Topic- SPSS Software

Subject: Business Research Methodology Lab

Subject Code: 213

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr.Laxmi Vikas Thakran

09590101721

BBA General

Semester-3/B
 Table of Contents

S.No. Content Page no.

1 Introduction to SPSS 1

2 How to Install SPSS? 2-4

3 Views in SPSS 5

4 Data entries in SPSS 6

5 Import Data in SPSS 7

6 Attributes: Value, Labels 8

7 Descriptive Statistics in SPSS- Frequency tables and Percentages, 9-11

Charts
8 Independent T-test 12-13

9 ANOVA- One Way test 14-15

10 Chi-square test 15-17

 INTRODUCTION

What is SPSS?

SPSS Statistics is a statistical software suite developed by IBM for data management,
advanced analytics, multivariate analysis, business intelligence and criminal investigation.
Long ago produced by SPSS Inc., it was acquired by IBM in 2009. Current versions (post
2015) have the brand name: IBM SPSS Statistics.

The software name originally stood for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences,
reflecting the original market, then later changed to Statistical Product and Service
Solutions.

SPSS was released in its first version in 1968 but now there are 29 versions of SPSS as of
September 2022.

Features of SPSS software:

 Easy to Learn and use.

 It includes full range of data management systems and editing tools.
 It provides in-depth statistical capabilities.
 It provides plotting, reporting and presentation features.

Uses of SPSS software:

 Data entering and data cleaning

 Descriptive analysis and output
 Parametric and non-parametric tests of relationship and differences
 Qualitative, Quantitative, market research trends
 Data management and documentation
 Predictive analysis
 Health statistics
 Surveys
 Data mining

Limitations of SPSS software:

 Requires training
 Expensive
 Limited data visualization capabilities
 Graphing features not as simple as Excel
How to Install SPSS in PC?

1) Open IBM statistics file

A drop box will appear, Click NEXT.

2) Click on „I accept the terms in license agreement‟, Click NEXT.

3) Again accept the terms in license agreement , Click NEXT.

4) Choose the location for SPSS if you wish to change it, Click NEXT.
5) Click INSTALL to begin the installation.

6) A drop box will appear showing the status of the files for installation.

7) Click on „Start ibm spss statistics‟, Click NEXT.

8) Click FINISH. The software is now ready to run on your window.
Views in SPSS:

1) Data view

Data view is used to enter the data. The “Data View” tab shows the variables in columns and
each observation in rows, which is most useful to look at the actual values presented in the
dataset.

2) Variable View

Variable View contains descriptions of the attributes of each variable in the data file. In
Variable View: Rows are variables. Columns are variable attributes such as: Type, name,
decimal, measure, label, width, values, align etc.
Data entries in SPSS:

Data can be entered into SPSS by selecting the cell in data view. The variables will be named
as „Var0001 or Var0002‟ and so on but the user can edit the variable names as per
requirements.

The data entered in the data view will automatically be entered into variable view for further
analysis and tests.

For example:

The pictures below shows 2 ways to edit the variable names.

Import Data in SPSS:

Steps:

1. Go to File
2. Click on OPEN or click on IMPORT DATA to select a file from a particular location.

3. Change the extension from „.sav‟ to „.xlsx‟ incase of excel file. Look in for the
location and select the file to be imported.
Value and Labels

These are the attributes of a variable.

Steps:

1. In Variable view, Select a variable to add a label.

2. In the VALUES column click on „None‟.
3. Click on „…‟ the elipses.
4. A dialogue box will appear, assign the values and labels for the variable.
5. Click on „Add‟ or „+‟ button to add more labels.
6. Click on OK, the labels are added and this can be seen in Data view.
7. Go to Data view
8. Click on

For example:

 Variable Gender is a categorical variable with two categories: Male and Female.
Category Female is assigned 2 as a value
Category male is assigned 1 as a value

In the gender column, digit 1 &2 represent male and female

respectively.
Descriptive statistics and Frequencies in SPSS:

Descriptive statistics are statistics that describe a variable's central tendency (the 'middle' or
expected value) and dispersion (the distribution of the variable's responses).

Steps:

1. Click on „Analyze‟ tab in menu bar.

2. Select „Descriptive statistics‟.
3. Select „Frequencies‟
4. Select the variables to be analyzed and drag & drop in Variable box.
5. Click on „Statistics‟ to select the measures of central tendency or spread.
6. Click on „Charts‟ to create charts like: Histogram, Bar chart, Pie charts etc.

For example: This is a data set which is analyzed to calculate measures of central tendency.

FREQUENCY STATISTICS:
CHARTS:
INDEPENDENT T-TEST IN SPSS:

The Independent Samples t Test compares the means of two independent groups in order to
determine whether there is statistical evidence that the associated population means are
significantly different. The Independent Samples t Test is a parametric test.

Steps:

1. Go to Analyze tab
2. Click on „Compare means and Proportions‟
3. Click on „Independent-Samples t Test‟
4. A dialogue box will appear, select the Test variable(s) and Grouping variables(s).
5. The dependent continuous variable will be moved to Test variable section and the
independent categorical variable will be moved to Grouping variable section.
6. Click on „Define groups‟
7. Type in the numbers used in the data set to code each group
8. Click on OK
Interpretation of output:

There was a significant difference in the data for Male and Female.

Male mean=1.9474, Female mean=1.6875, mean difference= -0.25987.

Conditions; t(33)=-0.773, p=0.445

As the value of p=0.4, there is moderate effect on the independent variable. P is greater than
the significant value therefore the sample provides strong enough evidence to conclude that
the two population means are equal.

The result is insignificant. We fail to reject the null hypothesis as no statistical significance
exists.
ANOVA-One Way test

The One-Way ANOVA is commonly used to test the following: Statistical differences among
the means of two or more groups. Statistical differences among the means of two or more
interventions. Statistical differences among the means of two or more change scores.

Steps:

1. Click on Analyze
2. Click on Compare Means and proportions
3. Click on One-Way ANOVA.
4. Add the variable Sprint to the Dependent List box, and add the variable Smoking to
the Factor box.
5. Click Options. Check the box for Means plot, then click Continue.
6. Click OK when finished.
Interpretation of output:

Spending on coca cola: The means are significantly different, F(33,34)=2.063,p=0.160

Our obtained F of 2.063 (2.346/1.138) is less than F rcitical, p is greater than 0.05.

If Fcal < Fcrit, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there are no significant
differences between the groups.
CHI-SQUARE FOR INDEPENDENCE

This test is used to explore the relationship between two categorical variables. Each of these
variables can have two or more categories. It is based on a crosstabulation table, with cases
classified according to the categories in each variable.

Steps:

1. Click on Analyze
2. Click on Descriptive
statistics
3. Click on crosstabs
4. Move one of your
categorical variable into the
box marked Rows
5. Move the other categorical
variable into the box marked
Columns
6. Click on the statistics button
and tick the Chi-square and
Phi and cramer‟s V
7. Click on Continue
8. Click on the Cells button in
the Counts box make sure there is a tick for observed, in the percentages section.
9. Click on the row,column and total boxes
10. Click on Continue
11. Click on OK
Interpretation Of output:

There were 106 valid cases and no missing cases.

If we look at the Pearson Chi-square, the value of Chi-square is 2.452.

P=0.117, P is greater than 0.05. The results are insignificant.

The data suggests that the variables are not associated with each other, they are independent.

There is no relationship between The price and possibility of buying again coca cola.