Test Bank For Human Physiology From Cells To Systems 7th Edition Sherwood Download

Test Bank for Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 7th Edition: Sherwood
Test Bank for Human Physiology From Cells to

Systems, 7th Edition: Sherwood
To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

https://testbankbell.com/download/test-bank-for-human-physiology-from-cells-to-syste
ms-7th-edition-sherwood/
Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Chapter 12--Body Defenses
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Which kind of white blood cells secretes chemicals that destroy parasitic worms?
A. basophil
B. eosinophil
C. lymphocyte
D. monocyte
E. neutrophil
2. Viruses
A. are single-celled microorganisms
B. consist only of nucleic acids enclosed by a protein coat
C. must invade a host cell in order to carry out metabolism and reproduce
D. are single-celled microorganisms and must invade a host cell in order to carry out metabolism and reproduce
E. consist only of nucleic acids enclosed by a protein coat and must invade a host cell in order to carry out
metabolism and reproduce
3. Which of the following is not a means by which viruses can lead to cellular damage or death?
A. release by the virus of enzymes or toxins that physically injure or disrupt affected cells
B. depletion of essential cellular components by the virus
C. cellular production of substances toxic to the cell under the dictatorship of the virus
D. transformation of normal host cells into cancer cells
E. incorporation of the virus into the cell so that the body's own defense mechanisms no longer recognize the
cell as part of "normal self" and destroy it
4. Leukocytes
A. are responsible for the body's various immune defense strategies
B. spend most of their time circulating in the blood
C. are all produced in the lymph nodes
D. are responsible for the body's various immune defense strategies and spend most of their time circulating in
the blood
E. all of these
5. Which of the following are lymphoid tissues?
A. lymph nodes
B. spleen
C. bone marrow
D. both lymph nodes and spleen
E. all of these
6. Which of the following is not attributable to the immune defense system?

A. defends against pathogenic microorganisms
B. converts foreign chemicals into compounds that can be more readily eliminated in the urine
C. removes worn-out cells and tissue debris
D. identifies and destroys abnormal or mutant cells
E. can inappropriately induce allergic responses and autoimmune disease
7. Which of the following is not part of the inflammatory response?

A. localized vasodilation
B. migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the site of injury
C. kinin activation
D. interferon inhibition of viral replication
E. formation of interstitial-fluid clots that wall off bacterial invaders
8. Specific immune responses

A. require helper T-cell activation
B. are under control of the adaptive immune system
C. could not occur if the thymus gland did not develop
D. require recognition of antigens by receptors
E. all of these
9. Interferon is a
A. family of proteins that defends against viruses
B. natural killer cell
C. specific bacterial surface receptor
D. specialized type of white blood cell
E. vasodilator agent
10. Which of the following is not accomplished by a chemical released from activated phagocytes?
A. decreasing plasma iron so that it is unavailable for bacterial multiplication
B. stimulating histamine release from mast cells
C. stimulating the synthesis of viral-blocking enzymes
D. inducing the development of fever
E. stimulating granulopoiesis
11. Nonspecific immune responses

A. come into play whether or not there has been prior experience with the offending agent
B. are triggered by invasion of infectious microorganisms, chemical injury, mechanical trauma, or burns
C. are mediated by lymphocytes
D. come into play whether or not there has been prior experience with the offending agent and are triggered by
invasion of infectious microorganisms, chemical injury, mechanical trauma, or burns
E. all of these
12. Which of the following is not a component of innate immunity?

A. inflammation
B. antibody production
C. interferon
D. natural killer cells
E. the complement system
13. Which occurrence is not characteristic of the inflammation response?

A. increased capillary permeability
B. increased macrophage activity
C. localized vasodilation
D. localized edema
E. decreased phagocytic activity
14. What type of cells do natural killer cells destroy?

A. antibody marked cells
B. bacteria and virus-infected cells
C. bacteria and cancerous cells
D. cancerous cells and virus-infected cells
E. none of these
15. Which of the following is not attributable to complement activity?
A. acting as opsonins
B. walling-off the inflamed area
C. serving as chemotaxins
D. stimulating the release of histamine
E. forming a membrane attack complex
16. Which of the following is part of the inflammatory response?

A. migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the involved area
B. localized vasodilation
C. formation of interstitial-fluid clots in the injured region
D. both migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the involved area, and localized vasodilation
E. all of these
17. Localized vasodilation in an inflamed area is brought about by the release of ____ from ____.
A. histamine; mast cells
B. opsonins; B lymphocytes
C. interleukin 1; mast cells
D. leukocyte mediator; phagocytes
E. prostaglandins; phagocytes
18. Bacterial multiplication depends on the availability of high concentrations of ____.

A. potassium
B. calcium
C. iron
D. sodium
E. glucose
19. Which does not apply to neutrophils?

A. are produced only in lymph nodes
B. can perform phagocytosis
C. can perform diapedesis
D. can exhibit amoeboid movement
E. are attracted by chemotaxis
20. Neutrophils engulf foreign particles by
A. opsonization
B. diapedesis
C. chemotaxis
D. phagocytosis
E. agglutination
21. Monocytes
A. are the first phagocytes to exit the blood and arrive at an injured or invaded area
B. swell and mature into macrophages after exiting the blood
C. act as opsonins.
D. all of these
E. are the first phagocytes to exit the blood and arrive at an injured or invaded area, and swell and mature into
macrophages after exiting the blood
22. Opsonins
A. enhance phagocytosis by linking the foreign cell to a phagocytic cell
B. include antibodies
C. include a certain complement protein
D. include antibodies and a certain complement protein
E. all of these
23. Chemotaxins
A. are specialized antibodies
B. attract migrating phagocytic cells
C. destroy histamine and other vasodilators
D. engulf foreign particles
E. stimulate white cell production
24. Which is not an outcome of complement activation?

A. promotion of localized vasodilation
B. formation of a membrane-attack complex
C. activation of kinins
D. stimulation of interferon production
E. stimulation of local mast cell activity
25. Which of the following statements concerning an endogenous pyrogen is incorrect?
A. It is an acute-phase protein produced by the liver.
B. It is secreted by phagocytes at a site of inflammation.
C. It induces the development of fever.
D. It is the same as or closely related to leukocyte endogenous mediator and interleukin 1.
E. It is believed to cause the local release of prostaglandins within the hypothalamus.
26. Diapedesis
A. refers to the process of white blood cells engulfing and destroying invading organisms
B. refers to the process of leukocytes squeezing through pores of the capillary wall into the surrounding
interstitial fluid
C. refers to the attraction of white blood cells to areas of injury, inflammation, and bacterial invasion
D. is a feature exhibited by platelets
E. refers to the linking together of a foreign cell and a phagocytic cell
27. Select the incorrect statement about the glucocorticoids.

A. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid.
B. They are used to treat undesirable immune responses.
C. They stimulate lymphocyte production.
D. They reduce the body's ability to resist infection.
E. They suppress the inflammatory response.
28. Interferon
A. is released from viruses
B. triggers the production of viral-blocking enzymes by cells that have not yet been invaded by viruses
C. directly breaks down viral messenger RNA
D. inhibits protein synthesis, both of which are essential for viral replication
E. triggers the production of viral-blocking enzymes by cells that have not yet been invaded by viruses and
inhibits protein synthesis, both of which are essential for viral replication
29. Which of the following is not accomplished by interferon?

A. It directly breaks down viral messenger RNA and inhibits protein synthesis, both of which are essential for
viral replication.
B. It enhances macrophage phagocytic activity.
C. It stimulates antibody production.
D. It stimulates the activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells.
E. It slows cell division and suppresses tumor growth.
30. Viral-blocking enzymes are
A. produced by cells invaded by virus
B. produced by cells in response to binding with interferon
C. may be produced by cells not yet invaded by a virus
D. all of these
E. produced by cells invaded by virus and may be produced by cells not yet invaded by a virus
31. Interferon
A. forms a membrane-attack complex
B. causes lysis of invading microbes
C. nonspecifically defends against viruses
D. stimulates histamine release from mast cells
E. is secreted by lymphoid tissues
32. The molecules that can cause the body to produce antibodies are called
A. complements
B. antibodies
C. antigens
D. haptens
E. interferons
33. The complement system

A. consists of plasma proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the blood in inactive form
B. is the primary mechanism activated by antibodies to kill foreign cells
C. can be activated nonspecifically and specifically
D. consists of plasma proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the blood in inactive form and can be
activated nonspecifically and specifically
E. all of these
34. The primary purpose of the vascular changes in an invaded or injured area is to
A. produce swelling, redness, heat, and pain
B. bring to the affected area phagocytes and plasma proteins that defend against the offending agent
C. produce pus
D. exert an anti-inflammatory effect to protect against damage by potentially over-reactive defense mechanisms
E. trigger specific immune responses
35. Which of the following is not attributable to components of the complement system?
A. formation of a membrane-attack complex
B. walling-off of the inflamed area
D. acting as opsonins
E. enhancing local vascular changes
36. T lymphocytes
A. produce thymosin
B. secrete antibodies
C. are converted into plasma cells
D. mature ad differentiate within the bone marrow.
E. none of these
37. The thymus

A. is the site of maturational processing for T lymphocytes
B. secretes a collection of hormones important in maintaining the T-cell lineage
C. gradually atrophies and becomes less important as an individual matures
D. is a lymphoid organ
E. all of these
38. Which type of leukocyte has a derivative known as the plasma cell?
A. neutrophil
B. B lymphocyte
C. T lymphocyte
D. macrophage
E. basophil
39. B lymphocytes
A. are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
B. are activated by thymosin
C. mature and differentiate into macrophages
D. bind with foreign antigen in association with self-antigen
E. are attacked by AIDS virus
40. Select the most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood.
A. IgA
B. IgD
C. IgE
D. IgG
E. IgM
41. Plasma cells

A. are not derived from B cells
B. have an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum
C. do not secrete antibodies but remain dormant and expand the clone specific for the invading antigen
D. are not derived from B cells and have an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum
E. all of these
42. A large, complex molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it gains entry into
the body is known as
A. interferon
B. an antigen
C. an antibody
D. a complement
E. an opsonin
43. The first human vaccination developed by Jenner

A. was for smallpox
B. was for anthrax
C. used inoculum from sheep
D. was for smallpox and used inoculum from sheep
E. was for anthrax and used inoculum from sheep
44. Passive immunity is accomplished by transfer of ____ antibodies.

A. IgA
B. IgE
C. IgG
D. IgM
E. all of these
45. Which of the following is not accomplished by antibodies?
A. neutralization of bacterial toxins
B. direct destruction of foreign cells
C. activation of the complement system
D. enhancement of phagocytosis
E. stimulation of killer (K) cells
46. IgM immunoglobulin

A. serves as the B-cell surface receptor for antigen attachment
B. is found in milk and tears
C. mediates common allergies such as hay fever, asthma, and hives
D. is the most abundant antibody produced by plasma cells
E. is specific for viral invaders
47. The antigen-binding fragments (Fab) of antibodies are

A. located in the arm tips of the antibody molecule
B. located in the tail portion of the antibody molecule
C. unique for each antibody so that each antibody can interact only with an antigen that specifically matches it
D. located in the arm tips of the antibody molecule, and are unique for each antibody so that each antibody can
interact only with an antigen that specifically matches it
E. located in the tail portion of the antibody molecule, and are unique for each antibody so that each antibody
can interact only with an antigen that specifically matches it
48. Which one of the ABO blood groups has both antibodies for this group?
A. A
B. AB
C. B
D. O
E. OB
49. A secondary response to an invading microorganism that has invaded a previous time is
A. launched by memory cells
B. slower and weaker than the primary response
C. more rapid, more potent, and longer-lasting than the primary response
D. launched by memory cells and slower and weaker than the primary response
E. launched by memory cells and more rapid, more potent, and longer-lasting than the primary response
50. Active immunity
A. is self-generated upon exposure to antigen
B. can be produced only as a result of a person actually having the disease
C. involves administration of preformed antibodies
D. is shorter in duration than passive immunity
E. is acquired in the newborn as a result of the transfer of antibodies across the placenta during intrauterine
development
51. Chemicals other than antibodies secreted by lymphocytes are collectively known as
A. cytokines
B. antigens
C. opsonins
D. complement factors
E. lymphogenous mediators
52. Which statement does not apply to macrophages?

A. They participate in inflammation.
B. They process and present antigens to lymphocytes.
C. They secrete antibodies.
D. They secrete interleukin 1.
E. They participate in immune surveillance against cancer.
53. Dendritic cells

A. are neurons
B. participate in the inflammation response
C. are specialized for phagocytosis of worms
D. are specialized antigen-presenting cells
E. none of these
54. Which of the following is not secreted by helper T cells?

A. interleukin 2
B. perforin
C. macrophage-migration inhibition factor
D. B-cell growth factor
E. T-cell growth factor
55. ____ T cells release perforin.
A. Cytotoxic
B. Helper
C. Suppressor
D. Regulatory
E. Inhibitory
56. What type of immune defense cell is selectively invaded by AIDS virus?
A. cytotoxic T cells
B. helper T cells
C. suppressor T cells
D. macrophages
E. neutrophils
57. Cytotoxic T cells

A. are not the most numerous of the T cells
B. secrete B-cell growth factor and T-cell growth factor
C. confer greater phagocytic properties on macrophages, converting them into angry macrophages
D. release antigens
E. bind with class II MHC glycoproteins
58. Lymphocytes respond only to antigens that have been processed and presented to them by
A. neutrophils
B. eosinophils
C. macrophages
D. helper T cells
E. interleukin 2
59. T cells
A. bind with free extracellular antigen
B. bind with MHC molecules only when they are in association with a foreign antigen
C. are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
D. bind with free extracellular antigen and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
E. bind with MHC molecules only when they are in association with a foreign antigen, and are responsible for
cell-mediated immunity
60. Which statement is incorrect?
A. Cytotoxic T cells release chemicals that destroy targeted cells.
B. Helper T cells enhance the activity of other T cells and B cells.
C. Suppressor T cells are believed to play an important role in tolerance to self-antigens.
D. Helper T cells can combine only with host cells bearing both foreign antigen and class I MHC-encoded
self-antigens on their surface.
E. The majority of T cells are helper T cells.
61. Which chemical induces prolonged contraction of smooth muscle during allergic reactions?
A. basophil chemotactic factor
B. eosinophil chemotactic factor
C. histamine
D. SRS-A
E. TP-2
62. Which of the following does not play a direct role in immune surveillance against cancer?
A. B cells
B. natural killer cells
C. macrophages
D. cytotoxic T cells
E. interferon

A. B-cell growth factor
B. T-cell growth factor
C. interleukin 1
D. interleukin 2
E. macrophage migration inhibition factor
64. With ____, the body fails to recognize and tolerate particular self-antigens.
A. delayed hypersensitivity
B. autoimmune disease
C. immune-complex disease
D. immediate hypersensitivity
E. inflammation
65. Which of the following statements about cancer cells is incorrect?
A. They arise only when multiple independent mutations occur within the same cell.
B. They lack the ability to perform the specialized functions of the normal cell-type from which they mutated.
C. The body has no means by which to defend against them.
D. They usually do not adhere well to neighboring cells, so some of them may break away from the parent
tumor.
E. They arise only when multiple independent mutations occur within the same cell, and they usually do not
adhere well to neighboring cells, so some of them may break away from the parent tumor.
66. Which of the following does not help defend against cancer?
A. interferon
B. macrophages
C. natural killer cells
E. antibodies
67. Which of the following is not a possible cause of autoimmune disease?

A. reduction in suppressor T cell activity
B. prolonged treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs
C. exposure of normally inaccessible self-antigens
D. modification of normal self-antigens
E. exposure of the immune system to a foreign antigen almost identical structurally to a self-antigen
68. Which of the following does not characterize immediate hypersensitivity?

A. It is mediated by T cells.
B. It involves IgE antibodies.
C. It occurs within 20 minutes of exposure to the allergen.
D. It usually involves allergic responses to inhaled or ingested allergens.
E. It includes hay fever, asthma, and hives.
69. The epidermis

A. has an outermost keratinized layer that is tough, airtight, and fairly waterproof
B. contains melanocytes, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, Granstein cells, and transient T lymphocytes
C. has a richly vascularized inner layer
D. has an outermost keratinized layer that is tough, airtight, and fairly waterproof; and contains melanocytes,
keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, Granstein cells, and transient T lymphocytes
E. none of these
70. Which of the following is not found in the epidermis?
A. blood vessels whose caliber can be adjusted as part of the temperature regulatory mechanisms
B. keratinocytes
C. melanocytes
D. Langerhans cells
E. Granstein cells
71. Keratinocytes
A. form the outer protective layer of the skin
B. secrete interleukin 1
C. present antigens to helper T cells
D. form the outer protective layer of the skin and secrete interleukin 1
E. none of these
72. Which cell type in the epidermis produces a pigment that absorbs ultraviolet light?
A. keratinocyte
B. melanocyte
C. Langerhans cell
D. Granstein cell
E. sebaceous cell
73. Pathogenic bacteria induce tissue damage and produce disease by invading host cells and taking over the
cellular biochemical facilities for their own purposes.
True False
74. A host cell is the body cell of an infected individual.

True False
75. Immune surveillance refers to the body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign invaders.
True False
76. Peyer's patches are located in the kidney.

True False
77. The spleen clears the lymph that passes through it of bacteria and other foreign matter.
True False
78. Vasodilation of the blood vessels supplying a tissue increases the flow of blood to that area.
True False
79. Specific immune responses are selectively targeted against particular foreign material to which the body has
previously been exposed.
True False
80. Diapedesis is the means by which a leukocyte reproduces.

True False
81. Neutrophils are the first phagocytes to leave the blood and arrive at a site of bacterial invasion or tissue
damage.
True False
82. Neutrophils swell and mature into macrophages after they enter the tissues.
True False
83. Lactoferrin is a protein that binds with iron.

True False
84. Chemotaxis refers to the ability of leukocytes to squeeze through small capillary pores.
True False
85. Fever results from neurological activity in the cerebellum.

True False
86. Endogenous pyrogens released by macrophages cause the hypothalamus to elevate body temperature during
times of infection.
True False
87. Diapedesis refers to the chemical attraction of phagocytes to areas of injury, inflammation, or bacterial
invasion.
True False
88. Phagocytes can destroy foreign microbes only after they have engulfed these invaders.
True False
89. Endogenous pyrogen (EP), leukocyte endogenous mediator (LEM), and interleukin 1 (IL-1) are all believed
to be identical or closely related chemical mediators.
True False
90. Viral-blocking enzymes induced by interferon are activated only upon viral invasion of the cell.
True False
91. Interferon is released only from phagocytic cells that have been invaded by viruses.
True False
92. Thymosin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland and it stimulates the formation of T cells.
True False
93. IgE antibodies are common mediators for allergic reactions.

True False
94. Interferon, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic T cells all exert antiviral and anticancer effects.
True False
95. The membrane-attack complex is formed by the five final activated components of the complement system.
True False
96. Interferon is secreted by lymphoid organs.

True False
97. The clonal selection theory explains why the capacity for diverse lymphocyte production is limited.
True False
98. Antibodies are not able to directly destroy invading organisms.

True False
99. The arm regions of an antibody determine with what antigen the antibody can bind, whereas the tail portion
determines the destiny of the antibody once it is bound.
True False
100. When an antigen gains entry to the body, it stimulates all of the B cells to produce antibodies specific
against it.
True False
101. The secondary immune response can be longer and more powerful than the primary immune response.
True False
102. The primary response to microbial invasion is mediated by memory cells.

True False
103. The formation of memory cells against a particular disease-causing microorganism can only occur after the
person actually has the disease.
True False
104. Cytotoxic T cells are one of several kinds of regulatory T cells.
True False
105. MHC antigens are found only on the surface of leukocytes.

True False
106. By apoptosis, virus-infected cells can self-destruct.

True False
107. T cells typically bind with MHC self-antigens only when they are in association with foreign antigen.
True False
108. B cells do not display MHC molecules on their surface.

True False
109. Histamine is primarily responsible for causing the bronchial constriction associated with asthma.
True False
110. Eosinophils are attracted to sites involved with delayed allergic reactions.
True False
111. A given allergen can activate a B cell or T cell.

True False
112. B lymphocytes are involved with immediate hypersensitivity reactions, whereas T lymphocytes are
involved with delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
True False
113. The tremendous diversity of antibodies is made possible by genetic recombination coupled with somatic
mutation during lymphocyte development.
True False
114. A single mutation induced by a carcinogen is usually sufficient to convert a normal cell into a cancer cell.
True False
115. Hives result from an allergy-induced histamine release.

True False
116. The immune system functions entirely independently of the body's two major control systems: the nervous
and endocrine systems.
True False
117. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE secreted by B cells, whereas delayed
hypersensitivity is mediated by T cells.
True False
118. Hypersensitivity is a B cell-mediated response.

True False
119. Antihistamines are effective in combating the allergic symptoms induced by a slow-reactive substance of
anaphylaxis.
True False
120. Hair and nails are both special keratinized products.

True False
121. Most fat cells in the body are located in the dermis.
True False
122. Severe burns of the skin can result in life-threatening circulatory disturbances.
True False
123. Adipose tissue is located within the hypodermis.
True False
124. Saliva is destructive to bacteria because it is highly acidic.

True False
125. The large intestine's normal microbial population helps defend against infection within the lower intestine.
True False
126. Debris trapped on the sticky mucus lining the respiratory airway is most often cleared away by the alveolar
macrophages.
True False
127. A sneeze expels irritant material mainly from the esophagus.

True False
128. Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ refers to the body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials
or abnormal cells.
________________________________________
A(n) ____________________ is a disease-producing organism.

________________________________________
____________________ tissues store, produce, or process lymphocytes.

________________________________________
____________________ in an infected wound is a collection of phagocytic cells, dead tissue liquefied by

enzymes released from the phagocytic cells, and bacteria.
________________________________________
Adhesion of blood-borne leukocytes to the endothelial lining is known as ____________________.

________________________________________
The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary pores to exit the vasculature is known as
____________________.
________________________________________
____________________ ions switch on the contractile apparatus needed for the crawling-like motion of a
leukocyte.
________________________________________
____________________ refers to the chemical attraction of leukocytes to the site of invasion.

________________________________________
A pyrogen induces the development of ____________________.

________________________________________
It is thought that fever may be beneficial to fighting an infection because it reduces the availability of
____________________, thus reducing bacterial growth.
________________________________________
____________________ is released from virally invaded cells and, transiently, nonselectively inhibits
multiplication of viruses in other cells.
________________________________________
The ____________________ of the complement system imbeds itself in the microbial membrane surface,
thereby bringing about lysis of the victim cell.
________________________________________
The inflammatory agent ____________________ is released by mast cells.

________________________________________
____________________ are lymphocyte-like cells that nonspecifically destroy virus-infected cells and tumor
cells.
________________________________________
The T lymphocyte lineage undergoes maturational processing and differentiation in the

____________________.
________________________________________
In tissue repair, nerve and muscle tissue are replaced mainly by ____________________ tissue.
________________________________________
According to the ____________________ theory, when an antigen enters the body, it activates the particular
clone of B cells that bear receptors on their surface uniquely specific for that antigen.
________________________________________
Most of the progeny of an activated B-cell clone differentiate into ____________________, which produce
antibodies, and ____________________, which remain dormant and expand the specific clone.
________________________________________
Humoral immunity involves the production of ____________________ by B lymphocyte derivatives.

________________________________________
A(n) ____________________ is a large, complex molecule that triggers an immune response against itself.
________________________________________
Antibody proteins consist of two heavy and ____________________ light polypeptide chains.
________________________________________
____________________ cells derived from activated B lymphocytes are specialized for antibody production.
________________________________________
____________________ is the process by which a substance separates from a solution.

________________________________________
Clumping of foreign cells brought about by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes is known as
____________________.
________________________________________
____________________ cells do not participate in an immune reaction but remain dormant to expand a
specific clone.
________________________________________
The ____________________ theory proposes that a diversity of lymphocytes is produced during development,
each preprogrammed to synthesize antibody against only one of an almost limitless variety of antigens.
________________________________________
Lymphocytes can only recognize and be activated by antigens that have been processed and presented to them
by ____________________.
________________________________________
B and T cells that are no longer needed undergo ____________________ to ensure that a specific immune
response is self-limiting.
________________________________________
____________________ immunity is not self-generated compared to active immunity.

________________________________________
The type of immune cells selectively invaded by AIDS virus is the ____________________.
________________________________________
____________________ refers to the phenomenon of the immune system not attacking a person's own tissues.
________________________________________
____________________ molecules are plasma membrane-bound glycoproteins that serve as self-antigens.

________________________________________
The group of genes that codes for self-antigens is known as the ____________________.
________________________________________
A(n) ____________________ is the kind of microorganism that causes AIDS.

________________________________________
A carcinogenic factor causes ____________________.

________________________________________
____________________ against cancer cells involves an interplay among cytotoxic T cells, NK cells,
macrophages, and interferon.
________________________________________
____________________ immunity is conferred by receipt of preformed antibodies.

________________________________________
By ____________________, cancer cells spread to other parts of the body.

________________________________________
Penicillin is a possible ____________________, provoking hypersensitivity.

________________________________________
A mass of transformed cells that is slow-growing, stays put, and does not infiltrate surrounding tissue is known
as a(n) ____________________ tumor, whereas rapidly growing, invasive masses are called
____________________ tumors or ____________________. The spreading of mutant cells that have broken
away from the parent tumor to other body sites is called ____________________.
________________________________________
The ____________________ is the layer of the skin without a direct blood supply.
________________________________________
The ____________________ is a layer of subcutaneous tissue under the dermis of the skin.
________________________________________
____________________ disease occurs when destructive inflammatory processes "spill over" into normal
tissue in the presence of excessive numbers of antigen-antibody complexes.
________________________________________
The type of antibodies responsible for inducing allergic manifestations is ____________________.

________________________________________
____________________ refers to the life-threatening allergic phenomenon characterized by severe

hypotension and profound bronchial constriction due to the presence of large amounts of chemical mediators in
the blood released from mast cells and basophils in response to a particular allergen.
________________________________________
The ____________________ refers to the cilia-propelled upward movement of the respiratory airways' mucus
layer to which inspired particulates are stuck.
________________________________________
Name three means by which microbes can be destroyed in the body without being phagocytized.
(1) ____________________
(2) ____________________
(3) ____________________
________________________________________
Distinguish between the two pathways by which the complement system can be activated.
(1) ____________________
(2) ____________________
________________________________________
List two functions of dermal blood vessels.
(1) ____________________
(2) ____________________
________________________________________
Indicate the secretory product and function of the following three specialized skin structures.
(1) Sweat glands ____________________

Secretory product ____________________
Function ____________________
(2) Sebaceous glands ____________________

Function ____________________
(3) Hair follicles ____________________

Function ____________________
________________________________________
178. Match the antibody type with the correct characteristic.
1. Function is uncertain IgG ____

2. Mediator in asthma and hives IgA ____
3. Found in secretions of digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary
systems and in milk and tears IgM ____
4. Serves as the B-cell surface receptor for antigen attachment IgE ____
5. Most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood IgD ____
179. Indicate the immune response associated with the specific ailment below.
immediate
1. Allergic response mediated by T cells hypersensitivity ____
2. Allergic response mediated by IgE immune-complex disease ____
3. Allergic reaction to injection of
"borrowed" antibodies that confer passive acquired immune
immunity deficiency syndrome ____
4. Hereditary condition in which both B and
T cells are lacking serum sickness ____
5. Helper Ts destroyed by viral invasion autoimmune disease ____
6. Damage of normal cells brought on by severe combined
formation of antigen-antibody complexes immunodeficiency ____
7. The immune system fails to recognize and
tolerate particular self-antigens delayed hypersensitivity ____
180. Match the defense molecule with the correct characteristic.
1. Form(s) a membrane-attack complex opsonins ____

2. Stimulates production of viral-blocking enzymes complement ____
3. Induce(s) the development of fever histamine ____
4. Produced by plasma cells interferon ____
5. Potent anti-inflammatory drug(s) lactoferrin ____
6. Released from mast cells and causes localized
vasodilation in a region of tissue damage antibodies ____
7. Tightly binds with iron, making it unavailable for use
by invading bacteria pyrogens ____
8. Enhance(s) phagocytosis by linking the foreign cell to
a phagocytic cell glucocorticoids ____
181.
Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions.
Number ____ identifies a helper T cell's co-receptor, called ____________________.

182.
The structure labeled 5 is a(n) ____________________ molecule, and it presents a specific antigen to the
____________________ located on a(n) ____________________ cell.
183.
Number 1 is a(n) ____________________ cell, and number 6 is a(n) ____________________ cell.

184.
The cell labeled ____ is a(n) ____________________ cell and is the one invaded by the HIV.
185. Describe the mechanisms of the inflammation process following the introduction of bacteria into a cut in
the skin. Include information about the cause of the heat, redness, and edema associated with inflammation and
describe inflammation's specific benefits to the body's defense.
186. Define the complement system and describe the two ways in which it can be activated, then describe four
ways that activated complement contributes to the body's defense.
187. Describe the body's primary and secondary immune responses.
188. Describe how helper T cells become activated when interacting with macrophages, and then how helper T
cells promote clonal development of B cells and cytotoxic T cells. Include in your answer the following:
MHC-11, CD4, and TCR
189. Discuss the development of a fever and its benefit. Include the following in your answer: macrophage,
prostaglandins, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, antigen, and pyrogen.
Chapter 12--Body Defenses Key
1. Which kind of white blood cells secretes chemicals that destroy parasitic worms?
A. basophil
B. eosinophil
C. lymphocyte
D. monocyte
E. neutrophil
2. Viruses
A. are single-celled microorganisms
B. consist only of nucleic acids enclosed by a protein coat
C. must invade a host cell in order to carry out metabolism and reproduce
D. are single-celled microorganisms and must invade a host cell in order to carry out metabolism and reproduce
E. consist only of nucleic acids enclosed by a protein coat and must invade a host cell in order to carry out
metabolism and reproduce
3. Which of the following is not a means by which viruses can lead to cellular damage or death?
A. release by the virus of enzymes or toxins that physically injure or disrupt affected cells
B. depletion of essential cellular components by the virus
C. cellular production of substances toxic to the cell under the dictatorship of the virus
D. transformation of normal host cells into cancer cells
E. incorporation of the virus into the cell so that the body's own defense mechanisms no longer recognize the
cell as part of "normal self" and destroy it
4. Leukocytes
A. are responsible for the body's various immune defense strategies
B. spend most of their time circulating in the blood
C. are all produced in the lymph nodes
D. are responsible for the body's various immune defense strategies and spend most of their time circulating in
the blood
E. all of these
5. Which of the following are lymphoid tissues?
A. lymph nodes
B. spleen
C. bone marrow
D. both lymph nodes and spleen
E. all of these
6. Which of the following is not attributable to the immune defense system?

A. defends against pathogenic microorganisms
B. converts foreign chemicals into compounds that can be more readily eliminated in the urine
C. removes worn-out cells and tissue debris
D. identifies and destroys abnormal or mutant cells
E. can inappropriately induce allergic responses and autoimmune disease
7. Which of the following is not part of the inflammatory response?

A. localized vasodilation
B. migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the site of injury
C. kinin activation
D. interferon inhibition of viral replication
E. formation of interstitial-fluid clots that wall off bacterial invaders
8. Specific immune responses

A. require helper T-cell activation
B. are under control of the adaptive immune system
C. could not occur if the thymus gland did not develop
D. require recognition of antigens by receptors
E. all of these
9. Interferon is a
A. family of proteins that defends against viruses
B. natural killer cell
C. specific bacterial surface receptor
D. specialized type of white blood cell
E. vasodilator agent
10. Which of the following is not accomplished by a chemical released from activated phagocytes?
A. decreasing plasma iron so that it is unavailable for bacterial multiplication
B. stimulating histamine release from mast cells
C. stimulating the synthesis of viral-blocking enzymes
D. inducing the development of fever
E. stimulating granulopoiesis
11. Nonspecific immune responses

A. come into play whether or not there has been prior experience with the offending agent
B. are triggered by invasion of infectious microorganisms, chemical injury, mechanical trauma, or burns
C. are mediated by lymphocytes
D. come into play whether or not there has been prior experience with the offending agent and are triggered by
invasion of infectious microorganisms, chemical injury, mechanical trauma, or burns
E. all of these
12. Which of the following is not a component of innate immunity?

A. inflammation
B. antibody production
C. interferon
D. natural killer cells
E. the complement system
13. Which occurrence is not characteristic of the inflammation response?

A. increased capillary permeability
B. increased macrophage activity
C. localized vasodilation
D. localized edema
E. decreased phagocytic activity
14. What type of cells do natural killer cells destroy?

A. antibody marked cells
B. bacteria and virus-infected cells
C. bacteria and cancerous cells
D. cancerous cells and virus-infected cells
E. none of these
15. Which of the following is not attributable to complement activity?
A. acting as opsonins
B. walling-off the inflamed area
D. stimulating the release of histamine
E. forming a membrane attack complex
16. Which of the following is part of the inflammatory response?

A. migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the involved area
B. localized vasodilation
C. formation of interstitial-fluid clots in the injured region
D. both migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the involved area, and localized vasodilation
E. all of these
17. Localized vasodilation in an inflamed area is brought about by the release of ____ from ____.
A. histamine; mast cells
B. opsonins; B lymphocytes
C. interleukin 1; mast cells
D. leukocyte mediator; phagocytes
E. prostaglandins; phagocytes
18. Bacterial multiplication depends on the availability of high concentrations of ____.

A. potassium
B. calcium
C. iron
D. sodium
E. glucose
19. Which does not apply to neutrophils?

A. are produced only in lymph nodes
B. can perform phagocytosis
C. can perform diapedesis
D. can exhibit amoeboid movement
E. are attracted by chemotaxis
20. Neutrophils engulf foreign particles by
A. opsonization
B. diapedesis
C. chemotaxis
D. phagocytosis
E. agglutination
21. Monocytes
A. are the first phagocytes to exit the blood and arrive at an injured or invaded area
B. swell and mature into macrophages after exiting the blood
C. act as opsonins.
D. all of these
E. are the first phagocytes to exit the blood and arrive at an injured or invaded area, and swell and mature into
macrophages after exiting the blood
22. Opsonins
A. enhance phagocytosis by linking the foreign cell to a phagocytic cell
B. include antibodies
C. include a certain complement protein
D. include antibodies and a certain complement protein
E. all of these
23. Chemotaxins
A. are specialized antibodies
B. attract migrating phagocytic cells
C. destroy histamine and other vasodilators
D. engulf foreign particles
E. stimulate white cell production
24. Which is not an outcome of complement activation?

A. promotion of localized vasodilation
B. formation of a membrane-attack complex
C. activation of kinins
D. stimulation of interferon production
E. stimulation of local mast cell activity
25. Which of the following statements concerning an endogenous pyrogen is incorrect?
A. It is an acute-phase protein produced by the liver.
B. It is secreted by phagocytes at a site of inflammation.
C. It induces the development of fever.
D. It is the same as or closely related to leukocyte endogenous mediator and interleukin 1.
E. It is believed to cause the local release of prostaglandins within the hypothalamus.
26. Diapedesis
A. refers to the process of white blood cells engulfing and destroying invading organisms
B. refers to the process of leukocytes squeezing through pores of the capillary wall into the surrounding
interstitial fluid
C. refers to the attraction of white blood cells to areas of injury, inflammation, and bacterial invasion
D. is a feature exhibited by platelets
E. refers to the linking together of a foreign cell and a phagocytic cell
27. Select the incorrect statement about the glucocorticoids.

A. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid.
B. They are used to treat undesirable immune responses.
C. They stimulate lymphocyte production.
D. They reduce the body's ability to resist infection.
E. They suppress the inflammatory response.
28. Interferon
A. is released from viruses
B. triggers the production of viral-blocking enzymes by cells that have not yet been invaded by viruses
C. directly breaks down viral messenger RNA
D. inhibits protein synthesis, both of which are essential for viral replication
E. triggers the production of viral-blocking enzymes by cells that have not yet been invaded by viruses and
inhibits protein synthesis, both of which are essential for viral replication
29. Which of the following is not accomplished by interferon?

A. It directly breaks down viral messenger RNA and inhibits protein synthesis, both of which are essential for
viral replication.
B. It enhances macrophage phagocytic activity.
C. It stimulates antibody production.
D. It stimulates the activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells.
E. It slows cell division and suppresses tumor growth.
30. Viral-blocking enzymes are
A. produced by cells invaded by virus
B. produced by cells in response to binding with interferon
C. may be produced by cells not yet invaded by a virus
D. all of these
E. produced by cells invaded by virus and may be produced by cells not yet invaded by a virus
31. Interferon
A. forms a membrane-attack complex
B. causes lysis of invading microbes
C. nonspecifically defends against viruses
D. stimulates histamine release from mast cells
E. is secreted by lymphoid tissues
32. The molecules that can cause the body to produce antibodies are called
A. complements
B. antibodies
C. antigens
D. haptens
E. interferons
33. The complement system

A. consists of plasma proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the blood in inactive form
B. is the primary mechanism activated by antibodies to kill foreign cells
C. can be activated nonspecifically and specifically
D. consists of plasma proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the blood in inactive form and can be
activated nonspecifically and specifically
E. all of these
34. The primary purpose of the vascular changes in an invaded or injured area is to
A. produce swelling, redness, heat, and pain
B. bring to the affected area phagocytes and plasma proteins that defend against the offending agent
C. produce pus
D. exert an anti-inflammatory effect to protect against damage by potentially over-reactive defense mechanisms
E. trigger specific immune responses
35. Which of the following is not attributable to components of the complement system?
A. formation of a membrane-attack complex
B. walling-off of the inflamed area
D. acting as opsonins
E. enhancing local vascular changes
36. T lymphocytes
A. produce thymosin
B. secrete antibodies
C. are converted into plasma cells
D. mature ad differentiate within the bone marrow.
E. none of these
37. The thymus

A. is the site of maturational processing for T lymphocytes
B. secretes a collection of hormones important in maintaining the T-cell lineage
C. gradually atrophies and becomes less important as an individual matures
D. is a lymphoid organ
E. all of these
38. Which type of leukocyte has a derivative known as the plasma cell?
A. neutrophil
B. B lymphocyte
C. T lymphocyte
D. macrophage
E. basophil
39. B lymphocytes
A. are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
B. are activated by thymosin
C. mature and differentiate into macrophages
D. bind with foreign antigen in association with self-antigen
E. are attacked by AIDS virus
40. Select the most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood.
A. IgA
B. IgD
C. IgE
D. IgG
E. IgM
41. Plasma cells

A. are not derived from B cells
B. have an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum
C. do not secrete antibodies but remain dormant and expand the clone specific for the invading antigen
D. are not derived from B cells and have an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum
E. all of these
42. A large, complex molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it gains entry into
the body is known as
A. interferon
B. an antigen
C. an antibody
D. a complement
E. an opsonin
43. The first human vaccination developed by Jenner

A. was for smallpox
B. was for anthrax
C. used inoculum from sheep
D. was for smallpox and used inoculum from sheep
E. was for anthrax and used inoculum from sheep
44. Passive immunity is accomplished by transfer of ____ antibodies.

A. IgA
B. IgE
C. IgG
D. IgM
E. all of these
45. Which of the following is not accomplished by antibodies?
A. neutralization of bacterial toxins
B. direct destruction of foreign cells
C. activation of the complement system
D. enhancement of phagocytosis
E. stimulation of killer (K) cells
46. IgM immunoglobulin

A. serves as the B-cell surface receptor for antigen attachment
B. is found in milk and tears
C. mediates common allergies such as hay fever, asthma, and hives
D. is the most abundant antibody produced by plasma cells
E. is specific for viral invaders
47. The antigen-binding fragments (Fab) of antibodies are

A. located in the arm tips of the antibody molecule
B. located in the tail portion of the antibody molecule
C. unique for each antibody so that each antibody can interact only with an antigen that specifically matches it
D. located in the arm tips of the antibody molecule, and are unique for each antibody so that each antibody can
interact only with an antigen that specifically matches it
E. located in the tail portion of the antibody molecule, and are unique for each antibody so that each antibody
can interact only with an antigen that specifically matches it
48. Which one of the ABO blood groups has both antibodies for this group?
A. A
B. AB
C. B
D. O
E. OB
49. A secondary response to an invading microorganism that has invaded a previous time is
A. launched by memory cells
B. slower and weaker than the primary response
C. more rapid, more potent, and longer-lasting than the primary response
D. launched by memory cells and slower and weaker than the primary response
E. launched by memory cells and more rapid, more potent, and longer-lasting than the primary response
50. Active immunity
A. is self-generated upon exposure to antigen
B. can be produced only as a result of a person actually having the disease
C. involves administration of preformed antibodies
D. is shorter in duration than passive immunity
E. is acquired in the newborn as a result of the transfer of antibodies across the placenta during intrauterine
development
51. Chemicals other than antibodies secreted by lymphocytes are collectively known as
A. cytokines
B. antigens
C. opsonins
D. complement factors
E. lymphogenous mediators
52. Which statement does not apply to macrophages?

A. They participate in inflammation.
B. They process and present antigens to lymphocytes.
C. They secrete antibodies.
D. They secrete interleukin 1.
E. They participate in immune surveillance against cancer.
53. Dendritic cells

A. are neurons
B. participate in the inflammation response
C. are specialized for phagocytosis of worms
D. are specialized antigen-presenting cells
E. none of these

A. interleukin 2
B. perforin
C. macrophage-migration inhibition factor
D. B-cell growth factor
E. T-cell growth factor
55. ____ T cells release perforin.
A. Cytotoxic
B. Helper
C. Suppressor
D. Regulatory
E. Inhibitory
56. What type of immune defense cell is selectively invaded by AIDS virus?
A. cytotoxic T cells
B. helper T cells
C. suppressor T cells
D. macrophages
E. neutrophils
57. Cytotoxic T cells

A. are not the most numerous of the T cells
B. secrete B-cell growth factor and T-cell growth factor
C. confer greater phagocytic properties on macrophages, converting them into angry macrophages
D. release antigens
E. bind with class II MHC glycoproteins
58. Lymphocytes respond only to antigens that have been processed and presented to them by
A. neutrophils
B. eosinophils
C. macrophages
D. helper T cells
E. interleukin 2
59. T cells
A. bind with free extracellular antigen
B. bind with MHC molecules only when they are in association with a foreign antigen
C. are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
D. bind with free extracellular antigen and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
E. bind with MHC molecules only when they are in association with a foreign antigen, and are responsible for
cell-mediated immunity
60. Which statement is incorrect?
A. Cytotoxic T cells release chemicals that destroy targeted cells.
B. Helper T cells enhance the activity of other T cells and B cells.
C. Suppressor T cells are believed to play an important role in tolerance to self-antigens.
D. Helper T cells can combine only with host cells bearing both foreign antigen and class I MHC-encoded
self-antigens on their surface.
E. The majority of T cells are helper T cells.
61. Which chemical induces prolonged contraction of smooth muscle during allergic reactions?
A. basophil chemotactic factor
B. eosinophil chemotactic factor
C. histamine
D. SRS-A
E. TP-2
62. Which of the following does not play a direct role in immune surveillance against cancer?
A. B cells
B. natural killer cells
C. macrophages
E. interferon

A. B-cell growth factor
B. T-cell growth factor
C. interleukin 1
D. interleukin 2
E. macrophage migration inhibition factor
64. With ____, the body fails to recognize and tolerate particular self-antigens.
A. delayed hypersensitivity
B. autoimmune disease
C. immune-complex disease
D. immediate hypersensitivity
E. inflammation
65. Which of the following statements about cancer cells is incorrect?
A. They arise only when multiple independent mutations occur within the same cell.
B. They lack the ability to perform the specialized functions of the normal cell-type from which they mutated.
C. The body has no means by which to defend against them.
D. They usually do not adhere well to neighboring cells, so some of them may break away from the parent
tumor.
E. They arise only when multiple independent mutations occur within the same cell, and they usually do not
adhere well to neighboring cells, so some of them may break away from the parent tumor.
66. Which of the following does not help defend against cancer?
A. interferon
B. macrophages
C. natural killer cells
E. antibodies
67. Which of the following is not a possible cause of autoimmune disease?

A. reduction in suppressor T cell activity
B. prolonged treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs
C. exposure of normally inaccessible self-antigens
D. modification of normal self-antigens
E. exposure of the immune system to a foreign antigen almost identical structurally to a self-antigen
68. Which of the following does not characterize immediate hypersensitivity?

A. It is mediated by T cells.
B. It involves IgE antibodies.
C. It occurs within 20 minutes of exposure to the allergen.
D. It usually involves allergic responses to inhaled or ingested allergens.
E. It includes hay fever, asthma, and hives.
69. The epidermis

A. has an outermost keratinized layer that is tough, airtight, and fairly waterproof
B. contains melanocytes, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, Granstein cells, and transient T lymphocytes
C. has a richly vascularized inner layer
D. has an outermost keratinized layer that is tough, airtight, and fairly waterproof; and contains melanocytes,
keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, Granstein cells, and transient T lymphocytes
E. none of these
70. Which of the following is not found in the epidermis?
A. blood vessels whose caliber can be adjusted as part of the temperature regulatory mechanisms
B. keratinocytes
C. melanocytes
D. Langerhans cells
E. Granstein cells
71. Keratinocytes
A. form the outer protective layer of the skin
B. secrete interleukin 1
C. present antigens to helper T cells
D. form the outer protective layer of the skin and secrete interleukin 1
E. none of these
72. Which cell type in the epidermis produces a pigment that absorbs ultraviolet light?
A. keratinocyte
B. melanocyte
C. Langerhans cell
D. Granstein cell
E. sebaceous cell
73. Pathogenic bacteria induce tissue damage and produce disease by invading host cells and taking over the
cellular biochemical facilities for their own purposes.
FALSE
74. A host cell is the body cell of an infected individual.

TRUE
75. Immune surveillance refers to the body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign invaders.
FALSE
76. Peyer's patches are located in the kidney.

FALSE
77. The spleen clears the lymph that passes through it of bacteria and other foreign matter.
FALSE
78. Vasodilation of the blood vessels supplying a tissue increases the flow of blood to that area.
TRUE
79. Specific immune responses are selectively targeted against particular foreign material to which the body has
previously been exposed.
TRUE
80. Diapedesis is the means by which a leukocyte reproduces.

FALSE
81. Neutrophils are the first phagocytes to leave the blood and arrive at a site of bacterial invasion or tissue
damage.
TRUE
82. Neutrophils swell and mature into macrophages after they enter the tissues.
FALSE
83. Lactoferrin is a protein that binds with iron.

TRUE
84. Chemotaxis refers to the ability of leukocytes to squeeze through small capillary pores.
FALSE
85. Fever results from neurological activity in the cerebellum.

FALSE
86. Endogenous pyrogens released by macrophages cause the hypothalamus to elevate body temperature during
times of infection.
TRUE
87. Diapedesis refers to the chemical attraction of phagocytes to areas of injury, inflammation, or bacterial
invasion.
FALSE
88. Phagocytes can destroy foreign microbes only after they have engulfed these invaders.
FALSE
89. Endogenous pyrogen (EP), leukocyte endogenous mediator (LEM), and interleukin 1 (IL-1) are all believed
to be identical or closely related chemical mediators.
TRUE
90. Viral-blocking enzymes induced by interferon are activated only upon viral invasion of the cell.
TRUE
91. Interferon is released only from phagocytic cells that have been invaded by viruses.
FALSE
92. Thymosin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland and it stimulates the formation of T cells.
FALSE
93. IgE antibodies are common mediators for allergic reactions.

TRUE
94. Interferon, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic T cells all exert antiviral and anticancer effects.
TRUE
95. The membrane-attack complex is formed by the five final activated components of the complement system.
TRUE
96. Interferon is secreted by lymphoid organs.

FALSE
97. The clonal selection theory explains why the capacity for diverse lymphocyte production is limited.
FALSE
98. Antibodies are not able to directly destroy invading organisms.

TRUE
99. The arm regions of an antibody determine with what antigen the antibody can bind, whereas the tail portion
determines the destiny of the antibody once it is bound.
TRUE
100. When an antigen gains entry to the body, it stimulates all of the B cells to produce antibodies specific
against it.
FALSE
101. The secondary immune response can be longer and more powerful than the primary immune response.
TRUE
102. The primary response to microbial invasion is mediated by memory cells.

FALSE
103. The formation of memory cells against a particular disease-causing microorganism can only occur after the
person actually has the disease.
FALSE
104. Cytotoxic T cells are one of several kinds of regulatory T cells.
TRUE
105. MHC antigens are found only on the surface of leukocytes.

FALSE
106. By apoptosis, virus-infected cells can self-destruct.

TRUE
107. T cells typically bind with MHC self-antigens only when they are in association with foreign antigen.
TRUE
108. B cells do not display MHC molecules on their surface.

FALSE
109. Histamine is primarily responsible for causing the bronchial constriction associated with asthma.
FALSE
110. Eosinophils are attracted to sites involved with delayed allergic reactions.
FALSE
111. A given allergen can activate a B cell or T cell.

TRUE
112. B lymphocytes are involved with immediate hypersensitivity reactions, whereas T lymphocytes are
involved with delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
TRUE
113. The tremendous diversity of antibodies is made possible by genetic recombination coupled with somatic
mutation during lymphocyte development.
TRUE
114. A single mutation induced by a carcinogen is usually sufficient to convert a normal cell into a cancer cell.
FALSE
115. Hives result from an allergy-induced histamine release.

TRUE
116. The immune system functions entirely independently of the body's two major control systems: the nervous
and endocrine systems.
FALSE
117. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE secreted by B cells, whereas delayed
hypersensitivity is mediated by T cells.
TRUE
118. Hypersensitivity is a B cell-mediated response.

FALSE
119. Antihistamines are effective in combating the allergic symptoms induced by a slow-reactive substance of
anaphylaxis.
FALSE
120. Hair and nails are both special keratinized products.

TRUE
121. Most fat cells in the body are located in the dermis.
FALSE
122. Severe burns of the skin can result in life-threatening circulatory disturbances.
TRUE
123. Adipose tissue is located within the hypodermis.
TRUE
124. Saliva is destructive to bacteria because it is highly acidic.

FALSE
125. The large intestine's normal microbial population helps defend against infection within the lower intestine.
TRUE
126. Debris trapped on the sticky mucus lining the respiratory airway is most often cleared away by the alveolar
macrophages.
FALSE
127. A sneeze expels irritant material mainly from the esophagus.

FALSE
____________________ refers to the body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials
or abnormal cells.
Immunity
A(n) ____________________ is a disease-producing organism.

pathogen
____________________ tissues store, produce, or process lymphocytes.

Lymphoid
____________________ in an infected wound is a collection of phagocytic cells, dead tissue liquefied by

enzymes released from the phagocytic cells, and bacteria.
Pus
Adhesion of blood-borne leukocytes to the endothelial lining is known as ____________________.

margination
The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary pores to exit the vasculature is known as
____________________.
diapedesis
____________________ ions switch on the contractile apparatus needed for the crawling-like motion of a
leukocyte.
Calcium
____________________ refers to the chemical attraction of leukocytes to the site of invasion.

Chemotaxis
A pyrogen induces the development of ____________________.

fever
It is thought that fever may be beneficial to fighting an infection because it reduces the availability of
____________________, thus reducing bacterial growth.
iron
____________________ is released from virally invaded cells and, transiently, nonselectively inhibits
multiplication of viruses in other cells.
Interferon
The ____________________ of the complement system imbeds itself in the microbial membrane surface,
thereby bringing about lysis of the victim cell.
membrane-attack complex
The inflammatory agent ____________________ is released by mast cells.

histamine
____________________ are lymphocyte-like cells that nonspecifically destroy virus-infected cells and tumor
cells.
Natural killer cells
The T lymphocyte lineage undergoes maturational processing and differentiation in the

____________________.
thymus
In tissue repair, nerve and muscle tissue are replaced mainly by ____________________ tissue.
scar
According to the ____________________ theory, when an antigen enters the body, it activates the particular
clone of B cells that bear receptors on their surface uniquely specific for that antigen.
clonal selection
Most of the progeny of an activated B-cell clone differentiate into ____________________, which produce
antibodies, and ____________________, which remain dormant and expand the specific clone.
plasma cells, memory cells
Humoral immunity involves the production of ____________________ by B lymphocyte derivatives.

antibodies
A(n) ____________________ is a large, complex molecule that triggers an immune response against itself.
antigen
Antibody proteins consist of two heavy and ____________________ light polypeptide chains.
two
____________________ cells derived from activated B lymphocytes are specialized for antibody production.
Plasma
____________________ is the process by which a substance separates from a solution.

Precipitation
Clumping of foreign cells brought about by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes is known as
____________________.
agglutination
____________________ cells do not participate in an immune reaction but remain dormant to expand a
specific clone.
Memory
The ____________________ theory proposes that a diversity of lymphocytes is produced during development,
each preprogrammed to synthesize antibody against only one of an almost limitless variety of antigens.
clonal selection
Lymphocytes can only recognize and be activated by antigens that have been processed and presented to them
by ____________________.
macrophages
B and T cells that are no longer needed undergo ____________________ to ensure that a specific immune
response is self-limiting.
apoptosis
____________________ immunity is not self-generated compared to active immunity.

Passive
The type of immune cells selectively invaded by AIDS virus is the ____________________.
helper T cell
____________________ refers to the phenomenon of the immune system not attacking a person's own tissues.
Tolerance
____________________ molecules are plasma membrane-bound glycoproteins that serve as self-antigens.

MHC
The group of genes that codes for self-antigens is known as the ____________________.
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
A(n) ____________________ is the kind of microorganism that causes AIDS.

virus
A carcinogenic factor causes ____________________.

cancer
____________________ against cancer cells involves an interplay among cytotoxic T cells, NK cells,
macrophages, and interferon.
Immune surveillance
____________________ immunity is conferred by receipt of preformed antibodies.

Passive
By ____________________, cancer cells spread to other parts of the body.

metastasis
Penicillin is a possible ____________________, provoking hypersensitivity.

allergen
A mass of transformed cells that is slow-growing, stays put, and does not infiltrate surrounding tissue is known
as a(n) ____________________ tumor, whereas rapidly growing, invasive masses are called
____________________ tumors or ____________________. The spreading of mutant cells that have broken
away from the parent tumor to other body sites is called ____________________.
benign, malignant, cancer, metastasis
The ____________________ is the layer of the skin without a direct blood supply.
epidermis
The ____________________ is a layer of subcutaneous tissue under the dermis of the skin.
hypodermis
____________________ disease occurs when destructive inflammatory processes "spill over" into normal
tissue in the presence of excessive numbers of antigen-antibody complexes.
Immune-complex
The type of antibodies responsible for inducing allergic manifestations is ____________________.

IgE
____________________ refers to the life-threatening allergic phenomenon characterized by severe

hypotension and profound bronchial constriction due to the presence of large amounts of chemical mediators in
the blood released from mast cells and basophils in response to a particular allergen.
Anaphylaxis
The ____________________ refers to the cilia-propelled upward movement of the respiratory airways' mucus
layer to which inspired particulates are stuck.
mucus escalator
Name three means by which microbes can be destroyed in the body without being phagocytized.
(1) ____________________
(2) ____________________
(3) ____________________
extracellular release of destructive lysosomal enzymes; release from macrophages of lactoferrin, which
binds iron needed for bacterial multiplication; lysing of bacteria by the complement system's mem
Distinguish between the two pathways by which the complement system can be activated.
(1) ____________________
(2) ____________________
classical pathway: antibodies activate complement system; alternate pathway: particular carbohydrate
chains on microbial surfaces activate complement system
List two functions of dermal blood vessels.
(1) ____________________
(2) ____________________
supply blood to both the dermis and epidermis; play a major role in temperature regulation
Indicate the secretory product and function of the following three specialized skin structures.
(1) Sweat glands ____________________

Function ____________________
(2) Sebaceous glands ____________________

Function ____________________
(3) Hair follicles ____________________

Function ____________________
178. Match the antibody type with the correct characteristic.
1. Function is uncertain IgG 5

2. Mediator in asthma and hives IgA 3
3. Found in secretions of digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary
systems and in milk and tears IgM 4
4. Serves as the B-cell surface receptor for antigen attachment IgE 2
5. Most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood IgD 1
179. Indicate the immune response associated with the specific ailment below.
1. Allergic response mediated by T cells immediate hypersensitivity 2

2. Allergic response mediated by IgE immune-complex disease 6
3. Allergic reaction to injection of "borrowed" acquired immune
antibodies that confer passive immunity deficiency syndrome 5
4. Hereditary condition in which both B and T
cells are lacking serum sickness 3
5. Helper Ts destroyed by viral invasion autoimmune disease 7
6. Damage of normal cells brought on by severe combined
formation of antigen-antibody complexes immunodeficiency 4
7. The immune system fails to recognize and
tolerate particular self-antigens delayed hypersensitivity 1
180. Match the defense molecule with the correct characteristic.
1. Form(s) a membrane-attack complex opsonins 8

2. Stimulates production of viral-blocking enzymes complement 1
3. Induce(s) the development of fever histamine 6
4. Produced by plasma cells interferon 2
5. Potent anti-inflammatory drug(s) lactoferrin 7
6. Released from mast cells and causes localized
vasodilation in a region of tissue damage antibodies 4
7. Tightly binds with iron, making it unavailable for use by
invading bacteria pyrogens 3
8. Enhance(s) phagocytosis by linking the foreign cell to a
phagocytic cell glucocorticoids 5
181.
Number ____ identifies a helper T cell's co-receptor, called ____________________.
7, CD4
182.
The structure labeled 5 is a(n) ____________________ molecule, and it presents a specific antigen to the
____________________ located on a(n) ____________________ cell.
MHC-I, T-cell receptor, cytotoxic (or CD8) cell
183.
Number 1 is a(n) ____________________ cell, and number 6 is a(n) ____________________ cell.
cytotoxic (CD8+), helper T (or CD4+)

184.
The cell labeled ____ is a(n) ____________________ cell and is the one invaded by the HIV.
6, helper (or CD4) Ts
185. Describe the mechanisms of the inflammation process following the introduction of bacteria into a cut in
the skin. Include information about the cause of the heat, redness, and edema associated with inflammation and
describe inflammation's specific benefits to the body's defense.
After the skin is cut, mast cells in the injured region release histamine, which causes local vasodilation and
increased capillary permeability. The increased blood flow to the region causes redness and heat, and more
liquid leaking out of the more permeable capillaries causes local swelling (edema). Increased blood flow brings
more white blood cells to the region and these cells can help destroy bacteria in the cut.
186. Define the complement system and describe the two ways in which it can be activated, then describe four
ways that activated complement contributes to the body's defense.
Complement refers to a group of proteins that, when activated, bring about direct destruction of foreign cells
and enhancement of other body defenses. Complement activation by the classical pathway involves binding to
an antigen that is bound to an antibody. The alternate pathway involves binding to an antigen directly. Once
activated, complement can function in the following ways: (1) formation of membrane attack complexes that
punch holes in the membranes of foreign cells; (2) serving as chemotaxins for white blood cells; (3) acting as
opsonins; (4) promoting inflammation; and (5) activating kinins.
Test Bank for Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 7th Edition: Sherwood
187. Describe the body's primary and secondary immune responses.
The primary response is the body's response to the first exposure to a particular antigen. During this time, the
body does not have a large supply of memory cells able to recognize this antigen; therefore, the antigen may
have time to cause ill effects before being eradicated. After eradication of the antigen, the body retains a large
supply of memory cells that are able to recognize this antigen and can thereby launch a swifter and more
efficient secondary response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen. During the secondary response, the
antigen can be eradicated so swiftly that no ill effects may develop.
188. Describe how helper T cells become activated when interacting with macrophages, and then how helper T
cells promote clonal development of B cells and cytotoxic T cells. Include in your answer the following:
MHC-11, CD4, and TCR
When a macrophage engulfs a foreign antigen, parts of the antigen are displayed within an MHC-II protein. A
helper T cell with a specific T cell receptor (TCR) that can recognize this displayed antigen binds with the
macrophage. In the process, the T cell's CD4 coreceptor binds to the macrophage's MHC-11 site. After
coupling, the macrophage releases interleukins that activate the helper T cell. The activated helper T cell then
releases cytokines that promote its rapid division, giving rise to a clone (large number) of identical T cells. The
newly formed T cells can interact directly with B cells and can release chemicals that stimulate clonal
development of B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
189. Discuss the development of a fever and its benefit. Include the following in your answer: macrophage,
prostaglandins, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, antigen, and pyrogen.
Chemicals that promote the development of a fever are called pyrogens. Engulfing an antigen can cause a
macrophage to release interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor, which function as pyrogens. In the
hypothalamus, pyrogens cause the release of prostaglandins, which in turn cause the body's thermostat to be
re-set at a higher temperature. This causes a rise in body temperature, which can enhance phagocytosis and
inflammatory activities, and possibly interfere with bacterial reproduction by increasing bacterial needs for
iron.
Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Test Bank For Human Physiology From Cells To Systems 7th Edition Sherwood Download

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Test Bank For Human Physiology From Cells To Systems 7th Edition Sherwood Download

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Test Bank for Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 7th Edition: Sherwood

Test Bank for Human Physiology From Cells to

To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

6. Which of the following is not attributable to the immune defense system?

7. Which of the following is not part of the inflammatory response?

8. Specific immune responses

11. Nonspecific immune responses

12. Which of the following is not a component of innate immunity?

13. Which occurrence is not characteristic of the inflammation response?

14. What type of cells do natural killer cells destroy?

16. Which of the following is part of the inflammatory response?

18. Bacterial multiplication depends on the availability of high concentrations of ____.

19. Which does not apply to neutrophils?

24. Which is not an outcome of complement activation?

27. Select the incorrect statement about the glucocorticoids.

29. Which of the following is not accomplished by interferon?

33. The complement system

37. The thymus

41. Plasma cells

43. The first human vaccination developed by Jenner

44. Passive immunity is accomplished by transfer of ____ antibodies.

46. IgM immunoglobulin

47. The antigen-binding fragments (Fab) of antibodies are

52. Which statement does not apply to macrophages?

53. Dendritic cells

54. Which of the following is not secreted by helper T cells?

57. Cytotoxic T cells

63. Which of the following is not secreted by helper T cells?

67. Which of the following is not a possible cause of autoimmune disease?

68. Which of the following does not characterize immediate hypersensitivity?

69. The epidermis

74. A host cell is the body cell of an infected individual.

76. Peyer's patches are located in the kidney.

80. Diapedesis is the means by which a leukocyte reproduces.

83. Lactoferrin is a protein that binds with iron.

85. Fever results from neurological activity in the cerebellum.

93. IgE antibodies are common mediators for allergic reactions.

96. Interferon is secreted by lymphoid organs.

98. Antibodies are not able to directly destroy invading organisms.

102. The primary response to microbial invasion is mediated by memory cells.

105. MHC antigens are found only on the surface of leukocytes.

106. By apoptosis, virus-infected cells can self-destruct.

108. B cells do not display MHC molecules on their surface.

111. A given allergen can activate a B cell or T cell.

115. Hives result from an allergy-induced histamine release.

118. Hypersensitivity is a B cell-mediated response.

120. Hair and nails are both special keratinized products.

124. Saliva is destructive to bacteria because it is highly acidic.

127. A sneeze expels irritant material mainly from the esophagus.

128. Complete each of the following statments.

129. Complete each of the following statments.

A(n) ____________________ is a disease-producing organism.

130. Complete each of the following statments.

____________________ tissues store, produce, or process lymphocytes.

____________________ in an infected wound is a collection of phagocytic cells, dead tissue liquefied by

132. Complete each of the following statments.

Adhesion of blood-borne leukocytes to the endothelial lining is known as ____________________.

133. Complete each of the following statments.

134. Complete each of the following statments.

135. Complete each of the following statments.

____________________ refers to the chemical attraction of leukocytes to the site of invasion.

Number identifies a helper T cell's co-receptor, called ________________.

Number 1 is a(n) cell, and number 6 is a(n) cell.