)285<($581'(5*5$'8$7(352*5$0 )<8*3 

:,7+ 0$-25 ,10$7+(0$7,&6

81'(5
7+(1(:&855,&8/80$1'&5(',7)5$0(:25.

1(: 6<//$%86

for

81'(5*5$'8$7(

0$7+(0$7,&6
ZHIWKHDFDGHPLFVHVVLRQ

81,9(56,7<2)1257+%(1*$/
5DMD5DPPRKXQSXU32 1%8&DPSXV
'LVWULFW 'DUMHHOLQJ3LQ :HVW%HQJDO,QGLD
 %6&0$7+(0$7,&66<//$%86

1(:6<//$%86 )285<($581'(5*5$'8$7(352*5$0 )<8*3

5(9,6(' 6<//$%86  7+5((<($58*+216352*&2856( &%&6

1(:6<//$%86 7+5((<($58*+216352* &2856( &%&6

6(66,21 67 6(0 1' 6(0 5' 6(0 7+ 6(0 7+ 6(0 7+ 6(0 7+ 6(0 7+ 6(0

RQZDUGV








&RQWHQWV 3DJH1R

 &UHGLW+RXUVDQG 0DUN'LVWULEXWLRQ
WLRQ L

 &RXUVH 6WUXFWXUH IRU 6HPHVWHUVDQG

DQG
QG  LL

 'HWDLOHG6\OODEXVRI6HPHVWHU 

 'HWDLOHG6\OODEXVRI6HPHVWHU 

 4XHVWLRQ3DWWHUQ 

 )XUWKHU/LVWRI6XJJHVWHG5HDGLQJ%RRNV
J%
%RRNV 

 2XWOLQHVRI\HDU8QGHUJUDGXDWH3URJUDPZLWK0DMRULQ0DWKHPDWLFV 
 0$7+(0$7,&6<($581'(5*5$'8$7(352*5$0

&5(',7$1'+2856
/ /HFWXUH &UHGLW +RXU
7 7XWRULDO &UHGLW +RXU
3 3UDFWLFDO
31/% 3UDFWLFDO1RQ/DE%DVH &UHGLW +RXUV
3/% 3UDFWLFDO/DE%DVHG &UHGLW +RXUV
3$3(57<3(
7+ 7KHRU\
7+31/% 7KHRU\ 3UDFWLFDO1RQ/DE%DVH
7+3/% 7KHRU\ 3UDFWLFDO/DE%DVHG

&5(',7 0$5.',675,%87,21
0DUNV'LVWULEXWLRQ
6O &RXUVH &RXUVH )XOO 1RQSUDFWLFDO 3UDFWLFDO
&RXUVH7\SH
1R /HYHO &UHGLW 0DUNV %DVHG&RXUVH %DVHG&RXUVH
7+3/%
7+
7+31/%
 0DMRU&RXUVH 0$-
0$- 

 

  
  ͹ͷ  

 0LQRU&RXUVH 0,1
0 ,1 

 

  
    

 9DOXH $GGHG&RXUVH 9$&

9$& 
  
    

 0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\&RXUVH 0'&
0 '&   ͹ͷ  

 6NLOO(QKDQFHPHQW&RXUVH 6(&
6(& 

  
 ͹ͷ  

 $ELOLW\(QKDQFHPHQW &RXUVH $(&

$(& 
 ʹ   

 9RFDWLRQDO&RXUVH  92&
92 &     

 2SWLRQDO± ,QFDVHRI&HUWLILFDWH/HYHO'LSORPD/HYHO([LW

L
         

<HDU8QGHUJUDGXDWH0DWKHPDWLFV&RXUVH6WUXFWXUH
6HPHVWHU 

6(0(67(5
3DSHU 3DSHU )XOO &UHGLW 3DJH
3DSHU&RGH 3DSHU 3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ
/HYHO 7\SH 0DUNV / 73 1R

80$70$-
  0$- &ODVVLFDODQG/LQHDU$OJHEUD 7+    
/RJLF,QWHJHUV
/RJL
/RJLF
F ,QW
QWHJ
HJHU
HUVV DQG%RROHDQ
DQG
DQG%R
%RRO
ROHD
HDQ
Q
80$76(&
 
  6(&
6(& 7+31/%
7
7+3
7+31/
1/%
%    
$OJHEUD
$OJHHEU
$O ED
80$70,1
  0,1 &ODVVLFDODQG/LQHDU$OJHEUD
&ODV
&O DVVL
VLFD
FDODQ
D QGG/
/LQHDU
DU $OJ
O HE
HEUD
UD 7+    
832$0'&

  0'&
0' & 0'&322/$
0'&
0' &32
322/
2/ $ 7+    

8%1*8+,181(3
(3 0,/%HQJJDO
0,/%HQJDOL0,/+LQGL0,/1HSDOL
0 DOL
L0,
0,/ / +L
+LQG
QGL
L0,
0,/
/ 1HSDOLL
86$1885'8(1* 1* 
  $(&
$(
(& 0,/6DQVNULW0,/8UGX$OWHUQDWLYH
0 ,/6D
6DDQV
Q NUULW
LW0
0,/,/ 8UGUGX
X$O
$OWH
WHUQ
UQDW
DWLY
DW LYHH 7+
+ 
   
$(0 (QJOLVK
(QQJOLVKK
8,1'9$& 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ,QGLD
8QG GHUVWDWDQGLQJ,Q, GLDD

  9$
9$&
$& 7+    
$% 'LJLWDO0DUNHWLQJ
'
'L JLWD
JL W O0DUNHWLQ QJ

6(0(67(5
3DSHU
3DSHU
3
3DSHUU 3D
3DSHU
DSHU )XOO
)XOO
)X O &UHGLW 3DJH
3DSHU&RGH 3DSHU
3D
3DSH
HU 3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ
3 DS
SHU'HVFULSWLR
LRQ
/HYHO
/ HYHO
YHOO 7\SH
7\ 0DUN
0DUNV
0D UNVV / 73 1R
80$70$-
 
 0$-
0$
$- &DOFXOXVDQG*HRPHWU\
&DO
&DOFXOXV DQG
Q *HRPHWU
WU\
\ 7+    

80$76(&
 
 6(&
6(& *UDSK7KHRU\
*UDS
*U DSK
K7K
7KHR
RU\ 7+31/%
7
7++3
31
1/% 
   

80$70,1
 

 0,1
0,1 &ODVVLFDODQG/LQHDU$OJHEUD
&ODV
&O DVVL
VLFD
FDOODQ
DQG
G/L
/LQH
QHDU
DU $OJ
OJHE
HEUD
UD 7+    
832%0'&
 0'&
& 0'&322/%
0'&
0' &32
322/
2/ % 7+    

8(1*$(/
  $(&
& &RPSXOVRU\(QJOLVK
&RPS
&R PSXO
XOVRU\
U\
\ (QJ
JOL
OLVK
VKK 7+    

8(199$&
 
 9$&
9$& (QYLURQPHQWDO(GXFDWLRQ
( QYLURQPHQW
L WDOO(G
(GXFDWL
WLRQ 7+    

LL
         

'(7$,/('6<//$%86

6(0(67(5
0$-256.,//(1+$1&(0(17 $1' 0,125 &2856(6
         

6HPHVWHU
3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ &ODVVLFDODQG/LQHDU$OJHEUD 3DSHU&RGH 80$70$-
3DSHU 7\SH 0DMRU&RXUVH 7KHRU\ &UHGLW 0DUNV
3DSHU /HYHO &ODVV+RXUV 6HP(QG([DP / 7 3 7RWDO 7+ 35& &( $77 7RWDO

 +RXUVZHHN +U0LQ         

&/$66,&$/$1'/,1($5$/*(%5$

&ODVVLFDO$OJHEUD
8QLW FODVVHV
&RPSOH[ QXPEHUV
HUV 3RODU UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ 'H 0RLYUH¶V WKHRUHP IRU UDWLRQDO LQGLFHV DQG LLWV DSSOLFDWLRQV
7ULJRQRPHWULFORJDULWKPH[SRQHQWLDODQGK\SHUEROLFIXQFWLRQVRIFRPSOH[YDULDEOH
RJDUULWK
KPH[SRQHQWLLDOO DQG
GK
K\SHUEEROL
OLF IXQFWLLRQVRIIFRPSOOH[YDULLDEOH
EOH

8QLW FODVVHV
7KHRU\RIHTXDWLRQV)XQGDPHQWDOWKHRUHPRI&ODVVLFDO$OJHEUD
RQV )XQ
XQGD
GDPH
PHQWQWDO
DO WKH
KHRU
RUHPHP RI I&O
&ODV
DVVL
VLFD
FDO
O$O
$OJH
JHEU D VWDWHPHQWRQO\
EUD VVWD
WDWH
WHPH
PHQWQW RQO
QO\\ UHODWLRQEHWZHHQURRWVDQG
UHOD
UH ODWL
WLRQ
RQEHW
FRHIILFLHQWV V\PPHWULF
PPHW ULFF IXQFWLRQV
HWUL IXQF
IXQFWL
WLRQ
RQV RI UURRWV
V RI RRWV
RR WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ
WV WU
WUDQ
DQVI
VIRU
RUPD
PDWL RQ RRI
WLRQ HTXDWLRQ
I HT
HTXD
XDWL
WLRQ 'HVFDUWHV¶
RQ 'H
'HVF
VFDU
DUWH V UUXOH
WHV¶ XOH
XO RI VLJQV 6WXUPV¶
H RI
WKHRUHPFXELFHTXDWLRQRQ &DUGDQ¶VPHWKRG
TXDWWLR &DU
& DUGD
GDQQ¶VVPH
PHWWKR RG ELTXDGUDWLFHTXDWLRQ
ELTTXDDGU
GUDW
DWLF
LF HTX D LRQ )HUUDUL¶VPHWKRG
TXDW )HUUUDDUL¶V PHW
H KR
KRG G 

8QLW FODVVHV
,QHTXDOLW\‫ ܯܣ‬൒ ‫ ܯܩ‬൒ ‫  ܯܪ‬WK WKHRUHP
WKHR
HRUHP RRI
UHP ZHLJKWHG
I ZHL
H JKKWH PHDQV
W G PH DQG݉WK
HDQV DQG݉ WK SSRZHU
݉ WK RZHHU WKHRUHP
RZ WK
KHRU HP VWDWHPHQW
RUHP V RQO\ 
&DXFK\6FKZDUW]LQHTXDOLW\
W]LQH
QHTX
TXDO
DOLW \ VWDWHPHQWVRQO\
LW\ VVWD
WDWHHPH
PHQW
QWV DQGLWVDSSOLFDWLRQ
VRQQO\ DQ
QG
G LWVDSSOLFDDWLRQ
RQ

/LQHDU$OJHEUD
EUDD
8QLW FODVVHV
0DWULFHV,QYHUVHRIDPDWUL[FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQVRILQYHUWLEOHPDWULFHVHOHPHQWDU\RSHUDWLRQVDQGPDWULFHV
HRII D PDWUUL[
[FKD
KDUD
UDFW
FWHU
HUL]
L DWLR
RQV RILQYHUWLEOH
OH PDW
DWULFHV
V HOH
OHPH
PHQWDUU\RSHU
HUDW
DWLLRQ
HFKHORQ PDWUL[ URZFROXPQ
URZ PQ UHGXFHG
ZFFROXPQ UHG
GXF HFKHORQ
F HORQQ PDWUL[ UDQN RI
XFHHG HFK RI P
PDWUL[
DWULL[ QRUPDO
DW QRUPDDO IRUPV
I UP
IR V HTXLYDOHQF\
PV HT DQG
FRQJUXHQF\RIPDWULFHV
PDWULFFHV
HV

8QLW FODVVHV
6\VWHPVRIOLQHDUHTXDWLRQV&RQVLVWHQF\LQHTXLYDOHQFHV\VWHP6ROXWLRQRIKRPRJHQHRXVV\VWHP$;
UHT
TXD
XDWLRQQV
V &R
& QVVLV
LVWHQF\
\LLQ HTX
TXLLYDOHQ
OHQFH V\V
\VWH
WHP
P 6ROOXWLR
WLRQRI
RI KRP
RPRJ
RJHQHR
HRXV 2
KRPRJRJHQ
HQHR
HRXV
XV V\V
\VWH
WHP
6ROXWLRQRIQRQKRPRJHQHRXVV\VWHP$;P$;
$; % XVL
VLQJ
QJ URZ UHG
HGXF
XFHG
HG HFK
FKHO
HORQ
RQ IRU
%XVLQJURZUHGXFHGHFKHORQIRUPRUP
P

8QLW FODVVHV
G HLJ
(LJHQ YDOXHV DQG LJHQ
HQ YYHFWRUV
HLJHQ HFWR
HFWRUV
UV RRI
I DD VT
VTXD
XDUH
UH P
VTXDUH DWUL
DW UL[
[ FFKDUDFWHULVWLF
PDWUL[ KDUD
KD UDFW
FWHU
HULV
LVWL
WLFF HTXDWLRQ
HTXD
HTXDWL
WLRQ
RQ RRI
I DD PD
PDWU
WUL[
L[ &D
PDWUL[ &D\OH\+DPLOWRQ
L IL GL K L I
WKHRUHPDQGLWVXVHLQILQGLQJWKHLQYHUVHRIDPDWUL[ L

6XJJHVWHG5HDGLQJ%RRNV
¾ 6/DQJ,QWURGXFWLRQWR/LQHDU$OJHEUDSpringer.
¾ 6.0DSD +LJKHU$OJHEUD&ODVVLFDO Levant.
¾ 6.0DSD +LJKHU$OJHEUD$EVWUDFW /LQHDU Levant
¾ :6%XUQVWLQHDQG$:3DQWRQ7KHRU\RIHTXDWLRQV Creative Media.
¾ 6+)ULHGEHUJ$-,QVHODQG/(6SHQFH/LQHDU$OJHEUDPearson Edu. Pub. (Indian).
¾ .+RIIPDQ DQG 5.XQ]H/LQHDUDOJHEUD Prentice Hall India.
¾ 7$QGUHHVFXDQG'$QGULFD&RPSOH[1XPEHUVIURP$WR=Birkhause.
¾ 96DKDLDQG9%LVW/LQHDU$OJHEUDNarosa Pub. House.
¾ '&/D\/LQHDU$OJHEUDDQGLWV$SSOLFDWLRQVPearson Edu. Pub. (Indian).

         

6HPHVWHU
3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ /RJLF,QWHJHUVDQG%RROHDQ$OJHEUD 3DSHU &RGH 80$76(& $
3DSHU 7\SH 6NLOO(QKDQFHPHQW&RXUVH 7KHRU\ &UHGLW 0DUNV
3DSHU /HYHO &ODVV+RXUV 6HP(QG([DP / 7 3 7RWDO 7+ 35& &( $77 7RWDO
 
  +RXUVZHHN +RXUV       
 

/2*,&,17(*(56 $1'%22/($1$/*(%5$

/RJLF
8QLW FODVVHV
,QWURGXFWLRQ SURSRVLWLRQV
RSRVVLW
LWLR
LRQV WUXWK
QV WU
WUXW
XWK WDEOH
K WD
WDEO H QQHJDWLRQ
EOH HJDW
HJDWLR Q FFRQMXQFWLRQ
LRQ RQMX
RQ MXQF
QFWL RQ DQG
WLRQ DQG GGLVMXQFWLRQ
LVMX
LV MXQF
QFWL
WLRQ ,PSOLFDWLRQV
RQ ,P
,PSO
SOLF
LFDDWLR ELFRQGLWLRQDO
SURSRVLWLRQV FRQYHUVH
RQYHUUVH FRQWUD SRVLWSRVLWLYH
LYH
YH DQ
DQG LLQYHUVH
G LQ SURSRVLWLRQV
YHUUVHH SURS
YH RSRVRVLW Q DDQG
LWLRQV QG SUHFHGHQFH RI
QG RI ORJLFDO RSHUDWRUV
I OR
3URSRVLWLRQDOHTXLYDOHQFH/RJLFDOHTXLYDOHQFHV3UHGLFDWHVDQGTXDQWLILHUV,QWURGXFWLRQTXDQWLILHUVELQGLQJ
XLYDDOHQFH/RJLFDOHTX TXLYLYDO
DOHQ
HQFH
FHV 3UHHGL
GLFDWHVDQDQG
GTX
TXDQ
DQWWLILHUV,QWURGXFWLRQTX
YDULDEOHVDQGQHJDWLRQV
JDWLLRQ
RQV
V

,QWHJHUV
8QLW  FODVVHV
SURSHHUW
UW\
:HOORUGHULQJ SURSHUW\ \ RI
RI SRV
RVLW
LWLY
LYHH LLQWHJHUV
SRVLWLYH QWH
WHJHUV SULQ
QFLSOHV RI PDWK
SULQFLSOHV WKHP
HPDW
DWLFFDO LLQGXFWLRQ
PDWKHPDWLFDO QGXFFWLRQ
QG RQ GLY
GLYLVLRQ DOJRULWKP
GLYLVLELOLW\ DQG (XF
XFOOLGH
GHDQ
DQ DDOJRULWKP
(XFOLGHDQ OJRU
OJRULWWKP FFRQJUXHQFH
RQJU
RQJ XHQ QFH UHODWLRQ
Q EEHWZHHQ
UHODWLRQ HWZ
HW ZHHQ
HQ LQWHJHUV
LQW
QWHJHJHU
HUV
V ) XQGD
XQ GDP PHQ
)XQGDPHQWDO 7KHRUHP RI
HPHQQWRQ
RQO\ VROXWLRQRIOLQHDUFRQJUXHQFHHTXDWLRQV&KLQHVHUHPDLQGHUWKHRUHP
$ULWKPHWLF VWDWHPHQWRQO\  VROXW
XWLR
LRQQRI
RIOLQHDUFRRQJ
QJUXHQFH HTXTXDWLRQV&K
&KLQ
LQHVHVHH UHPD
PDLLQGH
GHUUWWKHR

%RROHDQ$OJHEUD
HEUUD
8QLW FODVVHV
%RROHDQ DOJHEUD %RROHDQ
D %RR
RROOHDQ SRO\QRPLDOV
Q SR
RO\QRP PLQLPDO
RPLDDOV PLQLP PD[LPDO
PDO DQG PD[LP IRUPV
UPVV RI
PDO IRUP RI %RROHDQ
%RROHHDQ SRO\QRPLDOV
Q SRO\Q
\QRP PHWKRG RI
4XLQQ0F&OXVNH\.DUQDXJKGLDJUDPV/RJLFJDWHVVZLWFKLQJFLUFXLWVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQVRIVZLWFKLQJFLUFXLWV
H\ .DU
DUQD
QDXJ
XJK
KGL
GLDJ
DJUD
U PV
PV/R
/RJL
JLFJDWHV
VVZLWF
WFKLQJFLU
LUFX
FXLW
LWVDDQG
GDS
DSSO
SOLF
LFDW
DWLR
LRQV
QV RIVZ

6XJJHVWHG5HDGLQJ%RRNV
5HDG
GLQJ%
%RRNV
x 53*ULPDOGL'LVFUHWH0DWKHPDWLFVDQG&RPELQDWRULDO0DWKHPDWLFVPearson
OGL 'LVFUHWH0DWK KHP
HPDWLF
LFVVDQ
DQG
G&R
&RPE
PELQ
LQDW
DWRU
RULD
LDO
O0D
0DWK
WKHP
HPDWDWLF
LFV
VPe
P arson Edu. In
India.
x (**RRGDLUHDQG003DUPHQWHU'LVFUHWH0DWKHPDWLFVZLWK*UDSK7KHRU\Pearson
DLUHDDQG003DUUPHPHQW
QWHU
HU'L
'LVF
VFUH
UHWH 0DW
DWKH
KHPD
PDWLWLFV
FV ZLW
LWK
K *U
*UDSSK7KHRU\ Pearrson Edu. India.
x -$*DOOLDQ&RQWHPSRUDU\$EVWUDFW$OJHEUDNarosa
Q&RRQW
QWHPSR
S UDU\\ $EVWUDFW$OJHJ EUDNarosa Pub. House.
x 5 /LGODQG* 3LO]$SSOLHG$EVWUDFW$OJHEUD8QGHUJUDGXDWH7H[WVLQ0DWKHPDWLFVSpringer,
* 3LO] $SSOLHG $EVWUDFW $OJHEUD 8QGHUJUDGXDWH 7H[WV LQ 0DWKHPDWLFV Sp Indian.
x +5/HZLV&+3DSDGLPLWULRX&3DSDGLPLWULRX(OHPHQWVRIWKH7KHRU\RI&RPSXWDWLRQPHI
x 0.6HQ6*KRVK30XNKRSDGK\D\DQG6.0DLW\7RSLFVLQ$EVWUDFW$OJHEUD Universities Press.
x /0RKDSDWUD(OHPHQWVRI'LVFUHWH0DWKHPDWLFVTata McGraw Hill
x ,0&RSL6\PEROLF/RJLF Pearson Edu. India
x .+5RVHQ'LVFUHWH0DWKHPDWLFVDQG,WV$SSOLFDWLRQVZLWK&RPELQDWRULHVDQG*UDSK7KHRU\Tata
McGraw Hill


         

6HPHVWHU
3DSHU
/RJLF,QWHJHUVDQG%RROHDQ$OJHEUD 3DSHU &RGH 80$76(& %
'HVFULSWLRQ
6NLOO(QKDQFHPHQW &RXUVH
3DSHU 7\SH &UHGLW 0DUNV
3UDFWLFDO1RQ/DE%DVHG
3DSHU /HYHO &ODVV+RXUV 6HP(QG([DP / 7 3 7RWDO 7+ 35& &( $77 7RWDO

  +RXUVZHHN +RXU         

/2*,&,17(*(56$1'%22/($1$/*(%5$
35$&7,&$/

(Using hand calculation or any mathematical software)

 8VLQJFRQJUXHQFHILQGWKHUHPDLQGHUZKHQDODUJHLQWHJHULVGLYLGHGE\DQLQWHJHU
ILQGWKHUHPDLQGHUZKHQDODUJHLQWHJHULVGLYLGHGE\DQLQWHJ
(J D  ͹ GLYLGHV
LGHVV ͵͵͵͵͵͵ଷଷଷ
YLGHHV ͳ͹ସ଴ସ
E ͳͷ GLYLGHV
F ͳ͸ GLYLGHV ͹͹͹଻଻଻
YLGHHV ͹͹͹
YLGHHV ͵ଵ଴଴
G Ͷʹ GLYLGHV ଵ଴଴଴଴ଶ଴
ଵ଴଴଴଴ଶ
଴଴ଶ଴଴

H Ͷȁͳ ൅ ʹ ൅ ͵ ൅ Ͷହ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬൅ ͳͲͲ

ହ ହ ହ
ͳͲͲହ
I ͳ͵ȁͳǨ ൅ ʹ ʹǨǨ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬Ǥ ൅͹Ͳ
൅͹ͲǨ
͹ͲǨ
J ͳ͹ȁ ሺʹଷ௡ା
ଷ௡ାଵ
ାଵ
ͷଶଶ௡ାଵ
൅ ͵Ǥͷ
͵Ǥͷ ௡ ାଵ
ሻǡ ݊ ൒ ͳ HWF
HWWF

 )LQGWKHODVWGLJLWODVWWZRGLJLWV
ODVWWWZ
WZRGL RIDODUJHLQWHJHU
GLJLWWV RI DUJHLQWWHJHU XXVLQJFRQJUXHQFH
D ODU VLQJFRQ
L RQJ
JUXH
XHQF
QFHH 
భవ
(J D ͳͻଵଽ E ͹͵଻ଷଷ ͵͵ଵ଴଴
F ͵͵ ͳ͵ଵଷଷ
G ͳ͵ H ͹ଵ଴
ଵ଴଴
HWF

 &RGHYDOLGDWLRQSUREOHPV,6%1FRGH
UREOH
OHP
PV,6
6%1
1 FRG
RGHH 83
83&& FFRGH($1FRGHV&UHGLWFDUGQXPEHU
RGH ($1
1 FR
FRGH
G V
V&U
&UHG
HGLW FDU XPE *67QXPEHU *67,1 
DUGQX
 6NHWFK;251$1'125DQG;125*DWHVDQGILQGWKHLUWUXWKWDEOH6LPSOLI\WKHORJLFDOFLUFXLWVXVLQJ
1'12
125
5 DQG ;12
125
5*D
*DWHV DQGIL
ILQGWK
WKHL
HLU
UWU
WUXXWK
KWD
WDEO
EOH
H 6LP
LPSO
S LI
WKHVHJDWHVDQGGUDZWKHVLPSOHVWIRUP
DZ WKH VLP
LPSO
SOHV
HVWIR
IRUP
UP
 6NHWFKWKHORJLFFLUFXLWVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRVLPSOHUHDOOLIHVLWXDWLRQV
LUFX
XLW
LWVVFR
FRUU
UUHV
HVSR
SRQG
QGLQ
LQJ
JWR
WR VLP
LPSO
SOHHUH
UHDO
DOOL
OLIH
IH VLW
LWXD
XDWWLR
LRQV
QV
(J 'RRUEHOO %XUJODU $ODUP
%XUUJODU $ODUP )UHH]HU
P )U
)UHH ]HUU ZDUQLQJ
HH]H ZDUQ
ZDUQLQJ %X]]HU
LQJ %X]]
%X HU 0L[HG
]]HU [HG 7DVN PL[LQJ
0L[H
0L PL[ FRORUV  LQYHUWHU
&RIIHH6RXSYHQGLQJPDFKLQH$XWRPDWLFZDWHULQJV\VWHP$XWRPDWLF
GLQJ
J PD
PDFK
FKLQ
LQH
H $XW
XWRP
RPDW
DWLF
LF ZDW
DWHU
HULQ
LQJ
JV\
V\VW
VWHP
HP$X
$XWR
WRPDWLFF FDUGRRURSHQZDUQLQJV\VWHP
PDWL FDUUGR
FD GRRU
WHPSHUDWXUHGHWHFWRUFLUFXLWV
WRU FLUFXLWV HWF




         

6HPHVWHU
3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ &ODVVLFDODQG/LQHDU$OJHEUD 3DSHU&RGH 80$70,1
3DSHU 7\SH 0LQRU&RXUVH 7KHRU\ &UHGLW 0DUNV
3DSHU/HYHO &ODVV+RXUV 6HP(QG([DP / 7 3 7RWDO 7+ 35& &( $77 7RWDO

 +RXUVZHHN +U0LQ        


&/$66,&$/$1'/,1($5$/*(%5$

&ODVVLFDO$OJHEUD
8QLW FODVVHV
&RPSOH[ QXPEHUV 3RODU UHS
HUV 3RODU UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ 0RLYUH¶V WKHRUHP
SUHVHQWDWLRQ 'H 0RLYUH¶V WKHRUHP IRU
IRU UDWLRQDO LQGLFHV DDQG
V DQ G LLWV DSSOLFDWLRQV
7ULJRQRPHWULFORJDULWKPH[SRQHQWLDODQGK\SHUEROLFIXQFWLRQVRIFRPSOH[YDULDEOH
RJDUULW
LWKP
KP H[
H[SR
SRQH
QHQW
QWLD
LDOO DQ
DQG
G K\
K\SH
SHUE
UERO
ROLF
LF IXQ
XQFW
FWLR
LRQV
QV RI
I FR
FRPS
PSOHOH[
[ YD
YDUL
ULDE
DEOH
OH

8QLW FODVVHV
7KHRU\RIHTXDWLRQV)XQGDPHQWDOWKHRUHPRI&ODVVLFDO$OJHEUD
RQV
V )XQ
X GDPHPHQWWDOO WKH
KHRRUHP RI&O &ODVVLFDO
L O$O$OJHE EUD VWDWHPHQWRQO\
VWWDWWHPH
P QWR
W QO\ UHODWLRQEHWZHHQURRWVDQG
O\ UH
HOD
ODWL
WLRQ
RQEHW
FRHIILFLHQWV V\PPHWULF
ULFF IXQFWLRQV
PPHWWUL IXQF
IXQFWL
WLRQ RI UURRWV
RQVV RI RRRWV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ
WV WU
WUDQ
DQVI
VIRU
R PD
PDWL RQ RRI
WLRQ HTXDWLRQ
I HT
HTXD
XDWLWLRQ 'HVFDUWHV¶
Q 'H
'HVF
VFDU
DUWH V¶ UUXOH
WHV¶ XOH RI
XO RI VLJQV 6WXUPV¶
WKHRUHPFXELFHTXDWLRQ
TXDWWLR
RQ &&DUGDQ¶VPHWKRG
&DUGD
GDQ Q¶VVPH
PHWWKR RG ELTXDGUDWLFHTXDWLRQ
ELT
LTXD
XDGU
GUDW
DWLF
LF HTX
TXDW
DWLR Q )HUUDUL¶VPHWKRG
LRQ WKRG 
)HUUUDDUL¶V PHWK

8QLW FODVVHV
,QHTXDOLW\‫ ܯܣ‬൒ ‫ ܯܩ‬൒ ‫ ܯܪ‬ WKHRUHP
 WKKHR
HRUH
UHP RRI ZHL
P RI ZHLJKWHG
HLJKWHG PHDQV DQG݉WK
V DQG݉ WK SSRZHU
݉ WK RZHU
RZHU WKHRUHP
WKH
KHRU HP VWDWHPHQW
RUHP V RQO\ 
&DXFK\6FKZDUW]LQHTXDOLW\
W]LQ
QHTX
TXDO
D LW \ VWDWHPHQWVRQO\
LW\ VVWDDWH
WHP
PHQW VRQO\ DQGLWVDSSOLFDWLRQ
QWV DQG
DQ GLWVDSSOLF
LFDW
DWLR
LRQ

/LQHDU$OJHEUD
EUDD
8QLW FODVVHV
0DWULFHV,QYHUVHRIDPDWUL[FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQVRILQYHUWLEOHPDWULFHVHOHPHQWDU\RSHUDWLRQVDQGPDWULFHV
HRII DPDWUUL[
[FKDDUD
UDFW
FWHU
HUL]
L]DW
DWLR
LRQV RILQYHUWLEOH PDWWUL
ULFH
FHV
VHOH
OHPH
PHQWDUU\RSHUUDW
DWLLRQ
HFKHORQ PDWUL[ URZ
URZFROXPQ
XPQ UUHGXFHG
ZFFROX HG XFHHG HHFKHORQ
GXF PDWUL[
D UL[ UUDQN
FKHORQQ PDW
FK D N RI
DQ RI P
PDWUL[
DWULL[ QRUPDO
DW PDO IRUPV
QRUPD PV  HTXLYDOHQF\
IRUP
IR HT DQG
FRQJUXHQF\RIPDWULFHV
PDWULFFHV
HV

8QLW FODVVHV
6\VWHPVRIOLQHDUHTXDWLRQV&RQVLVWHQF\LQHTXLYDOHQFHV\VWHP6ROXWLRQRIKRPRJHQHRXVV\VWHP$;
UHT
TXDWL
WLRQV&
&RQVLLVWWHQF\LLQHTXLLYDOHQFHV\VW
O WHP 6ROOXWL
WLRQRII KRPRJHQHR
RXV 2
6ROXWLRQRIQRQKRPRJHQHRXVV\VWHP$;
KRPR RJHQHRXVV\VWH
WHP
P$;$; % %XVLQJURZUHGXFHGHFKHORQIRUP
%XVLVLQJ
QJ URZ
RZUHG
HGXFHGH
G FKHO
KHORQ IRUP

8QLW FODVVHV
(LJHQ YDOXHV DQG
G HLJHQ YHFWRUV RI D VTXDUH PDWUL[ FKDUDFWHULVWLF HTXDWLRQ RI D PDWUL[ &D
&D\OH\+DPLOWRQ
WKHRUHPDQGLWVXVHLQILQGLQJWKHLQYHUVHRIDPDWUL[

6XJJHVWHG5HDGLQJ%RRNV
¾ 6/DQJ,QWURGXFWLRQWR/LQHDU$OJHEUDSpringer.
¾ 6.0DSD +LJKHU$OJHEUD&ODVVLFDO Levant.
¾ 6.0DSD +LJKHU$OJHEUD$EVWUDFW /LQHDU Levant
¾ :6%XUQVWLQHDQG$:3DQWRQ7KHRU\RIHTXDWLRQV Creative Media.
¾ 6+)ULHGEHUJ$-,QVHODQG/(6SHQFH/LQHDU$OJHEUDPearson Edu. Pub. (Indian).
¾ .+RIIPDQDQG5.XQ]H/LQHDUDOJHEUDPrentice Hall India.
¾ 7$QGUHHVFXDQG'$QGULFD&RPSOH[1XPEHUVIURP$WR=Birkhause.
¾ 96DKDLDQG9%LVW/LQHDU$OJHEUDNarosa Pub. House.
¾ '&/D\/LQHDU$OJHEUDDQGLWV$SSOLFDWLRQVPearson Edu. Pub. (Indian). 
         

'(7$,/('6<//$%86

6(0(67(5
0$-256.,//(1+$1&(0(17 $1'0,125 &2856(6
         

6HPHVWHU
3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ &DOFXOXV DQG*HRPHWU\ 3DSHU &RGH 80$70$-
3DSHU 7\SH 0DMRU&RXUVH 7KHRU\ &UHGLW 0DUNV
3DSHU /HYHO &ODVV+RXUV 6HP(QG([DP / 7 3 7RWDO 7+ 35& &( $77 7RWDO

 +RXUVZHHN +U0LQ        


&$/&8/86$1'*(20(75<

&DOFXOXV
8QLW  FODVVHV
5HGXFWLRQ IRUPXODH GHULYDWLRQV DQG LOOXVWUDWLRQV RI UHGXFWLRQ IRUPXODH RI WKH W\SH ‫݊݅ݏ ׬‬௡ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬ǡ
‫•‘ ׬‬௡ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ‡• ׬‬௡ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬ǡ ‫ƒ– ׬‬
–ƒ௡ ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬ǡ ݃‫ݔ‬ሻሻ௡ ݀‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ׬‬ሺሺ݈‫ݔ݃݋‬ሻ
݈‫ݔ݃݋‬
݈‫݋‬ ݀‫ݔ‬ǡǡ ‫‹• ׬‬ ‘• ௠ ‫ ݔ݀ ݔ‬ǡ ‫‹• ׬‬
•‹ ݊‫•‘ ݔ‬ ‘• ݉‫ ݔ݀ ݔ‬HWF
•‹ ݊‫•‘ ݔ‬

$UFOHQJWKRIDFXUYHLQFOXGLQJSDUDPHWULFFXUYHVDUHDHQFORVHG
QFOX
XGLQJSDUDPHWULFF FXU
XUYH
YHVV DUH
UHDDHQFO
FORV H E\DFXUYHDUHDEHWZHHQWZRFXUYHV
RVHG E\ D FXUYHDUHDEHWWZH

8QLW  FODVVHV
௔௫ା௕
+LJKHU RUGHU GHULYDWLYHV
YHV /HLEQLW]
/HLE
/H QLW]] UXOH
LEQL XOH DQG
UXO LWV
DQG LW
LWV DSSOLFDWLRQV
V DS
DSSO
SOLF
LFDW
DWLRQ  WR WKH
LRQV WK SU SSUREOHPV
REOH
RE PV RRI
OHPV I WKH W\SH ݁ •‹ ‫ ݔ‬
௔௫ା௕ ௡ ௡
݁ ‘• ‫ ݔ‬ሺܽ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܾሻሻ ••‹ ‹
‫ݔ‬‫ ݔ‬ሺܽ‫ݔ‬
‫ ݔ‬൅ ܾሻ ܾሻ ‘• ‘• ‫ ݔ‬HW
HWF
F /¶
/¶+R
/¶+RVSLWDO¶VUXOHDQGLW¶VDSSOLFDWLRQV
+RVSVSLW
LWDO
DO¶V
¶V UXOHHDQ
QG
GLW¶V DSS
SSOLLFD

&RQFHSW RI VLPSOH DQG FORVHG

QG FO
FORV HG FFXUYHV
RVHG XUYH
XU YHVV DQ
DQG WKHLU
G WKHL SDUDPHWHUL]DWLRQV
HLU SDUDPHWH HUL]DWL
WLRQ
RQV 33HGDO
HGDO
HGDO HHTXDWLRQ
TXDW
TX DWLRQ HQYHORSHV HYROXWH
DV\PSWRWHVUDGLXVRIFXUYDWXUH&RQFDYLW\FRQYH[LW\FXVSVDQGLQIOHFWLRQSRLQWV
XUY
YDW
DWXU
XUH &RQQFDYL
YLW\
W\FRQY
YH[
H LW
L \FXVVSV DQGLQI
QIOH
OHFWWLR
LRQ
QSSRLQ
LQWVV

*HRPHWU\
8QLW  FODVVHV
'5HIOHFWLRQSURSHUWLHVRIFRQLFVURWDWLRQRID[HVDQGVHFRQGGHJUHHHTXDWLRQVFODVVLILFDWLRQRIFRQLFVXVLQJ
LHVRI
RI FRQ
RQLF
LFV
V URW
RWDW
DWLR
LRQ
QRI
RID[
[HVDQ
D GVHHFRQG
G GHJ
HJUH
UHHHT
HTXD
XDWL
WLRQ
RQV
V FOD
ODVVL
WKHGLVFULPLQDQWSRODUHTXDWLRQVRIFRQLFV
HTXD
XDWL
WLR
RQVVRI
RI FRQ
RQLFV
V

8QLW  FODVVHV
' 6SKHUHV F\OLQGULFDO
DO VVXUIDFHV
XUID
UIDFH FRQHV
FHVV FR
FRQHHV HOOLSVRLGV
V HO
HOOL
OLSV
SVRL
RLGV SDUDERORLGV
GV SD
SDUD
UDER
EROR
ORLGV KK\SHUERORLGV
LGV \SHU
\SHUER
ERORLGVV SODQH
ORLG ODQH VHFWLRQV RI FRQLFRLGV
SOD
JHQHUDWLQJOLQHVFODVVLILFDWLRQRITXDGULFV
ILFDDWLRQRITXDG DGUL
ULFV
FV

6XJJHVWHG5HDGLQJ%RRNV
% N
¾ *%7KRPDVDQG5/)LQQH\&DOFXOXV3HDUVRQ(GXFDWLRQ 'HOKL
¾ 0-6WUDXVV*/%UDGOH\ DQG.-6PLWK&DOFXOXV3HDUVRQ(GXFDWLRQ'HOKL
¾ +$QWRQ,%LYHQVDQG6'DYLV&DOFXOXV-RKQ:LOH\DQG6RQV $VLD 3/WG6LQJDSRUH
¾ 5&RXUDQWDQG)-RKQ,QWURGXFWLRQWR&DOFXOXVDQG$QDO\VLV 9ROXPHV, ,, 6SULQJHU 9HUODJ
¾ 6.0DSD,QWURGXFWLRQWR5HDO$QDO\VLV Levant.
¾ 6&0DOLNDQG6$URUD0DWKHPDWLFDO$QDO\VLV New Age International.
¾ 5.*KRVKDQG.&0DLW\$Q,QWURGXFWLRQWR$QDO\VLV New Central Book Agency.
¾ 5.*KRVKDQG.&0DLW\,QWHJUDO &DOFXOXVNew Central Book Agency.
¾ -*&KDNUDYRUW\DQG35*KRVK$GYDQFHG0DWKHPHWLFDO*HRPHWU\'KDU 6RQV
¾ 8&KDWWHUMHHDQG1&KDWWHUMHH$GYDQFHG$QDO\WLFDO *HRPHWU\ RI7ZRDQG7KUHH'LPHQVLRQV Academic Pub.
¾ 50 .KDQ $QDO\WLFDO *HRPHWU\ RI7ZRDQG7KUHH'LPHQVLRQV 9HFWRU $QDO\VLV New Central Book
Agency.

         

6HPHVWHU
3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ *UDSK7KHRU\ 3DSHU &RGH 80$76(& $
3DSHU 7\SH 6NLOO(QKDQFHPHQW &RXUVH 7KHRU\ &UHGLW 0DUNV
3DSHU /HYHO &ODVV+RXUV 6HP(QG([DP / 7 3 7RWDO 7+ 35& &( $77 7RWDO
 
 +RXUVZHHN +RXUV       
 

*5$3+7+(25<

8QLW  FODVVHV
'HILQLWLRQ H[DPSOHV EDVLF SURSHUWLHV RI JUDSKV SVHXGR JUDSKV FRPSOHWH JUDSKV ELSDUWLWH JUDSKV
LVRPRUSKLVPRIJUDSKV
KV SDWKV DQGF\FOHV

8QLW  FODVVHV
PLOWRRQLDQF\FOHV (X
(XOH
OHUL
ULDQ
(XOHULDQFLUFXLWV+DPLOWRQLDQF\FOHV(XOHULDQ DQ DQ
DQG
G+D
+DPLOWOWRQ
RQLD
LDQ
QJU
JUUDS
D KV UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIDJUDSKE\D
DQG+DPLOWRQLDQJUDSKV UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ PDWUL[
DGMDFHQF\PDWUL[LQFLGHQFHPDWUL[DQG
FLGHHQF
QFHHPDWU
WULL[ DQG ZHLJKWHGJUDSKV
G ZHLJLJKW
KWHG
G JUDSK
SKV

8QLW  FODVVHV
7UDYHOLQJ VDOHVPDQ¶VV SUREOHP
SUR
UREO
EOHP VKRUWHVW
HP VK
VKRU WHVVW SDWK
RUWH SDW
DWK 'LMNVWUD¶V
K  'LM VWUDD¶V DOJRULWKP
LMN DOJ
OJRU
RULW KP :DUVKDOO
LWKP :DUV
:D UVKDOO DOJRULWKP
KDOO DOJR 7UHH DQG WKHLU
SURSHUWLHVVSDQQLQJWUHH.UXVNDO¶V$OJRULWKP)RUHVW&RQQHFWLYLW\PDWFKLQJLQELSDUWLWHJUDSKVPDWFKLQJ
WUHHH.U
.UXV
XVND
NDO¶O¶V
V $O
$OJR
JRULULWK
W P)R
) UHVW &R
& QQHFWLLYL
YLW\
W\PD
PDWF
WFK
KLQJ
QJ LQE
ELS
LQJHQHUDOJUDSKV

6XJJHVWHG5HDGLQJ%RRNV
LQJJ%
%RRNV
¾ '60DOLN0.6HQDQG6*KRVK,QWURGXFWLRQWR*UDSK7KHRU\Cengage
. 6HQ
HQ
 DQ
DQG6
6 *KR
KRVK
VK,Q
,QWUR
RGXFFWLRQ WR*UUDS
SK
K7K
7KHR
HRU\
U\ Ce
Ceng
ngag
agee Le
Learning Asia.
¾ %$'DYH\DQG+$3ULHVWOH\,QWURGXFWLRQWR/DWWLFHVDQG2UGHU&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
+$
$ 3U
3 LHHVWOH\
H\,Q
,QWUURG
RGXF
XFWL
WLRQ
RQ WR /D
/DWW
WWLF
LFHV
HV DQG 2UG
UGHU
HU&
&DPE
P UL
ULGJ
GJH
H8
¾ (**RRGDLUHDQG003DUPHQWHU'LVFUHWH0DWKHPDWLFVZLWK*UDSK7KHRU\
QG0
00
0 3DU
DUPH
PHQW
QWHU
HU'L
'LVF
VFUH
UHWH
WH 0DW
DWKH
KHPD
PDWL
WLFV
FV ZLWWK*U
*UDS
DSK
K 7K
7KHR
HRU\
U\ Pearson
P Edu. India.
¾ '%:HVW ,QWURGXFWLRQWR*UDSK7KHRU\
RGXF
XFWL
WLRQ
RQ WR*U
*UDS
DSK
K7K
7KHR
HRU\
U\ PHI.
PHII.
PH
¾ 1 'HR, *UDSKLF7KHRU\ZLWK$SSOLFDWLRQVWR(QJLQHHULQJDQG&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH
F7K
7KHRU\ZLWK
K$S
$SSO
SOLF
LFDW
DWLR
LRQV WR(
(QJ
QJLQ
LQHH
HHUL
ULQJ
QJ DQG
QG&RPSXWHU6
6FL PHI.
¾ 5 'LHVWHO*UDSK7KHRU\Springer-Verlag
K 7KH
KHRU
RU\
\Sp
Spri
ring
nger
er-Ve
Verl
rlag
ag


         

6HPHVWHU
3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ *UDSK7KHRU\ 3DSHU &RGH 80$76(& %
6NLOO(QKDQFHPHQW &RXUVH
3DSHU 7\SH &UHGLW 0DUNV
3UDFWLFDO1RQ/DE%DVHG
3DSHU /HYHO &ODVV+RXUV 6HP(QG([DP / 7 3 7RWDO 7+ 35& &( $77 7RWDO
 +RXUVZHHN +RXUV         

*5$3+7+(25<
35$&7,&$/

(Using hand calculation or any mathematical software)

 7UDYHOOLQJVDOHVPDQSUREOHPV
(J*LYHQDOLVWRIWRXULVWVSRWVLQ'DUMHHOLQJGLVWULFW
QDOLVWRIWRXULVWVSRWV LQ'DUMHHOLQJGLVWULFW DQG PHQWLRQ WKHGLVWDQFHVEHWZHHQHDFKSDLURI
WKHGLVWDQFHVEHWZHHQ
VSRWV ,IZHVWDUWIURP6LOLJXULZKDWLVWKHSRVVLEOHVKRUWHVWSDWK
ZHVWDDUWWIIURP 6LO
LOLLJXULL ZKKDWW LVWK
WKH SRVVLE
LEOOH VKRUW W WK WKDWYLVLWVHDFKRQH
K WHVWSDWK WKDWYL
W LVLW
LWVHDFKRQH
K HH[DFWO\RQFHDQG
[D
UHWXUQVWRWKHRULJLQDOSODFHDW6LOLJXUL"
WKH RULJLQDOSODFHDW6L
6LOL
OLJX
JXUUL""

 :LWKRXWOLIWLQJSHQFLOSX]]OHV
IWLQJJS
SHQ
HQFL
FLOO SX]
X]]O HV (XOHU3DWKV
]OHV (XOH
(XO U3DWKVV &LUFXLWV
3DWK &L
&LUF
UFXL
XLWV
WV 
(J+RZFDQ\RXVNHWFK
FDQ \RX
RXVN
VNHW FK DDJLYHQVKDSHRQSDSHUZLWKRXW
HWFK JL
JLYH
YHQ
Q VK
VKDS
DSH RQ SDS
DSHU
HUZL
ZLWK WDNLQJRIIWKHSHQDVZHOODV
WKRXW WD
WDNL
NLQJ
JRII
II WKH
KH SHQ DVZH
ZHOO ZLWKRXWWUDFLQJ
OO DV Z
WKHVDPHOLQHWZLFH"
LQHWZ
WZLFFH""

 'UDZ ELSDUWLWH
DUWLWHH JJUDSKV
UDSK
UD IRU
SKV IRU GGLIIHUHQW
IRU LII
IIHU
HUHQ QHWZRUNV
QW QH WZRUNVV OLNH HHFRORJLFDO
QHWZ FRORJ
RJLFDO QHWZRUNV
LFDO QHWWZR NV HHSLGHPLRORJLFDO
ZRUN SLGH
SL GHPL
PLR RJLF QHWZRUNV
ROR
ELRPHGLFDOQHWZRUNVELRPROHFXODUQHWZRUNV
DOQHWZ
WZRU
R NVE
ELRP
PRO
R HF
HFX
XODU
DU QHWZRUN
UNV HWF

 )LQGWKHVROXWLRQWR
ROXWLR PDWFKLQJSUREOHPV
RQ WR PDWWFKLLQJ SUR
UREO
EOHPV PDWFKLQJMREVHHNHUVZLWKMREYDFDQFLHVRUDVVLJQLQJVWXGHQWV
PV PDDWF
WFKLQJMRE
E VHH
HHNHUVV ZLWK
LWWKMRE Y
YDDDFFDQFFLH
LHVRU
H RUU DVVVVLJ
WRSURMHFWVXSHUYLVRUV6WDEOH0DUULDJHSUREOHP
VX
XSHUYL
XS YLVRUVV 6WDE
EOH
OH 0DU
DUUULLDJHSUREOHP
L VRFLDOQHWZRUNSUREOHPV
VRFLDOQHWZRUN SUR PV FRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQXVHUV
REOOHP FR
RQQHFWLLR
RQQVE
DQGLQWHUHVWV
VWWV  HWFXVLQJELSDUWLWHJUDSKV
HWFX
XVLQ
LQJEL
ELSDUWWLWHH JUDS
DSKV
KV

 6NHWFK WKH JUDSK

H JU
U DS
SKK RI UHDOOLIH
I UUH IH VVLWXDWLRQV
HDOOLLIH LWX OLNH
XDDWWLLRRQV OL
LN ODQGLQJ
NHH ODQGLQJ
QJ FDEOHV
EOHV /$1
J FDE
DE $1 QHWZRUNV
/$1 QHWWZRUN QHWZRUN
UNVV D QH ZRUN RI SLSHV IRU
HWZ
GULQNLQJZDWHURUQDWXUDOJDVDQHOHFWULFJULGWRXURSHUDWLRQV
ZDDWHU
DWHUU RUQDDWXU
XUD
UDO
O JD
J V DQHHOOHF
HFWU
HFWU
WULF
LF JUL
LF U GWR
RXU
XURSH UD QV HWF
SHHUD
UDWLRQ DQGILQGWKHVROXWLRQXVLQJ
H F DDQ
HW QGIL
ILQG
Q WKH
K VRO
ROOXW
XWLR
WLRRQXVL .UXVNDO¶V
LRQ
DOJRULWKP
P

 6NHWFKLQJ JJUDSKV
UDSKVV UUHODWHG
D K HOODW
DWHGG WWR
HHG WKH
R WK
WKH SSUREOHPV
H SU R OH
RE PV RRI
OHPV GGLJLWDO
I GLJL
GLLJL
JLWD
WDOO PDSS
WD PDSSLQJ
P
PD
DSS
SSLQ
LQ VHUYLFHV
QJ VH
VHUY
UY HV LQ
YLLFFHV LQ JRRJOH
Q JRRJ
JR
RRRJJOH PDSV
OH P S OLNH *36 WR
DS
DSV
FDOFXODWHWKHVKRUWHVWRUTXLFNHVWURXWH
KHVK
VKRU
RUWH
WHVW
VW RUTX
TXLF
LFNH
NHVW
VW URX
RXWH
WH  VR
VVRFLDOQHWZRUNLQJDSSOLFDWLRQVURERWLFSDWKV
VRFL
RFL
FLDO QHHWWWZR
ZRRUN
NLQ
LQJDS
JDSSO
DS
SSOOLF
LFDW
LFDW
DWLR
WLRQV
QV UR
QV URER
ERWL
WLFFSD
WL SDWK
WK
WKV
KV OOLNHURERWFDUWR
LN
WDNHWRUHDFKDVSHFLILFORFDWLRQZKLOHDYRLGLQJREVWDFOHV
DFKDDVSHFLILFORFDWWLR
RQ
QZK
ZKLO
L H
H DY
DYRL
RLGLQJ
QJ REV
EVWWDFOOHV  ORJLVWLFV
O RJ
OR JLLVW
VWLLFFV DQ
DDQG
QG WUDQVSRUWD
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
DWLRQQ PRVWHIILFLHQW
P
URXWHVIRUYHKLFOHVDQGWRRSWLPL]HGHOLYHU\VFKHGXOH
YHK
KLF
LFOH
OHV
V DQ
DQG
G WR RSW
SWLP
LPL]
L]HH GH
GHOL
OLYH
YHU\
U\ VFK
FKHG
HGXO (PHUJHQF\6HUYLFHV
XOHH (P
(PHU
HUJH
JHQF
QF\\6H
6HUY
UYLFHV DPEXODQFHILUHWUXFNRU
LFHV DPEX
DPEXOD
ODQ
QFH
SROLFHFDU D
DQG
DQG
G WKHQ
K ILILQG
QGG WKH
K VKRUWHVW
K SD
SDWK
WK
K XVL
XVLQJ
LQJ 'LMNVWUD
'LMN
'L MNVWUD V DOJRULWKP
DOJR
O ULLWKP
K




         

6HPHVWHU
3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ &ODVVLFDODQG/LQHDU$OJHEUD 3DSHU&RGH 80$70,1
3DSHU 7\SH 0LQRU&RXUVH 7KHRU\ &UHGLW 0DUNV
3DSHU/HYHO &ODVV+RXUV 6HP(QG([DP / 7 3 7RWDO 7+ 35& &( $77 7RWDO

 +RXUVZHHN +U0LQ        


&/$66,&$/$1'/,1($5$/*(%5$

&ODVVLFDO$OJHEUD
8QLW FODVVHV
&RPSOH[ QXPEHUV 3RODU UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ 'H 0RLYUH¶V WKHRUHP IRU UDWLRQDO LQGLFHV DQG LWV DSSOLFDWLRQV
LWKPH[SRQHQWLDODQGK\SHUEROLFIXQFWLRQVRIFRPSOH[YDULDEOH
7ULJRQRPHWULFORJDULWKPH[SRQHQWLDODQGK\SHUEROLFIXQFWLRQVRIFRPSOH[YDULDEOH

8QLW FODVVHV
7KHRU\RIHTXDWLRQV)XQGDPHQWDOWKHRUHP
)XQQGD
GDPH
PHQW QWDO
DO WKH
KHRU
RUHPHP RI RI&ODVVLFDO$OJHEUD
&OD
ODVV
VVLF
LFDO
DO $OJOJHE
HEUD VWDWHPHQWRQO\
UD VW
VWDW
DWHP
HPHQHQWWRQ O\ UHODWLRQEHWZHHQURRWVDQG
RQO\ UHOD
FRHIILFLHQWV V\PPHWULF
ULF IXQFWLRQV
IXQF
IXQFWLWLRQ
RQV RI UURRWV
V RI RRWV
RR WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ
WV WU
WUDQ
DQVI
VIRU
RUPD
PDWL RQ RRI
WLRQ HTXDWLRQ
I HT
HTXD
XDWL
WLRQ 'HVFDUWHV¶
RQ 'H
'HVF
VFDU WHV¶ UXOH RI VLJQV 6WXUPV¶
DUWH
WKHRUHPFXELFHTXDWLRQ
LRQ &&DUGDQ¶VPHWKRG
DUUGD
GDQ¶
Q¶VV PH
PHWKWKR ELTXDGUDWLFHTXDWLRQ
RG ELTLTXD
XDGU
GUDW
DWLF TXDWLRQ )HUUDUL¶VPHWKRG
LF HTX )HU
HUUDDUL
UL¶V
¶V PHW
HWKR
KRG G

8QLW FODVVHV
,QHTXDOLW\‫ ܯܣ‬൒ ‫ܯܩ‬
‫ ܯ‬൒ ‫  ܯܪ‬WK WKHRUHP
WKHR
HRUH
UHP
P RI ZHLJKWHG
RI ZHL PHDQV
HLJKWHG PH HDQV
V DQG ݉ WK
DQG WK SSRZHU
HU WKHRUHP
RZHU
RZ WKHR VWDWHPHQW RQO\ 
&DXFK\6FKZDUW]LQHTXDOLW\
HTXDDOLW\ VWDWHPHQWVRQO\
LW\ VWDDWHHPH
PHQW DQGLWVDSSOLFDWLRQ
QWVV RQO\ DQ
DQGGLWVDSSO
SOLF
LFDWLRQ

/LQHDU$OJHEUD
8QLW FODVVHV
0DWULFHV,QYHUVHRIDPDWUL[FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQVRILQYHUWLEOHPDWULFHVHOHPHQWDU\RSHUDWLRQVDQGPDWULFHV
D PDWDWUL
UL[
[ FKD
KDUD
UDFW
FWHU
HUL]]DW
DWLR
LRQ
QVRI
ILQYHHUW
UWLEOHH PDW
DWUULFH
FHV
V HOH
OHPH
PHQW
QWDU
DU\
\ RS
HFKHORQ PDWUL[ URZFROXPQ
ZFR
ROX PQ UHGXFHG
OXPQ UHG
HGXF
XFHG HFKHORQ
HG HFKFKHO
HORQ PDWUL[
RQ P DWUL
DW [ UUDQN
UL[ DQN
DQ RI P
N RI PDWUL[
DWUL [ QQRUPDO
UL[ RUPD O IRUPV
PDO IR HTXLYDOHQF\ DQG
HV
FRQJUXHQF\RIPDWULFHV

8QLW FODVVHV
6\VWHPVRIOLQHDUHTXDWLRQV&RQVLVWHQF\LQHTXLYDOHQFHV\VWHP6ROXWLRQRIKRPRJHQHRXVV\VWHP$;
XDWLLRQ
R V&RQVLLVWH
WHQF
QF\
\LQ
LQ HTXLY
LYDO
DOHQ
HQFH
FHV\V
\VWH
WHP
P 6RO
ROXXWLRQRIKRP
PRJ 2
JHQ
QHR
HRXV
XV V\V
\VWH
WHP
6ROXWLRQRIQRQKRPRJHQHRXVV\VWHP$;P$;
$; % XVL
VLQJ
QJ URZ UHG
HGXF
XFHG
HG HFK
FKHO
HORQ
RQ IRU
%XVLQJURZUHGXFHGHFKHORQIRUP RUP
P

8QLW FODVVHV
(LJHQ YDOXHV DQG HLJHQ YHFWRUV RI D VTXDUH PDWUL[ FKDUDFWHULVWLF HTXDWLRQ RI D PDWUL[ &D\OH\+DPLOWRQ
WKHRUHPDQGLWVXVHLQILQGLQJWKHLQYHUVHRIDPDWUL[

6XJJHVWHG5HDGLQJ%RRNV
¾ 6/DQJ,QWURGXFWLRQWR/LQHDU$OJHEUDSpringer.
¾ 6.0DSD +LJKHU$OJHEUD&ODVVLFDO Levant.
¾ 6.0DSD +LJKHU$OJHEUD$EVWUDFW /LQHDU Levant
¾ :6%XUQVWLQHDQG$:3DQWRQ7KHRU\RIHTXDWLRQV Creative Media.
¾ 6+)ULHGEHUJ$-,QVHODQG/(6SHQFH/LQHDU$OJHEUDPearson Edu. Pub. (Indian).
¾ .+RIIPDQDQG5.XQ]H/LQHDUDOJHEUD Prentice Hall India.
¾ 7$QGUHHVFXDQG'$QGULFD&RPSOH[1XPEHUVIURP$WR=Birkhause.
¾ 96DKDLDQG9%LVW/LQHDU$OJHEUDNarosa Pub. House.
¾ '&/D\/LQHDU$OJHEUDDQGLWV$SSOLFDWLRQVPearson Edu. Pub. (Indian).

         

6HPHVWHU
3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ ,QWURGXFWLRQWR/LQHDU3URJUDPPLQJ 3DSHU &RGH 832%0'&
3DSHU 7\SH 0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\&RXUVH 7KHRU\ &UHGLW 0DUNV
3DSHU /HYHO &ODVV+RXUV 6HP(QG([DP / 7 3 7RWDO 7+ &( $77 7RWDO
  +RXUVZHHN +RXUV 0LQ         

,1752'8&7,2172/,1($5 352*5$00,1*

8QLW  FODVVHV
,QWURGXFWLRQWROLQHDUSURJUDPPLQJSUREOHP
PLQJSUREO
EOHP
P /3 3  GGHILQLWLRQRIUHODWHGWHUPLQRORJ\VXFKDVFRQVWUDLQWVREMHFWLYH
/33 HILQ
HI LQLW
LWLR
LRQ
QRI
RIUHODW
O HGG WHHUP
IXQFWLRQVRSWLPL]DWLRQGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRI/33
W W\S
\SHV
HV RI
I/3
/33
3 DQ
DQG
GPPDWKHPDWLFDOIRUPDWLRQRI/33
DWKH
DW KHPD
PDWL
WLFD
FDOO IR
IRUP
UPDW
DWLR
LRQ
QR )HDVLEOHDQGLQIHDVLEOHUHJLRQV
'HILQLWLRQRIW\SHRIVROXWLRQVEDVLFVROXWLRQ
EDVVLF VRO
ROXW
XWLR
LRQ
Q %%6 IHDVLEOHVROXWLRQ
6 IH
IHDVVLE
LEOHH VRO
ROXW
XWLRQ )6
LRQ )6 EDVLFIHDVLEOHVROXWLRQ
 ED %)6 GHJHQHUDWH
DQGQRQGHJHQHUDWH%)60DWUL[QRWDWLRQRI/33JUDSKLFDOPHWKRGRIVROXWLRQIRU
[ QRW
RWDW
DWLR
RQ
QRI
RI /33
33JU
JUDSKLLFD
FDOOPH
PHWK
WKRG
RG RI
IVRROX
OXW /33 LQWZRYDULDEOHV 6ODFNDQG
VXUSOXVYDULDEOHVVWDQGDUGIRUPRI/33
RII/3
/33
3

8QLW   FODVVHV
0DWKHPDWLFDOIRUPXODWLRQ RI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQPRGHOV
UDQQVSRUWWDWWLR
LRQ
QPR
PRGHGHOV 0DWUL[IRUPDWLRQRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
OV 0D
0DWU
WUL[
L[ IRU
RUPD
PDWL
WLRQRI
IWU SUREOHP 73 'HWHUPLQH
WKH LQLWLDO EDVLF IHDVLEOH VROXWLRQ
LRQQ RRI
I 73
I 73 XXVLQJ
VLQJ
VL 1RUWK:HVW
QJ 1R
1RUW
UWK
K:HV W FFRUQHU
HVW RUQH
RUQHU PHWKRG
U PHWKR DQG 9RJHO DSSUR[LPDWLRQ PHWKRG
PHWK
RSWLPDOLW\QRWUHTXLUHG 

6XJJHVWHG5HDGLQJ%RRNV
¾ 06%D]DUDD-- -DUYLVDQG+'6KHUDOL/LQHDU3URJUDPPLQJDQG1HWZRUN)ORZV-RKQ:LOH\DQG6RQV,QGLD
¾ )6+LOOLHUDQG*-/LHEHUPDQ,QWURGXFWLRQWR2SHUDWLRQV5HVHDUFK 7DWD0F*UDZ+LOO6LQJDSRUH
¾ +$7DKD2SHUDWLRQV5HVHDUFK $Q,QWURGXFWLRQ3UHQWLFHဨ+DOO,QGLD
¾ *+DGOH\/LQHDU3URJUDPPLQJ1DURVD3XEOLVKLQJ+RXVH1HZ'HOKL
¾ 30.DUDN/LQHDU3URJUDPPLQJ New Central Book Agency.
¾ -*&KDNUDYRUW\DQG35*KRVK /LQHDU 3URJUDPPLQJDhur & Sons.
¾ '&6DQ\DODQG.'DV,QWURGXFWLRQWR/LQHDU3URJUDPPLQJ Dhur & Sons.

Dr. Paltu Sarkar (Chairperson)

UG Board of Studies in Mathematics
University of North Bengal


         

48(67,213$77(51
0$-250,1256.,//(1+$1&(0(173$3(5

7+(25< (;$0

)RU0DUNVSDSHU
7RWDO 4XHVWLRQWREH 0DUNRIHDFK
*URXS 7RWDO0DUNV
4XHVWLRQV DQVZHUHG 4XHVWLRQ
$    ͳʹ ൌ Ͷ ൈ ͵
%    ʹͶ ൌ Ͷ ൈ ͸
&    ʹͶ ൌ ʹ ൈ ͳʹ
7RWDO0DUNV
7RWD
7RWDO 

)RU0DUNVSDSHU
7RWDO 4XHVWL
4XHVWLRQWREH
4XHV WLRQ
R WREH 0DUN RI
0DUN RRIHDFK
*URXS 7RWDO0DUNV
4XHVWLRQV DQVZHUHG
DQVZ
DQ VZHU
HUHG 4XHVWLRQ
4XHV
4X HVWL
$    ͷ ൌͷൈͳ
%    ͳͷ ൌ ͵ ൈ ͷ
&    ʹͲ ൌ ʹ ൈ ͳͲ
7RWDO0DUNV 

35$&7,&$/ (;$0

3UDFWLFDO/DE%DVHG 3/% 0DUNV ([DP'XUDWLRQ

1RWH%RRN9LYD 0DUNV 

3UREOHPVൈ 0DUNV(DFK 0DUNV +RXUV

3UDFWLFDO1RQ/DE%DVHG 31/% 0DUNV ([DP'XUDWLRQ

1RWH%RRN9LYD 0DUNV 

3UREOHPVൈ 0DUNV(DFK 0DUNV +RXUV


         

$11(;85(
)XUWKHU/LVWRI6XJJHVWHG5HDGLQJ%RRNV

&ODVVLFDO$EVWUDFWDQG/LQHDU $OJHEUD *URXS7KHRU\5LQJ7KHRU\%RROHDQ $OJHEUD

 7RSLFVLQ $OJHEUD ,1+HUVWHLQ Wiley Eastern Ltd.

 $EVWUDFW$OJHEUD1 3&KDXGKXUL(Tata McGraw Hill)
 $)LUVW&RXUVHLQ$EVWUDFW$OJHEUD- % )UDOHLJK(Pearson Education)
 $FRXUVHLQDEVWUDFWDOJHEUD9..KDQQDDQG6.%KDPEUL Vikas Publishing House
 8QLYHUVLW\$OJHEUD16*RSDOD.ULVKQDQ New Age International
 &%&60DWKHPDWLFV'&KDWWHUMHHDQG%.3DO
'&KDWWHUMHHDQG%.3DO U.N Dhur & Sons
 $OJHEUD50.KDQ(New
(New
wCCentral
enttrall Book
Boo
ookk Agency)
Agen
Agency
cy))
 &%&6,QWHJUDO&DOFXOXVDQG'LIIHUHQWLDO(TXDWLRQV'&KDWWHUMHHDQG%.3DO
XV DQG'LIIHUHQWLDDO (T
(TXD
XDWLLRQ
RQV
V'&K
&KDW
DWWH
WHUM
UMHH
H DQG%.3DO U.N
HH U Dhur & Sons
 &%&6$OJHEUD'&KDWWHUMHHDQG%.3DO
DWWHHUM
UMHH
HH DQG %.
. 3D
3DO
O U.N
U.N Dh
Dhur
ur & SSons
onss
on
 +LJKHU$OJHEUD-*&KDNUDYRUW\DQG35*KRVK
&KDDNU
N DY
DYR
RUW\
\ DQG 35
5*K
*KRV
RVK
K U.N
U.N Dh
Dhur
ur & SSons
ons
on
 /LQHDU$OJHEUD3.6DLNLD
6DLN
NLDD (P
(Pea
(Pearson,
ears
rson
on,, India)
Indi
India)
a)
 /LQHDU$OJHEUD$59DVLVWKD-16KDUPDDQG$.9DVLVWKD(Krishna
9DVVLV
LVWK
WKD
D -1
1 6K
6KDU
DUP
PD DQG
QG$. 9DVLV
LVWK
WKD(K
(Kri
riish
shna
na P
Prakashan)
raka
ra kash

,QWHJUDODQG'LIIHUHQWLDO&DOFXOXV
DO&D
&DOF
O XOX
XV
 ,QWURGXFWLRQWR5HDO$QDO\VLV'
$QDO\
O\VL
VLVV ' 56KHUEHUWDQG
5 6KH
KHUUEHUW DQ
DQG
G 5 *
*%DUWOH
%DU
DUWOH (Wiley)
(Wil
(Wiley
ey))
 $GYDQFHG0DWKHPDWLFDO$QDO\VLV8WSDO&KDWWHUMHH(Academic
FDO$Q
$QDO
DO\
\VLV
LV
8W
8WSD
SDO&K
&KDWWWHUMHH
H (Aca
c deemi
micc Pu
Publ
Publishers)
blisshe
hers
rs))
 0DWKHPDWLFDO$QDO\VLV
V 3UREOHPVDQG6ROXWLRQV6
3URE
3UREOOHPV
P DQG 6ROXW
XWLR
LRQV
QV 6 %DQG\RSDGK\D\(Academic
%DQG
%DQG\R
\RSD
SDGK
GK\D
\D\
\ (Aca
Acad
demi
micc P
Publishers)
 0DWKHPDWLFDO$QDO\VLV6
V 6 1
1 0XNKRSDGK\D\DQG
0XN
0X NKRS
RSDG
DGK\
K\D\
D\DQ
DQG
G $
$ .
. /D\HN
/D\H
/D\HNN U.
U N.
N D
Dhur
huur an
and
d SSons
 $&RXUVHRI0DWKHPDWLFDO$QDO\VLV6
WLFDO
DO $QDOO\VLV
LV 6 1DUD\DQ(S.
1DUD
1DUD\D
\DQ
Q(S
(S.. Chand
Chan
Chandd & Co
Co.)
.)
 3UREOHPVLQ0DWKHPDWLFDO$QDO\VLV%3'HPLGRYLFK(Mir
WLFDDO$QDO\
\VLV %3
3 'HP
HPLG
LGRY
RYLF
LFK
K (M
(Mir
ir Publication)
Publ
Public
ica
ation))
 $Q,QWURGXFWLRQWR$QDO\VLV'LIIHUHQWLDO&DOFXOXV3DUW,
QDO\VLV'L
L 'LIIIIHUHQWLLDOO &DOFXO
O OXV 3DUW,, ,, 5
,, 5 .*KRVKDQG
. *KRVKDQG
K . &0DLW\(New Central
Book Agency)
 ,QWHJUDO &DOFXOXV 'LIIHUHQWLDO (TXDWLRQV % & 'DV DQG % 1 0XNKHUMHH (U.N.Dhur and Sons)
 'LIIHUHQWLDO&DOFXOXV% &'DV % 10XNKHUMHH(U.N. Dhur and Sons)
 'LIIHUHQWLDO&DOFXOXV 6 1DUD\DQ S. Chand & Co.)
 $SSOLFDWLRQ RI &DOFXOXV 6 . 0DLW\ 6 %DQG\RSDGK\D\ (Academic Publishers)
 $SSOLFDWLRQRI&DOFXOXV' 6HQJXSWD(Books & Allied)
 &DOFXOXVDQGLWV$SSOLFDWLRQV*ROGVWHLQ/D\6FKQHLGHU$VPDU(Pearson Education)
 ,QWHJUDO&DOFXOXV6 1DUD\DQ(S. Chand & Co.)
 $Q,QWURGXFWLRQWR$QDO\VLV,QWHJUDO &DOFXOXV 5 .*KRVKDQG . &0DLW\(New Central Book Agency)
 ,QWHJUDO&DOFXOXVDQG'LIIHUHQWLDO(TXDWLRQV' &KDWWHUMHH(Tata McGraw Hill)
 &DOFXOXV9ROXPH,DQG,, 7$SVWRO (Narosa Publishing House)


         

$QDO\WLFDO *HRPHWU\ 7ZR 7KUHH 'LPHQVLRQ

 $QDO\WLFDO *HRPHWU\

\ DQG 9HFWRU $OJHEUD
$OJH
J EUD 1 'DWWD DQG5 1 -DQD (Shreedhar
( hreedhar Pra
(S Prakashani)
 &RRUGLQDWH6ROLG*HRPHWU\
RPHWU\ %1DQG%67\DJLDQG%'6KDUPD
% 1DQG
G %6
6 7\D
\DJL
JL DQG %'
' 6KD
KDUP
UPD
D Kedar
Ked
dar Nath
th Ram
R Nath
 $QDO\WLFDO *HRPHWU\
\ RII WZR DQG WKUHHH 'LPHQVLRQV$1'DV
'LPH
'LPHQV
QVLR
LRQVV $ 1 'D
'DVV (New
(N Central Bo
Book
ook Agency)
 9HFWRU*HRPHWU\ (OHPHQWVRI&DOFXOXV$'H\
(OHP
HPHQ
HQWV
W RI
I&D
&DOF
OFXO
XOXV
XV$
$ 'H\
H\ Pearson
Pear
Pe arso
sonn In
Indi
India
diaa

'LVFUHWH0DWKHPDWLFVDQG*UDSK7KHRU\
DQG
G *UD
UDSK
K 7KH
KHRU
RU\\

 'LVFUHWH0DWKHPDWLFV-
FV-
- .
.6KDUPD
6K
6KDU
DUPD
PD (Macmillan)
(Maccmi
(M m lllan)
 ,QWURGXFWLRQWR'LVFUHWH0DWKHPDWLFV0.6HQDQG%&&KDNUDERUW\
UHWHH 0DWKH
KHPD
PDWL
WLFFV 0
0.6HQDQG%&&K
&KDN
DNUDDER
ERUUW\
\ (Books
(Bo
ook
oks & Allied)
 'LVFUHWH0DWKHPDWLFVZLWK*UDSK7KHRU\(
FV ZLW
LWK
K*
*UDS
DSK
K7K
7KHR
HRU\
U\(
( * *RRGDLUH
*RRGDLUHDQG0
DQG 0 0
0 3D
3DUP
3DUPHQWHU
UPHQ
HQWHHU Pearson Education)
 'LVFUHWH0DWKHPDWLFV6/LSVFKXW]DQG0//LSVRQ
FV6
6/LS
SVFFKXW]
W] DQG 0//
/ /LSVRQ (Tata
(T ta McGraw
McG
cGra
raww Hi
Hill)
illl)

******************************************
********
****
****
* **
****
****
****
****
****
****
****
****
***
************


         

2XWOLQHVRI\HDU8QGHUJUDGXDWH3URJUDPZLWK0DMRULQ0DWKHPDWLFV
$VWXGHQWWDNLQJ0DWKHPDWLFVDVD0DMRUFRXUVHKDVWRRSW

 $Q\WZR IURPWKHIROORZLQJ6FLHQFH JURXS DV 0LQRU&RXUVHV

6&,(1&(

 $QWKURSRORJ\  %RWDQ\  &KHPLVWU\  &RPSXWHU6FLHQFH

 (FRQRPLFV  )RRG7HFKQRORJ\  *HRORJ\  0LFURELRORJ\

 1&&  3K\VLFV  3K\VLRORJ\  6WDWLVWLFV

 7HD6FLHQFH  =RRORJ\

 7ZRSDSHUV IURPWKHIROORZLQJDV $ELOLW\(QKDQFHPHQW&RXUVHV $(& 

, $Q\RQH IURPWKHIROORZLQJ WZRSDSHUVHDFK IRUVW DQGUG 6HPHVWHUV

6O 3DSHU )XOO

6HP 3DSHU&RGH 3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ &UHGLW
1R /HYHOV 0DUNV

 
 8(1*$(0 $OWHUQDWLYH(QJOLVK
$OWHUQDWLYH(QJO
J LVK 



 
 8(1*$(0
8(1*$(0


 $OWHUQDWLYH(QJOLVK
$OWH
HUQ
UQDW
DWLY
LYHH(Q
(QJO
JOLVK 


 
 8%1*$(0
8%1*
8%1*$(0

 0,/%HQJDOL
0,/%H
0, %HQJ
JDO
DOL
L 



 
 8%1*$(0
8
8%1*$(
1*$(00
 0,/%HQJDOL
0,/
0,/%H
%HQJDOOL 


 
 8+,1$(0
8+,1
8+ 1$(
$(0
0 
 0,/+LQGL
0,
,/+L
+LQG
QGL 



 
 8+,1$(0
8+,1
8+ 1$(
$(00

  0,/+LQGL
0,/+L
0, +LQG
QGLL 


 
 81(3$(0
81(3
81(3$(
$(0
0

 0,/1HSDOL
0,/1H
1HSD
SDOL
O 



 
 81(3$(0
81(3$(
81 $(00
 0,/1HSDOL
0,/
/1HSD
SDOLL 


 
 86$1$(0
8
86 $1$(
$1$(00


 0,/6DQVNULW
0,/
0,/6D
6DQV
QVNU
N LW 



 
 86$1$(0
86$1
86 $1$(
$(00


 0,/6DQVNULW
0,/
0,/ 6D
6DQV
QVNU
NULW
LW 


 
 885'$(0
885'$(
$(0
0

 0,/8UGX
0,/
0,/ 8U
8UGX
GX 



 
 885'$(0
885'
885'$(
$(00

 0,/8UGX
0,/
0,/ 8U
8UGX
GX 


,, $QRWKHU/DQJXDJH&RUH&RXUVH /&& (QJOLVK &RPSXOVRU\  WZRSDSHUV IRUQG DQGWK

6HPHVWHUV
6O 3DSHU )XOO
6HP 3DSHU&RGH 3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ &UHGLW
1R /HYHOV 0DUNV

   8(1*$(/ (QJOLVK&RPSXOVRU\ 


   8(1*$(/ (QJOLVK&RPSXOVRU\ 


         

 7KUHHSDSHUV LQWKHIROORZLQJDV6NLOO(QKDQFHPHQW &RXUVHV 6(& 

3DSHU )XOO
6HP 3DSHU&RGH 3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ &UHGLW
/HYHOV 0DUNV
/RJLF,QWHJHUVDQG%RROHDQ 
  80$76(& 
$OJHEUD 

  80$76(& *UDSK7KHRU\ 


  80$76(& 1RW\HWDVVLJQ 


 7ZRSDSHUV LQWKHIROORZLQJDV 9DOXH$GGHG&RXUVHV 9$& 

, $Q\RQH IURPWKHIROORZLQJIRU6HPHVWHU
3DSHU )XOO
6HP 3DSHU&RGH
3DSH
S U&RGH 3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ
3DSH
S U'HVFULSW
S LRQ &UHGLW
/HYHOV 0DUNV

  8,1'9$&$
8 ,1'9$&$
$ 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ,QGLD
8QGH
8Q GHUVWDQG
QGLQ
QJ
J ,Q
QGL
GLDD 8, 


  8',09$&%
8',0
8' ,09$
9$&
&
%
% 'LJLWDO0DUNHWLQJ
'LJL
'L JLWD
WDOO 0D
0DUN
UNHW
HWLQ
LQJ
J '
'0
0 

,, $QRWKHU9$&&RPSXOVRU\
U9$
$&
& &R
& PS
PSXXOVR
VRU\
U\ SD
SDSH
SDSHUIRU6HPHVWHU
SHU
UIR
IRU
U6H
6HPH
PHVW
VWHU
HU
3DSHU )XOO
6HP 3DSHU&RGH
3DSH
3DSHU&R
&RGH
GH 3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ
3DSHU
U 'HHVFULSW
SWLR
RQ &UHGLW
&UHG
HGLLW
/HYHOV 0DUNV

  8(199$&
8(19
8( 199$
9$&
&

 (QYLURQPHQWDO(GXFDWLRQ
(QYL
LURQPHQWD
W O(GXF
XFDW
DWLR
LRQ ((
(( 


 9RFDWLRQDO&RXUVHV
O&
&RXUVHV 2
2SWLRQDO
SWLRQDO 
DWH
H/H YHO QQGG 6H
,QFDVHRI&HUWLILFDWH/HYHO
WLILFFDW /HYH 6HP
P 'LSORPD/HYHO
'LLSO
S RP
PD/HYHOO WKK 6H
/HYH 6HP
P H[LWDVWXGHQWKDV
H[LWWDV
H[ WR
FKRRVHRQHSDSHUIURPWKHIROORZLQJ
HU IUR
URPPWK
WKH
H IR
IROO
OORZ
RZLQ
LQJ
J

6/ 3DSHU )XOO

3DSHU&RGH
3DSH
3DSHUU&R
&RGH
GH 3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ
3DSH
3DSHUU'H
'HVF
VFUL
ULSW
SWLR
LRQ
Q &UHGLW
&
&UHG
UHGLW
L
1R /HYHOV 0DUNV

  8&5792&
8&5792&
&

 %HDXW\DQG:HOOQHVV
%HDX
%H DXW\
W\ DQG :HO
HOOQ
OQHV
HVVV 


  8&5792&
8&57
8&5792
92&
&

 *67)LOLQJ
*67
*6 7)L
)LOL
OLQJ 


  8&5792& ‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹–›ƒƒ‰‡‡– 


  8&5792& 166 


  8&5792& 2IILFH$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 

6RIW6NLOODQG 3HUVRQDOLW\ 
  8&5792& 
'HYHORSPHQW 


         

 7KUHH SDSHUV LQWKHIROORZLQJDV0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\&RXUVHV 0'& 

(DFK RQH FKRVHQ IURP 3RRO$ % DQG & H[FOXGLQJ FRXUVHV EHORQJLQJ WR WKH JURXS RI WKH
0DMRUDQGRU0LQRUVXEMHFWVFKRVHQDQGH[FOXGLQJWKRVH FRXUVHVDOUHDG\XQGHUJRQHDWWKH+LJKHU
6HFRQGDU\/HYHO WK FODVV

3DSHU
6HP 3DSHU&RGH 3DSHU'HVFULSWLRQ &UHGLW )XOO0DUNV
/HYHOV
832$0'& 
  0'&
0' &32
322/
2/
/$
0'&322/$ 
 
832$0'& 
  0'
0'&322/
2/ %
0'&322/% 
 
832$0'& 
  0'
0'&&32
322/
2/ &
0'&322/& 
 

Dr. Paltu Sarkar (Chairperson)

UG Board of Studies in Mathematics
University of North Bengal


         

'HWDLOHG&RXUVH6WUXFWXUHIRU<HDU8QGHUJUDGXDWH3URJUDP

0'& 322/$)256(0(67(5,21/<

3$3(5 3$3(5 )8// 0$5.6 0$5.6 0$5.6 0$5.6

6/ 6(0 3$3(5 3$3(5&2'( 3$3(5'(6&5,37,21 &5(',7
/(9(/6 7<3( 0$5.6,17+(2 ,135& ,1&( ,1$77

  0'& 832$0'&  &XOWXUDO$QWKURSRORJ\    

  0'& 832$0'&  3HUIRUPLQJ$UWV

3 HUIRU
I PLQJ
L $UWV
W    

,QWURGXFWLLRQ WR %D
,QWURGXFWLRQWR%DVLF
%DVLFF
  0'& 832$0'&     
%LRLQIRUPDWLFV
%LRLLQI
QIRU
RUPD
PDWL
WLFFV

  0'& 832$0'&  &KHPLVWU\LQ$FWLRQ

&KHP
&KHPLVVWU
WU\
\LQ
LQ $FW
FWLR
LRQ    

  0'& 832$0'&  $FFRXQWLQJDQG)LQDQFH

$FF
$F FRXQ
XQWL
WLQJ
QJ DQG )LQ
LQDQ
DQFH
FH  
  

0LFURILQDQFHDQG)LQDQFLDO
0LFU
FURI
RILQ
LQDQ
DQFFH DQG)LQ
QDQFLLDO
  0'& 832$0'&     
,QFOXVLRQ
,Q
QFO
FOX
XVLR
RQ

)XQGDPHQWDOVRI'DWD
)XQG
)X QGDP
DPHQ
HQWD
WDOV
OVRI'DWD
  0'& 832$0'& 

    
6FLHQFH
6F

,QWURGXFWLRQWR$IULFDQ
,QWU
,QWURG
R XFWL
WLR
RQWR$IULFFDQ
Q
  0'& 832$0'& 

    
/LWHUDWXUH
/LWH
/L WHUUDWX
XUH

)XQGDPHQWDOVRI5HPRWH
)XQG
XQGDP
DPHHQWD
WDOV
OV RI
I5H
5HPRWHH
  0'& 832$0'&     
6HQVLQJ
6HQVLQ
6H LQJJ

  0'& 832$0'& 


 +LVWRU\RI1RUWK%HQJDO
+LVW
+L VWRUU\RI
RI 1RU
RUWK
WK %HQ
HQJD
JDOO    

0DQDJHHPH
0DQDJHPHQWRI/LEUDULHVDQG
PHQW
QW RI/L
/LEU
EUDU
DULH
LHVDQ
DQG
G
  0'& 832$0'& 

    
,QIRUPDWLRQ&HQWUHV
,QIR
IRUP
UPDW
DWLR
LRQ
Q &H
&HQW
QWUH
U V

  0'& 832$0'& 


 &RPPXQLW\-RXUQDOLVP
&RPP
&R PPXQ
XQLW
LW\\-R
-RXU
XUQD
QDOL
OLVP
VP    

  0'& 832$0'&  6SRUWV0DQDJHPHQW    


         

  0'& 832$0'&  %HKDYLRXUDO6FLHQFH    

  0'& 832$0'&  6WDWLVWLFDO6XUYH\    

  0'& 832$0'&  +XPDQ5LJKWV    

  0'& 832$0'&  7LEHWDQ/DQJXDJHDQG&XOWXUH

7LEH
7LEHWD
WDQ
Q/D
/DQJ
QJXD
XDJH
JH DQG &XO
XOWX
WXUH
UH    

  0'& 832$0'&  *HQGHU6WXGLHV

*HQG
GHUU 6WX
WXGL
GLHV
HV    

  0'& 832$0'& 


 *UHDW,QGLDQ(GXFDWRUV
*UHD
*U HDW
W ,Q
,QGL
GLDQ
DQ (GX
GXFD
FDWR
WRUV
UV    

  0'& 832$0'&  'LVWDQFH(GXFDWLRQ

'LVVWDDQFH
FH (GXFDWLRQ    

  0'& 832$0'& 


 6WXGLHVRI6H[XDOLWLHV
6W
WXG
XGLHHVRII 6H[
H[XD
XDOL
OLWL
WLHHV  
  

'HWDLOHG&RXUVH6WUXFWXUHIRU<HDU8QGHUJUDGXDWH3URJUDP
HG&
&RXUVHH6
6WUXFWXUHIIRU<HDDU8
8QGHUUJUDGXDWH3
3URJU
0'&
0 '& 322/%)256(0(67(5,,21/<
322/%)256(0(
(67(5,,2
21/
/<
3$3(5
$3(5
5 3$3(5
3$3(5
3$3( 5 )8//
)8//
)8// 0$5.6 0$5.6 0$5.6 0$5.6
6/ 6(0 3$3(5 3$3(5&2'( 3$3(5'(6&5,37,21
3$3(
3$3(5'(
'(6&
6&5,37
7,2
,21 &5(',7
&
&5('
5(',7
/(9(/6
9(/6
/6 7<3(
7< ( 0$5.6
0$5.6
0$5. 6 ,17+(2 ,135& ,1&( ,1$77

  0'& 832%0'& 

 /RFDO/DQJXDJHDQG)RON&XOWXUH
/RFD
/R DO /D
/ QJ
QJXD
XDJH DQG
QG)ROON&X
XOW
O XUH  
  

8QGHUVWDQGLQJ6KDNHVSHDUHDQG
8QGH
8Q HUVVWDQG
QGLQ
LQJ
J 6K
6KDN
NHV
HVSH
SHDU
DUHHDQ
DQG
G
  0'& 832%0'& 
    
7DJRUH
7DJ
7DJRUH
  0'& 832%0'& 
 6WUDWHJLFDQG$UHD6WXGLHV
6WUD
6W UDWH
WHJL
JLFF DQ
DQG
G $U
$UHD
HD 6WX
WXGL
GLHV
HV    
  0'& 832%0'& 
 ,,QWURGXFWLRQWR3RO\PHUV
QWWURG
RGXFFWL
WLRQ WR3
3RO\
O\PH
PHUVV    
  0'& 832%0'& 
 &RQVHUYDWLRQ%LRORJ\
&RQ
QVHUUYD
YDWL
WLRQ
R %LR
LROR
ORJ\\    

  0'& 832%0'& 

 +XPDQ5HVRXUFHV0DQDJHPHQW
+XPD
+X PDQ
Q5H
5HVR
VRXU
X FHV
V 0DQDJH
J PHQW    

  0'& 832%0'&  :HE7HFKQRORJ\    

  0'& 832%0'&  6RIWZDUH'HYHORSPHQW    
  0'& 832%0'&  6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW    
  0'& 832%0'&  *UDSKLF1RYHOV    

         

  0'& 832%0'&  'LVDVWHU0DQDJHPHQW    

  0'& 832%0'&  0HGLD6FLHQFH    
,QWURGXFWLRQWR/LQHDU3URJUDPPLQJ
  0'& 832%0'&     

  0'& 832%0'& 

 ,QWURGXFWLRQWR$VWURQRP\    

  0'& 832%0'& 

 (UJRQRPLFVDQG6SRUWV0HGLFLQH
(UJR
(U JRQR
QRPPLF
LFVVDQ
DQG
G6S
6SRU
RUWV
WV 0HG
HGLF
LFLQ
LQHH    

  0'& 832%0'& 

 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HODWLRQV
,QWHUQDWLR
LRQD
QDOO 5H
5HODDWL
WLRQ
RQV    
  0'& 832%0'& 
 6RFLRORJ\RI'HYHORSPHQW
6RFL
6R FLRO
RORJ
RJ\
\RI
RI 'HY
HYHO
HORS
RSPH
PHQW
QW    
7RXULVPDQG7UDYHO0DQDJHPHQW
7RXU
7R ULV
LVP
PDQ
DQG
G 7U
7UDY
DYHO
HO 0DQ
DQDJ
DJHP
HPHQ
HQWW
  0'& 832%0'& 
    

(GXFDWLRQRI&KLOGUHQZLWK6SHFLDO
(GXFDW
(G WLR
LRQ
Q RI &KLOG
OGUH
UHQZL
ZLWK
WK 6SH
SHFL
FLDO
DO
  0'& 832%0'& 
    
1HHGV
1HHG
HGVV
  0'& 832%0'& 
 0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG+\JLHQH
0HQW
0H QWDO
DO +HD
HDOW
OWK
KDQ
DQG+\\JL
J HQH    

  0'& 832%0'& 

 /LWHUDWXUHRI(DVWHUQ+LPDOD\DV
/LWHUD
UDWWXUHH RI
I((DVW
VWHU
HUQ
Q+L
+ PDOD\DV    

'HWDLOHG&RXUVH6WUXFWXUHIRU<HDU8QGHUJUDGXDWH3URJUDP
G&
&RXUVHH6
6WUXFWXUHIRU<HDU8QGHHUJUDGXDWHH3UURJUUD
0'&
0 '& 322/&)256(0(67(5,921/<
322/&
&)2
256
6(0(
(67(5,9
92
21/<
3$3(5
$3(5
5 &5
&5('
5(' 3$3(5
3$3(5
3$3( 5 )8 / 0$5.6 0$5.6 0$5.6 0$5.6
)8//
)8//
6/ 6(0 3$3(5 3$3(5&2'( /(9(/6
9(/6
6 3$3(5'(6&5,37,21
3$3(
3$3(5
5'(
'(6&
6&5,
5 37
37,21
1 7<3(
7<3( ,1&( ,1$77
,7 0$5.6
0$5.
0$5.6
6 ,17+(2 ,135&
3KDUPDFRJQRV\DQG0HGLFLQDO
3KDU
3KDUPD
PDFR
FRJQ
JQRV
R \DQQG0H
0HGL
GLFL
FLQD
QDOO
  0'& 832&0'& 
    
3ODQWV
3ODQ
O QWV
  0'& 832&0'& 
 %DVLF3URJUDPPLQJ
%DVLF3URJ
JUDPPLQJ
J    
  0'& 832&0'& 
 %LR(QWUHSUHQHXUVKLS
%LR
R (Q
(QWUHS
SUH
UHQH
QHXU
XUVK
VKLLS    
  0'& 832&0'& 
 %XVLQHVV5HJXODWLRQV
%XVL
VLQH
QHVV
VV 5HJ
HJXO
XODW
DWLR
LRQV
QV    
  0'& 832&0'& 
 &RJQLWLYH6FLHQFH
&RJQ
&R JQLW
LWLY
LYHH6F
6FLH
LHQF
QFHH    
  0'& 832&0'&  &RQVWLWXWLRQDO/DZ    
  0'& 832&0'&  (FRPPHUFH    
  0'& 832&0'&  (QYLURQPHQWDO0LFURELRORJ\    
  0'& 832&0'&  *OREDO(QYLURQPHQWDQG+HDOWK    
  0'& 832&0'&  *UHHQ&KHPLVWU\     
         

  0'& 832&0'& 

 *XLGDQFHDQG&RXQVHOOLQJ
*XLG
*XLGDQ
DQFH
FH DQG &RX
RXQV
QVHO
HOOL
OLQJ
QJ    
  0'& 832&0'& 
 ,&7)XQGDPHQWDOV
,&7)X
)XQGGDP
DPHQ
HQWWDOOV    

  0'& 832&0'& 

 ,,QWURGXFWLRQWR&RVPLF5D\3K\VLFV
QWWURG
RGXF
XFWL
WLRQ WR&R
&RVP
VPLF
LF5
5D\3K
3K\VLLFV    

  0'& 832&0'& 

 0DWKHPDWLFDO(FRQRPLFV
0DWK
0D WKHP
PDWWLFFDO(FRQRPLLFV    
  0'& 832&0'& 
 1XWULWLRQDQG'LHW
1XWU
1X ULW
L LR
LRQDQ
QG
G'L
'LHW
HW    

  0'& 832&0'& 

 3ROLWLFDO(FRQRP\DQG'HYHORSPHQW
3R
ROLLWL
W FDO(F
(FRQ
RQRP
RP\
\ DQ
D G'H
'HYHOR
RSPHQW    

  0'& 832&0'& 

 3RVWFRORQLDO/LWHUDWXUH
3RVW
3R VWFFROR
ORQL
QLDDO/LWHUDW
DWXU
XH    
  0'& 832&0'& 
 3XEOLF$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ
3XEO
EOLF
LF $GP
GPLQ
LQLVWUDWLRQ    
  0'& 832&0'& 
 5XUDO6WXGLHV
5XUD
5X DO
O6W
6WXG
X LHV    
  0'& 832&0'& 
 6RFLDO:RUN
6RFL
6R FLDO
DO:RUN    
'HYHORSPHQW6WXGLHVRI,QGLDQ
'HY
YHORSP
SPHQ
HQW6WWXG
X LHVRI
RI,QGLDQ
  0'& 832&0'& 
  
  
(FRQRP\
(
(F RQRP
RQ RP\\


         

****
****** 7+((1'****
*********
***** *********
*******
**