Test Bank for Microbiology An Introduction 12th Edition Tortora Funke Case

Test Bank for Microbiology An Introduction 12th

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Microbiology: An Introduction, 12e, (Tortora)
Chapter 7 The Control of Microbial Growth

7.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) Which of the following is the best method to sterilize heat-labile solutions?

A) dry heat
B) autoclave
C) membrane filtration
D) pasteurization
E) freezing
Answer: C
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.5

2) Which of the following best describes the pattern of microbial death?

A) The cells in a population die at a constant rate.
B) All the cells in a culture die at once.
C) Not all of the cells in a culture are killed.
D) The pattern varies depending on the antimicrobial agent.
E) The pattern varies depending on the species.
Answer: A
Section: 7.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.2

3) Which of the following chemical agents is used for sterilization?

A) alcohol
B) phenolics
C) ethylene oxide
D) chlorine
E) soap
Answer: C
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.9

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4) Which of the following substances is used for surgical hand scrubs?
A) phenol
B) chlorine bleach
C) chlorhexidine
D) soap
E) glutaraldehyde
Answer: C
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.9

5) Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched?

A) bacteriostatic — kills vegetative bacterial cells
B) germicide — kills microbes
C) virucide — inactivates viruses
D) sterilant — destroys all living microorganisms
E) fungicide — kills yeasts and molds
Answer: A
Section: 7.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.1

6) The antimicrobial activity of chlorine is due to which of the following?

A) the formation of hypochlorous acid
B) the formation of hydrochloric acid
C) the formation of ozone
D) the formation of a hypochlorite ion
E) disruption of the plasma membrane
Answer: A
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.10

7) Which of the following regarding antimicrobial control agents is FALSE?

A) Contaminating organic debris such as blood or sputum decrease effectiveness.
B) Some agents kill by denaturing microbial cell proteins.
C) Some agents affect microbial cell membranes by dissolving lipids.
D) Silver is used for treating antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
E) Alcohols effectively inactivate nonenveloped viruses by attacking lipids.
Answer: E
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.9
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8) Which of the following does NOT achieve sterilization?
A) dry heat
B) pasteurization
C) autoclave
D) supercritical fluids
E) ethylene oxide
Answer: B
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.4

9) Which of the following is a limitation of the autoclave?

A) It requires an excessively long time to achieve sterilization.
B) It cannot inactivate viruses.
C) It cannot kill endospores.
D) It cannot be used with heat-labile materials.
E) It cannot be used with glassware.
Answer: D
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.4

10) An agent used to reduce the number of bacteria on a toilet would most accurately be called
a(n)
A) disinfectant.
B) antiseptic.
C) aseptic.
D) fungicide.
E) virucide.
Answer: A
Section: 7.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.1

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11) Application of heat to living cells can result in all of the following EXCEPT
A) breaking of hydrogen bonds.
B) alteration of membrane permeability.
C) denaturation of enzymes.
D) decreased thermal death time.
E) damage to nucleic acids.
Answer: D
Section: 7.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.2

12) Which of the following disinfectants acts by disrupting the plasma membrane?
A) soaps
B) aldehydes
C) bisphenols
D) halogens
E) heavy metals
Answer: C
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.9

13) Oxidizing agents include all of the following EXCEPT

A) chlorine.
B) glutaraldehyde.
C) hydrogen peroxide.
D) iodine.
E) ozone.
Answer: B
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.9

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14) Disinfection of water is achieved by all of the following EXCEPT
A) ozone.
B) UV radiation.
C) chlorine.
D) copper sulfate.
E) peracetic acid.
Answer: E
Section: 7.4; 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.7
Global Outcome: 5

15) All of the following substances are effective against nonenveloped viruses EXCEPT
A) alcohol.
B) chlorine.
C) ethylene oxide.
D) ozone.
E) None of the answers is correct; all of these are equally effective against nonenveloped viruses.
Answer: A
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.9

16) Which of the following methods is used to preserve food by slowing the metabolic processes
of foodborne microbes?
A) lyophilization
B) nonionizing radiation
C) freezing
D) ionizing radiation
E) pasteurization
Answer: C
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.5
Global Outcome: 5

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17) Which concentration of ethanol is the most effective bactericide?
A) 100 percent
B) 70 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 40 percent
E) 30 percent
Answer: B
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.9

18) All of the following factors contribute to hospital-acquired infections EXCEPT

A) some bacteria metabolize disinfectants.
B) gram-negative bacteria are often resistant to disinfectants.
C) invasive procedures can provide a portal of entry for bacteria.
D) bacteria may be present in commercial products such as mouthwash.
E) None of the answers is correct; all of these factors may contribute to hospital-acquired
infection.
Answer: E
Section: 7.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 5.4
Learning Outcome: 7.14
Global Outcome: 7

19) Which of the following treatments is the most effective for controlling microbial growth?
A) 63°C for 30 minutes
B) 72°C for 15 seconds
C) 140°C for 4 seconds
D) They are equivalent treatments.
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: D
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.4

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20) Which of the following could be used to sterilize plastic Petri plates in a plastic wrapper?
A) autoclave
B) gamma radiation
C) microwaves
D) sunlight
E) ultraviolet radiation
Answer: B
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.6

21) Which of the following regarding antimicrobial control agents is FALSE?

A) Contaminating organic debris such as blood or sputum will decrease effectiveness.
B) Some agents kill by denaturing microbial cell proteins.
C) Some agents affect microbial cell membranes by dissolving lipids.
D) Some agents are utilized as both an antiseptic and a disinfectant.
E) A true antimicrobial control agent is equally effective against both bacteria and viruses.
Answer: E
Section: 7.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.3

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Figure 7.1

A suspension of 106 Bacillus cereus endospores was put in a hot-air oven at 170°C. Plate counts
were used to determine the number of endospores surviving at the time intervals shown.

22) In Figure 7.1, what is the thermal death time?

A) 150°C
B) 60 minutes
C) 120 minutes
D) 100°C
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: B
Section: 7.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 7.2a
Learning Outcome: 7.2
Global Outcome: 3

23) In Figure 7.1, the thermal death point for this culture is
A) 15 minutes.
B) 50°C.
C) 30 minutes.
D) 170°C.
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided
Answer: E
Section: 7.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 7.2a
Learning Outcome: 7.2
Global Outcome: 3

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24) In Figure 7.1, the decimal reduction time (D value) for the culture, which is defined as the
time to reduce a population by one log, is approximately
A) 0 minutes.
B) 10 minutes.
C) 30 minutes.
D) 40 minutes.
E) 60 minutes.
Answer: B
Section: 7.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 7.2a
Learning Outcome: 7.2
Global Outcome: 3

25) Which of the following results in lethal damage to nucleic acids?

A) heat
B) radiation
C) certain chemicals
D) heat and radiation
E) heat, radiation, and some chemicals
Answer: E
Section: 7.4; 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.6, 7.9

26) Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) Ag — wound dressings
B) alcohols — open wounds
C) CuSO4 — algicide
D) H2O2 — open wounds
E) organic acids — food preservation
Answer: B
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.9

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Figure 7.2

Assume 109 E. coli cells/ml are in a flask.

27) Which graph in Figure 7.2 best depicts the effect of placing the culture in an autoclave for 15
minutes at time x?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
Answer: B
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4; 7.2a
Learning Outcome: 7.4
Global Outcome: 3

28) Which graph in Figure 7.2 best depicts the effect of placing the culture at 7°C at time x?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
Answer: D
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4, 7.2a
Learning Outcome: 7.5
Global Outcome: 3

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Table 7.1

A disk-diffusion test using Staphylococcus gave the following results:

Disinfectant Zone of inhibition (mm)

A 0
B 2.5
C 10
D 5

29) In Table 7.1, which compound was the most effective against Staphylococcus?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: C
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 7.1b
Learning Outcome: 7.8
Global Outcome: 3

30) In Table 7.1, which compound was the most effective against E. coli?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: E
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 7.1b
Learning Outcome: 7.8
Global Outcome: 3

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31) In Table 7.1, which compound was bactericidal?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: E
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 7.1b
Learning Outcome: 7.8
Global Outcome: 3

32) Table 7.2

The fate of E. coli O157:H7 in apple cider held at 8°C for 2 weeks,
with and without preservatives, is shown below:

Bacteria/ml
Cider only 2.2
Cider with potassium sorbate 2.0
Sodium benzoate 0
Potassium sorbate + sodium benzoate 0

In Table 7.2, which preservative is most effective?

A) potassium sorbate
B) sodium benzoate
C) potassium sorbate + sodium benzoate
D) no preservative
Answer: B
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 7.1b
Learning Outcome: 7.9
Global Outcome: 3

33) An iodophor is a(n)

A) phenol.
B) agent that reduces oxygen.
C) quaternary ammonium compound.
D) form of formaldehyde.
E) iodine mixed with a surfactant.
Answer: E
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.10
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34) Ethylene oxide
A) is a good antiseptic.
B) is not sporicidal.
C) requires high heat to be effective.
D) is a sterilizing agent.
E) is the active chemical in household bleach.
Answer: D
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.13

35) All of the following substances are used to preserve foods EXCEPT
A) biguanides.
B) nisin.
C) potassium sorbate.
D) sodium nitrite.
E) calcium propionate.
Answer: A
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.9

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Table 7.3

The following data were obtained by incubating gram-positive bacteria in

nutrient medium + disinfectant for 24 hr, then transferring one loopful to
nutrient medium (subculturing). (+ = growth; - = no growth)

36) In Table 7.3, which disinfectant is the most effective at stopping bacterial growth?
A) Doom
B) K.O.
C) Mortum
D) Sterl
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: A
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4; 7.1b
Learning Outcome: 7.8
Global Outcome: 3

37) In Table 7.3, which disinfectant was bactericidal?

A) Doom
B) K.O.
C) Mortum
D) Sterl
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: C
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4; 7.1b
Learning Outcome: 7.8
Global Outcome: 3

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38) In Table 7.3, which disinfectant was most effective against Salmonella?
A) Doom
B) K.O.
C) Mortum
D) Sterl
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: E
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4; 7.1b
Learning Outcome: 7.8
Global Outcome: 3

39) All of the following are effective for destroying prions EXCEPT
A) boiling.
B) incineration.
C) NaOH + autoclaving at 134°C.
D) proteases.
E) None of the answers are correct; each of these will destroy prions.
Answer: A
Section: 7.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.14

40) Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) ionizing radiation — hydroxyl radicals
B) ozone — takes electrons from substances
C) plasma sterilization — free radicals
D) supercritical fluids — CO2
E) ultraviolet radiation — desiccation
Answer: E
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.6

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41) All of the following are methods of food preservation EXCEPT
A) desiccation.
B) high pressure.
C) ionizing radiation.
D) microwaves.
E) osmotic pressure.
Answer: D
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.5

42) The preservation of beef jerky from microbial growth relies on which method of microbial
control?
A) filtration
B) lyophilization
C) desiccation
D) ionizing radiation
E) supercritical CO2
Answer: C
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.5

43) If you were preparing nutrient agar at home and did not have an autoclave, what could you
use to sterilize the nutrient agar?
A) bleach
B) boiling for one hour
C) hydrogen peroxide
D) oven at 121°C for one hour
E) pressure cooker at 121°C for 15 minutes
Answer: E
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.4

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44) Bone and tendons for transplant are decontaminated by
A) ethylene oxide.
B) glutaraldehyde.
C) peroxygens.
D) plasma sterilization.
E) supercritical fluids.
Answer: E
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.9

45) Which one of the following is most resistant to chemical biocides?

A) gram-negative bacteria
B) gram-positive bacteria
C) mycobacteria
D) protozoan cysts
E) viruses with lipid envelopes
Answer: A
Section: 7.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.14

46) The following is true of quarternary ammonium compounds EXCEPT

A) they are non-toxic at lower concentrations.
B) they are tasteless.
C) they are effective when combined with soaps.
D) they are stable.
E) they may be an ingredient in mouthwash.
Answer: C
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.11

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7.2 True/False Questions

1) Any process that destroys the non-spore forming contaminants on inanimate objects is
sterilization.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 7.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.1

2) Desiccation is a reliable form of sterilization.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.5

3) The thermal death time is the time needed to kill all the bacteria in a particular culture at a
certain temperature.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 7.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.2

4) Pseudomonas has been found growing in quaternary ammonium compounds (quats).

Answer: TRUE
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.3
Learning Outcome: 7.7

5) Moist heat destroys organisms by denaturing proteins.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.4

6) Some antimicrobial chemicals are considered to be disinfectants and antiseptics.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.10

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7) The pH of the medium has no effect on the activity of the disinfectant being applied.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.7

8) Ultraviolet light (UV) causes irreversible breaks in DNA strands.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.6

9) Autoclaving is the most effective method of moist heat sterilization.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.4

10) Microorganisms placed in high concentrations of salts and sugars undergo lysis.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.5

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7.3 Essay Questions

1) Table 7.4

The results below were obtained from a use-dilution test of two disinfectants. Cultures were
inoculated into tubes with varying concentrations of disinfectants and incubated for 24 hr at
20°C, then subcultured in nutrient media without disinfectants.
(+ = growth; - = no growth)

In Table 7.4, what is the minimal bacteriostatic concentration of each disinfectant? Which
compound is bactericidal? At what concentration?
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 7.3a
Learning Outcome: 7.8
Global Outcome: 3

2) Assume that you are responsible for decontaminating materials in a large hospital. How would
you sterilize each of the following? Briefly justify your answers.
a. a mattress used by a patient with bubonic plague
b. intravenous glucose-saline solutions
c. used disposable syringes
d. tissues taken from patients
Section: 7.4; 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis
ASMcue Outcome: 7.3a
Learning Outcome: 7.7
Global Outcome: 8

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3) Table 7.5

The following results were obtained from a use-dilution test of two disinfectants. Cultures were
inoculated into tubes containing varying concentrations of the disinfectants, incubated for 10
min. at 20°C, and then transferred to growth media without disinfectant.
(+ = growth; - = no growth)

In Table 7.5, which disinfectant is most effective? Against which group of bacteria is
Disinfectant A most effective?
Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 7.3a
Learning Outcome: 7.8
Global Outcome: 3

4) How is hydrogen peroxide antimicrobial?

Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.9
Global Outcome: 8

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Test Bank for Microbiology An Introduction 12th Edition Tortora Funke Case

5) Why must most milk sold in the U.S. be refrigerated at all times while evaporated canned milk
and milk in cardboard containers sold in Europe do not need to be refrigerated until they are
opened?
Section: 7.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.4
Global Outcome: 8

6) What are the advantages of gluteraldehyde compared to formaldehyde?

Section: 7.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Learning Outcome: 7.12
Global Outcome: 8

7) List the microbial targets of disinfecting chemicals and provide one example of a chemical
agent that affects that structure.
Section: 7.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4; 7.3a
Learning Outcome: 7.3
Global Outcome: 8

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