LIVING IN IT ERA

THE BRIEF HISTORY

OF COMPUTER
PREPARED AND REPORTED BY: GROUP 2
 timeline of HISTORY OF the COMPUTER

19TH CENTURY 1936 1959

2. ANALYTICAL 4. UNIVERSAL 6. COMMON BUSINESS

ENGINE TURING MACHINE ORIENTED LANGUAGE

1. LOOM 3. PUNCH CARD 5. FIRST GENERATION

SYSTEM DIGITAL COMPUTER BUILT
1801 BY VACUUM TUBER
1890
1937
 timeline continuation

1964 1971

8. DESKTOP 10. PROCESSOR

7. iNTERGRATED 9. INTEL 11. ETHERNET

CIRCUIT
1968 1973
1958
 timeline continuation

1758
1983 1985
12. GRAPHIC USER
INTERFACE 14. LISA 11. WINDOWS

13. APPLE 10. MAC OS

1976 1984
 timeline continuation

1964 1971

18. GOOGLE 20. MOZILLA

SEARCH ENGINE FIREGFOX

17. HTML 19. QUANTUM 21. MACBOOK PRO

COMPUTER
1958 1973
1968
LOOM - 1801 Also known as “JACQUARD LOOM”

This handloom was used for

weaving silk at Stonehouse in
Lanarkshire in the 19th century.
It has a Jacquard attachment
which allows complex patterns to
be woven.
The punch cards used in the
Jacquard mechanism laid the
foundation for modern computer
programming.
ANALYTICAL
ENGINE
The analytical engine is generally
considered the first computer, design,
invented and partly built by English Inventor
“Charles Babbage” during the 19th century.

The analytical engine incorporated an

arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the
form of conditional branching and loops,
and integrated memory, making it the first
design for a general-purpose computer that
could be described in modern terms as
Turing-complete.
 PUNCH CARD SYSTEM
Also known as “PUNCH CARD
TABULATOR”
Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890
It is a piece of card stock that stores
digital data using punched holes.
Punched cards were once common
in data processing and the control of
automated machines.
Punched cards were widely used in
the 20th century, where unit record
machines, organized into data
processing systems, used punched
cards for data input, output, and
storage.
Universal Turing Machine: A Model
for All Computational Problems
Turing machines are the most
powerful computational machines
and are the theoretical basis for
modern computers.
Universal Turing machine is a
computing device that can be used
for solving any problem that
acomputer or a human can solve.
Finally, the Universal Turing machine
is a general-purpose machine that
can be used to compute and
computable problem.
 Turing focused on human computation and thought about the way humans
compute things by hand. With this examination of human computation, he
designed a system in which computation could be expressed and carried out.

According to him, any trivial computation requires the following:

A simple sequence of Scratch paper. A device for writing and The ability to remember
computing instructions. erasing. which instruction is being
carried out.
 MORE ABOUT UNIVERSAL TURNING
MACHINE
Turing then developed a mathematical description of a device processing
compressing all these attributes. This device is called Turing machine; which
is today referred as a special purpose computer.
Turing machines are simple abstract computational devices intended to
help investigate the extent and limitations of what can be computed.
Turing machines are the most powerful computational machines and are
the theoretical basis for modern computers.
They possessed an infinite memory in the form of a tape, and a head which
can read and change the tape, and move in either direction along the tape
or remain stationary.
This universality of Turing machine makes it possible for it to solve or
compute any problem that a computer can also computer.
UNIVERSAL TURING MACHINE
 First Generation Digital Computer built by
Vacuum Tubes (1937)
What is computer?

01 02 03

1. Store: To put data 2. Retrieve: To get 3. Process: To

somewhere for safe and bring the data calculate, compare,
keeping. back. and arrange.

These machines used electronic switches, in the form of vacuum tubes, instead of
electromechanical relays.
 LEE DE FOREST CLAUDE SHANNON

who added another Father of

filament inside the Information
vacuum tubes in
Theory
between of the cathode
and anode.

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA GEORGE STIBITZ

Under this system, the 1 who invented the digital

calculator made of electronic
is a true statement
circuits from Boolean
while the 0 is for false algorithms at Bell Labs along
statement. with his colleagues.

HOWEVER, THE MACHINE WAS NOT PROGRAMMABLE, AND

WAS MORE OF AN ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR.
COBOL (Common Business
Oriented Language)
In 1959, COBOL-60 was developed by
the Conference on Data Systems Language
(CODASYL). IBM announced that COBOL
would be their primary development
language in 1962. A standardized version of
COBOL was approved by American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) for commercial
use in 1968. By 1970, COBOL had become the
most widely used programming language in
the world. COBOL was designed for business
computer programs in industries
•COBOL (Common Business Oriented such as finance and human
Language) – is a high-level programming resources. Unlike some high-level
language for business applications. It was computer programming languages,
the first popular language designed to be COBOL uses English words and
operating system-agnostic and is still use in phrases to make it easier for
many financial and business applications ordinary business users to
today. understand.
 COBOL FEATURES

3. Universality
1.Simplicity and
2. Business-oriented 4. Structure and
Standardization - COBOL has adapted to six
capabilities decades of business change scalability
- COBOL is an easy-to- and works numerous
learn, standard language - COBOL still handles platforms and - The logical control
that can be compiled and more than 70% of the devices. The language offers structures available in
world’s business debugging and testing tools COBOL make it easy to
executed on a
for almost all computer
variety of computers. It transactions. COBOL is read, modify and
platforms,
supports a wide syntax suited for debug.
and new COBOL products,
vocabulary and features everything from simple compilers and development COBOL is also scalable,
an uncluttered batch reporting to tools continue to be reliable, and portable
coding style. complex transactions. announced across platforms.
every year.
 INTERGRATED
CIRCUIT
An integrated circuit or monolithic
integrated circuit is a set of
electronic circuits on one small flat
piece of semiconductor material,
usually silicon. Large numbers of
miniaturized transistors and other
electronic components are
integrated together on the chip.
GRAPHICAL USER
INTERFACE (GUI)
A graphical user interface (GUI) is
a digital interface in which a user
interacts with graphical components
such as icons, buttons, and menus. In
a GUI, the visuals displayed in the
user interface convey information
relevant to the user, as well as
actions that they can take.
INTEL Intel Corporation (commonly known as
Intel) is an American multinational
corporation and technology company
headquartered in Santa Clara, California.
Incorporated in Delaware.
It is one of the world's largest
semiconductor chip manufacturer by
revenue, and is one of the developers of
the x86 series of instruction sets found in
most personal computers (PCs).
Intel ranked No. 45 in the 2020 Fortune 500
list of the largest United States
corporations by total revenue for nearly a
decade, from 2007 to 2016 fiscal years.
ETHERNET
What is Ethernet?

Ethernet is a communication
technology developed in the 1970s
by Xerox that links computers in a
network via a wired connection. It
connects local area network (LAN)
and wide area network (WAN)
systems (WAN). With LAN and
WAN, several devices, such as
printers and laptops, may be
connected across buildings,
residences, and even small
communities.
Advantages of Ethernet
01 Relatively low cost
04 Good data transfer
quality

02 compatibility
Backward
05 Speed

03 resistant to noise
Generally
06 Reliability

05 Data security, as common

firewalls can be used.
 Disadvantages of Ethernet

01
INTENDED FOR SMALLER,
02 03
USE OF LONGER CABLES
LIMITED MOBILITY
SHORTER DISTANCE CAN CREATE CROSSTALK
NETWORKS

04 05 06
RECEIVERS DON'T
DOESN'T WORK WELL SPEEDS DECREASE WITH
WITH REAL-TIME OR INCREASED TRAFFIC ACKNOWLEDGE THE

07
INTERACTIVE RECEPTION OF DATA
APPLICATIONS PACKETS

· TROUBLESHOOTING IS HARD WHEN TRYING TO TRACE

WHICH SPECIFIC CABLE OR NODE IS CAUSING THE ISSUE.
 MORE ABOUT ETHERNET
The Ethernet protocol:
This protocol was developed in the
1970s by Xerox.
The Ethernet port:
Ethernet ports (commonly known as
jacks or sockets) are openings on
computer network infrastructure into
which one may plug in Ethernet cables.
It supports cables with RJ-45 connectors.
·Ethernet network adapter: · An Ethernet cable

An Ethernet adapter is a chip or card that fits Ethernet cable, often known as a network
into a slot on the motherboard and allows a cable, links your computer to a modem,
computer to connect to a local area network router, or network stitich. The Ethernet
(LAN). In the past, these were always used
cable consists of the RJ45 connection, the
with desktop computers. Ethernet is now
internal cabling, and a plastic jacket.
integrated into the chipsets of laptop and
desktop motherboards.
APPLE
Apple Computer, Inc. was founded
on April 1, 1976, by college dropouts
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, who
brought to the new company a vision
of changing the way people viewed
computers. Jobs and Wozniak wanted
to make computers small enough for
people to have them in their homes or
offices. Simply put, they wanted a
computer that was user-friendly.
The iPhone, a touch screen cellular
phone, introduced in 2007 was one
of the world' most successful
products and the company has
released several new versions since.

Most recently Apple has expanded

its services segments with its credit
card (Apple Card), Apple News for
news, Apple Arcade for games and
the Apple TV+ for streaming original
content produced by Apple.
The Apple Lisa was a personal computer designed
at Apple Computer, Inc. during the early 1980s.
Officially, “Lisa” stood for “Local Integrated
LISA
Software Architecture”, but it was also the name of
Apple co-founder Steve Jobs’ daughter.

The Lisa project was started at Apple in 1978 and

evolved into a project to design a powerful
personal computer with a graphical user interface
(GUI) that would be targeted toward business
customers.

The Lisa was first introduced in January 19, 1983 at

a cost of $9,995 US ($21,482.26 in 2008 dollars). It
is one of the first commercial personal computers
to have a GUI and a mouse. It used a Motorola
68000 CPU at a 5 MHz clock rate and had 1 MB RAM.
Lisa has two main user modes: the Lisa Office
System and the Workshop.

The Lisa Office System is the GUI environment for end users.

The Workshop is a program development environment, and

is almost entirely text-based, though it uses a GUI text
editor. The Lisa Office System was eventually renamed
“7/7”, in reference to the seven supplied application
programs: LisaWrite, LisaCalc, LisaDraw, LisaGraph,
LisaProject, LisaList, and LisaTerminal.
 WIND O W S
m d e s ig n b y
op e r at in g s yste
is an t e m is w ha t
e o p e r a t in g sys
Microsoft. Th p ute r. W i n d o w s
u s e a c o m
allows you to s t n e w p e rs o n a l
d e d o n m o
comes preloa h e lp t o m a k e it
s (P C s) , w h i c h
computer in g s y s t e m in
p o p u la r o p erat
the most in d o w s o r
l d . M i c ro so ft w
the w o r o f
h e fir s t v e rs io n
r e l e a s e d t
windows -1 9 80 s.
h e m id
windows in t
 There have been many version of windows
since then, but the must recent one include:

WINDOWS WINDOWS WINDOWS 7 WINDOWS 8 WINDOWS

XP VISTA (RELEASED (RELEASED 10
(RELEASED (RELEASED IN 2009) IN 2012) (RELEASED
IN 2001) IN 2007) IN 2015)
DESKTOP
A desktop is a computer
display area that represent the
kinds of object found on top of
a physical desk, including
documents, phone book,
telephones, reference source,
writing and drawing tools,
and project folders. User can
have multiple desktop for
different project and work
Invironments, and they can
switch between them.
 HTML
HTML stand for Hyper Text Markup
Language.
It is a standards markup language for
web page creation. It allows the
creation and structure of sections,
paragraphs and links using HTML
elements( the building blocks of a
web page) such as tags and
attributes.
PROCESSOR
Processors were
constructed using multiple
individual vacuum tubes,
multiple individual
transistors, or multiple
integrated circuits. Today,
processors use built-in
transistors. The term is
frequently used to refer to
the central processing unit
(CPU), the main processor
in a system.
HISTORY OF PROCESSOR

Italian physicist Federico Faggin invented the first

commercial CPU. It was the Intel 4004 released by Intel in
1971. Then the Intel 8008 was introduced in 1972, followed by
the 4040, an improved version of the 4004 in 1974.

The first commercial microprocessor, the binary-coded decimal

(BCD) based Intel 4004, was released by Intel in 1971. In March
1972, Intel introduced a microprocessor with an 8-bit
architecture, the 8008, an integrated pMOS logic re-
implementation of the transistor–transistor logic (TTL) based
Datapoint 2200 CPU.

WHEN WAS THE FIRST

PROCESSOR INVENTED?

The Intel 4004 was the world's first microprocessor—a

complete general-purpose CPU on a single chip.
Released in March 1971, and using cutting-edge silicon-
gate technology, the 4004 marked the beginning of
Intel's rise to global dominance in the processor
industry.
CPU Operations
The four primary functions of
a processor are;

fetch, decode, execute and

write back.
 GOOGLE SEARCH
ENGINE
GOOGLE WAS INVENTED BY LARRY PAGE AND SERGEY
BRIN IN 1998 WHILE THEY WERE PH. D. STUDENTS AT
STANFORD UNIVERSITY.

The first version of Google was released in August 1996

on the Stanford website. It used nearly half of Stanford's
entire network bandwidth. BackRub is written in Java and
Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel
Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on
a Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk.

BACKRUB

They called this search engine Backrub. Soon after,

Backrub was renamed Google (phew). The name was a play
on the mathematical expression for the number 1 followed
by 100 zeros and aptly reflected Larry and Sergey's
mission “to organize the world's information and make it
universally accessible and useful.”
 Mac OS
MacOS is the operating system designed to run on
Apple laptops and desktop computers. As Apple
grew and strengthened the ecosystem through the
years, macOS operating system version history
evolved too.

We guide you through the evolution of Apple’s

operating system, from the first public release in
2001 to the latest macOS Sonoma announced at
WWDC 2023 on June 5.
 Mac OS History Timeline

1. Mac OS X 10.0 4. Mac OS X 10.3

2. Mac OS x 3. Mac OS X 10.2 (Jaguar)
(Cheetah) (Panther)
10.1(PUMA) August 23, 2002: The third release
March 24, 2001: Aqua September 25, 2001: of Mac OS X added search to October 24, 2003:
interface is born with Mac Finder (can you imagine it, Finder
As you might have Meet Safari! The
OS X Cheetah. It’s a big used to exist without it!) Jaguar
step in the evolution of
noticed, the first first official web
also brings MPEG-4 support for
graphical interfaces, with generation of Apple’s QuickTime, a range of privacy browser made by
2D and 3D graphics operating systems features, and, for the first time, Apple replaces
support, granting an all- was named after Accessibility API called Universal Internet Explorer on
new visual experience. Access.
animals. Mac.
 5. Mac OS X 10.4 6. Mac OS X 10.5 7. Mac OS X 10.6 8. Mac OS X 10.7
(Tiger) (Leopard) (Snow Leopard) (Lion)
July 20, 2011: With Lion, Apple
April 29, 2005: Did you October 26, 2007: Here August 28, 2009:
brings lots of useful
think Apple TV is pretty comes Leopard, one of Leopard’s successor, enhancements from iOS to
new? Well, guess the most Mac-changing Snow Leopard, Mac OS . Launchpad, multi-
what, it was born in systems.
focused on expanding touch gestures, and more.
2005, with the release This time, Mac’s desktop
64-bit architecture. Interestingly, many people
changes significantly,
of Apple’s fifth Most of the native criticized Mac OS X 10.7 for the
with Dock, a new menu
operating system! Tiger applications were so-called "natural scrolling,"
bar, and Stacks. Time
was a pretty big rewritten in 64-bit.
which moved the content up
Machine, Spotlight
update. when you scroll down.
enhancement
 9. OS X 10.8 10. OS X 10.9 11. OS X 10.10 12. OS X 10.11 (El
(Mountain Lion) (Mavericks) (Yosemite) Capitan)

July 25, 2012: Major October 22, 2013: October 16, 2014: September 30,
apps like Notes, Operating system Biggest redesign in 2015: El Capitan is
Reminders, and number 10 debuts a years. From small things faster, better,
Messages arrive range of privacy like thin fonts and new stronger than the
from iOS, turning features, majorly color schemes to the big previous operating
Mac into a more focused on shift towards flat system, due to a
comfortable spot for password graphic design, which major performance
managing your daily encryption and better matches the boost.
routine. storage. design of iOS.
13. macOS 10.12 14. macOS 10.13 15. macOS 10.14 16. macOS 10.15
(Sierra) (High Sierra) (Mojave) (Catalina)

September 20, 2016: September 25, 2017: September 24, 2018: October 7, 2019: macOS
macOS High Sierra adds That’s when things Catalina marks the
With Sierra, Apple
a new video standard
shifts to the "macOS" go dark. death of iTunes, splitting
called HEIC and a
naming. Again, more transition to Apple File Apple’s top-destination
iOS perks arrive, such System (APFS), which is for media content into
as unlocking a Mac an improved alternative three dedicated apps —
with Apple Watch. to its predecessor file Music, Podcasts, and
system HFS+. Movies.
 18. macOS 12
17. macOS 11 (Big (Monterey) 19. macOS 13 20. macOS 14
Sur) (Ventura) (Sonoma)
October 25, 2021:
November 19, 2020: macOS Monterey October 25, 2022: macOS Fall 2023: macOS
brings Shortcuts —
There’s no macOS Ventura arrives with a
10.16, because Big Sur
Sonoma offers a
deserves a more epic the ability to set major interface change,
handful of
the feature called Stage
version name — 11.0. up quick actions important
Manager. While it’s opt-in,
Bringing a huge with different many users will make improvements over
design change and apps to automate Stage Manager a default macOS 13 Ventura
your flow.
transition to Apple’s
because it’s a great way and earlier
M1 Macs, macOS Big
Sur is the one to to transition between versions.
remember. tasks and workspaces.
.
 MOZILLA
FIREFOX
In 2002, Dave Hyatt, Joe Hewitt, and Blake
Ross launched an experimental branch of the
Mozilla project to develop a standalone
browser. The first version was released on
September 23, 2002, and the Mozilla
Organization later declared its intention to
focus on Firefox and Thunderbird.
Mozilla Foundation and Mozilla Corporation
released Firefox in 2004 as a free, open-
source web browser.
Mozilla Firefox is a web browser guided by
The Mozilla Manifesto, which outlines a set of
principles created by the Mozilla Foundation.
Its emphasis on privacy and open-source
principles distinguishes
.
 What is firefox use for?

Firefox's open-source architecture allows developers to customize and distribute their own browser
versions and add their code to update the browser.

FIREFOX FIREFOX FIREFOX FIREFOX FIREFOX EXTENDED

SUPPORT RELEASE
QUANTUM: NIGHTLY BETA: DEVELOPER (ESR) OR FIREFOX
EDITION ENTERPRISE:
This is the This version is Non-developers
This version is This is the enterprise
standard version used by use this version
designed for web version of Firefox
of Firefox that developers and to test new developers who that allows
most people use users to test new features before organizations to
want to track
for browsing the features for they are officially cascading style deploy the browser
internet. It can be bugs during released. sheets and at scale. ESR
downloaded from JavaScript. It also updates once a year,
development.
Mozilla.org. includes a unlike the standard
Firefox browser
JavaScript
which updates more
debugger for users
frequently.
building their sites.
Macbook pro
Steve Jobs unveiled the MacBook and MacBook
Pro in 2006. Apple had made the decision to move
towards using Intel CPUs in its computers.

why the macbook called macbok?

Conceived in 1979 by Jef Raskin, the Macintosh was
envisioned as an affordable, easy-to-use computer
for the masses. Raskin named the computer after his
favorite type of apple, the McIntosh.

The Mac Pro is designed for professionals who work

with applications that use as many processing cores
as possible—video-editing applications, image-
editing software, 3D programs, audio editing,
software developers, and the l
 C O M P U T E R
QUA NTUM
in th e 19 8 0 s b y Richard
u te r s w e r e p ro posed
Quantum comp . The intu itio n b e h in d q u antum
nd Y uri M a n in of the
Feynman a was ofte n s e e n a s o n e
m e d fr o m w h a t
computing stem e m a rk a b le s c ientific
n ts o f p hysics: r
rr a s sm e ems.
greatest emba y t o model e v e n s im p le s ys t
with a n ina b ilit
progress faced a th e r o f q u a n tum
n o w n as the “ f
c a m e k able
Deutsch, 69, be n e x otic – and s o f a r u n b u ild
ter pro p o s in g a aper
computing” af n c e o f p arallel u n ive rs e s. H is p
st the e x is te puters
– machine to te e r udimentar y q u a n t u m c o m
e w a y f o r th
in 1985 paved th e w o rkin g o n to day
scientists ar

Quantum computers have the
potential to revolutionize
computation by making certain
types of classically intractable
problems solvable. While no
quantum computer is yet
sophisticated enough to carry
out calculations that a classical
computer can't, great progress
is under way.
Quantum computing has the
Quantum computers have potential to revolutionize various
good parallelism, fast industries and be a powerful
information processing catalyst for the digital economy.
speed, large amount of Quantum computing can provide
information storage, and significant advantages in areas
performance in many fields such as cryptography, which is
far surpasses classical critical for secure digital
computers. transactions and
communications in numerous
industries.
 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR
LISTENING, WE LOVE YOU ALL

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ANGELINE BEDUA NASHRINAH ESMAIL JANELLE MARIE