SQL QUERIES AND CONCEPTS

1. Select Statement (select data from a database)

- Select * from table_name;
- SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;

2. Select Distinct is used to return only distinct values.

- SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2 FROM table_name;

3. WHERE: It is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified condition.
- SEELCT ‘column’ FROM ‘table’ WHERE ‘condition’;
- SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Mexico';
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS WHERE PRICE = 18;
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS WHERE PRICE >= 30;
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS WHERE PRICE <= 30;
 SELECT * FROM Products WHERE Price <> 18; || SELECT * FROM Products WHERE Price != 18;
 SELECT * FROM Products WHERE Price BETWEEN 50 AND 60;
 SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE 's%';
 SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City IN ('Paris' , 'London');

4. ORDER BY: Sorts in Ascending or Descending order

- SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country;
- SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country, CustomerName; (Basically if 2 countries are same, it orders by CustomerName)

5. AND: SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country = 'Spain' AND CustomerName LIKE 'G%';

6. OR: SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City = 'Berlin' OR CustomerName LIKE 'G%' OR Country = 'Norway';

7. NOT OPERATOR: Gives opposite result. Kind of a negative result

- SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE NOT Country = 'Spain' ;
- NOT LIKE: SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE CustomerName NOT LIKE 'A%';
- NOT IN: SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE CITY NOT IN (‘PARIS’,’TOKYO’);
- NOT BETWEEN: SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE PRICE NOT BETWEEN 20 AND 50;

8. IS NULL AND IS NOT NULL:

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE NAME IS NULL;
SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE NAME IS NOT NULL;

9. UPDATE: Used to modify existing records in a table

- UPDATE TABLE_NAME SET COL1=VAL1 WHERE Condition
- UPDATE Customers SET ContactName = 'Alfred Schmidt', City= 'Frankfurt' WHERE CustomerID = 1;
- UPDATE Customers SET ContactName = 'Juan' (Sets all ContactName to Juan)

10. DELETE: Used to delete a record form a database

- DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE CONDITION
- DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS (DELETES ALL ROWS BUT KEEPS THE ATTRIBUTES INTACT)

11. MIN() & MAX() Functions

- SELECT MIN(COL_NAME) FROM TABLE WHERE CONDITION
- SELECT MAX(COL_NAME) FROM TABLE WHERE CONDITION

12. COUNT : Returns the count of the number of rows matching the specified criterion
- SELECT COUNT(*) FROM PRODUCTS (Returns the total number of rows)
- SELECT COUNT(COLUMN_NAME) FROM TABLE WHERE CONDITION
- SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT COLUMN_NAME) FROM TABLE WHERE CONDITION

13. SUM() : Returns the sum of a numeric column

- SELECT SUM(COL_NAME) FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE CONDITION
- SELECT SUM(Quantity) FROM OrderDetails WHERE ProdictId = 11;

14. AVG: Returns avg of numeric column

- SELECT AVG(COL_NAME) FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE CONDITION

15. SELECT* FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE COL_NAME LIKE ‘anything from the image given below’

16. IN SYNTAX:
- SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country IN ('Germany', 'France', 'UK');
- SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country NOT IN ('Germany', 'France', 'UK');
- SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country IN (SELECT Country FROM Suppliers);

17. BETWEEN: Selects values within a given range

- SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE COLUMN_NAME BETWEEN VAL1 & VAL2;
- SELECT * FROM Products WHERE ProductName BETWEEN 'Carnarvon Tigers' AND 'Mozzarella di Giovanni' ORDER BY
ProductName;

JOINS IN SQL
1. INNER JOIN: Selects rows from both the tables which overlap based on a common column.
- SELECT StudentCourse.COURSE_ID, Student.NAME, Student.AGE FROM Student INNER JOIN StudentCourse ON
Student.ROLL_NO = StudentCourse.ROLL_NO;

+
2. LEFT JOIN:
SELECT Student.NAME,StudentCourse.COURSE_ID FROM Student LEFT JOIN StudentCourse ON StudentCourse.ROLL_NO =
Student.ROLL_NO;

3. Right Join: Similar to left join

SELECT Student.NAME,StudentCourse.COURSE_ID FROM Student RIGHT JOIN StudentCourse ON StudentCourse.ROLL_NO =
Student.ROLL_NO;
4. FULL JOIN: SELECT Student.NAME,StudentCourse.COURSE_ID FROM Student FULL JOIN StudentCourse ON
StudentCourse.ROLL_NO = Student.ROLL_NO;

18. UNION: The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT statements.
 Every SELECT statement within UNION must have the same number of columns.
 The columns must also have similar data types.
 The columns in every SELECT statement must also be in the same order.

- SELECT City FROM Customers UNION SELECT City FROM Suppliers.

- SELECT City FROM Customers UNION ALL SELECT City FROM Suppliers. (UNION ALL allows duplicate values)
- SELECT City, Country FROM Customers WHERE Country='Germany' UNION SELECT City, Country FROM
Suppliers WHERE Country='Germany'
- SELECT City, Country FROM Customers WHERE Country='Germany' UNION ALL SELECT City, Country FROM
Suppliers WHERE Country='Germany'

19) Group By: Groups rows having same values to summary rows. Generally used with Sum(), Count(), Max(), Min()
- SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country FROM Customers GROUP BY Country;
- SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country FROM Customers GROUP BY Country ORDER BY COUNT(CustomerID) DESC;

20) HAVING(): Introduced because WHERE() cannot be used with aggregation functions like Count(), Max(), Min()
- SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country FROM Customers GROUP BY Country HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5;
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IMPORTANT QUESTION:
1) How to print duplicate rows in a table?
A) Select col_name from table_name group by col_name having count(col_name)>1;
Eg: select name,emp_id,salary,department,age from employees group by name,emp_id,salary,department,age having
count(*)>1;

2) How to print the nth largest salary in a table

A) select name, salary from employees order by salary desc offset n-1 rows fetch next 1 row only;

3) KEYS IN DBMS:
They are one or more attributes in table. Used for uniquely identifying tuple in a table.

a) Super key: It is the same as

a) Candidate key: