/surfactant ✔
(b)
Explain how gases are exchanged between the air in the alveolus and the blood in the
capillaries.
[3]
Markscheme
a. O2 concentration in alveolar air greater than in capillary/blood «prior to gas exchange»
OR
hemoglobin in blood binds oxygen maintaining the concentration gradient ✔
b. O2 gas dissolves in water lining the alveolus ✔
c. O2 diffuses through wall of alveolus and capillary into blood ✔
d. CO2 concentration in blood greater than in alveolar air «prior to gas exchange» ✔
e. CO2 diffuses through wall of capillary and alveolus into alveolar airspace ✔

14.
[Maximum mark: 8]
19M.2.SL.TZ1.3
The diagram shows the human heart.

(a.i)
On the diagram, label the aorta.
[1]
Markscheme
both labelled clearly as in diagram ✔

[Source: BlueRingMedia/Shutterstock]
(a.ii)
On the diagram, label the right atrium.
[1]
Markscheme
both labelled clearly as in diagram ✔
[Source: BlueRingMedia/Shutterstock]
(b)
Explain how valves control the flow of blood through the heart.
[2]
Markscheme
a. valves open and close in response to changes in blood pressure/heart
contraction/pumping ✔
b. valve prevents backflow/maintains direction of blood flow ✔
c. valves allow heart chambers to fill/to empty ✔
(c)
Outline the causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.
[2]
Markscheme
a. coronary heart disease/CHD/coronary artery disease/CAD occurs when there is
reduction of oxygen to the heart muscle ✔
b. high ratio of LDL to HDL/fatty diet leads to plaque formation in arteries ✔
c. plaque breaks off causing damage that activates blood clot formation ✔
d. clots «in the bloodstream» may block a coronary artery/coronary thrombosis reducing
blood flow/oxygen
OR
clots can cause heart attack/muscle death ✔
e. sickle cell anemia «crisis» produces blood clots «that can cause coronary/arterial
blockage» ✔
(d)
Outline the role of lymphocytes in defence against disease.
[2]
Markscheme
a. produce antibodies ✔
b. memory cells confer immunity ✔
c. specific immunity results from production of antibodies specific to a particular antigen ✔
d. recognize pathogens ✔
e. destroy foreign cells/cancer cells ✔

15.
[Maximum mark: 12]
19M.2.SL.TZ1.1
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is the disease in humans and other primates that is caused by the
Ebola virus. Fruit bats are the reservoir for the virus and are able to spread the disease
without being affected. Humans can become infected by contact with fruit bats or with
people infected by the virus, their body fluids or equipment used to treat them.
The table shows data for four African countries that were affected by the 2014–2015 Ebola
outbreak.
[Source: adapted with permission, from Ebola Situation Report, figure 1,
http://apps.who.int/ebola/current-situation/ebolasituation-
report-2-march-2016, March 2016, and from Successful treatment of advanced Ebola virus
infection with T-705
(favipiravir) in a small animal model, Oestereich, L. et al, 2014, under CC BY 3.0]
(a.i)
Identify the country with the largest number of Ebola cases.
[1]
Markscheme
Sierra Leone ✔
(a.ii)
Identify the country with the largest number of deaths.
[1]
Markscheme
Liberia ✔
(b)
Analysis of the data suggests that the number of deaths from EVD is not related to the total
population size. State one piece of evidence from the data that would support this analysis.
[1]
Markscheme
country with biggest population/Mali has lowest number of deaths
OR
country with smallest population/Liberia has biggest number of deaths ✔
OWTTE
(c)
Based on the mode of transmission of the Ebola virus, suggest a possible reason for the
relationship between population density and the number of Ebola cases in these four
countries.
[1]
Markscheme
greater density means more frequent contact with infected people/animals ✔
Need both greater density and frequency of contact
The graphs show the progress of the EVD epidemic in Guinea and Liberia for the period
April 2014 to May 2015.

[Source: Ebola Situation Report 2 March 2016 and data from International Journal of
Infectious Diseases, 38,
Ligui Wang et al, Epidemiological features and trends of Ebola virus disease in West Africa,
52-53.,
Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier]
(d)
Based on the data, compare and contrast the progress of the epidemic in Liberia and
Guinea.
[3]
Markscheme
a. overall pattern similar in both/both show a rise and a fall in the infections ✔

b. both countries show an increase during 2014

OR
neither country shows an increase in 2015 ✔
c. both show a sudden drop at one point
OR
sudden drop earlier «Oct–Nov 14» in Liberia than in Guinea «Dec 14, Jan 15» ✔
d. Guinea fluctuates whereas Liberia rises to a peak and then decreases/no fluctuations ✔
e. epidemic starts earlier «in April 14» in Guinea than in Liberia «in June 14» ✔
f. epidemic peaks earlier «Sept 14» in Liberia than in Guinea «Dec 14» ✔
g. epidemic lasts longer in Guinea than it does in Liberia
OR
last case recorded in Liberia Feb 15 while cases continue «at least» until May 15 in Guinea
✔
h. numbers of cases in Guinea generally lower than in Liberia
OR
number of cases higher in Liberia than in Guinea ✔
(e)
Suggest two possible reasons for the drop in the daily numbers of newly infected cases
after October 2014 in Liberia.
[2]
Markscheme
a. improved medical care/support/supplies/equipment/training of
staff/hygiene/distribution of vaccine ✔

b. improved understanding of how to avoid infection «amongst public»/greater awareness

in society/better education✔
c. rise in number of deaths means fewer infectious individuals ✔
d. impact of disease control measures/control policies/quarantine/isolation ✔
e. drop in the number of fruit bats ✔
f. maybe seasonal changes/weather changes ✔
g. people may have left the area ✔
h. international aid arrives ✔
OWTTE
An antiviral drug, T-705, was tested in order to establish whether it has potential to treat
EVD. The graph shows the data from an in vitro trial of T-705 on cells that had been
infected with Ebola virus five days previously. Virus concentration and live cells are shown
as percentage of the control.
[Source: Oestereich, Lisa & Rieger, Toni & Neumann, Melanie & Bernreuther, Christian &
Lehmann, Maria & Krasemann,
Susanne & Wurr, Stephanie & Emmerich, Petra & de Lamballerie, Xavier & Ö lschlä ger,
Stephan & Gü nther, Stephan. (2014).
Evaluation of Antiviral Efficacy of Ribavirin, Arbidol, and T-705 (Favipiravir) in a Mouse
Model for Crimean-Congo
Hemorrhagic Fever. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 8. e2804.
10.1371/journal.pntd.0002804.]
(f)
Based on these data, outline the evidence that T-705 has potential to be used as a treatment
for EVD.
[2]
Markscheme
a. cells not killed/few cells killed «even at high concentrations» ✔
b. «T-705» effective/viruses reduced/viruses killed at 100 μM
OR
«T-705» very effective/viruses much reduced/nearly all viruses killed at 1000 μM ✔
c. virus concentration decreases as T-705 concentration increases ✔
d. drug has «high» potential for treatment «at high enough concentration» ✔
(g)
District administrators combatting the 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa were assisted
by international organizations such as the World Health Organization, who provided data
on the progress of the epidemic. Suggest one other way in which international
organizations can assist with combatting an epidemic of Ebola.
[1]
Markscheme
raise awareness/provide information for local population/supply health
workers/equipment/ train local staff/share expertise/provide financial support/provide
vaccine/travel ban alert to affected country ✔

16.
[Maximum mark: 15]
19M.2.SL.TZ1.8
(a)
Describe how detritivores obtain nutrition and the effects they have in ecosystems.
[4]
Markscheme
a. «detritivores» obtain nutrition from detritus/waste/dead bodies ✔
b. are heterotrophic ✔
c. removes large waste/cleans up the ecosystem
OR
helps control spread of disease ✔
d. facilitates further decomposition ✔
e. contribute to the supply of «inorganic» nutrients for autotrophs/nutrient cycling
OR
improve soil conditions/aeration ✔
(b)
Outline the role of amylase in digestion in humans.
[4]
Markscheme
a. amylase is an enzyme ✔
b. secreted by salivary glands/pancreas ✔
c. active/released into the mouth/small intestine ✔
d. acts on starch/polysaccharides ✔
e. breaks «glycosidic» bond by hydrolysis/adding water ✔
f. converts insoluble/large molecule to soluble/small molecules ✔
g. product is maltose/disaccharide/sugar molecule ✔
(c)
Explain how plants capture and use light in photosynthesis.
[7]
Markscheme
a. plants convert light energy into chemical energy by photosynthesis ✔
b. photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts ✔
c. chloroplasts «are organelles that» contain the pigment chlorophyll ✔
d. chloroplasts/chlorophyll «in plants» absorb sunlight ✔
e. «chlorophyll» absorbs red AND blue light most effectively ✔
f. light causes photolysis/splits water molecule ✔
g. carbon dioxide AND water are reactants «in photosynthesis» ✔
h. glucose AND oxygen are products «of photosynthesis» ✔
i. light intensity is a limiting factor for the rate of photosynthesis ✔
j. organic/carbon compounds/glucose provide food/stored energy «for plant itself,
animals,food chains» ✔
k. up to one additional mark for an accurate detail from AHL ✔

17.
[Maximum mark: 14]
19M.2.SL.TZ2.1
Mice (Mus musculus) have various defence systems against predators such as foxes (Vulpus
vulpus) or stoats (Mustela erminea). The mice release specific alarm compounds when
under threat that serve as danger signals for other mice. Predators also release scents that
the mice can detect.
In one study, mice were exposed to paper soaked in compounds taken from other mice,
foxes or stoats in a test chamber. The scientists then measured the reaction of three
different groups of neurons used in smelling: G1, G2 and G3, as shown in the diagram.
The percentage of G1, G2 and G3 neurons responding to the mouse, fox and stoat
compounds, as well as a control compound, are shown in the chart.

Percentage of response of neurons in mice

[Source: Julien Brechbü hl, et al., (2013), PNAS, 110 (12), pages 4762–4767]
(a)
State the percentage of G2 neurons in the mice that respond to the fox scent.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%
[1]
Markscheme
10–25 «%» ✔
(b)
Using evidence from the chart, identify, giving a reason, which group of neurons responded
most to the chemicals.
[1]
Markscheme
G1 always respond more than 25% «except control», while G2 and G3 always respond 25%
or less ✔
G1 always responds more than G2 and G3/all of the others ✔
OWTTE
The scientists recorded the neural traces (action and resting potentials) of six G1 neurons
exposed to the compounds from the different animals. The horizontal bar beneath each
trace corresponds to the time of exposure to the test compound.

[Source: adapted from J Brechbü hl, et al., (2013), PNAS, 110 (12), pages 4762–4767]
(c)
State the name of the instrument used to make these traces.
[1]
Markscheme
oscilloscope ✔
(d)
Distinguish between the effects of the mouse alarm compound and the effects of the control
compound on the G1 neurons.
[1]
Markscheme
mouse chemicals cause action potentials «in all six neurons» while control ones cause none
«remain in resting potential»/mouse chemicals cause greater responses ✔
OWTTE
(e)
Compare and contrast the effects of the mouse alarm compound and stoat scent on the G1
neurons.
[2]
Markscheme
a. both chemicals cause action potentials
OR
both chemicals respond in the majority of/five/most neurons ✔
b. stoat scent causes a higher action potential/longer/bigger response than mouse alarm
compound «in each neuron»
OR
neuron 2 reacts strongly to the stoat scent but has a minimal/no response to the mouse
alarm compound ✔
(f)
Deduce whether there is a correlation between the neural traces and the percentage of
responding G1 neurons.
[2]
Markscheme
a. there is a positive relationship/correlation between the size of neural traces and the
percentage of responding G1 neurons Accept vice versa
OR
the chemicals that cause stronger/higher neural traces also cause the greatest percentage
of responding G1 neurons ✔
b. fox and stoat scents have «approximately» the same/similar neural traces and the same
percentage of responding neurons/>75 % ✔
c. mouse alarm compounds cause smaller neural traces and smaller percentage of
responding neurons/25–75 % ✔
d. control chemicals have no response in both cases
OR
no percentage of «G1 neurons» response and no action potential «in neural traces» ✔
(g)
The molecular structures of the mouse alarm compound and fox scent are very similar.
Suggest an evolutionary advantage for this chemical similarity.
[1]
Markscheme
the mice would have the same response to another mouse’s danger signal as to the actual
presence of the predator/fox
OR
adaptation to fool predator by producing a scent similar to predator’s own scent
OR
allows a group response to a predator/fox/danger when just one mouse detects the danger
✔
Accept any other feasible answer.
Another study was carried out on the defence systems in aphids (Myzus persicae) which
feed on thale cress plants (Arabidopsis thaliana). Individual aphids release an alarm
compound containing the chemical (E)-β-farnesene (EBF) when attacked by a predator.
Other aphids are repelled and leave the thale cress plant or hide.
The gene for EBF was inserted to produce transgenic (T) thale cress plants to test aphid
reaction to EBF over several generations. Aphids were raised on wild type (W) thale cress
and then allowed to feed for three generations on either W or T thale cress. Aphids were
tested in each generation for their reaction when EBF was added to a choice chamber. The
percentages of aphids attracted to or repelled by EBF and those which made no choice
were recorded.
[Source: M De Vos, et al., (2010), PNAS, 107 (33), pages 14673–14678]
(h)
Identify, with a reason, the aphids that were most strongly repelled by EBF.
[1]
Markscheme
the aphids that were fed on wild-type thale cress/W as they had 80 % «or more» repelled
each generation/ always had the higher % response
OR
the aphids that fed on wild-type thale cress plants/W of G3 as they had «about» 85 %
repelled/had the higher % response ✔
Answer should refer to a percentage.
(i)
Outline the conclusions that can be drawn from the data in the graph for the group of
aphids fed for three generations on transgenic thale cress plants (T).
[2]
Markscheme
a. «over the generations» fewer are repelled by EBF ✔
b. «over the generations» more are attracted to EBF ✔
c. by G3 a «slight» increase in no choice ✔
d. aphids respond less to EBF/alarm compound if they feed on plants that produce
it/exposed to it constantly ✔
e. mutant aphids with attraction to transgenic plants can arise from aphids with no
attraction or repulsion to transgenic plants
OR
aphids with no attraction or repulsion to transgenic plants may produce new type of aphids
with attraction to transgenic plants ✔
(j)
Discuss whether natural selection would favour the transgenic EBF-producing thale cress
plants if they were released into the wild.
[2]
Markscheme
a. mutant aphids/varieties may be indifferent to/attracted to transgenic plants as these do
not present a hazard «not favour» ✔

b. initially/for limited time the plants would thrive as the aphids would be
«largely»repelled and thus not eat the plants «so natural selection would favour them» ✔
c. over time/in a few generations, the aphids population become more resistant/more
attracted/less repelled to EBF and return to feed on the plants so long-term benefit very
limited «so natural selection would not favour them» ✔
d. the aphids resistant to EBF would not respond to other aphid alarms and «likely»be
more readily eaten by predators «so the long-term benefit to plants could be supported by
natural selection» ✔
The answers must indicate whether natural selection would support or not for each
statement.

18.
[Maximum mark: 15]
19M.2.SL.TZ2.5
(a)
Outline four types of membrane transport, including their use of energy.
[4]
Markscheme
a. simple diffusion is passive movement of molecules/ions along a concentration gradient ✔
b. facilitated diffusion is passive movement of molecules/ions along a concentration
gradient through a protein channel «without use of energy» ✔
c. osmosis is the passage of water through a membrane from lower solute concentration to
higher ✔ OWTTE
d. active transport is movement of molecules/ions against the concentration
gradient«through membrane pumps» with the use of ATP/energy ✔ Active transport
requires mention of the use of energy.
e. endocytosis is the infolding of membrane/formation of vesicles to bring molecules into
cell with use of energy
OR
exocytosis is the infolding of membrane/formation of vesicles to release molecules from
cell with use of energy ✔
f. chemiosmosis occurs when protons diffuse through ATP synthase «in membrane» to
produce ATP ✔
The description of each type of transport should include the name and brief description.
mpa, mpb and mpc require reference to concentration.

(b)
Draw the structure of a dipeptide.
[3]
Markscheme
a. two amino acids, one with NH2/NH3+end and one with COOH/COO– end ✔
b. peptide bond between C=0 and N—H correctly drawn ✔
c. «chiral» C with H and R group on each amino acid ✔
d. peptide bond labelled/clearly indicated between C terminal of one amino acid and N
terminal of the second amino acid ✔
Labels not required for amino group and carboxyl group.
(c)
Explain the action of enzymes in digestion and the different roles of at least two named
enzymes that are produced in the pancreas.
[8]
Markscheme
a. enzymes catalyse/speed up chemical reactions/lower the energy needed ✔ OWTTE
b. have specific active sites to which specific substrates bind ✔
c. enzyme catalysis involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the
active site ✔ OWTTE
d. enzymes break macromolecules into monomers/smaller molecules indigestion ✔
e. smaller molecules/monomers more readily absorbed ✔
f. <<pancreas>> secretes enzymes into the «lumen of» small intestine ✔
g. the small intestine has an alkaline pH ✔
h. enzymes have maximum action at specific pHs
OR
enzymes can be denatured at other pHs ✔
i. amylase breaks down starch into sugars/disaccharides ✔
j. lipase breaks lipids/triglycerides into monoglycerides/fatty acids and glycerol ✔
k. endopeptidase/protease breaks «peptide» bonds in proteins/polypeptides ✔
l. accept any other valid pancreatic enzyme, substrate and product ✔
Award [6 max] if there is no mention of two specific groups of enzymes.
19.
[Maximum mark: 15]
19M.2.SL.TZ2.6
(a)
Describe briefly the endosymbiotic theory.
[3]
Markscheme
a. eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes ✔
b. prokaryotes engulfed other prokaryotes without digesting them ✔
c. engulfed aerobic cell/prokaryote became mitochondria ✔
d. engulfed photosynthetic cell/ prokaryotes became chloroplasts ✔
e. these organelles have a double membrane «due to the engulfing process» ✔
f. mitochondria/chloroplasts contain DNA/small ribosomes/70S ribosomes ✔
(b)
Outline how photosynthesis produces glucose.
[4]
Markscheme
a. solar/light energy is converted to chemical energy ✔
b. energy needed to produce glucose ✔
c. only specific wavelengths are absorbed by chlorophyll
OR
red and blue absorbed most strongly.
OR
chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs light energy ✔

d. H(+)/electrons from water are used to reduce compounds ✔

e. CO2 is absorbed/used/reduced to produce carbohydrates ✔
f. correct word/balanced symbol equation of photosynthesis ✔
Accept correct reference to NADPH/ATP from AHL.
(c)
Discuss the control of blood glucose levels and the consequences if they are not maintained.
[8]
Markscheme
control: [6 max]

a. homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment ✔

b. the pancreas produces hormones that control the levels of glucose ✔
c. if glucose levels in blood are high, beta-cells «of the pancreas» produce insulin ✔
d. «insulin» causes the cells to take up /absorb glucose ✔
e. liver stores excess glucose as glycogen ✔
f. if glucose levels in blood are low, alpha-cells «of the pancreas» produce glucagon ✔
g. «glucagon» causes the liver to break down glycogen into glucose ✔
h. «glucagon» increase levels of glucose in the blood ✔
i. negative feedback controls the glucose levels ✔ OWTTE
consequences:
j. if the pancreas produces little/no insulin a person can develop type I diabetes ✔
k. a person with type I diabetes «usually» needs/is dependent on injections of insulin ✔
l. type II diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin/cells do not respond
to insulin ✔
m. type II diabetes can «sometimes» be controlled by diet and exercise ✔
n. named consequence of having diabetes «eg: eye damage» ✔
Award [6 max] if no consequences are given.

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