Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure

Etiology: Risk Factors:

Primary risk factors  Age: 65 and up
 Coronary artery disease (CAD)  Race: African-Americans
 Advancing age  Gender: More common in male
Contributing risk factors  Family history of Cardiovascular
 Hypertension Diseases
 Diabetes  Smoking
 Tobacco use  Substance Abuse
 Obesity
 High serum cholesterol
 African American descent
 Valvular heart disease
 Hypervolemia

Cardiovascular System

Chronic Exposure to factors affecting the Cardiovascular System

Reduces Efficiency of Myocardium through damage and overloading

Systemic Vascular Resistance Systemic BP

Stimulation of Adrenergic System

Force of LV Contraction HR and contractility

Peripheral Artery Constriction LV Workload

Coronary Artery Constriction
LV Oxygen Demand

Epinephrine Release Chest Pain LV Hypoxia Oxygen Supply

Systemic BP Force of LV Contraction Cerebral Perfusion

ADH Renal Blood Flow LV End Diastolic Volume Dizziness

Renin LV Preload LV Failure Fainting

Angiotensin LA Preload

Aldosterone Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary Congestion

Cough
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Dyspnea

Sodium and Water RV Failure

Retention
RV Preload
Peripheral Edema Cardiac Output

Ventricular Remodeling

Progressive Loss of Cardiac Output

Myocardial Hypertrophy
 Loss of Myocytes

Congestive Heart Failure

Possible Complications and other Signs and

Symptoms

Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Cerebrovascular System Urinary System

- Tachycardia - Dyspnea - Dizziness - Na and H2O Retention
- Angina Pectoris - Shortness of Breath - Lightheadedness - Oliguria
- Hypertension - Pulmonary Infections (CAP) - Headache - Anuria
- Myocardial Infarction - White colored sputum - Fainting - Urinary Tract Infection
- Hypotension - Atelectasis - Decrease LOC
- Pericardial Effusion - Respiratory Arrest - Cerebrovascular Accident
- Decrease Cardiac Output
- Myocardial Hypertrophy
- Cardiovascular Arrest

Legend:
- Etiologic Factors
- Organ/System Affected
- Disease Flow
- Disease Process
- Presented Signs and Symptoms
- Compensatory Mechanism
- Chronic Heart Failure without Treatment results to
- Disease
- Possible Complications and other signs and symptoms