Name Date Class

CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

Solutions
Reviewing Vocabulary
Match the definition in Column A with the term in Column B.
Column A Column B
1. The diffusion of solvent particles across a semipermeable a. Brownian motion
membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas
of higher solute concentration b. colloid

2. A mixture with particles that settle out if undisturbed c. concentration

3. The erratic movement of colloid particles d. heat of solution

4. The amount of additional pressure caused by water e. Henry’s law

molecules moving into a solution
f. mole fraction
5. A measure of how much solute is dissolved in a specific
amount of solvent or solution g. osmosis

6. The overall energy change that occurs when a solution forms h. osmotic pressure

7. A heterogeneous mixture of intermediate size particles i. solvation

8. The process of surrounding solute particles with solvent j. Tyndall effect

particles to form a solution
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

k. suspension
9. The ratio of the number of moles of solute in solution to the
total number of moles of solute and solvent
10. The scattering of light by dispersed colloid particles

11. The statement that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly

proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid

Describe each pair of related terms.

12. soluble, insoluble

13. miscible, immiscible

14. molarity, molality

Chapter Assessment Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15 85

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CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

Understanding Main Ideas (Part A)

In the space at the left, write true if the statement is true; if the statement is false,
change the italicized word or phrase to make it true.

1. A solution may exist as a gas, a liquid, or a solid depending on the

state of the solvent.
2. Molar solutions are calculated and expressed in grams per liter.

3. The most common solvent among liquid solutions is ethanol.

4. Nonpolar solutes are more soluble in nonpolar solvents.

5. A supersaturated solution contains less dissolved solute than a

saturated solution at the same temperature.
6. The lowering of the vapor pressure of a pure solvent when a
solution is formed is a colligative property.
7. A 1m solution of a nonelectrolyte will have a lesser effect on the
colligative properties of its solution than a 1m solution of an
electrolyte will have on the colligative properties of its solution.
8. In an aerosol, the dispersing medium is a liquid.

9. A dilute solution contains a small amount of solute relative to the

solute’s solubility.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

10. Attractions between the dispersed particles and the particles of the
dispersing medium of a colloid produce magnetic layers that keep
the dispersed particles from settling out.
11. Boiling point depression is the temperature difference between a
solution’s and a pure solvent’s boiling point.

Circle the letter of the response that best answers the question.

12. What term describes a solution in which the dissolved solute is in equilibrium with the
undissolved solute?
a. dilute solution b. saturated solution c. supersaturated solution d. unsaturated solution

13. Which of the following statements explains the solubility of ionic substances in water?
a. The molar mass of water is 18.02 g/mol.
b. An oxygen atom has six electrons in its outermost energy level.
c. Water molecules are polar.
d. Water is a covalent substance.

14. Which of the following compounds provides the most solute particles when completely
dissociated in water?
a. MgCl2 b. KBr c. NaCl d. Na3PO4

86 Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15 Chapter Assessment

 Name Date Class

CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

Understanding Main Ideas (Part B)

Answer the following questions.

1. Briefly describe the solvation of sodium chloride to form an aqueous solution.

2. How would you prepare each of the following solutions? Show your calculations.
a. 1.00 L of a 2.00M aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

b. 90.0 mL of a 1.20M aqueous solution of sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) from a 2.00M solution
of Na2C2O4

3. What is the mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00m solution of barium chloride (BaCl2)?
Show your calculations.

Chapter Assessment Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15 87

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CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

Thinking Critically
The graph below shows the solubility versus temperature for two compounds, A and B.
Use the graph to answer the questions below.
Solubility (g solute/100 g H2O)

5.0
4.0
3.0 A

2.0
1.0
B
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (°C)

1. One of the curves represents carbon dioxide (CO2); the other represents tin(II) iodide
(SnI2). Identify compounds A and B. Explain your reasoning.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. A third substance, HgBr2, has a solubility of 0.50 g HgBr2/100 g H2O at 20°C. If the
solution is saturated at this temperature, calculate the molality of the solution.

3. Calculate the molarity of the HgBr2 solution. Assume the density of the solution is the
same as the density of the solvent.

88 Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15 Chapter Assessment

 Name Date Class

CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

Applying Scientific Methods

A time-release capsule releases a drug at a constant rate so that the concentration of the drug
in the body is not so high as to damage the body nor so low as to be ineffective. The diagram
below shows such a capsule.

Semipermeable Elastic, impermeable

membrane Saturated membrane
NaCl (aq) Drug
solution Rigid, selectively
permeable membrane

Notice that the capsule has two compartments sepa-

rated by an impermeable, elastic membrane. One com-
partment contains the drug, the other a saturated solution

Concentration of NaCl solution

of sodium chloride. The outer wall of the drug compart-
ment consists of a rigid, selectively permeable material.
The wall is designed to allow only molecules of the drug
to pass outward through the wall. The outer wall of the
compartment containing the sodium chloride solution
consists of a semipermeable membrane. A thin, protective
coating that dissolves when the capsule enters the body
covers the entire capsule.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

The graph shows the concentration of the sodium

chloride solution in the capsule over time after the cap- Time
sule has entered the body.

Use the diagram of the capsule and the graph to answer questions 1 and 2.

1. What happens to the concentration of the aqueous sodium chloride solution over time?

2. What process would account for your answer to question 1? Explain.

Chapter Assessment Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15 89

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CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

Applying Scientific Methods continued

3. The graph below shows the volume of the aqueous sodium chloride solution in the
capsule after the capsule has entered the body. Explain whether the graph supports
your answer to question 2.
Volume of NaCl solution

Time

4. Which of the following graphs represents the mass of the drug in the capsule after the
capsule has entered the body? Explain your choice.

a b c
Mass of drug

Mass of drug

Mass of drug

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Time Time Time

5. What are two functions of the elastic, impermeable membrane separating the aqueous
sodium chloride solution and the drug? How is each function related to a property of the
membrane?

90 Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15 Chapter Assessment

T200
Name Date Class Name Date Class

CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
Chemistry: Matter and Change

Solutions Understanding Main Ideas (Part A)

In the space at the left, write true if the statement is true; if the statement is false,
change the italicized word or phrase to make it true.
Reviewing Vocabulary
true 1. A solution may exist as a gas, a liquid, or a solid depending on the
Match the definition in Column A with the term in Column B.
state of the solvent.
Column A Column B
moles per liter 2. Molar solutions are calculated and expressed in grams per liter.
g 1. The diffusion of solvent particles across a semipermeable a. Brownian motion
water 3. The most common solvent among liquid solutions is ethanol.
membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas
of higher solute concentration b. colloid true 4. Nonpolar solutes are more soluble in nonpolar solvents.
k 2. A mixture with particles that settle out if undisturbed c. concentration more 5. A supersaturated solution contains less dissolved solute than a
a 3. The erratic movement of colloid particles d. heat of solution saturated solution at the same temperature.

h true 6. The lowering of the vapor pressure of a pure solvent when a

4. The amount of additional pressure caused by water e. Henry’s law
solution is formed is a colligative property.
molecules moving into a solution
f. mole fraction true
c 7. A 1m solution of a nonelectrolyte will have a lesser effect on the
5. A measure of how much solute is dissolved in a specific
g. osmosis colligative properties of its solution than a 1m solution of an
amount of solvent or solution
electrolyte will have on the colligative properties of its solution.
d 6. The overall energy change that occurs when a solution forms h. osmotic pressure
gas 8. In an aerosol, the dispersing medium is a liquid.
b 7. A heterogeneous mixture of intermediate size particles i. solvation true 9. A dilute solution contains a small amount of solute relative to the
i 8. The process of surrounding solute particles with solvent j. Tyndall effect solute’s solubility.
particles to form a solution electrostatic
k. suspension 10. Attractions between the dispersed particles and the particles of the
f 9. The ratio of the number of moles of solute in solution to the dispersing medium of a colloid produce magnetic layers that keep
total number of moles of solute and solvent the dispersed particles from settling out.
j boiling point 11. Boiling point depression is the temperature difference between a
10. The scattering of light by dispersed colloid particles
elevation solution’s and a pure solvent’s boiling point.
e 11. The statement that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly
proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid
Circle the letter of the response that best answers the question.

Describe each pair of related terms. 12. What term describes a solution in which the dissolved solute is in equilibrium with the
undissolved solute?
Chapter Assessment Answer Key

12. soluble, insoluble

a. dilute solution b. saturated solution c. supersaturated solution d. unsaturated solution
If a substance dissolves in another substance, the first substance is soluble. If a
13. Which of the following statements explains the solubility of ionic substances in water?
substance does not dissolve in another substance, the first substance is insoluble.
a. The molar mass of water is 18.02 g/mol.
13. miscible, immiscible b. An oxygen atom has six electrons in its outermost energy level.
Miscible liquids are soluble in each other, and immiscible liquids are not. c. Water molecules are polar.
d. Water is a covalent substance.
14. molarity, molality
Molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution. Molality 14. Which of the following compounds provides the most solute particles when completely
dissociated in water?
is the ratio of the number of moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent.
a. MgCl2 b. KBr c. NaCl d. Na3PO4

Chapter Assessment Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15 85 86 Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15 Chapter Assessment

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter Assessment Answer Key

Name Date Class Name Date Class

CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

Understanding Main Ideas (Part B) Thinking Critically

Answer the following questions. The graph below shows the solubility versus temperature for two compounds, A and B.
Use the graph to answer the questions below.
1. Briefly describe the solvation of sodium chloride to form an aqueous solution.
When a sodium chloride crystal is placed in water, the charged ends of the polar

Solubility (g solute/100 g H2O)

5.0
water molecules attract the positive sodium ions and the negative chloride ions.
4.0
Because the attraction between the water molecules and the ions is greater than A
3.0
the attraction between the ions in the crystal, the ions break away from the
2.0
crystal. The water molecules surround the ions and keep them separated, forming 1.0
B
a solution. 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2. How would you prepare each of the following solutions? Show your calculations. Temperature (°C)

a. 1.00 L of a 2.00M aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Molarity  moles of solute/liters of solution
2.00M NaOH  2.00 mol NaOH/1.00 L H2O
(2.00 mol NaOH)(40.00 g NaOH/1 mol NaOH)  80.00 g NaOH
Add 80.00 g of NaOH to a 1-L volumetric flask. Add distilled water to the flask
to completely dissolve the NaOH. Carefully add additional distilled water to
bring the solution up to the 1-L calibration line.
1. One of the curves represents carbon dioxide (CO2); the other represents tin(II) iodide
(SnI2). Identify compounds A and B. Explain your reasoning.
Compound A is tin(II) iodide, and compound B is carbon dioxide. The curve for
compound A indicates that the solubility of the substance increases with
increasing temperature. This trend is characteristic of solid solutes dissolved in
liquid solvents, such as tin(II) iodide dissolved in water. The curve for compound B

b. 90.0 mL of a 1.20M aqueous solution of sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) from a 2.00M solution
indicates that the solubility of the substance decreases with increasing
of Na2C2O4 temperature. This trend is characteristic of gases dissolved in liquid solvents,
M1V1  M2V2 such as carbon dioxide dissolved in water.
V1  V2(M2/M1)  (90.0 mL)(1.20M/2.00M)  54.0 mL
2. A third substance, HgBr2, has a solubility of 0.50 g HgBr2/100 g H2O at 20°C. If the
Chemistry: Matter and Change

Add 54.0 mL 2.00M Na2C2O4 to a graduated cylinder. Carefully add distilled solution is saturated at this temperature, calculate the molality of the solution.
water to bring the solution up to the 90.0-mL calibration line. (0.50 g HgBr2)(1 mol HgBr2/360.30 g HgBr2)  1.4  103 mol HgBr2
3. What is the mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00m solution of barium chloride (BaCl2)? (100 g H2O)(1 kg/1000 g)  0.100 kg H2O
Show your calculations. Molality  moles of solute/kilograms of solvent
Molality  moles of solute/kilograms of solvent  1.4  103 mol HgBr2/0.100 kg H2O
 1.4  102 mol HgBr2/kg H2O  1.4  102m HgBr2
1.00m BaCl2  1.00 mol BaCl2/1.00 kg H2O
(1.00  103 g H2O)(1 mol H2O/18.02 g H2O)  55.5 mol H2O 3. Calculate the molarity of the HgBr2 solution. Assume the density of the solution is the
same as the density of the solvent.
XBaCl2  nBaCl2/(nBaCl2  nH2O)  1.00 mol BaCl2/(1.00 mol BaCl2  55.5 mol H2O)
If the density of the solution and solvent are equal, the density of the solution
XBaCl2  0.0177 must be 1 kg/1L. So, 1 kg of the solution has a volume of 1 L.
Molarity  moles of solute/liters of solution  1.4  103 mol HgBr2/0.100 L
 1.4  102 mol HgBr2/L  1.4  102M HgBr2
T201

Chapter Assessment Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15 87 88 Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15 Chapter Assessment
T202
Name Date Class Name Date Class

CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

Chemistry: Matter and Change

Applying Scientific Methods continued

Applying Scientific Methods 3. The graph below shows the volume of the aqueous sodium chloride solution in the
capsule after the capsule has entered the body. Explain whether the graph supports
A time-release capsule releases a drug at a constant rate so that the concentration of the drug your answer to question 2.
in the body is not so high as to damage the body nor so low as to be ineffective. The diagram
Yes, the graph supports the explanation because
below shows such a capsule.
the graph shows that the volume of the sodium

Volume of NaCl solution

chloride solution increases. The increased volume
Semipermeable Elastic, impermeable
membrane Saturated membrane means that water is diffusing into the compartment
NaCl (aq) Drug
solution Rigid, selectively
through the semipermeable membrane.
permeable membrane

Notice that the capsule has two compartments sepa- Time

rated by an impermeable, elastic membrane. One com-
partment contains the drug, the other a saturated solution

Concentration of NaCl solution

of sodium chloride. The outer wall of the drug compart- 4. Which of the following graphs represents the mass of the drug in the capsule after the
ment consists of a rigid, selectively permeable material. capsule has entered the body? Explain your choice.
The wall is designed to allow only molecules of the drug
to pass outward through the wall. The outer wall of the a b c
compartment containing the sodium chloride solution
consists of a semipermeable membrane. A thin, protective

Mass of drug

Mass of drug

Mass of drug
coating that dissolves when the capsule enters the body
covers the entire capsule.
The graph shows the concentration of the sodium
chloride solution in the capsule over time after the cap- Time
sule has entered the body. Time Time Time

Graph c; if the drug is entering the body at a constant rate, it must be leaving
Use the diagram of the capsule and the graph to answer questions 1 and 2.
the capsule at a constant rate. So, as time passes, the mass of the drug inside the
1. What happens to the concentration of the aqueous sodium chloride solution over time? capsule must decrease at a constant rate.
The solution becomes dilute.
Chapter Assessment Answer Key

5. What are two functions of the elastic, impermeable membrane separating the aqueous
2. What process would account for your answer to question 1? Explain. sodium chloride solution and the drug? How is each function related to a property of the
Osmosis; water diffuses through the semipermeable membrane from the body, membrane?

which has a lower concentration of sodium chloride, to the capsule, which has a Because the membrane is impermeable, it keeps water from diffusing through the

higher concentration of sodium chloride. membrane into the drug and diluting it. Because the membrane is elastic, it
allows the volume of the sodium chloride to expand into the drug compartment
and push the drug through the capsule wall into the body.

Chapter Assessment Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15 89 90 Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15 Chapter Assessment

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