Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Statics of Particles
Statics of Particles
Twelfth Edition
Chapter 2
Statics of Particles
©Getty Images RF
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Contents
Application Sample Problem 2.3
Introduction Equilibrium of a Particle
Forces on a Particle: Resultant of Two Free-Body Diagrams and Problem
Forces Solving
Vectors Sample Problem 2.4
Addition of Vectors Sample Problem 2.6
Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces Expressing a Vector in 3-D Space
Sample Problem 2.1 Sample Problem 2.7
Sample Problem 2.2
Rectangular Components of a Force:
Unit Vectors
Addition of Forces by Summing X and
Y Components
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Application
The tension in the cable supporting this
person can be found using the concepts
in this chapter.
The focus on particles does not imply a restriction to miniscule bodies. Rather,
the study is restricted to analyses in which the size and shape of the bodies is
not significant to the problem under consideration, so that all forces may be
assumed to be applied at a single point.
Vector classifications:
• Fixed or bound vectors have well defined points
of application that cannot be changed without
affecting an analysis.
• Free vectors may be freely moved in space
without changing their effect on an analysis.
• Sliding vectors may be applied anywhere along
their line of action without affecting an analysis.
• Vector subtraction
Strategy:
• Graphical solution - construct a
parallelogram with sides in the same
direction as P and Q and lengths in
proportion to these forces.
Graphically evaluate the resultant
that is equivalent in direction and
proportional in magnitude to the
diagonal.
The two forces act on a bolt at
A. Determine their resultant. • Trigonometric solution - use the
triangle rule for vector addition in
conjunction with the law of cosines
and law of sines to find the resultant.
R 98 N 35
R 97.73N
Strategy:
• Find a graphical solution by applying
the Parallelogram Law for vector
addition. The parallelogram has sides
in the directions of the two ropes and a
diagonal in the direction of the barge
axis and length proportional to 5000 lb.
A barge is pulled by two
tugboats. If the resultant of the • Find a trigonometric solution by
forces exerted by the tugboats applying the Triangle Rule for vector
is 5000 lb directed along the addition. With the magnitude and
axis of the barge, determine the direction of the resultant known and
tension in each of the ropes the directions of the other two sides
when = 45o. parallel to the ropes given, apply the
Law of Sines to find the rope tensions.
Discuss with a neighbor how
you would solve this problem.
T1 3660lb T2 2590lb
T1 5000lbcos30 T1 4330lb
Reflect and Think: Part (a) is a straightforward application of resolving a vector into
components. The key to part (b) is recognizing that the minimum value of T2 occurs
when T1 and T2 are perpendicular.
F Fx Fy
• Define perpendicular unit vectors i and j
that are parallel to the x and y axes.
• Vector components can be expressed as
products of the unit vectors with the scalar
magnitudes of the vector components.
F Fx i Fy j
Fx and Fy are referred to as the scalar
components of F
Strategy:
• Resolve each force into rectangular
components.
• Determine the components of the
resultant by adding the
corresponding force components in
the x and y directions.
• Calculate the magnitude and
Four forces act on bolt A as direction of the resultant.
shown. Determine the resultant
of the force on the bolt.
Analysis:
• Resolve each force into rectangular components.
Force mag x − comp y − comp
F1 150 +129.9 +75.0
F2 80 −27.4 +75.2
F3 110 0 −110.0
F4 100 +96.6 −25.9
blank blank
Rx 199.1 Ry 14.3
Strategy:
• Construct a free body diagram for
the particle at the junction of the rope
and cable.
• Apply the conditions for equilibrium
by creating a closed polygon from the
forces applied to the particle.
• Apply trigonometric relations to
determine the unknown force
In a ship-unloading operation, a magnitudes.
3500-lb automobile is supported
by a cable. A rope is tied to the
cable and pulled to center the
automobile over its intended
position. What is the tension in
the rope?
Analysis:
• Apply the conditions for equilibrium
and solve for the unknown force
magnitudes.
Law of Sines:
TAB T 3500lb
AC
sin120 sin 2 sin 58
Modeling:
TAB 3570lb
TAC 144lb
Strategy:
• Decide what the appropriate “body”
is and draw a free body diagram.
• The condition for equilibrium states
that the sum of forces equals 0, or:
R F 0
It is desired to determine the drag
force at a given speed on a prototype F x 0 F y 0
sailboat hull. A model is placed in a
test channel and three cables are • The two equations means we can
used to align its bow on the channel solve for, at most, two unknowns.
centerline. For a given speed, the Since there are 4 forces involved
tension is 40 lb in cable AB and 60 (tensions in 3 cables and the drag
lb in cable AE. force), it is easier to resolve all
forces into components and apply
Determine the drag force exerted on the equilibrium conditions
the hull and the tension in cable AC.
Access the text alternative for this image.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Sample Problem 2.6 2
7 ft 1.5 ft
tan 1.75 tan 0.375
4 ft 4 ft
60.25 20.56
R0
34.73 0.3512 TAC FD i
19.84 0.9363TAC 60 j
R0
34.73 0.3512 TAC FD i
19.84 0.9363TAC 60 j
F x 0 34.73 0.3512TAC FD 0
F y 0 19.84 0.9363TAC 60 0
TAC 42.9 lb
FD 19.66 lb
Reflect and Think: In drawing the free-body diagram, you assumed a sense
for each unknown force. A positive sign in the answer indicates that the
assumed sense is correct. You can draw the complete force polygon (above) to
check the results.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Expressing a Vector in 3-D Space 1
F cos x i cos y j cos z k
F
cos x i cos y j cos z k
1
d
d xi d y j d z k
Fd x Fd y Fd z
Fx Fy Fz
d d d
Strategy:
• Based on the relative locations of the
points A and B, determine the unit
vector pointing from A towards B.
• Apply the unit vector to determine
the components of the force acting
on A.
• Noting that the components of the
The tension in the guy wire is 2500 N. unit vector are the direction
Determine: cosines for the vector, calculate the
a) components Fx, Fy, Fz of the force corresponding direction angles.
acting on the bolt at A,
b) the angles x, y, z defining the
direction of the force (i.e., the
direction angles)
Access the text alternative for this image.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Sample Problem 2.7 2
40 80 30
i j k
94.3 94.3 94.3
0.424i 0.848 j 0.318k
x 115.1
y 32.0
z 71.5
FBA FAB
1060N i 2120 N j 795 N k