Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics

CHEMISTRY

A2
WORKSHEET#1

ENERGETICS

COMPILED BY:
KAMRAN SHAHZAD
 Cell# 0314 538 9234
 E-mail: shahzadkamran@hotmail.com
Q1. (a). (i). Predict the sign of for this reaction. Explain your answer.

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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[1]
The free energy change, , for this reaction at 1000 K is +51 kJ mol-1.
(ii). Calculate the value of for this reaction, stating its units.

= ………………………………units ……………………………
[2]
(b). How would the value of , and hence the spontaneity (feasibility) of this reaction
change as the temperature increases? Explain your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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[2]
M/J-16-41
Q2. Chromyl chloride CrO2Cl2, can be prepared by heating a mixture of potassium dichromate(VI)
and potassium chloride with concentrated sulfuric acid.

Use the following data to complete the Hess’ Law cycle and calculate the enthalpy change of
the reaction,

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics

= ……………………………………kJ mol-1
[2]
M/J-16-41
Q3. The ionic equation for this reaction is shown.

Construct a fully labelled Hess’ Law cycle to connect each side of this equation to the relevant
gas phase ions.

Use your cycle, the following data, and data from the Data Booklet, to calculate a value for x.

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x = ……………………………….kJ mol-1
[4]
(a). The standard enthalpy change for the reaction between Ca(s) and CH 3CO2H(aq) is less
negative than x by 2 kJ mol-1.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
M/J-16-42
Q4. (a). (i). What is meant by the term standard enthalpy change of hydration,

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2]
(ii). Use the following data to calculate the lattice energy, of calcium
nitrate, Ca(NO3)2(s). You may find it helpful to construct an energy cycle.

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Ca(NO3)2(s) = ………………………………. kJ mol-1

[3]
(b). The standard enthalpy change of hydration for is – 1305 kJ mol-1.

Suggest an explanation for why the of the Ba2+ ion is less exothermic than the
of the Ca2+ ion.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
M/J-15-42
Q5. (a). The dissolving of an ionic compound in water is accompanied by an energy change,
the enthalpy change of solution,

Describe, in terms of bond breaking and bond making, what happens to the solid ionic
lattice when an ionic compound dissolves in water.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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[2]
(b). (i). What is meant by the term enthalpy change of solution,

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
(ii). Use the following data to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
hydration, of chloride ions, Cl-(g).
You may find it helpful to construct an energy cycle.

………………………………………….kJ mol-1
[2]
+ -1
(iii). The enthalpy change of hydration for Na , is 410 kJ mol .
Suggest an explanation for why the of the Na+ ion is less exothermic
than the of the Mg2+ ion.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(c). Describe and explain how the solubility of the Group II sulfates varies down the group.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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[4]
O/N-15-43
Q6. (i). Use the following data, together with relevant data from the Data Booklet, to
calculate a value for the lattice energy of strontium chloride. You may find it helpful
to construct a Born-Haber cycle.

Electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms -349 kJ mol-1

Standard enthalpy of atomization of Sr(s) +164 kJ mol-1
Standard enthalpy of formation of SrCl2(s) -830 kJ mol-1

Lattice energy = ………………………….. kJ mol-1

[5]
O/N-14-43

Q7. (a). Copper (I) oxide and copper (II) oxide can both be used in the ceramic industry to
give blue, green or red tints to classes, glazes and enamels.

The table lists the values for some compounds.

Compounds /kJ mol-1

Cu2O(s) -168.6

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CuO(s) -157.3
Cu(NO3)2(s) -302.9
NO2(g) +33.2

(i). Copper (II) oxide can be produced in a pure form by heating copper (II) nitrate.
Use suitable values from the table to calculate the for this reaction.

Cu(NO3)2(s) CuO(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)

= ……………………………………kJ mol-1
(ii). Copper (I) oxide can be produced from copper (II) oxide.

 Use suitable values from the table to calculate for the

reaction.

2CuO(s) Cu2O(s) + O2(g)

= ……………………………………kJ mol-1
 Hence suggest whether a low or a high temperature of oxidation would
favour the production of copper (I) oxide. Explain your reasoning.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

………………………………………………………………………………………………………......
[4]
M/J-14-41

Q8. (a). (i). Write an equation to represent the lattice energy of PbCl2. Show state symbols.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii). Use the following data, together with appropriate data from the data booklet,
to calculate a value for the lattice energy of Pbcl2.

Electron affinity of chlorine = -349 kJ mol-1

Enthalpy change of atmisation of lead = +195 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy change of formation of PbCl2(s) = -359 kJ mol-1

Lattice energy = ……………………………….

(iii). How might the lattice energy of PbCl2 compare to that of PbBr2? Explain your
answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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[6]

M/J-14-42
Q9. (a). Ethane reacts with chlorine according to the following equation.

(i). State the conditions needed for this reaction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii). State the type of reaction occurring here.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

One of the steps during this reaction is the following process.

(iii). Use the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change, ∆H, of this step.

∆H = ……………………………………..kJ mol-1

(iv). Use the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change, ∆H, of the similar
reaction:

∆H = ………………………………………kJ mol-1

(v). Hence suggest why it is not possible to make iodoethane by reacting together
iodine and ethane.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[6]
O/N-13-42

Q10. (a). (i). What is meant by the term lattice energy?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii). Write an equation to represent the lattice energy of MgO.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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[3]
(b). The apparatus shown in the diagram can be used to measure the enthalpy change of
formation of magnesium oxide ,(MgO).

List the measurements you would need to make this apparatus in order to calculate
(MgO).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3]

(c). Use the following data, together with appropriate data from the Data Booklet, to
calculate a value of (MgO).

Lattice energy of MgO(s) = -3791 kJ mol-1

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Enthalpy change of atomisatioo of Mg = +148 kJ mol-1

Electron affinity of the oxygen atom = -141 kJ mol-1

Electron affinity of the oxygen anion, O- = +798 kJ mol-1

(MgO) = ………………………………………. kJ mol-1

[3]

(d). Write equations, including state symbols, for the reactions, if any, of the following two
oxides with water. Suggest values for the pH of the resulting solutions.

[3]

M/J-12-41

Q11. (a). (i). What is meant by the term enthalpy change of hydration, ∆Hѳ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........

(ii). Write an equation that represents the of the Mg2+ ion.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........

(iii). Suggest a reason why of the Mg2+ ion is greater than of the Ca2+
ion.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........

(iv). Suggest why it is impossible to determine the enthalpy change of hydration of

the oxide ion, O2-.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........

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[5]

(b). The enthalpy change of solution for MgCl2, is represented by the

following equation.

Describe the simple apparatus you could use, and the measurements you would

make, in order to determine a value for in the laboratory.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...................

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...................

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...................

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[4]

(c). The table below shows lists data relevant to the formation of MgCl2 (aq).

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By constructing relevant thermochemical cycles, use the above data to calculate a

value for

(i)

= ….…………………………………… kJ mol-1

(ii). (Cl-(g)).

= ……………………………………… kJ mol-1
[3]
M/J-12-42

Q12. Carbon monoxide, CO, occurs in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines.

(a). (i). Suggest a dot-and-cross diagram for CO.

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(ii). Suggest one reason why CO is produced in addition to CO 2 in some internal

combustion engines.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........

(iii). Carbon monoxide can be removed from the exhaust gases by a catalytic
converter. Write an equation for a reaction that occurs in a catalytic converter
that removes CO.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........
[3]

(b). The standard enthalpy change of formation, , of CO is -111 kJ mol-1, and that of
CO2 is -394 kJ mol-1.

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction.

= ……………………………………….. kJ mol-1
[2]
M/J-12-42
Q13. (a). The halogens chlorine and bromine react readily with hydrogen.

(i). Describe how you could carry out this reaction using chlorine.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics
(ii). Describe two observations you would make if this reaction was carried out with
bromine.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii). Use bond energy data from the Data Booklet to calculate the for this
reaction when.

X = Cl,

= …………………………………………… kJ mol-1

X = Br.

= …………………………………………… kJ mol-1

(iv). What is the major reason for the difference in these two values?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[8]

(b), Some halogens also react readily with methane.

(i). What conditions are needed to carry out this reaction when X is bromine, Br?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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(ii). Use bond energy data from the Data Booklet to calculate the of this
reaction for the situation where X is iodine, I.

= ………………………………………………….. kJ mol-1

(iii). Hence suggest why it is not possible to make iodomethane, CH3I, by this
reaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[4]

O/N-11-42

Q14. Taken together, nitrogen and oxygen make up 99% of the air. Oxygen is by far the more
reactive of the two gases, and most of the substances that react with air combine with the
oxygen rather than with the nitrogen.

(a). State one reason why the molecule of nitrogen, N2, is so unreactive.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

Despite the apparent lack of reactivity of N 2, nitrogen atoms have been found to form
bonds with almost all of the elements in the Periodic Table. Lithium metal reacts with
nitrogen gas at room temperature to give lithium nitride, Li 3N. Magnesium produces
magnesium nitride, Mg3N2, as well as magnesium oxide, when heated in air.

(b). Calculate the lattice energy of magnesium nitride using the following data, in addition
to relevant data from the Data Booklet.

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics

Lattice energy = ………………………………….. kJ mol-1

[3]
M/J-11-41

Q15. (a). Write a balanced equation for the reaction of each of the following chlorides with
water.

Phosphorus (V) chloride ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Silicon (IV) chloride ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[2]
(b). When sulfur is heated under pressure with chlorine, the major product is
SCl2 (CL-S-Cl).

Use data from the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change, ∆H, for this reaction.
The eight sulfur atoms in the S8 molecule are all joined in a single ring by single bonds.

∆H = ……………………………………………. kJ mol-1

[2]

O/N-10-41

Q16. (a). Describe and explain how the solubilities of the sulfates of the Group II elements vary

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down the group.

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[3]

(b). The following tables lists some enthalpy changes for magnesium and strontium
compounds.

(i). Use the above data to calculate values of for Mg(OH)2 and for
Sr(OH)2.

Mg(OH)2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

= ……………………………………………. kJ mol-1

Sr(OH)2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics

= ……………………………………………. kJ mol-1

(ii). Use your results in (i) to suggest whether Sr(OH)2 is more or less soluble in
water than is Mg(OH)2. State any assumptions you make.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(iii). Suggest whether Sr(OH)2 would be more or less soluble in hot water than in
cold.

Explain your reasoning.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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[5]
M/J-10-42
Q17. Calcium chloride, CaCl2, is an important industrial chemical used in refrigeration plants, for
de-icing roads and for giving greater strength to concrete.
(a). Show by means of an equation what is meant by the lattice energy of calcium chloride.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
(b). Suggest, with an explanation, how the lattice energies of the following salts might
compare in magnitude with that of calcium chloride.

(i). Calcium fluoride, CaF2

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii). Calcium sulfide, CaS

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3]
(c). Use the following data, together with additional data from the Data Booklet, to
calculate the lattice energy of CaCl2.

Standard enthalpy change of formation of CaCl2 -796 kJ mol-1

Standard enthalpy change of atomization of Ca(s) +178 kJ mol-1
Electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms -349 kJ mol-1

Lattice energy = …………………………………………………………….. kJ mol-1

[3]
(d). When a solution of CaCl2 is added to a solution of the dicarboxylic acid, malonic acid,
the salt calcium malonate is precipitated as a white solid. The solid has the following
composition by mass: Ca, 28.2 %; C, 25.2 %; H, 1.4 %; O, 45.2 %.

(i). Calculate the empirical formula of calcium malonate from these data.

(ii). Suggest the structural formula of malonic acid.

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[3]
O/N-09-41
Q18. (c). (i). Use the following data and data from the Data Booklet to construct a Born-
Haber cycle and calculate the lattice energy of BaS.

Standard enthalpy change of formation of BaS(s) -460 kJ mol-1

Standard enthalpy change of atomization of Ba(s) +180 kJ mol-1
Standard enthalpy change of atomization of S(s) +279 kJ mol-1

Electron affinity of the sulfur atom -200 kJ mol-1

Lattice energy = …………………………………………… kJ mol-1

(ii). Explain whether the magnitude of the lattice energy of BaS is likely to be
greater or less than that of BaO.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[4]

O/N-09-42

Q19. (a). What is meant by the term bond energy?

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b). Describe and explain what is observed when a red-hot wire is plugged into separate
samples of the gaseous hydrogen halides HCl and HI.

How are bond energy values useful in interpreting these observations?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3]

(c). The following reaction occurs in the gas phase.

Use these and other data from the Data Booklet to calculate the average bond energy
of the Cl-F bond in ClF3.
[2]
O/N-09-42

Q20. (b). The standard enthalpy changes of formation of lead (II) chloride and lead (IV)
chloride are given in the following table.

Use these data, and also bond energy data from the Data Booklet, to calculate the
enthalpy changes for the following two reactions.

= ………………………………… kJ mol-1

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= ………………………………… kJ mol-1
(iii). Make use of your answer to parts (i) and (ii) to suggest how the relative
stabilities of the two oxidation states vary down the Group.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]
O/N-07-04
Q21. Zinc chloride is one of the most important compounds of zinc. It is used in dry cell batteries, as
a flux for soldering and tinning, as a corrosion inhibitor in cooling towers and in the
manufacture of rayon.

(a). Draw a fully labelled diagram to show how you could use a standard hydrogen
electrode to measure the standard electrode potential, EΘ, of zinc.

[6]
(b). The electrolysis of zinc chloride can give different electrode products, depending on
the conditions used.

Suggest the products formed at each electrode in the following cases. One space has
been filled in for you.

Conditions Product at anode Product at cathode

ZnCl2(I) chlorine
ZnCl2 (concentrated aqueous)
ZnCl2 (dilute aqueous)

[3]
(c). Use the following data, together with relevant data from the Data booklet, to construct a
Born-Harber cycle and calculate a value for the lattice energy of zinc chloride.

Standard enthalpy change of formation of ZnCl2 -415 kJ mol-1

Standard enthalpy change of atomization of Zn(s) +131 kJ mol-1
Electron affinity per mole of chlorine atom -349 kJ mol-1
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Lattice energy = ………………………………………………….. kJ mol-1

[3]
M/J-07-04

Q22. Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system.

(a). Assume the entropy, S, for H2O is zero at 0 K.
Sketch a graph on the axes to show how the entropy changes for H2O between 0 K and
300 K.

[2]
(b). Place one tick () in each row of the table to show the sign of the entropy changes,
∆S.

[1]
(c). The equation for a reaction that produces methanol is shown.

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Use relevant bond energies from the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change,
∆H, for this gas phase reaction.

∆H = …………………………………… kJ mol-1
[2]
(d). At 298 K, both products of this reaction are liquid.

Standard entropies are shown I the table.

(i). Calculate the standard entropy change, for this reaction.

= ………………………………….. JK-1 mol-1

[2]
(ii). Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change for this reaction at
298 K.

=………………………………… kJ mol-1
[2]
(iii). Predict the effect of increasing the temperature on the feasibility of this
reaction.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]
O/N-18-41
Q23. (a). Calcium nitride, Ca3N2, reacts readily with water to form a white precipitate
suspended in an alkaline solution. The oxidation number of nitrogen does not change
during the reaction.
Construct an equation for the reaction of Ca3N2 with water.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]

(b). The enthalpy changes of solution, of the hydroxides of the Group 2 elements
become less endothermic down the group.
State and explain the trend in the solubilities of the Group 2 hydroxides.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3]
(c). Complete the energy cycle to show the enthalpy changes that occur in the
transformations between aqueous ions, gaseous ions and an ionic solid.

On your diagram label each enthalpy change with its appropriate symbol; lattice
energy, enthalpy change of hydration, or enthalpy change of solution,

.
Complete the three arrows shown the correct direction of each enthalpy change.

[3]
O/N-18-42

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Q24. (a). Some values for standard enthalpy changes of formation, and standard
entropies, are given in the table.

(i). Define the meaning of the term entropy.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]
Hydrazine, N2H4, can be produced from chloramine and ammonia as shown.

(ii). Calculate the standard entropy change, , for this reaction.

=………………………………………… JK-1 mol-1

[1]
(iii). Calculate the standard enthalpy change, for this reaction.

= …………………………………. kJ mol-1
[1]
(iv). Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, for t his reaction at
298 K.

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics

= …………………………………………… kJ mol-1
[2]
(v). Explain, with reference to why this reaction becomes less feasible at
higher temperature.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
O/N-18-42

Q25. (a). Use the data below, and other suitable data from the Data Booklet, to calculate the
lattice energy of sodium oxide,

= ………………………………………. kJ mol-1
[4]

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics
(b). State how Na2S(s) differs from Na2O(s).
Indicate this by placing a tick () in the appropriate box in the table.

Explain your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
M/J-18-41

Q26. (a). (i). Silicon tetrachloride can be prepared according to reaction 1.

Calculate the standard entropy of chlorine, . Show all your working.

= ……………………………….. JK-1 mol-1

[2]
(ii). Explain why the entropy change for reaction n1 is negative.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1]
(b). The standard enthalpy changes of formation of silicon tetrachloride,
Is -640 kJ mol-1.

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Reaction 1 is spontaneous at lower temperatures, but it is not spontaneous at very
high temperature.
Calculate the temperature above which reaction 1 is not spontaneous.

Temperature = ………………………………. K
[2]
M/J-18-42

Q27. (a). The arrangement of the anions around a cation is called the geometry of the caption;
e.g. in the geometry of copper is tetrahedral and the co-ordination number
of copper is 4.
The geometry of a cation in an ionic compound can be predicted from the ratio of the
ionic radii of the cation and anion involved.

Use date from the Data Booklet to predict the geometry of, and hence the co-
ordination number of, the cation for
 Sodium chloride, NaCl,

Geometry of Na+ = ………………………… Co-ordination number of Na+ ………………………

 Magnesium chloride, MgCl2

Geometry of Mg2+ = ..………………… co-ordination number of Mg2+ = ……………………….

[2]

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(b). Magnesium (I) chloride, MgCl, is an unstable compound and readily decomposes as
shown.

Use the following data to calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction.

Enthalpy change = ……………………………….. kJ mol-1

[1]
O/N-17-42

Q28. (a). Describe and explain the variation in the solubilities of the hydroxides of the Group 2
elements.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[4]
The table lists the standard enthalpy changes of formation, for some compounds
and aqueous ions.

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(b). (i). Reaction 1 occurs when CO2(g) is bubbled through an aqueous solution of
Ba(OH)2.
Use the data in the table to calculate the standard enthalpy change for reaction
1,

= ………………………………. kJ mol-1
[2]

If CO2(g) is bubbled through an aqueous solution of Ba(OH)2 for a long time, the
precipitated BaCO3(s) dissolves, as shown in reaction 2.

The standard enthalpy change for reaction 2,

(ii). Use this information and the data in the table to calculate the standard
enthalpy change of formation of the HCO3 – (aq) ion.

………………………………… kJ mol -1
[2]

(iii). The overall process is shown by reaction 3.

Use your answer to (ii), and the data given in the table, to calculate the
standard enthalpy change for reaction 3,

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics

………………………………………. kJ mol-1
[1]
(iv). How would the value of compare with the value of for the similar
reaction with Ca(OH)2 (aq) as shown in reaction 4?
Explain your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]

(c). The standard entropy change for reaction 1 is

Suggest, with a reason, how the standard entropy change for reaction 3 might
compare with

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
M/J-17-41
Q29. (a). (i). Describe and explain the variation in the thermal stabilities of the carbonates
of the Group 2 elements.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3]

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics
(ii). Suggest and explain a reaction why sodium carbonate is more stable to heat
then magnesium carbonate.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
(b). Sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3, and potassium hydrogencarbonate, KHCO3,
decomposes on heating to produce gases and the solid metal carbonate.
(i). Write an equation for the decomposition of KHCO3.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]
(ii). Predict which of NaHCO3 or KHCO3 will decompose at the lower temperature.
Explain your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]

(c). (i). Use the data in the table below, and relevant data from the Data Booklet to
calculate the lattice energy, of potassium oxide, K2O(s).

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics

= ……………………………………… kJ mol-1
[3]
(ii). State whether the lattice energy of Na2O would be more negative, less
negative or the same as that K2O. Give reasons for your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
M/J-17-42

ANSWERS SHEET
1. (a). (i). will be positive, because more gas moles on the RHS/products [1]
(ii). [1]

(b). will become less positive/more negative as T increases,

. . . because is positive (or – T is more negative)
. . . therefore the reaction becomes more feasible/spontaneous as T increases [2]

2. (a). ∆H = [2(-580) + 3 (-286) + 3(-1438)] – [-2061 + 4(-437) + 3(-814)]

= -81 kJ mol-1 [2]

3. [4]

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics

(a). CH3CO2H is incompletely ionized/weak acid/weaker acid [2]

-1
enthalpy change of ionization (of CH3COOH) is +2 kJ mol
or energy needed to ionize/dissociate (CH3COOH)

4. (a). (i). (energy change when) 1 mole of ions [2]

gaseous (ions) dissolve in water (to form an infinitely dilute solution)
or gaseous (ions) form an aqueous solution
(ii). [3]

-2259 kJ mol-1
(b). Ca(2+) is a smaller (ion or Ca(2+) has a larger charge density [2]
2+
Ca( ) has a stronger attraction / bond to H2O

5. (a). ionic bonds break / bonds between Mg2+ and Cl- break [2]
forces / bonds / attractions form between the ions and water
(b). (i). (the energy change) when 1 mole of a substance dissolves in water / becomes aq [1]
(ii).
[2]

(iii). magnesium / Mg is higher charge / sodium / Na is smaller charge [2]

magnesium / Mg is smaller / sodium Na is larger
Mg stronger attraction for water / Na weaker attraction for water any two
(c). solubility decreases [4]
lattice energy and hydration enthalpy decrease
hydration enthalpy decreases more rapidly / is dominant factor
so (enthalpy change of) solution becomes less exothermic / more endothermic.

6. Lattice energy = ∆ H f(SrCl2)−Δ H atom( Sr ) + Δ H 11( Sr ) + Δ H 12( Sr ) + Δ H atom( Cl )+ 2 Δ H ea( Cl )

= +(-830) – (+ 164 + 548 + 1060 + 242 + (2 x -349))

= -2146 (kJ mol-1)

7. (i). = +2 x 33.2 – 157.3 + 302.9 = (+) 212 kJ mol-1 ecf [2]

(ii). = -168.6 + 2 x 157.3 = (+) 146 kJ mol-1 allow ecf from (c)(i) high T/temperature since Δ H is
positive/endothermic. [1] [1]

8. (i). [1]
(ii).

-395 = 195 + 242 + 716 +1450 – 2 x 349 + LE

LE = 2 x 349 – 359 – 195 – 242 – 716 – 1450
LE = -2264 (kJ mol-1) [3]

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics
(iii). LE(PbCl2) > LE(PbBr2) or more exothermic or stronger lattice. [1]
because Cl-/chloride anion has smaller radius/size than Br-/bromide. [1]

9. (i). light/UV/hv or 300oC [1]

(ii). (free) radical substitution [1]

(iii). [1]

(iv). ecf [1]

(v). The reaction with iodine is endothermic or is positive or requires energy. [1]

(vi). [1]
[1]
[1]

10. (a). (i). the enthalpy change/released when 1 mole is formed [1]
of ionic lattice from the gas phase ions. [1]
(ii). Mg2+ + O2- MgO [1]
(b). measurements needed:
Volume/mass/weight of water (in calorimeter) [1]
Initial + final temperature/temperature change/temperature rise (of the water) [1]
Mass of Mg (used)/mass MgO [1]
Not volume/moles/massof oxygen used

(c). = 148 + 736 + 1450 + 496/2 – 141 + 798 – 3791

= - 522 kJ mol-1 [3]
(d).

[3]

11. (a). (i). enthalpy/energy change/released when 1 mol of ions … [1]

in the gas phase (are dissolved in) water [1]
(ii). Mg2+ (g) + aq (or H2O) Mg2+ (aq) or [Mg(H2O)6]2+ [1]
(iii). Mg2+ has a smaller radius/size or greater charge density than Ca2+ (ions required) [1]
2- - 2- -
(iv). O reacts with water to give OH or equation: O + H2O 2OH [1]
(b). (apparatus: “insulated” calorimeter, water and thermometer)
 measure (known volume/mass of) water or stated volume of water (into calorimeter) [1]
 take the temperature (of the water – NOT the MgCl2) [1]
 weigh out known mass of MgCl2 or stated mass of MgCl2 [1]
 take final/highest/constant temperature or record temperature change/rise [1]
(c). (i) = 641 – 801 = -160 kJ mol-1 [1]
= (1890 – 2526 – 160)/2 = -398 kJ mol-1 [2]

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics
12. (a). (i).

[1]
(ii). Incomplete combustion (of hydrocarbon fuels) or insufficient O2/air [1]
(ii)

Equation needs to be balanced. [1]

(b). [2]

13. (a). (i). either burn or shine light/uv on mixture of H2 + Cl2 but NOT heat [1]
(ii). Red/orange/brown colour of bromine decolourises/disappears
steamy/misty white fumes produced
container gets warm/hot [2]
(iii). H – H = 436 Cl – Cl = 244 H – Cl = 431

∆ H = 436 + 244 – 2 (431) = - 182 kJ mol-1 [2]

H – H = 436 Br – Br = 193 H – Br = 366

∆ H = 436 + 193 – 2 (366) = - 103 kJ mol -1

[2]

(iv). H – Br bond is weaker than the H – Cl bond – allow converse. [1]

(b). (i). light [1]

(ii). Bonds broken = c – H and I – I = 410 + 151 = 561
Bonds made = c – H and I – I = 240 + 299 = 539

∆H = 551 – 539 = + 22 kJ mol-1 [2]

(iii). The overall reaction is endothermic or no strong bonds/only weak bonds are formed or high Eact [1]

14. (a). N = N triple bond is (very) strong

or the N2 molecule has no polarity [1]

(b). 3Mg(s) 3Mg2+(g) ∆ H 1 = 3 x 148 + 3 x 2168 = 7002

N2(g) 2N3-(g) ∆ H 2 = 994 + 2 x 2148 = 5290
LE = - ∆ H 1 - ∆ H 2 – 461 = -12,753 (kJ mol-1) (- [1] for each error) [3]

15. (a). PCl5 + 4H2O H3PO4 + 5 HCl (1)

SiCl4 + 2H2O SiO2 + 4HCl (or giving H2SiO3, Si(OH)4 etc.) (1) [2]

(b). bond energies: S–S = 264 kJ mol-1

Cl – Cl = 244 kJ mol-1

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics
S – Cl = 250 kJ mol-1
∆H = 8 x 264 + 8 x 244 – 16 x 250 = +64 kJ mol-1 (2) [2]
16. (a). less soluble down group [1]

Lattice energy and hydration energies both decreases (i.e. become less negative) [1]
but H.E. decreases more (than L.E.) or change in H.E. outweighs L.E. [1]
so ∆ H sol becomes more endothermic/less exothermic. [1]

(b). (i). for Mg : ∆ H = 2993 – 890 – (2 x 550) = (+) 3 (kJ mol-1) [1]

For Sr: ∆ H = 2467 – 1414 – (2 x 550) = - 47 (kJ mol-1) [1]

(ii). Sr(OH)2 should be more soluble in water, and ∆ H is more exothermic/negative. [1]

Assuming “other factors” (e.g ∆ S , or temperature etc.) are the same

[1]

(iii). Sr(OH)2 should be less soluble in hot water, because ∆ H is negative/exothermic. [1]

17. (a). Ca2+ (g) + 2Cl- (g) CaCl2(s) [1]

(b). CaF2 and CaS both have larger lattice energies (than CaCl2) [1]
- -
(i). F is smaller than Cl [1]
2- -
(ii). S is more highly charged than Cl [1]
(c). LE = - [178 + 590 +1150] – [244 – 2 x 349] – 796
= - 2260 (kJ mol-1) [3]
(d). (i). Ca = 28.2/40.1 = 0.703 =1
C = 25.2/12 = 2.10 =3
H = 1.4/1 = 1.4 =2 (1 mark for initial step of calc’n)
O = 45.1/16 = 2.82 =4
Formula is CaC3H2O4 (1) [2]
(ii). Malonic acid must be C2H4O4, i.e. CH3(CO2H)2 (must be structural) [1]

18. (c). (i). from data booklet, 1st IE = 502; 2nd IE = 966; sum = 1468 kJ mol-1

So – 460 = 1468 + 180 + 279 – 200 + 640 + LE

- 460 = 2367 + LE
LE = -2827 kJ mol-1
(-1 for each error) [3]

(ii). LE of BaS should be smaller than that of BaO, since S2- is bigger than O2-. [1]

19. (a). The energy required to break …. [1]

…. 1 mole of bonds in the gas [1]

(b). HCl: nothing happens AND HI: purple fumes (at a low temperature) [1]
purple is iodine formed (or in an equation: 2HI H2 + I2) [1]
H – X bond energy becomes smaller/weaker down the group [1]
(c). data needed: F – F = 158

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics
Cl – Cl = 244
6 E(Cl – F) -328 = 3 x 158 + 244
E(Cl – F) = + 174 (kJ mol-1) [2]

20. (b). (i). E(Cl – Cl) = 244 kJ mol-1; 2 E(C – Cl) = 2 x 340 = 680 kJ mol-1

∆ H = - 436 (kJ mol-1) [1]

(ii). ∆ H = 359 – 329 = + 30 (kJ mol-1) [1]

(iii). Since reaction (ii) is endothermic, the +4 oxidation state is less stable or the +2 oxidation state is more
stable (down the group) [1]

21. (a).

Salt bridge + voltmeter [1]

Zinc metal + Zn2+ [1]
H2 (in, not out) + H+ [1]
Pt electrode [1]
All solution at 1 mol dm-3 [1]
T = 298K or 25oC [1]
(b).

[4]
(c).

LE =B–A
= -415 – (131 + 908 + 1730) – {244 + 2(-249)}
[1] [1]
= -415 – 2315
= -2730 (kJ mol-1) [1]
(correct answer = [3]: deduct [1] for each error)

22. (a).

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics

M1
continuous increase in S from 0 – 300 K (excluding m.p.)

[1]

M2
steep vertical increase in S only at the m.p. AND continuous increase in S after m.p.

[1]
(b).

[1]

(c).

(d). (i).

(ii).

(iii). (as temperature increases) feasibility decreases [1]

23. (a).
Products are Ca(OH)2 and NH3 [1]
Rest of the equation, balanced. [1]

(b). Solubility increases (down the Group) [1]

Because lattice energy and hydration energy decreases or lattice energy and hydration energy become less
exothermic/(more) endothermic. [1]
Because lattice energy decreases to a great extent (than does ∆Hhyd) [1]

(c).

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics

Arrow label and direction correct. [3]

24. (a). (i). (entropy) is a measure of the disorder/randomness of a system. [1]

(ii). [1]

(iii). [1]

(iv). [2]

(v). (at higher temperatures) becomes more negative so becomes more positive
OR
(at higher temperatures) becomes more negative so becomes more positive [1]

25. (a). Use of (2 x 109) or 218 and (2 x 494) or 988 [1]

Use of (0.5 x 496) or 248 [1]
Use of 416, 142, 844 [1]
Evaluation of expression correctly
∆Hlat = -416 – (2 x 109) – (0.5 x 496) – (2 x 494) – (-142 + 844) = - 2572 [1]

(b). The lattice energy of Na2S is less exothermic. [1]

The sulfide ion is larger than the oxide ion/S2- larger than O2/ionic radii quoted 0.184 nm and 0.140 nm
AND less attraction (between the ions)/bonds are weaker. [1]

26. (a). (i). - 225.7 = 239.0 – (18.7 + 2x) [1]

X = + 223
(ii). decrease in number of moles of gas/more moles of gas on left/reactants (ora) [1]

(b). Use of ∆G = ∆H = ∆H - T∆S with ∆G = 0/∆G > 0 or T = ∆H/∆S or T = (640 000/225.7) [1]
2836/2840 (2835.6) [1]
27. (a). (Na+) 0.095/0.181 = 0.525 and octahedral and co-ordination no. = 6 [1]
2+
(Mg ) 0.065/0.181 = 0.359 and tetrahedral and co-ordination no. = 4 [1]
(b). enthalpy change = (-642) – (2 x -106) = - 430 [1]
28. (a). Solubility increases down the group [1]
∆Hlatt and ∆Hhyd both decrease
Or ∆Hlatt and ∆Hhyd both become less exothermic/more endothermic [1]
∆Hlatt decreases/changes more (than ∆hyd as OH- being smaller than M2+) [1]

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Worksheet#01 A2 Energetics
∆Hsol becomes more exothermic/more negative/less endothermic/less positive [1]
(b). (i). ∆Hr1 – (538 + 394) = - (1216 + 286)
∆Hr1 – 1392 = -1502 [1]
∆Hr1 = - 110 [1]
3-
(ii). Let ∆hf(HCO (aq)) = y
2y – 538 = - 1216 – 394 – 286 – 26 [1]
y = - 692 [1]
(iii). ∆Hr3 – 538 – 2(230 + 394) = - 538 – 2(692)
∆Hr3 = - 136 [1]
(iv). ∆Hr3 will be identical to ∆Hr4,/unchanged [1]
As the reaction is the same, or:

Metal ions stay in solution/metal ions are unchanged/are spectators [1]

(c). more gaseous moles are being consumed (in reaction 3)
Or more CO2 moles are being consumed (in reaction 3) [1]
∆S is therefore expected to be more negative/less positive for reaction 3. [1]

29. (a). (i). increases down the group [1]

Radius/size of (cat) ion/M2+ increases [1]
2-
Less polarization/distortion of anion/carbonate ion/CO3 [1]
(ii). Na+ has smaller ionic change and larger ionic radii
OR the charge density of the Na+ is lower [1]
(b). (i). [1]
+ +
(ii). NaHCO3 because Na is smaller OR charge density Na is larger [1]
(c). (i).

[3]
(ii). LE of Na2O will be more negative AND as Na(+) is smaller/larger charge density/smaller radii AND so
greater attraction (between the ions) OR (ionic) bonds will be stronger [1]

KAMRAN SHAHZAD 44