Regulation 3 Respiration

Controlled Neural
•

by ca ,
regulation
( b, chemical
regulation
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Regulation : #

involvement T
.

by /ApnemkcCen
⑦
t⑦
-

+
ca )
Respiratory centers v

Peripheral receptors
#V%hf
←
lbs
Resp Group
Higher centers
-

(c) .

group
④
T t
.in:7?:::t:::annstem •
J receptors
.

Diaphragm

•
These centers are :
.
Barone captors

(a) Dorsal
Respiratory group . Cher once
phons
(b) Ventral
Respiratory

④-
group pneumotaaic center
center
-

cos Apneas tic

(d ' Pmeumotaxic center Apnemtni center

DR h
-8Gt VRG
Dorsal
Respiratory
-
group
3
-

• Dorsal Portion og medulla around the nucleus

g
tacky
solitaries .

Receives
inputs from different parts g
-

sensory
and Peripheral chemoreceptors
respiratory centers via
IX and X cranial nerves .

•
DRG sends
signals to Phrenic nerve in
spinal cord .

Ventre Respiratory Group :

• Ventral
aspect y Medulla -

.
Neurons 7 this group
remain inactive during normal
resp
.

. When
respiratory drive becomes
greater than normal ,

they participate in
nap
.
 Pre -

Botznger Compton :

•
Small
group g cells which are
present on either side
g
medulla
between nucleus and lateral reticular nucleus
ambigua .

considered to be pacemaker cells Resp system

They are
g
•
. .

The DRS &

Vgs project to Pm Bot
zinger pacemaker
•
-
neurons .

Apneuslic Center :

•
Present in lower
poms
•

Gets feedback from vagus

and other
Resp centers
.
.

Acts with Pneuma toxic center to control depth y inspiration

•
Stimulation Produces deep inspiration .

Pneumotau: Center :

Upper part g Poms in the nucleus

para
brachia his media lis .

duration
. It controls the
switch
g inspiration by regulating the

off point g
Inspiratory Ramp .

Strong stimulation Dec .

the duration g inspiration &

thus in e the rate .

Damage
Causes slower respiration and increases tidal Vol .

Peripheral Receptors :

o
Inti thin
lungs
( ai
Herty -
Breuer
Reflexinflation y lungs
: Excessive

inhibits
inspiration and initiates expiration .

This in
Herring Breuer inflation Reflex
-
.

Deflating lungs inhibits expiration and initiates

inspiration This is He sing Breuer deflation reflex
.
. .

- The receptors for this am in Walls gBronchioles and

Alveolar duct .
Myelinated royal fibres .
 heated between the
cb ,
lung irritant receptors : in

epithelial lining 9 airways .

Myelinated vagal fibres carry afferent impulses

.
-

to mechanical stimulation
-

Receptor respond chemical &

( inhalation g dust , smoke ,

cold air etc )

- The
Response ni Hyper pnea ,
Broncho constriction &

Bradycardia .

I ( junta Receptors do cat ed close to

←I
capillary ) :
pulmonary
-

capillaries .

Impulse travels in
Unmyelinated Vagal .

Volume
-
stimulated
by Gnc none in
edema
g Interstitial
fluid ,
pulmonary
emboli
congestion ,
and
micro .

-
There in Reflex Apnea followed by Rapid shallow
breathing ,
broncho constriction
bradycardia ,
,

and
hypotension -

Outside A Arterial BP
•

-
lungs :
f
stimulates Baron cephus
Lal
Reflexes from Bano receptors I
Inhibit 'm og Respiration
t
A Rate and depth , Breathing .

(bi
Heffern from chemoreceptors :
I
p
Oz and A p coz

I
chemoreceptors
( Cl
Deglutition I
Apnea
9 Rated Depth
1
, Respiration .

Refl Inhibition
en
g Resp .

during swallowing .

( di Somatic Pain Sensation → A Rate &

Depth , Respiration
Pain sensation
Respiration
(e ,
9 →
of .

Internal Organs
 Environment Temp A 19 Rate and Depth Respiration
f- s If n

Chemical
Regulation in , gn Medulla oblongata
Monitor Ht comet g CSF
( at Central chemoreceptors → .

bi
(
Peripheral chemoreceptors
In carotid and Aortic bodies
r TYPE
I
•
These bodies contain two types g cells
1- If
Type
[ Glom cells ] K+ channels which
•

Type I cells us Have

are sensitive to hypoxia

•

Type II cells [ Glia -

like cells ] Supportive in

function
Factors
Influencing Respiration
( as pcoz -
ga
#IIncnI

/
comet
Petnipheral
cf (
( b) Ht .

(c ' por
-
s chemoreceptors
t t
Periodic -
Breathing Inc co ,
exhaled
ftfespirahoyf
Normal
T gentes
(a)
Breathing Inc 02
Inhaled
lkesp.mn#f
-

M n t
length
ventilation
-

(
b '
Cheyne strokes Respiration
-

r
Gn Patients with
congestive Cardiac failure ,
Uremia ,

Brain disease and

during deep sleep
.

•
Alternate Apnea & Hyperventilation

mmmm
Normal
Breathing
Alternate
r
Biot 's
(c , Breathing E-
apnea 2 Apnea
#fm
gn
Meningitis & Severe Brain
damage - -
 Principle g Gas Exchange

±i
P Wz : 0.3
-

Alveolar Air
:si¥i
it -
p coz
= 32

vt¥
( 104
p Oz
=

poz
= 40 p 02--95

P wz
- 45 Pwz
\ p 02--40 /
pW2=45_

Transport og gases
sole Plasma
In physical
-

ca '

|
r
.

-
Libi Combination with Hb

Phys ice Sola :

°
Amount y Oz carried in dissolved state in
plasma .

.
Normal Arterial blood with poz 9 too mm
Hg contains
3
O mL 02/100
-

y ml -

In total y all Oz carried in dissolved state

only 3%
°
.

Combination with Hb :

• About 97%

combining loosely
and
. Process j Oz molecules reversibly with
heme
portion og Hb
Oxygenation .

Single Hb molecule can

bind to 4 molecules g Oz .
This

combination is
possible only in ferrous state .
 dissociation
poi.IE?nmng FE!
•
Oz curve

40
mmhg
=

02 saturation =
97T Oz sat -
75%

I too -
shift
T -
to
left
W 90 -

[ sigmoid shaped ]
IE IE to
Right
{ 50 -

I no -
o
Pso It in the partial pressure 9
as
÷ :

aiq
""

/Normal Pso
20 40 60 120 140
Hg
So too = 26 mm

Poa ( mmHg )
-

.im/ i: : : E:;at:s i : oo
Hb
15g 1100mL
o

Fa #affecting Oz Diss 1.34 My Oz

gram ghb
Each
.
=

curve
=
100 ml = 15 X l 34 -

Shift to
Right = v 20mL 902

÷:÷÷÷÷ .
9 HI '
.

(d) A 2,3 DPG ( Di phospho

Venom blood 14 ml 702/100
glycerite) o me

so ,
5mL 1100 me
g
blood → Net
of Oz utilisation

¥t:/ ca ) As bicarbonate

compounds
-

Cb ) As carb amino
(c) In physical Sola ( in plasma )
As Bicarbonate Ions : cell REC

17
coz -5 coz + Hb

i :÷:÷:÷:*::* .

Acct .
reaction
by 5000 times .
-
-

f
LHoo-

;
t
+ htt Hb
Hoz 465 Tub
-

movement 7 U from Plasma carrier

-

The
UI
•

shift's Phenomenon)protein
on
to RBC Chloride
( Hamburger RBC
 Ren - ne Cl
-

shift ( At Alveoli ) As Carb amino

-
Compounds
→

Alveoli .
Coz binds with Hb to

i÷÷€
RBI =

hhbt Oz c-
Oz
form carb amino
hemoglobin
t .

Approx 20% is carried

t.no . Iii::
" 203
"
.
About 7% og coz in carried
nato
*

+ wz
-
s cool as dissolved state .

Dissolved coz
being
•

transported o 3mL
-

1dL
Coz Dissociation Curve

Coz 40
mmhg
Artery : P
For
- =
•

}
100mL
CO2 present .
48mL Goo mL every
4mL is tramp -

Vein 45
o :
p wz = mm
Hg - costed to
coz = 52mL 1100mL .

Lungs .

a * So min
I 55 -

"
,
every
→ N 200mL y wz
Haldane Effect
.

l o
e =

'
-

'
Ei me
uence , o
. on di:p .

- release e
uptake g coz
by
Hb in Haldane
pwz Effect .

°
In tissue
,
it increases coz uptake as

Oz in removed from Hb

coz release due

•
In
lungs ,
it increases

Reason :
to Oz uptake by Hb .

* As Hb combines with Oz it becomes ,

more acidic
and
higher acidic Hb has laser
with
tendency to combine

coz .

=
 */latHsP0xiacdiDyspn#y
Disorders
= Cbs Asphyxia (
e ) Apnea

Hypoxia -
'c '
cyanosis
-

• characterised
by deficiency g Oz at tissue level .

Hypoxic hypoxia 02 A ; Hb normal

Types : Cal → P

Hb Au normal
(b) Anemic hypoxia →
; p Oz

(c '
stagnant hypoxia → Blood
flow through tissue A
(d) His toxic
hypoxia cytochrome oxidase
Damage
to →
g
Tissue unable to enzyme system
.

use
Oz Gm cyanide poisoning .

•
Symptoms : ca '
impaired judgement
Cbl drowsiness and excitement
← 1 disorientation

(di loss g time sense

les headache .

Hyperventilation
•

Compensatory changes : ca )

(b) Increased BP and cardiac output

µ
(d) Inc
Polycythemia
. 2,3 DPG
Le ' Excretion
g Alkaline Urine

Cyanosis
°
Bluish discoloration skin and mucus membrane
g
.

°
Observed in
lips ,
nail bed ,
earlobes and cheeks .

It when Reduced
5g 1dL
•
occurs Hb 3
=

• Two types ca ) Central cyanosis Occurs in hypoxic hypoxia

to
In Right left shunts

do , Peripheral cyanosis Reduced peripheral

circulation

Astif body exposes

to seven cold
&
frostbite .
 Asphyxia
Condition characterized dec and inc
by Oz coz in body
•
.
.

•
Two types : -

(a) Generalised Due to occlusion og

airways ( Drowning )
(b) obstruction g blood to
Local
Asphyxia Due to
supply
a

particular region .

Dyspnea
•
Shortness g breath ; Difficult I laboured breathing
below
.

normal
Generally felt if breathing reserve
falls fool
g
.

. .

• Occurs in Bronchial asthma severe anemia

a cardiac failure .

down
°

Dyspnea
in
lying position in Ortho
pnea
.

Apnea
cessation
•

Temporary g Respiration .

Types -

ca , sleep apnea
(b) Deglutition apnea
(c) Voluntary apnea
(d) Hyperventilation Apnea
( e) sudden Death
Infant syndrome ( si Ds)
'

rt
'

c Med Notes L med notes -

. in )

② Med Notes (med notes in) .

* Revision Notes med notes site

company
-
. .

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