LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT SUPPORT TO POLICE OPERATION

KORONADAL CITY, SOUTH COTABATO

A Thesis

Presented to
The Faculty of the
KORBEL FOUNDATION COLLEGE, INC.
Gensan Drive Brgy. Morales
Koronadal City

In Fulfillment
of the Requirement for the
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

________________________

by

CELINO, KENNETH B.
DEMETAIS, DAVE B.
GOLOYANE, LEOMAR A.
SAMLING, STEPHANY D.
VALDERAMA, JINKY V.

FEBRUARY, 2022

1
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research/ thesis has passed the standards set by Korbel

Foundation College, Inc., and has been successfully defended and
approved on (date) before this panel of examiners.

GENZY P. LLORITO, RCRIM

Adviser

AL BIEN C. ESCOBAÑEZ, MSCJ RAYMUND P. DE ASIS, RCRIM

Member, Examining Committee Member, Examining Committee

GLYSHEL ANN J. SEALMOY, RCRIM

Member, Examining Committee

JANETH V. IDALO, MAEd

Academic Head

ACCEPTED in PARTIAL FULFILMENT of the requirement for the

degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology

FARIDEH M. DIZON, RN, MAN

School President

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Deepest gratitude goes to the following persons whose contributions- in great

or little ways, are valuable to the accomplishment of what used to be an

unimaginable undertaking for the researcher:

First of all, to the Almighty God, the source of life, knowledge, strength

and everything. For the guidance and blessings that made the researcher finish

this study.

GENZY P. LLORITO, RCRIM, their adviser for her limitless assistance, brilliant

ideas in the conceptualization of this paper and for being the researcher’s source

of encouragement in pursuing the study.

To their panelist Prof. AL BIEN C. ESCOBAÑEZ, MSCJ, Prof.

RAYMUND P. DE ASIS, RCRIM, and Prof. GLYSHEL ANN J. SEALMOY,

RCRIM, for their consistent and valuable contribution in the completion of this

research.

Their families, love ones and friends for their unceasing love and

understanding and their financial support.

Researchers

CELINO, KENNETH B.
DEMETAIS, DAVE B.
GOLOYANE, LEOMAR A.
SAMLING, STEPHANY D.
VALDERAMA, JINKY V.

3
 ABSTRACT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT SUPPORT TO POLICE OPERATION

KORONADAL CITY, SOUTH COTABATO

Adviser: GENZY P. LLORITO, RCRIM

The study was conducted to determine the LGU support to police

operation in Koronadal, South Cotabato. Specifically the study aimed to

determine the extent of PNP and LGU practices in Koronadal, South Cotabato in

terms of counting rules, surveys, classification and measures.

The researcher used a survey questionnaire and administered to the PNP

in Koronadal, South Cotabato.

The PNP members of Koronadal, South Cotabato were selected as

respondents. Simple random sampling was used in selecting the respondents.

Descriptive statistics was used as well as percentage, mean and standard

deviation.

The result showed that the response on the local government unit support

to police operation achieved a grand mean of 4.29 described as “To a Very High

Extent.”

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES PAGE

Flyleaf i
Title Page ii
Approval sheet iii
Acknowledgement iv
Dedication v
Table of Contents vi
List of tables xii
List of figures xiv
List of Appendices xv
Abstract xvi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Theoretical Framework/ Conceptual Framework 2
Statement of the Problem 3
Hypothesis 4
Significance of the Study 8
Scope and Delimitation of the Study 10
Definition of Terms 12

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Local government unit

Facilities Repair and maintenance
Office supplies

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

Research Design 26
Respondents of the study 27
Locale of the study 28
Sampling technique and sampling size 29
Research Instrument 32
Validity and reliability test 34
Data Gathering method 35

5
 Statistical Treatment 37

CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Profile of the PNP Respondents in terms of Age 40
Profile of the PNP Respondents in terms of Sex 42
Profile of the PNP in terms of Highest
Educational Attainment 44
Profile of the PNP in terms of Tribe 46
Extent of the Local Government Support to
Police in terms of Facilities Repair and Maitenance 48
Summary of Extent of the Local Government
Support to Police Operation 49
Result on the Perception of PNP Officers Towards
the LGU Support to Police Operation Affected by
their Age 50
Result on the Perception of PNP Officers Towards
the LGU Support to Police Operation Affected by
their Sex 51
Result on the Perception of PNP Officers Towards
The LGU Support to Police Operation by their tribe 52

CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 51
Conclusion 54
Recommended Strategies of Data 56

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books 60

APPENDICES 80

6
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

1 Profile of the PNP Respondents in terms of Age

2 Profile of the PNP Respondents in terms of Sex
3 Profile of the PNP in terms of Highest
Educational Attainment
4 Profile of the PNP in terms of Tribe
Extent of the Local Government Support to
5 Police in terms of Facilities Repair and Maitenance
Summary of Extent of the Local Government
6 Support to Police Operation
7 Result on the Perception of PNP Officers Towards
the LGU Support to Police Operation Affected by
their Age
8 Result on the Perception of PNP Officers Towards
the LGU Support to Police Operation Affected by
their Sex
9 Result on the Perception of PNP Officers Towards
The LGU Support to Police Operation by their tribe

7
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1 The conceptual Framework of the study 6

2 Location Map of the Study 58

3 Distribution of Respondents 59

……………………………………………………………………………………………...

8
 LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Letter to respondents 140

B Questionnaire Form 141

C Computation of Sample 147

D Performance Profile 149

E Test on the Significance 150

F Analysis of variance Table 151

G Curriculum Vitae 154

9
 Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

When it comes to the support of local Government to the police operation

is concern nobody would agrees that it all approximately render and the

allocation of the propose budget is provided for the police operational needs.

Consciously, the social and economic problems of many people in the

municipality of Koronadal City make it difficult to respond to the high service

needs of the residents and the community for proper receiving of police operation

when crimes takes place in the area. The municipality is apprehensive about

relinquishing any of the tax bases to have a bigger supports to police operation.

There are also considerations and inter-local cooperation is needed, but localities

are often reluctant to initiate joint public service activities. Certain municipality

funding programs, particularly those for police department and the construction

and maintenance of highways, benefit the municipality and most specifically the

residents.

Such problem on the local government unit support to police operation in

Koronadal City is the primary concern of the researcher to create a responds on

the setting of the background dilemma on the issue. By this, the research focus

attention to look for answers on the doubts in consonance to the local

government unit supports to police operation.

10
 When one speaks of a Government’s development program, one means

its forward-looking plans for improving the social and economic well-being of the

country and its people, particularly its plans for the next few years. Development

Programs differ from country to country. Commonly, they are multispectral

and require wide array of institutions – public, non-governmental and private – for

their implementations; they address investment and infrastructural needs as well

as more general issues of capacity building and human resource development;

they are articulated to provide for national, regional and local needs; they attempt

to provide consistency and integration between various developmental initiatives;

and they indicate the quantum and sources of funds to be used for the program

and the manner in which such funds are to be allocated to competing uses

(Maravilla, 2000).

In modern world, however, these guidelines are not sufficient when the

police force in the world is subjective to new types of criminal activity. This

means that new codes and more diverse considerations have to be made to the

operation policing in every country. There is a crime and disorder focus on

tackling specific crimes and policies determining how these are to be

approached. This section covers areas such as child abuse, alcohol misuse and

domestic violence. There are codes specially tailored to each type of crime as a

generic one cannot suffice in all situations. Police occasionally have to adapt

their operational policing styles and practices in order to cope with different

situation.(Corpus, 2004)

11
Statement of the Problem

In general, the study aimed to determine the perception of PNP officers

towards the LGU’s support to police operation in Koronadal City, South Cotabato.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following problems:

1. What is the demographic profile of the PNP in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Sex;

1.3 Highest educational attainment; and

1.4 Tribe?

2. To what extent is the local government unit’s support to police operation in

terms of:

2.1 Facilities repair and maintenance;

2.2 Health and safety services; and

2.3 Internet utilization?

3. Is the perception of PNP officers towards the LGU support to police operation

affected by their demographic profile?

Hypothesis

In this study, the researchers have advanced their null hypothesis:

1. There is no significant relationship between the extent of Police

Operations and the Local Government Unit (LGU) Support in Koronadal

City.

12
Significance of the Study

There are many valuable benefits to be gained from this study which is

beneficial to the following individuals:

Community. As the recipient of the police services. They would guarantee

that this study would affect the police operation.

Local Government Unit (LGU). The study will serve as an additional

knowledge for the local government unit to improve their support to police

operation. The results of the study will be a source of data generated purposely

to established comparison with the existing research study.

PNP Koronadal City. As part of the government constituency, this will be a

launching pad to asses and evaluate further the support rendered by the

government to the police operation. Whatever outcome may produce out of this

study would help the performance and efficiency of police department to render

quality services.

Researchers. This study could serve as a baseline data upon which they

can start launch their researches.

13
Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study focused on the Local Government Unit’s support to police

operation. It concentrated on determining the local government unit’s support to

police operation in terms of facilities repair and maintenance; health and safety

services; and internet utilization. The significant difference on the perception of

the police officers and residents towards the LGU’s support to police operation

was measured. Furthermore, the perception of PNP officers towards the LGU’s

support to police operation affected by their demographic profile is also included

in the research study.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

LGU Support in terms of:

1. Facilities repair
and maintenance;
2. Health and safety Enhance Police Operation in
services; and Koronadal City
3. Internet utilization
4.

14
Figure No.1 Conceptual Framework Paradigm of the Study.

The diagram illustrated above shows that the upper box serves as the

independent Variable where in the researcher will have to determine the LGU

Support in terms of Facilities repair and maintenance, Health and safety

services, andnInternet utilization

The secon box represents Dependent Variable which refers to the effect to

the crime statistic in City of Koronadal, South Cotabato.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were used operationally and conceptually by the

researcher to easily understand the words used in the study.

Facilities and repair maintenance is the maintenance activities include

keeping spaces, structures and

infrastracture in proper operating

condition in a routine, scheduled, or

anticipated fashion to prevent failure and

or degradation is the people and

processes that keep your commercial

building running smoothly, from the

infrastructure to the assets and

equipment in and outside of it.

Maintenance leads organize the

schedule and the team, with the techs

15
 closing out both preventive maintenance

and on-demand work orders. the ability of

the government to enable large numbers

of police members to easily access real-

time police operation, and transform it

into richly formatted reports is critical to

the success of any organization.

Support is an advive service provided, usually over

the community to help people who have

problems using a Local police provided

by police including, without limitation,

interpreting third party and in-house

environmental data, providing

environmental support advice,

undertaking environmental audits and

assestments, site investigation, site

monitoring and related items reduce and

prevent crime is both a police and

community effort. Local police

Departments work with business

owners to improve security processes

and solve crimes when they do happen.

is an assistance given by government

16
 employees/officials for the benefits of the

police department for the police operation

and other miscellaneous activities.

Health and Safety Services the term Health and Safety is generally

used to describe Occupational Health

and Safety, and relates to the

prevention of accidents and ill health to

employees and those who may be

affected by their work.

is the services of determining the value

or worth of a police operation, course,

or other initiative, toward the ultimate

goal of making decisions about

adopting, rejecting, or revising the

innovation of financial assistance of the

government through health and safety

services.

Internet Utilization is the measurement ( expressed in

bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, or

gigabytes ) of the amount of data

flowing through your computer and the

internet network for a defined period. is

the operation used by the government of

17
 supervising activities of the police in

operation in progress to ensure they are

on-course and on-schedule in meeting

the objectives and performance targets.

Local Government is a generic term for the lowest tiers of public

administration within a particular sovereign

state.

refers specifically to a level of administration

that is both geographically-localised and has

limited powers found at district, city and

municipal level, acting within powers delegated

to it by legislation or directives of the higher

level of government.

Police Operation are define as the job duties, responsibilities,

and activities that law enforcement agents

complete in the field. is the coordinated police

actions of a local in response to a developing

situation.

are designed as a police plan to solve the

situation in the state’s favor. which may be

combat or non-combat types, and are referred

to by a code name for the purpose of security.

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 Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter provides data that was found out to be beneficial to the study.

This was taken from the reliable sources as books, internet, pamphlets, journals

and etc.

Local Government Unit

The idea that an influx of local government unit aid may undermine

national capacities is not new (see, for example, Juma and Surkhe, 2002; Eade,

2007; Smillie, 2001). The Tsunami Evaluation Coalition review of the response to

the 2004 Asian tsunami also found that local institutions were frequently

neglected and undermined by the influx of international organizations and

examples of ‘brushing aside or misleading authorities’ and ‘displacement of able

local staff by poorly prepared internationals and dominance of English as a

‘linguafranca’ (Telford, 2006). Government officials were shocked at the way

some international agencies ignored local capacities and authority structures

(Willits-King, 2009).

Behera (2002), the head of the Orissa State Disaster Management

Authority in India, looked at relation between the government and NGO’s after

the 1999 cyclone and 2001 floods. He highlights the need to overcome the

common misconceptions whereby NGO’s feel that the government wants to

restrict their freedoms through exerting authoritative control, and the government

views NGO’s as talking rather than acting, opposed to any move to ensure

19
transparency and accountability, donor driven, obsessed with sect oral issues

and over-critical of government policies. He also notes that the NGO’s ‘holier

than thou “attitude gets in the way of meaningful collaboration (Behera 2002: 10).

There may even be significant resentment regarding international

agencies, which are perceived to be more expensive endless effective than

national actors. In Afghanistan, Hani et al (2005) highlight a dual bureaucracy

arising from the fact that the international aid agencies pay far more than senior

civil servants earn. This has created a vacuum of skilled professionals in the

government as they go to work for NGO’s and donors. Jelinek (2006: 8) found

that; ‘mistrust and resentment are still very much prevalent amongst the vast

majority of government personnel outside Kabul’, largely as a result of being

misinformed or not knowing what NGO’s do. In Sri Lanka, the government made

a series of negative public comments about international humanitarian agencies

and stepped up rejections of visa and program applications, increased approval

procedures and expelled some agencies staff. This created a public discourse of

hostility and distrust of humanitarian organizations (Human Rights Council, 2007;

CPA, 2009; ECHO, 2008).

The criticism of humanitarian aid as undermining capacities needs to be

balanced against recognition of genuine attempts to build and work with existing

government capacities. The comparative wealth and strength of the international

humanitarian system can make it an easy target for knee-jerk criticism that fails

to acknowledge both real efforts to build capacities, and real constraints to

working with local institutions in some contexts. In Mozambique, for instance,

20
there was wide praise for the government’s response to floods in 2007, and the

role of the official body responsible for disasters, the INGC, was seen as

particularly effective. The creation of the INGC was strongly supported by

international donors, who helped to fund the employment and training of 285 staff

and the equipping of a national headquarters and several regional offices. The

INGC is now located in the Ministry of national Affairs and has established

regional emergency-management centers.

The government lead the initial search and rescue phase and the military

played leading role in establishing temporary camps. However, further

government involvement in the relief phase has been limited with the government

citing a lack of ‘fiscal space’ to respond more fully and asking the international

community to lead in the relief and early recovery haze. The government has

pledged a PKR 20,000 (US$250) payment to all flood affected families and

started to distribute ‘Watan’ cards for this grant. However, reports suggest that

less than 5% of the affected population had been processed by October 2010

and or more than one occasion the distribution of cards has triggered rioting

(IOM, 2010).

Even this, however, this a rare mention of the government’s own actions

amidst the copious documentation of what international aid agencies are doing.it

remains difficult simply to find out how governments are responding and the

implications for international agencies in terms of substituting or complimenting

the government. There is an emerging trend of greater government capacity and

willingness to respond to emergencies. There is growing interest in different

21
models to deliver services in fragile states in ways which move away from short

term humanitarian financing delivered by international agencies towards longer

term, more state focused approaches, and especially in chronic arises where

emergency aid has sometimes gone on for decades. Chandran and Jones (2008:

41) argue that ‘careful coordination, regulation and oversight of non-state

providers are essential to ensure that they align with government priorities when

appropriate and to prevent them from overriding local capacity and resources’.

Collier (2007; 2010) suggests the use of ‘independent service authorities’

to deliver basic services, 9 manage jointly by the government, donors and civil

society. Although the model Collier proposes has yet to be implemented in

practice, there are examples of state-led processes to provide services and

safety nets with strong civil society involvement, including the productive safety

net in Ethiopia, the hunger safety net in Kenya and the basic package of health

services in Afghanistan, where the respective governments set policies but

NGO’s were contracted to deliver services (Sondrop, 2004; Strong et al, 2006;

Devereux et al, 2008; Hunger Safety Net, 2008). Other options include quasi-

government agencies to run programs and the creation of budgets which, while

publicly, administered, are managed separately room other state finances

(Commins et al, 2008).

In situations where it is difficult to engage with central government

departments due to lack of capacity or willingness, or because of political

differences, it may still be possible to work with local governments and technical

line ministries in delivering services. In Zimbabwe, for instance, the DFID-funded

22
Protracted Relief Programmed supports 12 major NGOs in a diverse range of

activities aimed at boosting food production, improving access to water and

providing care to the chronically ill. Government agencies at provincial, district

and village levels are heavily involved, and there is some engagement with the

agricultural research and extension agency within the Ministry of Agriculture. The

UN agencies involved in the programmed, FAO and UNICEF, liaise with the

government at national level (Jones et al, 2006).

Even when it is difficult to work with the government it is important to take

a long-term view, recognizing that it will eventually take responsibility for delivery

of basic services. It is still important to respect state sovereignty and to attempt to

involve the government as much as possible even if aid is provided primarily

through non-state agencies. One way to do this is ‘shadow systems alignment’,

which aims to avoid undermining the state’s capacity to deliver in the future. In

the short term, shadow system alignment would organize aid delivery to be

compatible with existing or future state structures rather than duplicating or

undermining them. The long-term aim is for the state to provide these services.

( Maravilla, 2000 )

Establishing the policy framework and planning: the health authority

started work on a policy framework and on medium-term planning and national

preventive health programs, including immunization campaigns. Memoranda of

understanding were signed with NGOs for each district to formalize district

service standards. Distinction is often made between different types of crisis,

such as quick and slow-onset natural disasters and conflicts.it is assumed to be

23
relatively easy to work with national authorities in natural disasters and more

difficult in conflicts. There is an element of truth to such a characterization.

Where the government is an active part in a conflict, its role in protecting civilians

raises more difficult issues than when a government is responding to an

earthquake in an otherwise stable context. But conflict is not the only variable

and it is also important to consider a government’s capacity and willingness to

assist the population in times of disaster. In Columbia the way that the

international humanitarian system engages with the government in responding to

the needs of IDPs in its long-running conflict is very different from how it engages

with the government of Sudan in relation to Darfur. Most definitions of what

constitutes ‘a disaster’ include a clause to the effect that events are on such a

scale that local capacities have been overwhelmed. ( Maroney, 2009 )

International relief can only be activated in response to a formal request

for assistance from the affected government. Governments are often reluctant to

appeal for help because it can be politically difficult for them to declare a disaster

for fear of appearing weak and damaging national pride; governments may

mistrust the motives behind the provision of international assistance, or that their

sovereignty will be undermined. There needs to be a more sensitive way for

governments to be able to request international assistance without damaging

national pride. Donors also need triggers for providing assistance whether via

international or national channels in the absence of a government declaring the

existence of a disaster. The ICRC has suggested a more flexible model, whereby

governments make a general statement welcoming international assistance but

24
retain the right to decide which organizations should participate in the response,

for example by linking legal arrangement such as visas and customs clearances

to are gist ration system (IFRC, 2007a: 93). Governments in the Asia-Pacific

region in particular feel the need for new systems for welcoming emergency

assistance.

Already there has been a shift away from traditional coordinated and flash

appeal process (CAPs and Fas) to a greater reliance on the CERF and other

pooled funding mechanisms, as well as bilateral funding patterns unique to the

region. An issue in the Asia-Pacific region is that many of the natural disasters

create small and medium scale emergencies for which the international system is

ill equipped because of the need for the fairly cumbersome appeal process

before significant resources can be mobilized. This means that there is often

either a large international response to major disasters and the corresponding

influx of aid agencies or very little international support. There is therefore an

unmet need for more flexible mechanisms and appropriate capacities for

responding to small and medium-scale as well as large-scale disasters.

( Callejon, 2008 )

States have a clear role in coordinating and monitoring the quality and

effectiveness of external assistance. According to the IFRCs ‘Guidelines or the

domestic facilitation and regulation of international disaster relief and initial

recovery assistance’ (IDRL), ‘affected states have the sovereign right to

coordinate, regulate and monitor, disaster relief and recovery assistance

provided by assisting actors on tier territory, consistent with international law’

25
(IFRC,2007b). line ministries are usually involved in sectoral coordination, and

local and regional governments with local level coordination. There may be

legislation in place to formalize these coordination roles; in Guatemala, for

instance, a law passed in 1996 obliges all private and state bodies to cooperate

with the country’s system of disaster management (Picard, 2007). In practice,

however, there is often a tense relationship between government coordination

problems are common. A high proportion of respondents to an IFRC survey

reported that some international agencies bypass national coordination

structures and fail to inform the domestic authorities of their activities (IFRC,

2007b).these tensions have been seen most recently in the introduction of the

cluster system. Concerns about the way in which national authorities were

included in cluster coordination processes led to revised guidance that stress

their role (IASC, 2007). A recent evaluation of cluster coordination, however,

found a continuing failure to engage with national authorities sufficiently: in their

current implementation, clusters largely exclude national and local actors and

often fail to link with, build on, or support existing coordination and response

mechanisms. Among other reasons, this is due to insufficient analysis of local

structures and capacities before cluster implementation, as well as a lack of clear

transition and exit criteria and strategies. As a result, the introduction of cluster

has in several cases weakened national and local ownership and capacities

(Steets et al 2010).

26
Facilities Repair and Maintenance

The most important objective for organizations in the retail industry is to

satisfy their customers. In order to accomplish this primary goal, an important

area of focus is effective supply chain management. Supply chain management

(SCM) is the process of strategically managing flows of goods, services, finance

and knowledge, along with relationships within and among organizations, to

achieve and support enterprise objectives. It also includes strategic network

optimization including the number, location, and size of distribution centers

and/or other facilities (Garcia, 2004).

Facility location decisions are one of the most important decisions in

supply chain design. An increasing number of companies are recognizing the

need to re-plan their networks as an efficient and effective movement of goods is

critical in today’s competitive economies. Facility location decision are often fixed

and difficult to change in the short term. For example, a distribution centre with

millions of dollars of material handling equipment is very difficult to relocate

unless it is planned for the long term. “Facilities are expensive to build and

modify while other factors such as routing and inventory decisions can be

modified frequently without too much difficulty. ( Belloe and Mahoney, 2009 ) It is

important to note that there is a considerable amount of uncertainty such as

consumer demand, transportation costs, inventory carrying costs, etc. at the time

decisions must being made. Therefore, it is essential to recognize this

uncertainty and incorporate in every level of the design and decision making as

27
inefficient distribution centers will result I excess cost and lower profits. ( Belloe

and Mahoney, 2009 )

It is the responsibility of the states to ensure the safety and security of

their citizens (O’Callaghan and Pantualiano 2007). The protection of civilians,

whether understood primarily in physical or legal terms, remains first and

foremost the duty of governments, are flections of their sovereign authority over,

and responsibility for all those living within their territory (Pantuliano and

Callaghan 2006). National government’s also set the laws and regulations

governing how aid agencies may operate within their territory. Wherever they

work, NGOs are obliged to register with the government and are generally

required to report on their activities (IFRC, 2007).

Government regulations may facilitate or impede the international relief

effort. Constraints may include delays in issuing visas or customs clearances and

unclear or punitive tax regimes. Since, 2001, the International Federation of Red

Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) have been engage in large-scale

review of international response, laws, rules and principles in natural disasters

(IDRL). The Federation is now produced guidelines for domestic facilitation and

regulation of international disaster relief and initial recovery assistance (IFRC,

2007; Hewitt, 2006; Picard, 2007; Costa, 2008). The Paris declaration on the

harmonization of international development assistance aims to ensure its

effectiveness by placing responsibility for the delivery and management of aid

both on donors and on aid-receiving governments. This approach is now being

seen as applicable in emergency contexts (OECD-DAC 2005 and 2008a).

28
Ownership-partner countries exercise effective leadership over their development

strategies and coordinate development actions Alignment-donors base their

support on partner countries national development strategies, institutions and

procedures Donor governments have also committed themselves to OECD

Principles of God International Engagement in Fragile States, which include a

‘focus on state building as the central objective’.

Finally, the Good Humanitarian Donor ship (GHD) initiative ‘reaffirms the

primary responsibility of states’. At the same time international humanitarian

organizations and the governments which fund them are committed to the

humanitarian principle of independence. How independence is defined varies

and there is surprising lack of guidance or even discussion about how to put it

into practice. The GHD initiatives gives by far the broadest definition, focusing as

it does on autonomy from ‘political, economic, military or other objectives’ (GHD,

2003). Bouchet Saulnier (2007: 156) gives a similar definition: ‘Humanitarian

action must be independent from any political, financial or military pressures. Its

only limit, its only constraint and its only goal must be the defence of the human

being’. There has not been much exploration of how a commitment to

independence (or of how donors should respect the independence of aid

recipients) can be reconciled with commitment to respect the primary

responsibility of the state.

Discussing the notion of independence in relation to the Red Cross

principles, Jean Pictet (1979) notes the fundamental tension between the

humanitarian autonomy and the fact that, in practice, aid agencies must work

29
with the alongside national authorities. As Pictet puts it, the Red Cross asserts its

political, religious and economic independence and must: be sovereign in its

decisions, acts and words: it must be free to show the way towards humanity and

justice. It is not admissible for any power whatsoever to make it deviate from the

line established for it by its ideals. This independence is also the guarantee of the

neutrality of the Red Cross. At the same time, however, the Red Cross and Red

Crescent National Societies work as ‘auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of

their Government and subject to the laws of the irrespective countries… auxiliary

status constitutes one of the fundamental principles of the Red Cross’. By its very

nature, Pictet says, the Red Cross – and other relief organizations - must

cooperate with national authorities and obey the laws of the host country.

Office Supplies

In conflict contexts, where testate is unable or unwilling to meet the

population’s basic needs, international humanitarian relief remains the aid

instrument of last resort. In these contexts it may neither be possible nor

desirable to work with the government, either because it does not control the

areas where services are needed or because donors are unwilling to engage for

political reasons. Whatever the case, there is still likely to be a need for longer-

term approaches that seek to align with the national government, to the extent

possible (Picard, 2007).

Despite the tension between them, it is possible to respect both

humanitarian and developmental principles. The commitment to neutrality and

30
independence is compatible with the principle of encouraging and supporting

government to protect and assist the civilian population. Humanitarian agencies

should pay greater attention to respecting state sovereignty and ownership over

humanitarian as well as development strategies, and to view substitution for the

state as more of a last resort. Equally, development agencies should be

committed to the humanitarian principles of independence, neutrality and

impartiality. International relief efforts have often been criticized for ignoring, side-

lining or actively undermining local capacities. Examples include flooding disaster

zones wit international workers, or poaching local government staff, failing to

coordinate properly with host governments, showing scant respect for local

government officials and eroding the social contract by making it possible for

governments to evade their own responsibilities. Although policies and inter-

agency guidelines contain clear commitments to building national capacities, the

practice often falls short of the rhetoric. These problems have often led to tense

and even dysfunctional relations between states and international agencies. For

instance government officials may regard aid agencies as being over-resourced,

unaccountable, and donor-driven, with overpaid staff. At the sometime,

international agencies may view governments as corrupt, ineffectual and

unhelpfully restrictive – caricature perhaps, but one not too wide of the mark.

( O’Callaghan and Pantuliano, 2007 )

The structures and organizational cultures of aid agencies and the

attitudes of their staff may also undermine their working relationship with host

governments. Ability to speak local languages is clearly important, as is better

31
knowledge of national contexts. But these skills tend to be in short supply. Rapid

staff turnover inhibits the development of local knowledge and the personal

relationships needed to work effectively with government counterparts. The real

time evaluation of the 2010 Haiti earthquake response concluded: immediately

after the earthquake, national and local authorities were eager to coordinate with

international relief actors. However, this initial close cooperation with the national

authorities was not sustained over time. Many government agencies at the

national and local levels felt (and in most cases were) excluded from

humanitarian coordination and decision making. As a result, the relationship

between humanitarian organizations and the government has been strained and

there is a risk that humanitarian response will further weaken the government

(Grunewald and Binder 2010: 43).

Initiatives within clusters have focused on national capacities such as

working groups for building the capacity of national stakeholders within the health

and education clusters and efforts to strengthen national capacities within the

nutrition and protection clusters. Relatively small investments in national

capacities for coordination can be important: in the horn of Africa, for instance,

UNICEF has played a significant role in building national capacity to coordinate

humanitarian response in Kenya and Ethiopia (Bellour and Mahoney ,2009).

32
 Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the Research Design, Respondents and Locale of

the study, Data gathering instrument and procedure, and statistical treatment.

Research Design

The researcher used a descriptive form of research design. This is

quantitative in nature. In this case, two types of data were gathered. This include

the primary and secondary data. The primary data were derived from the

answers of the respondents in the survey questions. The secondary data was

generated from published reliable sources such as books, journals, pamphlets,

magazines, and other related studies.

Respondents of the Study

A total of seventy-five (75) persons served as respondents of the study,

out of one-hundred five (105) PNP personnel of Municipality of Koronadal City.

This was drawn from the Municipality of Koronadal City Police Station.

33
Figure no. 1 Locale of the Study

The respondents of this study are the Philippine National Police personnel

assigned in the City of Koronadal, South Cotabato.

Sampling Technique and Sampling Size

Upon knowing the size of the personnel of the PNP station in the City of

Koronadal, Sampling was done and only 72% of the total number of personnel

from each section is to be used as samples. All the names of the personnel are

to be placed in a box, and then the researchers will pick the corresponding nuber

of samples. The breakdown is given below.

34
Figure no. 3 Distribution of Respondents

Table 1

Distribution of Respondents

Section PNP Koronadal Number of

personnel Respondents
Admin 15 7

Operation 54 46

Auxiliary Functions 36 22

TOTAL 105 75

Reasearch Instruments

A simple quantitative survey questionnaire design was conceptualized to

obtain the primary data from the respondents. This is Likert Scale Format

structure wherein the questionnaires have two parts. The first part is on the

profile of the respondents which included the age, gender, highest educational

attainment, tribe, and status of confinement. Meanwhile, the second part is the

survey questions related to the research problem. In case of the irregularities, a

follow up questions were asked in order to answer the sub-problems stated in

chapter 1. Questions were structured in English language.

The respondents responded according to the five-point Likert scale below.

Numerical Rating Descriptive Rating

5 Always

4 Oftentimes

3 Sometimes

35
 2 Seldom

1 Never

Data Gathering Method

The survey questionnaire was checked and approved by the research

adviser and research committee. The instrument was distributed to the

respondents. Upon the procedure, the researcher explained the purpose of the

study based on the objectives of the study. The validity of the questionnaires was

limited only to Academic Year 2021-2022.

Statistical Treatment

In order to assure the probability and nullity of the obtained data from the

respondents, statistical treatment were employed. The total responses for each

item obtained were tabulated and interpreted by the researcher. All information

gathered were computed statistically and analysed using the percentage

distribution, frequency and weighted mean.

For the extent of the local government unit support to police operation, the

mean interval was interpreted using the scale below.

Mean Interval Interpretation

4.20-5.00 To a very high extent

3.40-4.19 To a high extent

2.60-3.39 To moderate extent

1.80-2.59 To a less extent

1.00-1.79 To a least extent

36
 Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

In this chapter, the data were gathered from the one-hundred five (105)

PNP members of Koronadal City, South Cotabato. This chapter discusses the

result of semi-structured questionnaire responded by 75 participants. Before the

initiation of the research study the significance, rationale and purpose of the

study were provided by the respondents. Furthermore, the respondents have

also been given the assurance that all the data they gave were used for the

purpose of the research and the identities of the respondents were confidential.

The object is to determine the local government unit support to police operation.

This is the manner unto which the study accounts the facilities repair and

maintenance, health and safety services and internet utilization. The conduct of

this study entails a detailed account of the demographic profile of the

respondents. It is assumed that the attributes of the selected PNP members and

their answers on the survey questions of particular significance to the

achievement of the goals and objectives of the study.

Table 1.1 Profile of the PNP Respondents in terms of Age.

Age Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

25-31 29 38
32-38 27 34
39-45 15 20
46-52 4 8

Total 75 100%

37
 Table 1.1 shows the age range of the PNP respondents, most of them are

between 25-31 years old with 19 or 38%, then followed by 32-38 with 17 or 34%,

39-45 with 10 or 20% and the lowest were 46-52 years old.

Table 1.2 Profile of the PNP Respondents in terms of Sex.

Sex Frequency (f) Percentage(%)

Male 60 70
Female 15 30

Total 75 100

Table 1.2 shows that majority of the PNP respondents were male with 35

or 70% and the female had 15 or 30%.

Table 1.3 Profile of the PNP Respondents in terms of Highest

Educational Attainment.
Highest Educational attainment Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Master’s degree
College Graduate 75 100
College Level

Total 75 100

Table 1.3 shows that all of the respondents were college graduate with 75

or 100%. It implies that baccalaureate degree is the basic minimum qualification

for an initial appointment in the Philippine National Police, thus majority of the

respondents were all attained the basic educational qualification for appointment.

38
Table 1.4 Profile of the PNP Respondents in terms of Tribe.
Tribe Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Cebuano 5 10
Ilocano 15 10
Ilonggo 30 35
Muslim 20 20

Total 75 100

As described in the table 1.4, most of them were Ilonggo with 30 or 50%

followed by Ilocano and Muslim with the same 10 or 20% and the lowest was

Cebuano with 5 or 10%.

Table 2.1 Extent of the Local Government Support to Police Operation in

terms of Facilities Repair and Maintenance.
Items Mean Interpretation

1. Installation of new facility 4.22 To a very high extent

for the services.

2. Give convenient services for the 4.36 To a very high extent

benefits of the PNP and the
community.

3. Restoration of PNP apparatuses 4.32 To a very high extent

and laboratories.

4. Renovation of damage and 4.62 To a very high extent

destroyed facilities.

5. Retain or restore office 4.3 To a very high extent

functional unit.

Section Mean 4.36 To a very high extent

This part of the paper provides the discussion and analysis of the

perception of respondents based on the Likert scale. It implies that the

39
perception of the selected PNP respondents towards the local government

supports in terms of facilities repair and maintenance with a section mean of 4.36

believed to a very high extent.

Table 2.2 Extent of the Local Government Support to Police Operation in

terms of Health and Safety Services.
Items Mean Interpretation

1. Protect PNP members at work 4.5 To a very high extent

against hazard.

2. Promote and secure the health 4.44 To a very high extent

and welfare of police officers
at work.

3. Assist in securing safe hygienic 4.44 To a very high extent

work environment.

4. Facilitate contribution of 4.28 To a very high extent

health and safety management.

5. Improve the working environment 4.52 To a very high extent

and work among PNP members
for conductive and safety.

Section Mean 4.44 To a very high extent

As shown in Table 2.2, the responses of the selected PNP respondents,

described to a very high extent, item 5. Improve the working environment and

work among PNP members for conductive and safety yielded a mean of 4.52 and

the lowest was item 4. Facilitate contribution of health and safety management

yielded a mean of 4.28. Agreed to a very high extent, the local government

support to police operation in terms of health and safety services with a section

mean of 4.44.

40
Table 2.3 Extent of the Local Government Support to Police Operation
in terms of Internet Utilization.
Items Mean Interpretation

1. Clarify what constitutes 3.9 To a high extent

acceptable use of internet
services.

2. Help mitigate productivity losses. 4.2 To a very high extent

3. Ensure employees understand 4.04 To a high extent

who to contact with questions
regarding acceptable use.

4. Ensure employees understand 4.06 To a high extent

the penalties that arises from
internet misuse.

5. Provide human resources with 4.12 To a high extent

signed documentation from each
employee stating a pledge not to
improperly use internet services.

Section Mean 4.06 To a high extent

Reflected in the table above as to the responses of the respondents

coming from the selected PNP respondents, agreed to a very high extent was

item 2. Help mitigate productivity loses acquired a mean of 4.2 followed by 5.

Provide human resources with signed documentation from each employee

stating a pledge not to improperly use internet services. And the lowest was item

1. Clarify what constitutes acceptable use of internet services got a mean of 3.9

and described to a high extent.

41
 It implies that the local government support to police operation in terms of

internet utilization with a section mean of 4.06 agreed by the selected PNP

respondents to be a high extent.

Table 2.4 Summary of Extent of the Local Government Support to Police

Operation.
Indicators Mean Interpretation

1. Facilities repair and maintenance 4.36 To a very high extent

2. Health and safety services. 4.44 To a very high extent

3. Internet utilization. 4.06 To a high extent

Grand Mean 4.29 To a very high extent

This shows that the highest local government support to police

operation was the health and safety services with an over-all mean of 4.44

described to a very high extent and the lowest was internet utilization with 4.06

described to a high extent.

This implies that the local government support to police operation with

a grand mean of 4.29 interpreted to a very high extent.

Table 3.1 Result on the Perception of PNP Officers Towards the LGU
Support to Police Operation Affected by their Age.
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

42
Between Groups 35.7 4 11.91 0.40 0.75 2.81
Within Groups 1357 46 29.50
Total 1393 50

Since F = 0.40 < Fcrit = 2.81 and p = 0.75 > 0.05, the difference is not

significant. It means age doesn’t affect the perception of the respondents.

Table 3.2 Result on the Perception of PNP Officers Towards the LGU
Support to Police Operation Affected by their Sex.
Z-test Male Female
Mean 64.71 62
Known Variance 25.5 32
Hypothesised Mean Diffirence 0
Z 1.60
P(Z<=z) two-tail 0.11
z Critical two-tail 1.96

Since z = 1.6 < Zcrit = 1.96, there is no difference between the perception

of male and female. It means that sex doesn’t affect the perception of the

respondents.

Table 3.3 Result on the Perception of PNP Officers Towards the LGU
Support to Police Operation Affected by their Tribe.
ANOVA
Source of SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Variation
Between 134.14 4 44.71333 1.634519 0.194375 2.806845
Groups
Within 1258.36 46 27.35565
Groups
Total 1392.5 50

43
 Since F=1.63 < Fcrit = 2.81, or p = 0.19 > 0.05, the differences are not

significant. It means that tribes cannot affect the perception of the respondents.

44
 Chapter V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations

obtained from the research study. Data obtained from the 105 PNP members of

Koronadal City, South Cotabato. This discusses the result of the semi structured

questionnaire responded by 75 participants. Furthermore, the respondents have

also been given the assurance that all the data they give are used for the

rationale of the research and the identities of the respondents were confidential.

This aims to determine the local government unit support to police

operation it includes the facilities repair and maintenance, health and safety

services and internet utilization. The conduct of this study entails a detailed

account of the demographic profile of the respondents. It is assumed that the

attributes of the selected PNP members and their answers on the survey

questions of particular significance of the achievement of the goals and

objectives of the study.

Summary of Findings

1. Profile of the Respondents

Revealed the age range of the PNP respondents, most of them were 25-

31 years old with 38%, majority was male with 70% and female had 30%.

Furthermore, most of them were ilonggo with 50% and the lowest was Cebuano

with 10%. Finally all of them were college graduate with 100%.

2. Local Government Unit Support to Police Operation.

45
 2.1. Result on facilities repair and maintenance, it implies that the

perception of the selected PNP respondents towards the local government unit

support to police operation in terms of facilities repair and maintenance with a

section mean of 4.36 was believed to be to a very high extent.

2.2 Health and safety services, It was agreed to a very high extent that the

local government support to police operation in terms of health and safety

services has a section mean of 4.44.

2.3 Internet utilization, as to the responses of the respondents coming

from the selected PNP respondents, the local government support to police

operation in terms of internet utilization with a section mean of 4.06 agreed by

the selected PNP respondents to a high extent.

2.4 Summary of the responses on the Local Government Unit support to

police operation. The local government unit support to police operation achieved

a grand mean of 4.29 described to a very high extent.

3. The perception of PNP officers towards the LGU support to police operation

affected by their demographic profile

3.1 The difference is not significant. It means age doesn’t affect the

perception of the respondents.

3.2 There is no difference between the perception of male and female. It

means that sex doesn’t affect the perception of the respondents.

3.3 The differences are not significant. It means that tribes cannot affect

the perception of the respondents.

46
Conclusion

The researcher came up with the following conclusions:

1. Profile of the Respondents, revealed the range of the PNP respondents, most

of them are between 25-31 years, male, Ilonggo and college graduate.

2. Local Government Unit support to police operation, as to the researcher of the

selected PNP respondents, the local government unit support to police operation

in terms of facilities repair and maintenance, health and safety services and

internet utilization were agreed to a very high extent by the government in

Koronadal City, South Cotabato. Thus the local government unit support to police

operation achieved a grand mean of 4.29 described to a very high extent.

3. The research concluded that the perception of PNP officers towards the LGU

support to police operation it doesn’t affected by their demographic profile.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the researcher

presents the following recommendations:

1. The researcher recommend to maintain the sustainability of the health and

safety services followed by the facilities repair and maintenance and the internet

utilization to further improved and maintain the outstanding services that the

Local Government Unit Support to Police Operation.

2. The researcher further recommend to conduct another study regarding the

local government support of any law enforcement agency in the Philippines both

administrative and operational support.

47
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Maravilla, K.L. 2000. Charity and welfare, the American Academy of Reaserch
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Picard, R.F. 2007. Characteristics and Financial Circumstances of TANF

Recipients – Fiscal Year 2009. United States Department of Health and
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Keegan, A., Morecroft, I., Smillie, D., Hicks, M. N., & MacLean, M. R. (2001).
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Willits-King, B. (2009). Indonesia: a case study in the role of the affected state in
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reflection of its ambivalence. Human Rights Law Review, 8(2), 323-342.

Ulrich, B., Krozek, C., Early, S., Ashlock, C. H., Africa, L. M., & Carman, M. L.
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Collier, E. (2010). Confusion of recovery: One solution. International Journal of

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Commins, S., Steinke, J. W., & Borish, L. (2008). The Extended Il-10
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49
APPENDICES

50
Appendix 1

LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT SUPPORT TO POLICE OPERATION IN

Koronadal City, South Cotabato

Name (optional) ___________________________________________

Address (optional) ___________________________________________
Age:_____________
Gender: _________________
Civil Status: ________________
Highest Educational Attainment (Please Specify)
Doctorate: ___________
Master’s Degree: ______________
College Graduate: _____________
College Level: _______________
High School Graduate: ___________
High School Level _____________
Elementary Graduate: ___________
Elementary Level: ______________
Tribe: __________________

Direction: Please accomplish this questionnaire carefully and honestly. Rest

assured that any information that you supply will be treated with the greatest

confidentiality and anonymity. Put a check mark on the box corresponding to

your answer.

5 – Always 4 – oftentimes 3 – Sometimes 2 - Seldom 1-

Never

51
 1. What is the Local Government Unit Support to Police Operation

1.Facilities Repair and Maintenance 1 2 3 4 5

1. Installation of new facility for the services.

2. Give convenient services for the benefits of the PNP

and the community.

3. Restoration of PNP apparatuses and laboratories.

4. Renovation of damaged and destroyed facilities.

5. Retain or restore office functional unit.

2. Health and Safety Services 1 2 3 4 5

1. Protect PNP members at work against hazard.

2. Promote and secure the health and welfare of police

officers at work.

3. Assist in securing safe hygienic work environment.

4. Facilitate contribution of health and safety

management.

5. Improve the working environment and work among

PNP members for conductive and safety.

52
3. Internet Utilization 1 2 3 4 5

1. Clarify what constitutes acceptable use of internet

services.

2. Help mitigate productivity losses.

3. Ensure employees understand who to contact with

questions regarding acceptable use.

4. Ensure employees understand the penalties that arise

from internet misuse.

5. Provide human resources with signed documentation

from each employee stating a pledge not to improperly use

internet services.

53