W CBLM-new Care and Maintain Crops

Competency Based Learning
Materials
Sector: AGRICULTURE AND FISHIRIES

Qualification Title: AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC II
Unit of Competency: CARE AND MAINTAIN CROPS
Module Title: CARING AND MAINTAINING CROPS
CAMIGUIN NATIONAL HIGHSCHOOL

POBLACION, CATARMAN CAMIGUIN
AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NCII

HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING
MATERIALS
Welcome to the module in “CARE AND MAINTAIN CROPS”. This
module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency “CARE AND MAINTAIN CROPS" contains
knowledge, skills and attitudes required for AGRICULTURAL CROPS
PRODUCTION NC II.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order
to complete each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome
there are Information Sheets, Self-Checks, Task Sheet and Job Sheets.
Follow these activities on your own. If you have questions, don’t hesitate to
ask your facilitator for assistance.
The goal of this course is the development of practical skills. To gain
these skills, you must learn basic concepts and terminologies. For the most
part, you'll get this information from the Information Sheets and TESDA
Website, www.tesda.gov.ph
This module is prepared to help you achieve the required competency,
in " Caring and maintaining crops".
This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge
and skills in this particular competency independently and at your own
pace, with minimum supervision or help from your instructor.
Remember to:
 Work through all the information and complete the activities in each
section.
 Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Suggested
references are included to supplement the materials provided in this
module.
 Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager.
Your trainer is there to support you and show you the correct way to
do things.
 You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice
in your respective laboratory. Make sure you practice your new skills
during regular training schedule. This way you will improve both your
speed and memory and also your confidence.
 Use the Self-checks, Job Sheets at the end of each section to test your
own progress.
Date Document No.
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AGRI-CROPS PRODUCTION NC II
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(CARE AND MAINTAIN
CROPS) Developed by:
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 When you feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, ask
your Trainer to evaluate you. The results of your assessment will be
recorded in your Progress Chart and Achievement Chart.
 You need to complete this module before you can move on to the next
module
AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC II
List of Competencies
No. Unit of Module Title

Code
Competency
PERFORM PERFORMING
AFF 610301
1. NURSERY NURSERY
OPERATION OPERATION
PLANTING AFF 610302

2. PLANT CROPS
CROPS
CARE AND CARING AND

AFF 610303
3. MAINTAIN MAINATING
CROPS CROPS
CARRY-OUT CARRYING-
HARVEST AND OUT HARVEST
AFF 610304
4. POST - ABD POST-
HARVEST HARVEST
OPERATION OPRATION
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MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: CARE AND MAINTAIN CROPS
MODULE TITLE: CARING AND MAINTING CROPS
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes
required to apply pest control, measure, apply fertilizer,
water crops, perform pruning and perform physical
growth-enhancing practices
NOMINAL DURATION: 64 hours
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module, you MUST be able to:
1. apply pest control measure
2.apply fertilizer
3. water crops
4. perform pruning
5.perform physical growth-enhancing practices
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Pests’ incidence is monitored based on prescribed procedure
2. Tools and materials are prepared according to specific pest
control measure.
3. Appropriate pest control measures are followed based on GAP
4. Safety measures are observed and practiced according to
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) procedures
5. Tools and materials are prepared according to prescribed user’s
Manual.
6. Fertilizers are identified based on kinds.
7.Fertilizer rates are applied based on crop requirements
8.Appropriate method of fertilizer application is employed based
on crop requirements
9. Precautionary measures are applied to avoid cross contamination
based on GAP.
10. Safety procedures are followed according to Occupational
Safety
and Health Standards
11. Soil moisture content is determined based on soil field capacity
12. Watering performed following the prescribed method and
Schedule
13. Good Agricultural Practices is observed.
14. Pruning method is performed according to crops
15. Tools and materials for pruning are prepared.
16. Safety procedures is followed according to Occupational Safety
and Health Standards and PNS: PAES 101
17. Tools and equipment for cultivation are prepared according to
PNS: PAES 101.
18. Cultivation practices are carried out based on crop
requirement.
19. Rejuvenating activities are performed according to established
cultural practices.
20. Growth training technique are performed for different crops
21. Mulching techniques are carried out based on crops.
22. Safety procedures are followed according to Occupational
Safety and Health Standards
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LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY
Learning Outcome 1: APPLY PEST CONTROL MEASURES
CONTENTS:
1. Pest control measures based on good agricultural practiced (GAP)
2. Tools and materials for pest control measures
3. Safety measures according to occupational Health and Safety (OSH)
1. Pests incidence is monitored based on prescribed procedure.
2. Tools and materials are prepared according to specific pest
control measure.
3. Appropriate pest control measures are followed based on GAP
4. Safety measures are observed and practiced according to
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) procedures
CONDITIONS: The following resources must be provided:
1. tools room and farm house

2. farm tools/implements/equipment
3. writing device
4. farm supplies
5. logbooks
6. references (fertilizer and pesticide manual/catalogue, protocols, field
guides, OSHS and GAP manuals) production guide
METHODOLOGIES:
1. Discussion
2. Lecture
3. Demonstration
4.videos/illustrations
5. Hands on
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
1. Demonstration with questioning

2. Written examination
3. oral evaluation
Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome 1.
Apply pest control measures
Special Instructions
Learning Activities
Read Information Sheet 3.1-1 pest Read and understand the
control measures based on good information sheet 3.1-1
agricultural practiced (GAP)
Answer Self Check 3.1-1 Read and understand the

information sheet 3.1-1
Task sheet 3.1-1 Read and understand the

Read Information Sheet 3.1-2 pest Read and understand the
and materials for pest control information sheet 3.1-2
measures
Answer Self- Check 3.1-2 Read and understand the
Information Sheet 3.1-1
Pest control measures based on GOOD AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICED(GAP)
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. identify pests
2. know the methods of pest control
3. implement pest control based on good agricultural practices
Introduction
A pest is any living thing—a plant, an animal, or a microorganism—that has
a negative effect on humans. It can be an unwanted plant (weed), fungi,
nematode, microbe (such as bacteria or virus), insect, spider, mite, bird,
fish, rodent, or even a deer. Labeling an organism, a pest is a very subjective
concept that varies with each individual’s point of view. In general, pests are
unwanted or undesirable because they:
reduce the availability, quality, or value of human resources such as food,

feed, water, or space;
injure humans, animals, crops, structures, and possessions;
spread or cause disease; or
interfere with human activities by causing annoyance, discomfort, or
inconvenience
Four main categories

1. Vertebrate Pests
Have a backbone. Examples: Rodents, birds, reptiles, and other mammals
Invertebrate Pests
2. No backbone. Examples: Insets, spiders, ticks, slugs
Weeds
3. Any plant growing out of place.
4. Diseases
Fungi, bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
Methods Of Pest Control
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1. Hygiene Pest Control - Keeping your surroundings neat and clean is the
number one way of pest control. These could be done by organizing your
trash bins, cleaning every food crumb, and eliminating clutter that can
attract pests.
2. Biological Method - Biological methods use the natural predators of pests.

For mice and rats, for example, get a cat or a dog. For garden pests,
cultivate nematodes and apply it to your medium. This way, they can chase
every kind of pest and feed on them.
4. Mechanical Method - Mechanical methods use traps and barriers to

keep pests away. Professionals would suggest investing in a pest
barrier spray and apply it to the foundations of your house. This way,
you can deter pests from coming inside. They will be pushed to look
for another place to infest.
PEST IDENTIFICARION
Pest identification should be as accurate as possible. Management programs

improve significantly with specific knowledge of the pest, its life cycle and
behavior. Careful monitoring of species can enable you to detect subtle
changes in a complex of pest species
CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT PESTS ACCORDING TO THEIR FEEDING

HABIT
according to their mode of feeding insect pest are classified into three
groups. These are:
1.Biting and chewing insect pests
2. Piercing and sucking insect pests
3., Boring insect pests
BITTING AND CHEWING INSECT PESTS
Insect pests in this group have mouth parts which are specially made for
biting and chewing plat. The mouth parts of insect in this group consist of a
pair of very hard biting jaws called mandibles, a second pair of jaw called
maxillae, flat upper lip called the labrum and lower lip known as labrums.
The mandibles are sued to bite off and chew parts of the crop while maxillae
are used to bite off and chew parts of the crops into the mouth. Examples of
biting and sucking insects’ pests are crickets, grasshoppers, beetle,
termites, army worm, mantels.
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PIERCING AND SUCKING INSECT PESTS
The insects in this group have mouth part that are shaped like injection
needles, called Robaxin, henna, their mouth parts are adapted to pierce into
plant parts and sucking the sap and juice of plant. Example of piercing and
sucking insects include aphids, cotton strainer, mealy buds, white flies and
capsids.
BORING INSECTS
These are insects that bore hole into plats tissues and seeds. Boring insects
are also called burrowing insects. Examples of boring insects are beans
beetles, weevils such as rice and maize weevil
CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT BASED ON THEIR LOCATION
Based on location, insect pest is classified into two namely:
1. Field insect pests
2. Storage insect pests
3. FIELD INSECT PEST: These are insects that attack crop plant on the
field that is before harvesting important field pest include:
4.Stem borers
5. Fruit and seeders: Examples are beetle fruit, flies and fruit piercing
mouth.
What is an insect?
Insects are animals that have six legs, three body sections (a head, a thorax
and an abdomen), antennae and a hard exoskeleton, like a skeleton on the
outside of their body – they are invertebrates. Vertebrates like mammals
have a skeleton on the inside of their body. Insects are the most diverse
group of animals on the planet, meaning that they have the largest number
of species.
Life cycle
Insects lay eggs, which hatch to produce a larva. These larvae shed their
exoskeleton several times until they reach adulthood. Some insects change
slightly between each mount and are called nymphs during the process, for
example, cockroaches and water boatmen, while some undergo a massive
change in their final mount, like butterflies, which have an extra pupa
phase. An insect that is not an adult or not mature is broadly called a
juvenile.
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TYPES OF PESTS
1.insects such as roaches, termites, mosquito, aphids, beetles, fleas and

caterpillars.
2.insects like organism such as mites, ticks and spider.
3. microbial organism, such as bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viruses,
mycoplasma.
4. weeds which are any plants growing where there are not wanted.
5. mollusks, such as snails, lungs, and shipworms
6. vertebrates such as rats, mice and other rodents’ birds’ fish and snakes.
Most organism are not pests, a species maybe a pest in some situation and
not in others, an organism should not be considered a pest until it is proven
to be the one.
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Self- Check 3.1-1
Multiple choice:
Instruction: Underline only the letter corresponding to the best
answer.
1. Are ‘practices that address environmental, economic and social

sustainability for on-farm processes, and result in safe and quality food
and non-food agricultural products
a. Pest control methods c. Good agricultural practices
b. Category of pest d. identification of pest
2. It is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and

devices, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects.
a. Mechanical pest control methods
b. Biological pest control methods
c. natural pest control methods
d. Trap crop control method
3. It is a crop of a plant that attacks pests, diverting them from nearby crop.
a. Mechanical pest control method
b. Natural pest control method
c. Biological control method
d. trap crop control method
4. An organism living and growing where they are not wanted and can
cause damage to plants, humans, structures, and other creatures,
including crops that are grown for food.
a. insect b. pest c. mites d. vertebrates
5. It can help to control pests by depriving them of their host plants.
a. Crop rotation
b. Biological pest control method
c. Natural pest control methods
d. Cultural control methods
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ANSWER KEY 1.1-1
1.C
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. A
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TASK SHEET 3.1-1
Title: IDENTIFY PEST AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
Performance Objective: Given the materials and tools needed for the
activity, you should be able to identify pest
according to their characteristics.
Supplies/Materials : bond paper, pencil/ballpen
Tools/Equipment : catching net, catching bottles
Steps/Procedure:
1.prepare all the needed materials and tools and proceed to the area
2. picture the insects pest and catch using catching net
3. place the collect insects in the catching net
4.Observe and record the characteristics and distinguished what kind
of insect pest and damage
5. submit your gathered data to your instructor/trainer
6. implement 5s after the activity
Assessment Method: DEMONSTRATION with QUESTIONING
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Performance Criteria Checklist 3.1-1
CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you….
1. Identify what kind of insect pest, characteristic and
pest damage?
2. collect picture and distinguish what kind of insect
pest?
3. observes and record the characteristics and kind of
insect pest damage?
4. implementing and observe 5’s after the activity?
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PEST AND MATERIALS FOR PEST CONTROL MEASURES

1. Identify the materials and tools for pest control
2. Know the pest control methods
3. Use the different pest control methods
Introduction
Pest control - Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as

a pest; such as any animal, plant or fungus that impacts adversely on human
activities or environment.[1] The human response depends on the importance of the
damage done and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management,
to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Pest control measures may be
performed as part of an integrated pest management strategy. In agriculture, pests
are kept at bay by mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological means.[2] Ploughing
and cultivation of the soil before sowing mitigate the pest burden, and crop rotation
helps to reduce the build-up of a certain pest species.
PEST CONTROL TOOLS
1.Bait guns make it easy to administer bait from tubes, like

roach baits. Repeated applications of bait from tubes using
plungers can be hard on the hands. Professionals and those
with multiple application sites rely on bait guns to make bait
application simpler and faster
2.Pest Control Dusters insecticide dusts get into the cracks
and crevices liquid insecticides miss to control small pests in
and around the home. Dusters distribute insecticide dust into
voids around a property. Our range of dusters cover all pest
control needs, from hand dusters to dusters that can reach
over 20 feet tall.
3.SPRAYER Sometimes small spaces make pesticide or

other applications difficult for conventional sprays to reach or
adhere to. Chemical farmers allow pest control products to fill
small spaces like pipes, wall voids, and surfaces those
liquids
4. flow meter (or a flow sensor) is type of flow instrument

that is used to indicate the amount of liquid, gas, or vapor
moving through a pipe or conduit by measuring linear, non-
linear, mass, or volumetric flow rate may not be able to
reach
5.Inspection mirrors are generally used to gain visibility

of areas which are hard to reach. They can extend into
areas that would otherwise be impossible to see and
provide the ability to view and inspect from various
angles, which can be very valuable
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6.infrared thermometer is a thermometer which
infers temperature from a portion of the thermal
radiation sometimes called black-body radiation
emitted by the object being measured. They are
sometimes called laser thermometers as a laser is
used to help aim the thermometer, or non-contact
thermometers or temperature gun
7.Moisture meters are used to measure the percentage of

water in a given substance. This information can be used to
determine if the material is ready for use, unexpectedly wet
or dry, or otherwise in need of further inspection. Wood and
paper products are very sensitive to their moisture content.
Physical properties are strongly affected by moisture
content and high moisture content for a period of time may
progressively degrade a material.
8.termite injector with maximizer Eliminate termite

infestations in soil, blocks and concreate. The term-
tool allows you to inject liquid termiticides in hard-to-
reach places.
9. vacuum cleaner, also known simply as a vacuum

is a device that causes suction in order to remove dirt
from floors, upholstery, draperies, and other surfaces.
It is generally electrically driven
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METHODS OF PEST CONTROL
1.Physical pest control method

2. chemical pest control method
3. cultural pest control method
4. biological pest control method
1. Physical control refers to mechanical or hand controls where the pest is actually
attacked and destroyed. Physical controls are used mostly in weed control. Tillage,
fire, removal by hand, grazing and mowing are all used to destroy weeds and
prevent reproduction
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2. Chemical control methods: Chemical control refers to the use of commercial
insecticides in the form of sprays, dusts, granules, baits, fumigants, and seed
treatment
4. Cultural control methods of pest management include use of resistant

varieties, tillage, mulching, hand weeding and hoeing, pruning, trapping and
hand picking of insects and weeds, and the use of physical barriers such as
row covers and sticky bands.
Types of cultural and pest control methods
1.Good soil preparation- Preparing

good soil is often as simple as adding
organic matter, mulching it, and letting it
live free of compaction and unnecessary
disturbance. If you follow these tips, you'll
keep your soil microbes and earthworms
happy, and overtime, they'll create a rich
garden for all of your plants to enjoy
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2.use of indigenous verities; traditional verities are harder and relatively and more
resistance to pests. They can with stand harsh environmental conditions better than
modern hi-byrids.
3.roughing or pruning- removal disease plants or plants parts preventives the

spread of microorganism to infective areas.
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, whether pest

animals such as insects and mites, weeds, or pathogens affecting animals or plants
by using other organisms.[1] It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other
natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It
can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs.
Some biological agent namely;
Trichogrammatid is a genus of minute polyphagous wasps that are end parasitoids

of insect eggs.[1] Trichogrammatid is one of around 80 genera from the family
Trichogrammatid, with over 200 species worldwide.[2][3][4]
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Although several groups of egg parasitoids are commonly employed for biological
control throughout the world, Trichogrammatid spp. have been the most extensively
studied.[5] More than a thousand papers have been published on Trichogrammatid
species, and they are the most used biological control agents in the world.
Mantises are an order (Mantodea) of insects that contains over 2,400 species in
about 460 genera in 33 families. The largest family is the Manidae ("mantids").
Mantises are distributed worldwide in temperate and tropical habitats. They have
triangular heads with bulging eyes supported on flexible necks. Their elongated
bodies may or may not have wings, but all Mantodea have forelegs that are greatly
enlarged and adapted for catching and gripping prey; their upright posture, while
remaining stationary with forearms folded, has led to the common name praying
mantis.
Principles of Pest Control
A pest is anything that:

 competes with humans, domestic animals, or desirable plants for food or
water,
 injures humans, animals, desirable plants, structures, or possessions,
 spreads disease to humans, domestic animals, wildlife, or desirable plants,
 annoys humans or domestic animals.
Reference; https://cms.ctahr.hawaii.edu/epp/Education/Study-Guide-
Packets/APC-Core/APC-Unit1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_contro
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Self- Check 3.1-2
Multiple choice: choose the letter of your answer according to your

knowledge, understanding and experience, write it on the answer sheet
provided for.
1. Is the suppression of pest population by living organisms such as

predators, parasites, and pathogens. These agents are responsible for
keeping pest under controls of the time.
a. Chemical pest control method
c. Natural pest control method
d. Physical pest control method
2. These methods are aimed either at reducing the sources of inoculum

or at reducing the exposure of plants to infection. Its primary objective
is the prevention of pest damage and not the destruction of an existing
and damaging pest papulation.
a. Chemical pest control method
c. Natural pest control method
d. Physical pest control method
3. It is the regulation or management of species defined as, pest member

of the animal kingdom that impacts adversely on human activities.
A. Pest control
B. Biological pest control method
C. Pest control measures
D. None of the above
4.it is the removal of diseased plants or plants parts prevents the spread
of microorganism to uninfected areas.
a. roughing
pathology
c. training
D. none of the above
4. What is a common form of equipment use for spraying pesticides by
the farmers?
a. pail and dipper c. shower
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b. knapsack sprayer d. all of the above
ANSWER KEY 3.1-2
1.b
2. c
3. a
4. a
5. b
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Learning Outcome 2: APPLY FERTILIZER
-Tools and materials are prepared according to prescribed user’s
Manual
- Fertilizers are identified based on kinds.
-Fertilizer rates are applied based on crop requirements.
-Appropriate method of fertilizer application is employed based on
crop requirements.
-Precautionary measures are applied to avoid cross contamination
based on GAP.
-Safety procedures are followed according to Occupational Safety and
Health Standards.
CONTENTS
-Fertilizers and its kind
-Methods of fertilizer application
-Fertilizer requirement of a crop
-Safety procedures are followed according to Occupational Safety and
Health Standards
CONDITIONS:
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
 Workplace with commercial crops.
 Quality specifications
 Production plan and schedule
 Farm procedures relating to applying fertilizer
 Tools, equipment and machinery (sprayers, pail, irrigation system, etc.)
 Farm Chemicals (fertilizers, ameliorants, growth enhancer, etc.)
 PPE’s
METHODOLOGIES:
 Demonstration
 Lecture / discussion
 Simulation/ field work
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ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Direct observation
 Oral interview
 Portfolio assessment
LEARNING EXPERIENCES
LEARNING OUTCOME # 2: APPLY FERTILIZER
RESOURCES LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Information Sheet 3.2-1 Read Information Sheet 3.2-1
Fertilizer and Its Kind
Self-check 3.2-1 Read and answer Self-check
3.2-1
Information sheet 3.2-2 Read Information Sheet 3.2-2
Fertilizer Application
3.2-2
Job Sheet 3.2-2 Read and perform Job sheet
Applying fertilizer 3.2-2

Safety Procedures in Applying
Fertilizers according to OHS
3.2-3
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INFORMATION SHEET 3.2.1
FERTILIZER AND ITS KIND
Objective:
After reading this information sheet the trainees must be able to:
1. Identify the types of fertilizer to be applied.
2. Know the function of fertilizer
introduction:
Fertilizers are food for plants. Fertilizer helps farmers feed our growing
population. Plants require 17 essential nutrients in the soil to survive and to
grow. Fertilizers help replenish these nutrients after each harvest
IMPORTANT NUTRIENTS FOR HIGH CROP YIELDS
1. Nitrogen (N) makes up about 78 percent of the air we breathe. It is inert and
insoluble in this form meaning plants cannot use it. To manufacture
nitrogen fertilizer, it must be removed from the air and combined with
hydrogen to make ammonia.
Uses of Ammonia
 it is applied directly to crops as a nitrogen fertilizer
 it is used as a building block to make other nitrogen fertilizer
products.
2. Phosphorus (P) is present in all living cells and is essential to all forms of
life. The source of phosphorus in fertilizer is phosphate rock, which is
typically mined from the earth’s crust then reacted with different kinds of
acids to produce different phosphate products.
3. Potassium (K) is also found throughout nature and is found in our bodies in
muscles, skin, and the digestive tract. Good health requires sufficient intake
of potassium, and plants get it from potash fertilizers. Plants use potassium
for functions like photosynthesis, protein formation, and water use.
Potassium, or potash, is mined from naturally occurring ore bodies that were
formed as seawater evaporated.
4. Sulphur (S) is essential for the production of amino acids, which are the
building blocks of proteins found in all living things. Sulphur also helps give
crops like onion, mustard and radishes their characteristic color. While it
can be found naturally in the soil, it is not always in a form plants can use.
TYPES OF FERTILIZER
1. Organic: Organic fertilizers are made from natural and organic materials—
mainly manure, compost, or other animal and plant products.
2. Inorganic fertilizer Inorganic fertilizer, also referred to as synthetic fertilizer,
is manufactured artificially and contains minerals or synthetic chemicals
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Examples
 anhydrous ammonia
 urea
 urea-ammonium nitrate solutions
 triple superphosphate, ammonium phosphates
 muriate of potash (potassium chloride)
Advantages of Inorganic fertilizers
 can use inorganic fertilizer to revive dying plants immediately. Just
because it releases nutrients easily into the soil and the plants absorb
them.
 is easily available in almost all agro-input outlets. This makes it very
convenient.
Disadvantages of Inorganic Fertilizer
 They cost much higher than organic fertilizers.
 Inorganic fertilizers contain essential plant nutrients and they also
contain other compounds and salts.
 Applying too much, at an instance, tends to burn the plant. It can
even destroy it. You need to strictly follow the recommended rates.
 Moreover, leaching occurs easily when you over water. Also when
there is too much rainfall.
 In cases of heavy rains or overwatering, the nutrients and other
compounds wash into nearby water bodies. They pollute and make
them unhealthy human or livestock to use.
 If you apply it continuously, it disturbs the
natural biotic environment. That affects the soil structure. Most soil
organisms do not survive in areas of consistent application of
inorganic fertilizers.
Macro Elements in Fertilizer
 Nitrogen (N) for leaf development and vivid green coloring of the
plant’s leaf.
 Phosphorus (P) for root growth of the plants.
 Potassium (K) for root /branches development and fruit
development as well as for disease resistance.
Micro Elements in Fertilizers
 Boron
 Chlorine
Copper
 Zinc
 Iron
 Manganese
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 Cobalt
 Nickel
 molybdenum
Soil Ameliorants are intended to neutralize the acidity of the soil.

Soil Ameliorants used to improve Soil Fertility:
 Cover crops
 Animal manure
 Gypsum and lime
Organic fertilizer is usually made from plant or animal waste – think manure or
compost. They can also be highly processed products with a compost or manure
base.
Advantages in using Organic Fertilizer
1. Soil Structure: Because of the organic matter present in organic fertilizer,
soil structure is improved and as a result the soil’s ability to hold onto water
and nutrients increases.
2. Microbes Thrive: Synthetic fertilizer consists of chemical molecules without
carbon. These molecules can sometimes be disruptive and are not accessible
to microbes. On the other hand, organic fertilizer is rich in organic matter,
which helps microbes thrive. Organic fertilizer contains carbon as part of its
chemical makeup; and it is the carbon, along with nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium that feeds microbes and enables them to make nutrients
available for plants in a naturally occurring biological process.
3. Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly: Synthetic fertilizers runoff into
our waterways harming marine life and water quality. Organic fertilizers do
not run off as easily (if at all) and are associated with soil structure.
According to the Organic Trade Association, organic fertilizer also increases
species biodiversity by 30% compared with synthetic fertilizer.
>>
4. Reduce Fertilizers and Pesticides: Although organic fertilizer can be more
costly than synthetic, it can reduce the need for pesticides and the overall
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium requirements. Because of the
reductions, organic fertilizer can be cost neutral and sometimes a cost
savings.
5. Plant Damage Threat Avoided: Some synthetic fertilizers can cause plant
damage to leaves and roots.
Disadvantages in using Inorganic Fertilizer
1. Not All Products Are Created Equally: Not all products are created equally
and many organic products produce inconsistent results. Make sure you
are selecting a product that is industry vetted by reviewing any university
studies or case studies.
2. Nutrient Levels Are Low: The level of nutrients present in organic fertilizer is
often low. In addition, the nutrients are usually complexed in organic
chemical structure; this means using organic fertilizer may not produce the
pop of color seen with a chemical fertilizer. Using an organic fertilizer is a
process, not an event.
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3. DIY Compost is a Complicated Procedure: While you can produce your own
compost, it’s a messy and complicated process that often leads to an
inconsistent product and end-result.
References:
1. www.holganix.com>blog>8-advantages-disadvantages-of-using.
2. extension.msstate.edu>publication. publication>inorganic-fertilizer
3. blog.agrihomegh.com>inorganic-fertilizer
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SELF-CHECK 3.2-1
MATCHUNG TYPE: Match Column A with Column B, Write the letter of your
answer on the answer sheet provided for.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Nitrogen a. reduced fruit or seed production
2. Phosphorus b. new leaves are distorted
3. Potassium c. interveinal chlorosis
4. Calcium d. slow growth/ leaves turn pale yellow
5. Magnesium e. ammonium or urea
6. Sulphur f. “borax” or ‘borate”
7. Boron g. failure to bloom
8. Copper h. “cupric” or “cuprous’
9. Manganese I. cover crops
10. Soil ameliorants j. neutralize soil acidity
k. stunted growth
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ANSWER KEY 3.2-1
1. E
2. K
3. A
4. B
5. G or C
6. K
7. F
8. H
9. D
10. J
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INFORMATION SHEET 3.2-2
FERTILIZER APPLICATION
1. Identify the methods of applying fertilizer
2. Apply fertilizer base on recommended rate of a crop
Introduction
Fertilization or fertilizer application is the supplemental application of plant
nutrients to crop plants to augment the supply from natural sources. This
consists of applying nutrient-containing materials, called fertilizers, generally into
the soil in proximity to receptor plants.
IMPORTANCE OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION

Fertilizers replace the nutrients that crops remove from the soil. Without the
addition of fertilizers, crop yields and agricultural productivity would be
significantly reduced. That’s why mineral fertilizers are used to supplement the
soil’s nutrient stocks with minerals that can be quickly absorbed and used by
crops.
Thus, in order to meet human nutritional needs in the crops and meat we eat,
we need to replace what we take out. The key is to get this balance right and
to maintain a level of nutrients in soils that will support our crops without
applying excess.
Each crop draws down from these reserves and we need to replace them
with fertilizers, every year and after every crop.
 Put simply – we use fertilizer to:
 Provide nutrients not available in the soil.
 Replace nutrients removed at harvest.
 Balance nutrients for better produce quality and higher yield.
METHODS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION

1. Broadcasting: It refers to spreading fertilizers uniformly all over the field.
Suitable for crops with dense stand, the plant roots permeate the whole
volume of the soil, large doses of fertilizers are applied and insoluble
phosphate fertilizers such as rock phosphate are used.
Types of broadcasting
1.Basal application: Broadcasting at sowing or planting The main
objectives of broadcasting the fertilizers at sowing time are to
uniformly distribute the fertilizer over the entire field and to mix
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it with soil.
 Top dressing: It is the broadcasting of fertilizers particularly
nitrogenous fertilizers in closely sown crops like paddy and
wheat, with the objective of supplying nitrogen in readily
available form to growing plants.
Disadvantages of broadcasting
1.Nutrients cannot be fully utilized by plant roots as they move laterally
over long distances.
2.The weed growth is stimulated all over the field
3. Nutrients are fixed in the soil as they come in contact with a large mass
of soil.
2. Placement: It refers to the placement of fertilizers in soil at a specific place
with or without reference to the position of the seed. Placement of fertilizers
is normally recommended when the quantity of fertilizers to apply is small,
development of the root system is poor; soil have a low level of fertility and
to apply phosphatic and potassic fertilizer.
Methods of Placement Application

1.Plough sole placement: In this method, fertilizer is placed at the
bottom of the plough furrow in a continuous band during the
process of ploughing. This method is suitable for areas where soil
becomes quite dry up too few cm below the soil surface and soils
having a heavy clay pan just below the plough sole layer.
2.Deep placement: It is the placement of ammoniacal nitrogenous
fertilizers in the reduction zone of soil particularly in paddy fields,
where ammoniacal nitrogen remains available to the crop. This
method ensures better distribution of fertilizer in the root zone soil
and prevents loss of nutrients by run-off.
3. Localized placement: It refers to the application of fertilizers into
the soil close to the seed or plant in order to supply the nutrients in
adequate amounts to the roots of growing plants.
The common methods to place fertilizers close to the seed or plant are as
follows:
Methods of applying fertilizer close to the seed or plant
1. Drilling: In this method, the fertilizer is applied at the time of sowing by
means of a seed-cum-fertilizer drill. This places fertilizer and the seed in
the same row but at different depths.
2. Side dressing: It refers to the spread of fertilizer in between the rows and
around the plants.
Methods of Side dressing
1. Placement of nitrogenous fertilizers by hand in between the
rows of crops like maize, sugarcane, cotton etc., to apply
additional doses of nitrogen to the growing crops and
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2.Placement of fertilizers around the trees like mango, apple,
grapes, papaya etc.
3. Band placement: If refers to the placement of fertilizer in bands.
Types of Band Placement

1. Hill placement: It is practiced for the application of fertilizers in
orchards.
In this method, fertilizers are placed close to the plant in bands on one or
both sides of the plant. The length and depth of the band varies with the
nature of the crop.
2. Row placement: When the crops like sugarcane, potato, maize, cereals
etc.,
are sown close together in rows, the fertilizer is applied in continuous bands
on one or both sides of the row, which is known as row placement.
Row placement
4.Pellet application: It refers to the placement of nitrogenous fertilizer in the

form
of pellets 2.5 to 5 cm deep between the rows of the paddy crop. The fertilizer is
mixed with the soil in the ratio of 1:10 and made small pellets of convenient size
to deposit in the mud of paddy fields
Advantages of placement of fertilizers
 When the fertilizer is placed, there is minimum contact between the soil
and the fertilizer, and thus fixation of nutrients is greatly reduced
 The weeds all over the field cannot make use of the fertilizers
 Residual response of fertilizers is usually higher
 Utilization of fertilizers by the plants is higher
 Loss of nitrogen by leaching is reduced.
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 Being immobile, phosphates are better utilized when placed
METHODS OF APPLYING LIQUID FERTILIZERS

1. Starter solutions: It refers to the application of solution of N, P2O5
and K2O in the ratio of 1:2:1 and 1:1:2 to young plants at the time of
transplanting, particularly for vegetables. Starter solution helps in rapid
establishment and quick growth of seedlings.
Disadvantages of starter solutions are
a. Extra labor is required
b. the fixation of phosphate is higher.
2. Foliar application: It refers to the spraying of fertilizer solutions containing
one or more nutrients on the foliage of growing plants. Several nutrient
elements are readily absorbed by leaves when they are dissolved in water
and sprayed on them. The concentration of the spray solution has to be
controlled, otherwise serious damage may result due to scorching of the
leaves.
3. Fertigation: It refers to the application of water-soluble fertilizers through
irrigation water. The nutrients are thus carried into the soil in
solution. Generally nitrogenous fertilizers are applied through irrigation
water.
4. Injection into soil: Liquid fertilizers for injection into the soil may be of
either pressure or non-pressure types. Non-pressure solutions may be
applied either on the surface or in furrows without appreciable loss of plant
nutrients under most conditions. Anhydrous ammonia must be placed in
narrow furrows at a depth of 12-15 cm and covered immediately to prevent
loss of ammonia.
5. Aerial application: In areas where ground application is not practicable, the
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fertilizer solutions are applied by aircraft particularly in hilly areas, in
forest lands, in grass lands or in sugarcane fields etc
6. Drenching method – the fertilizer is applied by dissolving it in water and
applied into the soil around the plants
References:
1. www.cropsreview.com>fertilizer-application
2. www.yara.com>crop-nutrition.feeding-the-world
3. Agritech.tnau.ac.in>agriculture>agri_nutrientmgt_met…
SELF-CHECK 3.2-2
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MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of your answer according to your
knowledge, understanding and experience. Write your answer on the answer
sheet provided for
1. The fertilizer is applied by dissolving it in water and applied into the soil
around the plants
a. Drenching method c. aerial method

b. Fertigation method d. foliar application
2. The fertilizer solutions are applied by aircraft particularly in hilly areas, in
forest lands, in grass lands or in sugarcane fields etc.
a. Foliar application c. aerial application

b. Drenching method d. fertigation
3. It refers to the application of water-soluble fertilizers through irrigation water.
a. Aerial application c. fertigation

b. Foliar application d. injection method
4. It is practiced for the application of fertilizers in orchards. In this method,
fertilizers are placed close to the plant in bands on one or both sides of the
plant.
a. Row placement c. pellet application

b. Band placement d. hill placement
5. It refers to the spread of fertilizer in between the rows and around the plants.
a. Broadcasting c. side dressing

b. Basal application d. drilling method
6. It refers to spreading fertilizers uniformly all over the field
a. Broadcasting c. side dressing

b. Drilling method d. basal method
7. It is the placement of ammoniacal nitrogenous fertilizers in the reduction zone
of soil particularly in paddy fields, where ammoniacal nitrogen remains
available to the crop.
a. Plough or sole placement c. localized placement

b. Deep placement d. band placement
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ANSWER KEY 3.2-2
1. A
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. A
7. B
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TASK SHEET 3.2-2
Title: APPLYING FERTILIZER
Performance Objective: Given the materials and tools for fertilizer application,
you should
be able to apply fertilizer to a certain crop following the appropriate
method of fertilizer application.
Supplies/Materials : farm area, fertilizer, container
Tools/Equipment : shovel, spade, grass hook, trowel
Steps/Procedure:
1.Check the assign area for the activity
2.Prepare all the needed tools and materials for the activity
3. Clean the surroundings of the plant to be fertilized
4.Perform the activity according to the methods to be used according to
the trainer’s /supervisor’s instructions.
5.Check all the materials and tools after using
6.Implement 5’s after the activity
Assessment Method: DEMONSTRATION with QUESTIONING
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Trainer’s Name_________________________ Date: __________
Performance Criteria Checklists 3.2-2
CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you….
1. Check the assign area for the activity
2. Prepare all the needed tools and materials for the
activity
3. Clean the surroundings of the plant to be fertilized
4. Perform the activity according to the methods to be
used according to the trainer’s /supervisor’s
instructions
5. Check all the materials and tools after using
6. Implement 5’s after the activity
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SAFETY PROCEDURES IN FERTILIZER APPLICATION ACCORDING

TO
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
Objectives
After reading this information sheet the trainees/students must be able to:
1. Understand safety procedure in applying fertilizer
2. Follow safety procedures in applying fertilizer
Introduction:
OHS Hazards, Risks and Control
Hazards include disturbance or interruptions of services, solar radiation,

dust, noise, soil-air and water borne micro-organisms, chemicals and hazardous
substances, sharp hand tools and equipment, manual handling, moving vehicles,
machinery and machinery parts, flying objects and uneven surfaces.
Workplace Hazards
Hazards are anything, including works practices and procedures that have
a potential to harm the health or safety a person. They will vary greatly from one
retail workplace to the next, so no one can tell you what they are in your
workplace.
Hazards are not just physical Hazards like boxes piled too high; they don’t
relate just to machinery with moving parts or sharp blades. Hazards arise from:
1.The work environment
2. The use of machinery substances
3. Poor workplace design
4. Inappropriate systems and procedures
Hazards Classification
Physical = noise, solar radiation, light vibration, heat and cold.

Chemical = pesticides, fertilizer, fungicides, herbicides,
molluscoid and dust.
Biological = viruses, parasites, fungi, bacteria and insects.
Mechanical/Electrical = tools, machinery, electrical
equipment, slips, trips and falls.
Psychological = fatigue or stress, over emotions, violence, and
Bullying.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN FERTILIZER APPLICATION
1. The method of application has to be chosen to suit the particular nutrient,
the crop, as well as method of cultivation. Nitrogen and potassium are
generally applied as broadcast to irrigated crops. Phosphorus needs to be
placed near the plant rows. Only those fertilizers that do not scorch (burn)
leaves are sprayed.
2.Also use the correct dosage/concentration of the fertilizer and at correct
time intervals.
3. Using organic fertilizers or mix of manure and fertilizers helps to conserve
the soil fertility.
4.Many fertilizers are toxic to useful or desirable animals and birds. Crops
and other plants may also be damaged by misapplied fertilizers. Take
precautions to protect non-pest species from direct exposure to fertilizers
and from contamination due to drift, runoff, or residues.
5. Before applying any fertilizer, take into account the stage of plant
development, the soil type and condition, the temperature, moisture, and
wind.
6.The person applying the fertilizer should take care of personal safety.
Follow label directions carefully. When applying these chemicals, use
gloves that are suited for the chemical. You should use a ventilation mask,
too especially for powder fertilizers. After application the spreader or
implement needs to be washed really well. Avoid splashing, spilling, leaks,
spray drift, and contamination of clothing. Never eat, smoke, drink, or
chew while using fertilizers
References:
1. www.tropperlearning.com>answer>what-are-precautions
2. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.
Date Developed: Document No. QR-MEP-PTS-C

AGRICULTURAL CROPS November 2013 Issued by: Page 44 of
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POLIGRATES Revision # 01
SELF-CHECK 3.2.3
Instructions: Read the questions carefully; choose a letter only on the

correct answers.
1. An example of hazards such viruses, parasites, fungi and bacteria are
classified on?
a. Mechanical/electrical hazards
b. Chemical hazards
c. Biological hazards
2. An example of fatigue, violence and bullying are hazards classified of?
a. Chemical hazards
b. Physical hazards
3. Noise, solar radiation, light vibration, heat and cold are examples hazards
of?
a. Psychological hazards
b. Physical hazards
4. Electrical, tools and equipment are examples of hazards of?
a. Chemical hazards
b. Mechanical hazards
c. Physical hazards
5. An example of hazards such fertilizers, pesticides are classified of?
a. Chemical hazards
b. Biological hazards
c. Physical hazards
ANSWER KEY 3.2-3

1. C
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. A

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LO3. WATER CROPS
1. Soil moisture content is determined based on the soil field capacity.
2.Watering performed following the prescribed method and schedule.
3. Good Agricultural Practices is observed.
CONTENTS:
1.Soil and soil moisture

2.Water and methods of watering
3.Observed good agricultural practices
CONDITIONS:

1. Tools, equipment and machinery (sprayers, pail, irrigation system, etc.)
2. PPE’s
METHDOLOGIES:
1. Demonstration
2.Lecture/discussion
3.Field work
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
1.Demonstration with oral questioning/interview

2.Written exam

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LEARNING OUTCOME 3: WATER CROPS

Water and Soil Moisture
Self-check 3.3-1 Read and answer Self-check 3.3-1
Task Sheet 3.3-1 Read and perform Task Sheet 3.3-1
Calculating soil Moisture
Good Agricultural Practices

PRODUCTION NCII
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WATER AND SOIL MOISTURE
Objective:
After reading this information sheet the trainee’s/students must be able to
1. Know the importance of soil moisture
2. Understand the importance of water to crops
3. Perform proper watering to crops
Introduction
Water- is a colorless and odorless substance found all over Earth.

Water is made up of billions of molecules. Each molecule is made of one oxygen
and two hydrogen atoms held together by strong covalent bonds.
Water is found in three different forms on Earth – gas, solid, and liquid. The
form water takes depends on the temperature. Water on our planet flows as
liquid in rivers, streams, and oceans; is solid as ice at the North and South
Poles; and is gas (vapor) in the atmosphere. Water is also underground and
inside plants and animals. All living things need water in some form to survive
on Earth. People can go weeks without food, but can live only a few days
without
water.
Water is an important resource with many uses including food production,
cleaning, transportation, power generation, recreation, and more. It is also
important not only for human but also for plants. Water use to irrigate crops in
order to survive.
Water helps a plant by transporting important
nutrients through the plant. Nutrients are drawn
from the soil and used by the plant. Without
enough water in the cells, the plants droop,
so water helps a plant to stand. Water carries the
dissolved sugar and other nutrients through the plant
FUNCTIONS WATER TO PLANTS

1.maintaining cell turgidity for structure and growth

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2. transporting nutrients and organic compounds throughout the plant
3. comprising much of the living protoplasm in the cells
4. serving as a raw material for various chemical processes, including
photosynthesis
5.hrough transpiration, buffering the plant against wide temperature fluctuations.
METHODS OF WATERING
1. Location and Timing: The best time to water lawns and other plants is
during the cooler parts of the morning, especially during a warm summer.
Watering in the morning gives the water a chance to soak into the soil
before the sun's heat causes it to evaporate. Morning watering is
preferable to nighttime watering because nighttime watering can cause
fungal problems as plants sit in water overnight. When possible, water
plants at their roots rather than spraying water over their foliage. Wet
foliage can encourage fungal diseases. Hotter, inland areas generally
require more watering than coastal gardens.
2. Drip irrigation is also called trickle irrigation, delivers water directly to the
soil. This method has advantages over watering methods that spray water
over the entire plant. The best drip irrigation systems have plastic pipes
beneath the soil that carry water directly to plant roots without visible.
3.sprinklers or hoses. Drip irrigation is especially beneficial for hilly

landscapes, because its low-flow pressure will not cause runoff and
erosion
Sprinkler irrigation is convenient, because it can cover large areas
without requiring you to do any work. Sprinkler systems range from
multiple sprinklers with automatic timers to a single sprinkler attached to
a hose in the garden.
4. Watering by Hand: Indoor gardeners usually water by hand, as do many
people with small yards. Hand watering plants makes it easy to use
exactly the right amount of water and to avoid dumping water all over the
plant foliage. Watering by hand also allows you to apply specific amounts
of water-soluble fertilizer. If you water potted plants by hand, check the
soil regularly to see how wet or dry it is. Plants in small pots dry out more
quickly than plants in large pots or in the ground.
5. Watering Shrubs and Trees: Some shrubs and trees, especially newly
planted shrubs and trees, require irrigation. Older ones generally have
deep enough roots so that they only need irrigation during periods of
drought. Because shrubs and trees are usually the largest plants in the
yard, they often need more irrigation than a lawn or other small plants.

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When using an automatic drip irrigation or sprinkler system, it's a good
idea use enough water to meet the smallest plants' water requirements.
You can always give larger shrubs and trees extra water by hand, as
needed.
WHAT IS SOIL MOISTURE
Soil moisture is the water stored in the soil and is affected by precipitation,
temperature, soil characteristics, and more. These same factors help determine
the type of biome present, and the suitability of land for growing crops. The
health of our crops relies upon an adequate supply of moisture and soil
nutrients, among other things. As moisture availability declines, the normal
function and growth of plants are disrupted, and crop yields are reduced. And, as
our climate changes, moisture availability is becoming more variable.
HOW TO MEASURE SOIL MOISTURE?

The amount of moisture that’s in your soil can greatly impact how well your
plants grow. Luckily, there are many ways to measure soil moisture, whether
you’re hoping to get a general idea or a more specific measurement.
Estimating Soil Moisture by Look and Feel
1. Stick your finger 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm) into the soil. If the soil feels dry or
if it falls off of your finger when you remove it, the soil may be dry. If the soil
feels moist or if the soil sticks to your finger, the soil may be moist.[1]
2. Identify dry soil by its light-colored, compacted appearance. If you’re just
trying to get a general idea of how dry or moist your soil is, simply take a
good look at it. If it’s a light color, such as tan, and/or is hard and
compacted together, then your soil is most likely on the drier side. This may
mean that you need to water your soil more.[2]
3. Keep in mind that some soil naturally looks lighter, despite the amount of
moisture in it. Familiarize yourself with how your specific type of soil
typically looks before you assume that it’s dry
CALCULATING SOIL MOISTURE

Calculate the moisture content of the soil by subtracting the weight of the
dry soil from the weight of the moist soil, and then dividing by the weight of the
dry soil. Although the measurement is simple, it is important to determine soil
moisture content in order to better understand soil characteristics.
References:
1. homeguides.sfgate.com>Garden>Soil Care
2. www.gardeningknowhow.com....>
3. www.earthsciweek.org>>classroom>soil-Moi.

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4. www.jove.com>science-education>determination-of-m...
SELF-CHECK 3.3-1
MATCHING TYPE: Match Column A with Column B, write the letter of your
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Soil moisture a. colorless and odorless substance
2. Watering by hand b. it covers large areas in watering
3. Sprinkler irrigation c. water stored in the soil
4. Water d. commonly used by indoor gardener
5. Drip irrigation e. characteristics of soil
g. trickle irrigation
ANSWER KEY 3.3-1

1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. G

PRODUCTION NCII
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TASK SHEET 3.3-1
Title: CALCULATING SOIL MOISTURE

Performance Objectives:
Given the necessary materials and tools for the activity, you should
calculate the amount of moisture in the soil using the look and feel method
Materials /Supplies: bond paper, pencil/ball pen, farm area
Tools/Equipment: container, shovel, spade, soil auger, trowel
Steps / Procedures:
1. Prepare all the necessary materials and tools for the activity.
2. Proceed to the assign area for the activity
3. Collect soil sample in the root zone with the use of digging tools.
4. Estimate the water deficit for each sample by feeling the soil and judging the soil
moisture.
5. Take soil samples at several depths in the root zone and at several places in the
field
6. Record your observation
7. Implement 5’s to tools and materials after the activity
Assessment Method:
Demonstration with questioning

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Trainer’s Name: ________________ Date: _________
Did I.
Criteria YES NO
1. Prepare all the
necessary materials and
tools for the activity.
2. Proceed to the assign
area for the activity
3. Collect soil sample in
the root zone with the use
of digging
tools.
4. Estimate the water
deficit for each sample by
feeling the soil
and judging the soil
moisture.
5. Take soil samples at
several depths in the root
zone and at
several places in the field
6. Record your
observation
7. Implement 5’s to tools
and materials after the
activity
Comments / Suggestions
_______________________________________

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_______________________________________

GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
Objective: After reading this information sheet the trainee’s/students must be
able to
1. Understand what is GAP
2. Follow good agricultural practices in caring and maintaining crops
Introduction
The farm is the first step in the farm-to-consumer farm marketing system.
Conventional or organic, the safety of the food system begins with your farm.
Understand your responsibility to grow food using GAP and get a basic
understanding of what these practices are GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
FOR QUALITY PRODUCE 1. Making sure the farm has well-maintained toilets
and hand-washing facilities with potable water & hand soap for hand washing.
2. Making sure employees are washing their hands before harvesting and
handling produce. 3. Using a proactive pest management strategy for rodents,
birds, deer, pigs, slugs and snails. 4. Keeping animals and their fresh manures
away from active fields and orchards. 5. Using the right crop protection
chemicals, fertilizers and composts according to their labeled (legal) directions,
and recording every use. Making sure that produce, and harvest baskets with
holes, do not come in contact with the soil or unclean surfaces. 6. Using
appropriate quality water for irrigation and crop rinse as indicated by a water
test from an approved laboratory. 7. Making sure the packing shed, food
contact packing surfaces, and refrigerators are well maintained and not a
potential source of contamination. 8. Labeling each sell unit with farmer
contact information, “Grown in Hawai`i,” and the appropriate field and harvest
information to allow traceback to a specific field within 2 hours. 9. Let your
customers know that you understand your responsibility to grow food under
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) by getting your farm tunedup and annually
audited by a third-party auditing company. To get a good understanding of
what the best practices are, here is a list of the current GAP for different raw
agricultural products. As consumption of fresh produce has increased, the

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number of foodborne illness outbreaks associated with fresh produce also has
steadily increased. Bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli 0157:H7 are most
often linked to these illnesses, as are parasites such as Cryptosporidium and
Cyclospora. As a result, some larger buyers, especially supermarkets and
produce distributors, have begun began requiring their vendors to be audited
by a third party to certify that they follow Good Agricultural Practices to
minimize the risk of microbial contamination on their produce.
Why are GAPs important for my farm?

1. Good Agricultural Practices can reduce the risk of harmful contamination of
your produce
2. Following best practices for reducing microbial contamination ensures that
the food that you sell to the public will not cause harm or illness for
consumers. Reducing the risk of contamination before it occurs is the best
way to minimize the risk of illness in the public.
References:
1. maoahawaii.edu>ctahr>farmfoodsafety>step-1-ba…
2. extension.umn.edu>growing-safe-food>good-agricul…

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SELF-CHECK 3.3-2
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Farm a. reduces microbial contamination
2. Washing hands b. well maintained not potential to
contamination
3. Refrigerator c. first step I farm marketing system
4. Good Agricultural practices
(GAP) d. perform before harvesting and handling the
produce
E. reduce risks of harmful contamination of the
produce
ANSWER KEY 3.3-2
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. E

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LEARNING OUTCOME 4:
PERFORM PRUNING
 Pruning method is performed according to crops.
 Tools and materials for pruning are prepared.
 Safety procedures is followed according to Occupational Safety and Health
standards PNS: PAES 10
CONTENTS:
 Materials and tools for pruning
 Pruning and its method
 Safety procedures according to OSHS
CONDITIONS:
 Tools
 Materials
 Equipment
 Personal Protective equipment
METHODOLOGIES:
 Demonstration
 Lecture/discussion
 Field work/farm visit
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Actual demonstration with oral interview
 Written exam

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LEARNING OUTCOME # 4: PERFORM PRUNING
Information Sheet 3.4-1 Materials Read Information Sheet 3.4-1

and Tools for Pruning

Pruning and Its Methods
Job Sheet 3.4-2 Pruning Read and perform Job Sheet 3.4-2

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MATERIALS AND TOOLS FOR PRUNING
Objective: After reading this information sheet the trainee’s/students must be

able to
1. Identify the materials and tools for pruning
2. Prepare materials and tools for pruning
Introduction
Pruning is cutting back shoots and branches on a shrub or tree to remove any
dead or diseased growth, to shape the plant and to limit its size. Pruning
encourages the production of buds to make flowers and fruit. The moment you
prune a plant, you change its form and how it will grow. Pruning is a form of
preventive maintenance for facilities.
WHY PRUNE PLANTS

1. To enhance plant health. Pruning rids the plant of its dead, damaged and
diseased parts. This prevents diseases from further spreading within the plant
It also speeds up the formation of new tissues to allow the plant to grow better.
2. To enhance plant appearance. Pruning rids the plant of unwanted branches,
unpleasant fruiting and flowering structures that affect the aesthetic beauty of
the plant.
3. To control plant size and its purpose in a landscape. Pruning allows you to
have the plant in the size that is proportionate with the landscape. Pruning can
also enhance fruits and flowers to grow faster.
4. To prevent injury and property damage. Pruning can rid shrubs of their
thorny branches which can cause injuries especially when they are along
walkways.
5. Pruning also rids the plant of branches that may come in the way of utility
lines, traffic signals or street lights. It is also important that you prune shrubs
or branches of trees that obstruct the entrance of your home.
6. To enhance flowering and fruiting. Pruning influences, the plants to grow
more fruits and flowers. When you prune flower buds, early growth of flowers is
encouraged.

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TOOLS AND MATERIALS IN PRUNING
1. Secateurs There are a number of
secateurs to choose from in this
section, most of which are available
with two different types of blades.
Secateurs are also available in different
sizes and for use left-handed.
2. Loppers: These tools are generally used for

cutting thicker stems and branches that are
too thick for secateurs. This section has
four main types of loppers including
products with telescopic handles, mini and
lightweight models.
3. Long reach pruner: Ideal for cutting hard-

to-reach branches, this group of tools
includes models with telescopic handles,
lightweight products and tree pruner
systems and saws

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4. Tree Pruning system and
saws: Pruning medium and high
growing trees and shrubs can be
made easier using these tree
pruning systems. Garden saws
have teeth specifically designed
to cut live green wood
5. Garden scissors: When cutting flowers or

deadheading plants with thinner stems it is best
to use scissors designed for the purpose. Long
reach cut and hold models are useful for
deadheading and gathering high growing flowers.
6. Pruning Saws: Next in the pruning tool

lineup is a pruning saw which is capable of
taking on branches from 1 ½ to 5 inches in
diameter and are available in many different
styles.

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Pruning shears: These are probably
the most-used tool when it comes to
pruning shrubs, flowers, vines and
small growth on trees. Pruning
shears are hand-held and can cut
branches and twigs up to ¾ of an
inch thick.
Hedge Shears: Hedge shears are great if you

have hedges, small shrubs, evergreens, or
deadheading perennials. They can be used
on any hedge shrub and cut branches up to
2 ¼ inches thick
References:
1. www.carryongardening.org.uk.shop>pruning9acf4...
2. www.homestratosphere.com>types-ofpruning-tools

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SELF-CHECK 3.4-1

knowledge, understanding and experience, write the letter of your answer on
the answer sheet provided for.
1. A pruning tool use in cutting flowers or deadheading plants with thinner

stems
a. tree pruning
c. garden scissors
b. loppers
d. all of these
2. Which of the following is a tool use to prune medium and high growing trees
and shrubs
a. Tree pruning saw
c. loppers
b. long reach pruner
d. garden scissors
3. It is used for cutting thicker stems and branches that are too thick for
secateurs
a. Secateurs
c. tree pruning
b. Loppers
d. long reach pruner
4. It is Ideal for cutting hard-to-reach branches, this group of tools includes
models with telescopic handles, lightweight products and tree pruner systems
and saws.
a. Loppers
c. long reach pruner
b. long reach pruner
d. garden scissors
5. It rids the plant of unwanted branches, unpleasant fruiting and flowering
structures that affect the aesthetic beauty of the plant.
a. Pruning c. weeding b. Cutting d. fruiting

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ANSWER KEY 3.4-1
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. A

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PRUNING AND ITS METHODS
Objectives:

1. Understand the importance of pruning
2. Perform pruning
Introduction:
Pruning is an excellent method of

preventative maintenance for both
young and established plants. A regular
pruning schedule protects your plants,
family, and property from injury, pests
and damage. It’s an important part of a
long-term maintenance strategy.
Pruning is the process of cutting/
removing of undesirable branches
superfluous leaves, dead leaves and twigs
Significance of Pruning
 Remove unproductive branches and allow development of productive
branches
 Allow sunlight and air circulation access through the canopy to reduce pest
and disease infestation
 Control the height and shape of the tree for easy maintenance and harvesting
 Increase production
 Allow more branches to be productive
 Control the shape and height of the tree for easy maintenance and
harvesting
Stages of Pruning
1. Formative pruning

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 Tip pruning - cutting-off of the tip branches from 30-40 cm from every
crotch to allow side shoots to grow out and produce more branches (up
to 3 years starting 3 months from planting)
 Shape pruning -(15 months after planting when the cacao tree starts
flowering) 2. Maintenance Pruning
 Production pruning - pruning to include big branches (done after every
end of the peak period)
 Access pruning - removal of unnecessary leaves and “worm” branches
(upon flowering (May-June) and upon high peak harvesting (September-
October)
 Sanitary pruning - regular removal of coupon or shoots and water
sucker (water sprout), infested or dead branches (once a month branches
Allow more branches
BENEFITS OF PRUNING
1. Promote plant health: Pruning removes dead and dying branches and
stubs, allowing room for new growth and protecting your property and
passerby from damage.
2. Maintain Plants and Landscapes: Pruning encourages healthy fruit
and flower production for trees and shrubs
3. Protect Your Family and Property: Regular pruning reduces the risk of
storm damage to structures from broken branches.
4. Types of Pruning: Pruning, especially for large trees and shrubs, is
best left to professionals
TYPES OF PRUNING
 Thinning – This procedure removes branches at the base, right
alongside the trunk.
 Topping – This is a drastic process that removes most of the branches
down to the trunk. Topping is commonly used when training young trees
to grow certain ways.
 Raising – This involves the trimming of low-hanging branches to create
headroom for pedestrians, parked cars or entryways.
 Reduction – This means trimming back a tree’s volume, typically for
safety reasons, such as creating space for power lines.

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PRUNING OF FRUIT TREES:
Removing weak crotch angles and tip-pruning long branch
Thinning and skirting young trees.

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PROCEDURES IN PRUNING:
PRUNING is define as a process of trimming or cutting superfluous

branches or parts so as to improve growth, appearance and canopy of
the plant.  increase cacao pod production  reduce pest and diseases
infestation
 control the shape and height of the tree, to ensure easy
access for harvesting.
Step 1: Pruning cocoa trees can increase production make tree

maintenance easier, and reduce pest infestation and disease
Step 2: Maintenance pruning starts with regularly removing the low

hanging branches or those that grow downwards.
Step 3: Remove regularly the coupons on the stem
Step 4: Also remove all shoots and additional branches that are within
60 cm of the coquette. Removal of shoots is necessary to avoid
production of non-essential branches.
Step 5: Furthermore, it is important to remove regularly all dead,

diseased and badly damaged branches.
Step 6: Top pruning of the highest branches ( up to 4 meters) in order

to keep the tree short for easy regular harvesting and maintenance.

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Step 7: In addition to this it is recommended to open the center of the tree by
pruning in the shape of a champagne glass in order to reduce humidity and
increase sunshine
Step 8: The cocoa pod borer does not like the sunshine and increased wind.
The additional sunshine to the stem will increase flowering as well.
Step 9: The best time for heavy pruning is after the high production cycle,
approximately one month before the rainy season. After pruning it is
recommended to apply fertilizer.
Step 10: Pruning has to be done regularly and correctly, results in more pods
on the tree with less infestation and diseases.
Note: The crops used in the pruning is cacao but the principles to follow in
pruning is true to all kinds of crops.
References: 1. Facts sheets from ACDIVOCA – a Non-Government

Organization finance by USDA - one of our active industry partners from

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SELF-CHECK 3.4-2
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Pruning a. creating a space for power lines
2. Tip pruning b. it is done 15 months after planting
3. Shape pruning c. removal of unproductive branches
4. Sanitary pruning d. removal of unnecessary leaves
5. Access pruning e. cutting off the tip branches
6. Topping f. regular removal of water sprout
7. Reduction g. used when training young trees to grow certain
ways
ANSWER KEY 3.4-2

1.C
2. E
3. B

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4. F
5. D
6. G
7. A
JOB SHEET 3.4-2
Title: PRUNING OF CROPS
Given the needed materials and tools for pruning, you should be able to
perform pruning activity according to the need of crops.
Materials /Supplies: farm area with growing crops
Tools/Equipment: pruning tools
Procedures
1. Conduct an ocular inspection of the area
2. Decide what method of pruning is applicable to the crops present in the

area
3. Prepare all the needed tools for pruning
4. Perform pruning activity using the appropriate method.
5. Conducts post operational check on the area and tools.

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Assessment Method: Demonstration with questioning
Trainer’s Name_________________________ Date: ____________________
DID I…
Criteria YES NO
1. Conduct an ocular
inspection of the area
2. Decide what method
of pruning is applicable
to the crops present in
the area.
3. Prepare all the
needed tools for pruning
4. Perform pruning
activity using the
appropriate method.
5. Conducts post
operational check on the
area and tools.

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6. Implement 5’s after
the activity
7. Implement 5’s after
the activity
Comments/Suggestions:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Learning Outcomes 5.
PERFORM PHYSICAL GROWTH- ENHANCING PRACTICES
 Tools and equipment for cultivation are prepared according to PNS: PAES
101.  Cultivation practices are carried out based on the crop requirement.
 Rejuvenating activities are performed according to established cultural
practices.
 Growth training technique are performed for different crops.
 Mulching techniques are carried out based on crops.
 Safety procedures are followed according to occupational safety and health
standards.
CONTENTS:
 Cultivating tools and equipment
 Cultivation practices based on crop requirements
 Rejuvenating activities according to cultural practices
 Growth training techniques
 Mulching techniques
CONDITIONS:

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 Farm tools and equipment
 Growth enhancer
 PPE’s
METHODOLOGIES:
 Actual demonstration with oral interview
 Lecture/discussion
 Field work/ farm visit
 Video presentation
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Demonstration with oral interview
 Written exam

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LEARNING OUTCOME 5:
PERFORM PHYSICAL GROWTH-ENHANCING PRACTICES
Information Sheet 3.5-1 Cultivating Read information Sheet 3.5-1
Tools and Equipment
Task sheet 3.5-1 Identify cultivating Read and perform Task Sheet 3.5-1
Tools and Equipment
Information Sheet 3.5-2 Cultivating Read Information Sheet 3.5-2
Practices
Information Sheet 3.5-3 Rejuvenating Read Information Sheet 3.5-3
Activities
Job Sheet 3.5-3 Perform Read and perform Job Sheet 3.5-3
Rejuvenation Activity
Information Sheet 3.5-4 Plant Growth Read Information Sheet 3.5-4
Training Techniques
Job Sheet 3.5-4 Perform Plant Read and perform Job Sheet 3.5-4
Growth Training

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Information Sheet 3.5-5 Mulching Read Information Sheet 3.5-5
Techniques
Job Sheet 3.5-5 Apply Mulching Read and perform Job Sheet 3.5-5
Materials to Vegetable crops

CULTIVATING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
Objective:
After reading this information sheet the trainees must be able to:
1. Identify different tools and equipment for cultivation.
2. Maintain cultivating tools and equipment
Introduction:
Cultivation, Loosening and breaking up (tilling) of the soil. The soil around
existing plants is cultivated (by hand using a hoe, or by machine using a
cultivator) to destroy weeds and promote growth by increasing soil aeration and
water infiltration. Soil being prepared for the planting of a crop is cultivated by
a harrow or plow. Cultivation refers to stirring the soil between rows of
vegetable plants. Because weed control is the most important function of
cultivation, this work should be performed at the most favorable time for weed
killing, when the weeds are breaking through the soil surface.
Why Cultivate?
The aim of cultivating your soil is to help your plants grow better. You want
aerated soil so that your plant's roots can get enough oxygen. You want your
soil to be free of weeds. And you want good drainage so you don't drown your
plants.
CULTIVATING MATERIALS, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
Trowel
 Use in cultivating and applying fertilizer to vegetables
crops

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 Use in soil bagging activities
 Use in transplanting vegetable crops and other ornamental crops.
 Use in pricking fruit tree seedlings.
Hand Rake
 Use in pulverizing garden soil
 This is a short-handled version as above
suitable for use on smaller areas
Grub hoe
 Use in cultivating /pulverizing garden
soil
Spading Fork
 This is a long-handled fork which has 4-
5 rounded prongs or tines used for digging soil in situations
where using a spade may be difficult and also for turning
the soil over to make it more workable
Shovel
 Use in cultivating small area.
 Use in digging holes for planting fruit trees.
 used in removing trash, digging loose soil, moving soil
from one place to another and for mixing soil media.
Rake
is a long-handled tool used create a fine tilth for a seed bed,
to level it out and to gather up surface stones. Do not
confuse with a spring tine rake which has little use when
growing crop
 Use in gathering cut grasses in the area.
 Use in levelling the garden plots.
Spade
: A long-handled tool traditionally used for digging, shoveling
soil and compost. They are available in various sizes and can
often be bought as a set together with a garden for
Animal drawn plow:
An animal drawn implement with a blade used to in cut, lift
and turn over soil.
Comb-tooth harrow:
A cultivating implement set with spikes spring teeth or
disks and used Use primary
ill for pulverizing the soil

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Reference: 1. www.gardengarden_products>cultivating.... Lee Wyatt (updated
April 22, 20019
SELF-CHECK 3.5-1
knowledge, understanding and experience, write your answer on the answer
sheet provided for.
1. A cultivating implement set with spikes spring teeth or disks and used
primarily for pulverizing the soil
a. shovel b. spade c. comb-tooth harrow d. animal drawn plow
2. This is a long-handled fork which has 4-5 rounded prongs or tines used
for digging soil in situations were using a spade maybe difficult and also
for turning the soil over to make it more workable
a. spading fork b. spade c. shovel d. hand trowel

3. A long handled tool traditionally used for digging, shoveling soil and
compost. They are available in various sizes and can often be bought as a set
together with
a garden fork a. hand trowel b. spade c. shovel d. rake
4.Use in cultivating /pulverizing garden soil
a. shovel b. hand trowel c. spade d. grub hoe
5. It is the process of loosening and breaking up (tilling) of the soil
a. plowing b. cultivating c. harrowing d. all of the above
ANSWER KEY 3.5-1

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1. C
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. B
TASK SHEET 3.5.1
TITLE: IDENTIFY CULTIVATING TOOL AND EQUIPMENT
Performance Objective:
 Identify the cultivating tools and equipment according to their uses.
Supplies/Materials: Bond paper, Ball pen
Equipment/tools: cultivating/tilling tools
Steps/Procedure:
 Submit your records to the instructor or trainer.
 Implement 5’s after the activity.
1. Proceed to the tool room.
2. prepare recording materials
3. Write down all the materials tools and equipment and their uses
4. Submit your records to the instructor or trainer.
5. Implement 5’s after the activity.
Assessment Method:
 Observation with questioning

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 Written Examination
Trainer’s__________________ Date:_________
Performance Criteria Checklist 3.5.1
Did you….
CRITERIA YES NO
Identify the materials,
tools, equipment and
their function relating to
cultivation operation.?
Record all the materials,
tools, equipment?
Submit records to the
instructor/trainer?
Implements 5’s after the
identification of tools,
materials and
equipment.?
Comments/ Suggestion:
Trainer: _________________________ Date: ______________________

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CULTIVATING PRACTICES
Objectives:
1. Understand the different cultivating practices
2. Cultivate area
Introduction:
Cultivation, Loosening and breaking up (tilling) of the soil. The soil around
existing plants is cultivated (by hand using a hoe, or by machine using a
cultivator) to destroy weeds and promote growth by increasing soil aeration and
water infiltration. Soil being prepared for the planting of a crop is cultivated by
a harrow or plow.
Cultivation refers to stirring the soil between rows of vegetable plants. Because
weed control is the most important function of cultivation, this work should be
performed at the most favorable time for weed killing, when the weeds are
breaking through the soil surface
CULTIVATION PRACTICES
Cultivation practices are all the processes involved in the production of plant-
based foods, in this case fruits and vegetables, from planting to harvesting.
When planting, you have to make sure to plant in areas that provide sufficient
sunlight and sufficient space.
1. Planting: The very first step and perhaps the most important part of your
cultivation practices is that of planting.

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 First Steps: All fruits and vegetables begin life as a seed. Choose a location
that provides your plants with enough space and enough sunlight. Here is a
table showing the different planting requirements of a few common different
fruits and vegetables
Plant When to plant Where to plant How to plant

Tomatoes Start seed Needs 6+ hours of Plant 2 feet apart
indoors 8 weeks sun
before last spring
frost; transplant
after last spring
frost
Leaf lettuce Sow seed as soon Plant in areas Plant 4 inches
as ground is with shade in apart in rows 12
workable summer inches apart
Strawberries Plant as soon as Needs 6 - 10 Plant 20 inches
ground is hours of direct apart in rows 4
workable
3. Fertilizing:
After you've planted your fruits and vegetables, you'll need to give them
enough water and food to grow and produce fruit. If your soil doesn't
have sufficient nutrients for your plants, you'll need to provide fertilizer.
You can use fertilizer in the form of compost or manure such as bat
guano or chicken manure or you can purchase commercial fertilizer. 
When you purchase fertilizer, you'll notice that the bag tells you what's
inside using three letters: N-P-K that correspond to their symbol on the
Periodic table.  N stands for the amount of nitrogen
 P stands for the amount of phosphorus
 K stands for potassium (potash).
 The numbers stand for the ratio of each nutrient in the fertilizer. So a
fertilizer with a N-P-K ratio of 12-12-12 contains 12 percent nitrogen, 12
percent phosphorus, and 12 percent potassium.
Each nutrient assists plant growth in different ways

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 Each nutrient helps plants differently. Nitrogen helps with foliage
growth, phosphorus helps with roots and flowers, and potassium
(potash) helps with overall plant health. More nitrogen means faster
plant growth, but too much can lead to sickly plants. So, the key to
fertilization is to apply missing nutrients but not to overload your soil.
 You'll want to fertilize well before you plant and then again while the
plant is growing but before it begins to fruit.
3. Harvesting: After your fruits and vegetables have grown fruit, they
may be ready for harvesting. Each one matures at a different time.
Visually, it is very easy to see when a fruit or vegetable is ready to be
picked.
4. Disease Prevention: Disease prevention is also a very important part
of your cultivation practices. If your plants get diseased, it can mean a
bad harvest or even plant death.
Reference: 1. www.fao.org>....

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SELF-CHECK 3.5-2
MATCHING TYPE: Match Column A with Column B, write the letter of

your answer on the answer sheet provided for.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Cultivation a. processes involves in the production of crops
2. Planting b. adding nutrients into the soil
3. Number in fertilizer c. loosening and breaking up of soil
4. Fertilizing d. stands for the ratio of each nutrient in
the fertilizer
5. Cultivation practices e. important part of cultivation practices
g. disease prevention of the crops
ANSWER KEY 3.5-2
1. C
2. E
3. D
4. B
5. A

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REJUVENATING ACTIVITIES
Objective:
After reading this information sheet the trainees must be able to
1. Know the what are rejuvenating activities of crops
2. Perform rejuvenating
Introduction:
Rejuvenation means restoring vitality and freshness of plants. It is

another name for renewal.
• Rejuvenation is attempted to make the plant new.
• In India many existing orchards are not as productive as their
potential. • Selection of poor planting material, improper plantation and
upkeep make orchards uneconomic. These situations necessitate need
for rejuvenation
REJUVENATION STEPS IN OVER GROWN HEDGES

In most cases a hedge is grown from a fast growing, but still robust
perennial shrub. Most of these can take a hard pruning and come back
quite quickly. Depending on the severity of the damage one will need to
make a call on replacing the hedge, some of the plants that form the
hedge or giving it a hard pruning to reform the shape and health of your
hedge.
1. Evaluate and assess. Pull back the outer branches to access the inner
growth pattern and structure of the
hedge.
2. Remove any dead and diseased plant
material.

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3. Nominate poor performing and affected branches and cut them back
hard. Ideally make these cuts where healthy shoots join the branch.
4. Prune off excess growth to encourage air and light movement within
the hedge
5. In the case of severely overgrown hedges follow the steps above and
additionally remove the top third of the plant to around 20 cm beneath
the final desired height for the hedge. If more than one third needs to be
remove do so over two growing seasons.
6. If entire plants of the hedge have died back remove them and replace
with new strong plants.
7. Always feed and water any hedge well after a hard pruning. The hedge
needs energy for the encouraged growth from somewhere and with less
foliage it is not able to photosynthesis as well as usual.
8. A deep watering less often is always better than shallow regular
watering, this encourages a strong deep root system. Regular watering
however is necessary for a week or so after cutting back
9. Apply a layer of mulch or compost around the base of each plant to
improve soil temperatures and provide nutrients to leach in during
watering.
10. Gradually reshape and form the hedge with future pruning
throughout the growing season
Objective of rejuvenation
 Enhance the productivity of old fruit orchards
 Provide quality planting material to
farmers to reasonable to increase
yield.
 Enhance profitability
 Conservation of old progeny or
specie
Regeneration of plants in the

greenhouse Banana From the set of

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cultures in storage, a representative sample of five cultures should be
randomly selected and regenerated into five rooted plantlets. These
plants should be planted out in the greenhouse.
Rejuvenation pruning
is the removal of old, overgrown limbs so that the plant
can grow new, vigorous branches in their place.
METHODS OF REJUVENATION PRUNING

1. Hard pruning involves cutting the shrub off
to a height of 6 to 12 inches above the ground
and allowing it to regrow. The disadvantage of
this type of pruning are that not all shrubs
tolerate drastic cutting, and until the plant
regrows you are left with an unsightly stub.
The advantage of hard pruning is that the
shrub rejuvenates quickly.
2. Gradual rejuvenation allows you to remove

old branches over a period of three years.
This technique is called renewal pruning.
Although it is slower than hard pruning,
shrubs that are rejuvenated over a period
of time look better in
STEPS TO PROPERLT PERFORM EXTENSIVE OR GRADUAL

REJUVENATION PRUNING
1. Become familiar with proper pruning angles to avoid damaging the
plant.

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For extensive rejuvenation, completely remove the entire plant 6 to 10 inches
above the ground using heavy lopping shears and a pruning saw. Healthy
shrubs will respond by sending up new shoots.
3. For gradual rejuvenation, remove one-third of the oldest, unproductive

branches. The next year, take half of the old, lingering stems. In year
three, prune out the remainder of the old branches. While this takes
longer to complete, the shrub stays more attractive throughout the
process.

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Reference: 1. www.slideshare.net.rejuvenation-64949408 Published on
August 12, 2016
SELF-CHECK 3.5-3
MATCHING TYPE: Match Column A with Column B. write the letter of

your answer on the answer sheet provided for.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Gradual rejuvenation a. removal of attractive branches
2. Rejuvenation b. completely remove the entire plant
3. Hard pruning c. remove one-third of the oldest,
unproductive
Branches
4. Rejuvenation pruning d. restoring vitality and freshness of

plants
5. Extensive rejuvenation e. removal of old, overgrown

limbs
g. cutting the shrub –off to a
height
of 6-12 inches
ANSWER KEY 3.5-3
1. C
2. D
3. G
4. E
5. B

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JOB SHEET 3.5-3
Title: PERFORM REJUVENATION PRUNING
Given an area planted fruit trees, you should be able to perform
rejuvenation activity according to plant requirements.
Materials /Supplies: area planted with fruit trees
Tools/Equipment: pruning tools
Steps / Procedures
1. Proceed to the assigned area and conduct an ocular inspection of
the crop
2. Decide what method of rejuvenation pruning to be used according to
the requirement of the crop
3. Prepare the necessary tools for the activity
4. Perform the rejuvenation pruning according to the plant’s
requirement
5. Check the output of the activity
6. Implement 5’s to the tools after using.
Assessment Method:
Trainer’s Name_________________________ Date:___________

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DID I….
Criteria Yes No
inspection of the crop
2. Prepare the
necessary tools for the
activity according to
the method to be used
3. Perform the
rejuvenation pruning
according to the
plant’s requirement
4. Check the output of
the activity
7. Implement 5’s to the
tools after using.
Comments/Suggestions:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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Trainer’s Name :_______________________ Date:________________

PLANT GROWTH TRAINING TECHNIQUES
Objectives
After reading this information sheet the trainees/students must be able to:
1. Identify growth training techniques
2. Perform growth training techniques to a certain crop
Introduction:
Plant training-
Plant training is controlling the direction, shape and size of plants. Buds are
young shoots that become leaves, flowers or branches. A grower trains plants
to improve flower or plant appearance and management, improve flower and
fruit size and quality and to protect plants from damage. Plant management or
husbandry is the care and protection of plants so they grow successfully. Plant
training is one management practice carried out to control the shape, size and
direction of plant growth.
EXAMPLE OF PLANT GROWTH TRAINING
Climbing plants growing up a

trellis.

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A coral tree which has been pruned to encourage new
growth.
Orchids are trained up strings.
A teepee structure for vegetables like beans to grow on.

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REASONS FOR TRAINING PLANTS GROWTH
 improve fruit size and quality
 develop a framework so the plant gets the maximum amount of light falling
on the leaves
 improve how an area or plant looks
 make plants easier to manage and maintain the size and shape of the plant
 improve flower appearance and size
 protect plants from damage.
PLANT GROWTH TRAINING METHODS
1. support including staking
2. stopping
3. disbudding
4. thinning
5. pruning.
Plant support Plants are supported to:
 protect them from the weather, for example, the wind
 help them grow into the space where they're needed
 hold leaves up to the light to increase the amount of photosynthesis taking
place
 give easy access of bees and other insects to pollinate the flowers
 to encourage even ripening of fruit for example tomatoes
 to improve the shape so the plants are either easier to manage or look better
 prevent flowers or fruit from dragging on the ground.
Grapes are trained on wires and posts.
These canes are at

a good height for

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vineyard workers and also for harvesting. The distance between the rows
allows easy access for machinery
Stopping or pinching
is the removal of the terminal bud at the tip of the stem. This makes the side
shoots grow stronger and gives a bushier plant. Tomatoes, basil and
cucumbers can be trained this way.
Thinning
is the removal of some fruit, so that those left are bigger and of better quality,
because they have more room to grow, and receive more nutrients, water and
light. You can do this by hand, or by using tools called thinning shears. On
commercial orchards, growers use special chemicals to thin the fruit. This is
done with many fruits including apples, pears, stone fruit and grapes. Root
vegetable like carrots are also thinned so they have more space to grow and
less competition from other plants
Pruning is the removal of parts of a plant.
This is done to:
 control the shape of the plant
 improve flowering or fruiting
 make it easier to harvest fruit.
Reference: 1. HT1101.Plant Management-plant Training 2.

Horticulture.tekura.school.nz>plant-management-1

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MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Choose the letter of your answer based on your knowledge, understanding and
experienced, write the letter of your answer on the answer sheet provided for.
1. It is the removal of some fruit, so that those left are bigger and of better
quality, because they have more room to grow, and receive more
nutrients, water and light
a. Disbudding c. thinning b. Pruning d. stopping
2. The removal of lateral flower buds from a plant. This is done on carnations
and chrysanthemums to help long stems develop.
a. Plant growth training c. thinning
b. Disbudding or pinching d. plant management
3. It is one management practice carried out to control the shape, size and
direction of plant growth.
a. Plant growth training c. plant management
b. Plant support or staking d. disbudding or pinching
4. The removal of the terminal bud at the tip of the stem. This makes the side
shoots grow stronger and gives a bushier plant. Tomatoes, basil and
cucumbers can be trained this way.
a. Pruning c. thinning
b. Plant growth training d. stopping
5. It is the care and protection of plants so they grow successfully.
a. Plant management c. plant management
b. Disbudding or pinching d. plant support or staking
ANSWER KEY 3.5-4

1. C
2. B

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3. A
4. D
5. A
JOB SHEET 3.5-4
Title: PERFORM PLANT GROWTH TRAINING
Given an area planted with vegetable, you should be able to perform plant
growth training according to crop requirement.
Materials /Supplies: vegetable area, tying materials
Tools/Equipment: cutting tools, pruning tools
Steps / Procedures:
1. Proceed to the vegetable area and check the available crops and their
growth requirements
2. Proceed to the tool room and prepare the necessary tools to be used.
3. Use the appropriate tools and materials for the activity
4. Perform plant growth training according to plant requirement.
5. Make a final check of the appearance of the plant after the activity
6. Implement 5’s on the work area and tools after using.
Assessment Method:
Trainer’s Name; __________________________ Date:__________________

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DID I….
Criteria Yes No
1. Conduct ocular
inspection on the
vegetable area and the
crop requirements?
2. Prepare the necessary
materials and tools
needed in performing
the activity?
3. Use the appropriate
tools and materials for
the activity?
4. Perform plant growth
training according to
plant requirement?
5. Check the
appearance of the crop
after the activity?
6. Implement 5’s on the
work area and tools
after using
Comments / Suggestions:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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Trainer’s name;___________________ Date:________________

MULCHING TECHNIQUES
Objectives:
After reading this information sheet the trainees must be able to;
1. Know mulching techniques
2. Perform mulching techniques
Introduction:
Mulching is the process or practice of covering the soil/ground to make more
favorable conditions for plant growth, development and efficient crop
production.
Mulch technical term means ‘covering of soil. Mulch is any material that is
spread or laid over the surface of the soil as a covering. It is used to retain
moisture in the soil, suppress weeds, keep the soil cool, prevent frost heaving
in winter, and make the garden bed look more attractive. Organic mulches also
help improve the soil’s structure, drainage, and nutrient-holding capacity as
they decompose.
BENEFITS OF MULCHING
1. Mulching is not an expensive process. In fact, it is quite efficient and
practical when you consider its many benefits. When quality mulches cover the
soil, they prevent the loss of soil moisture as by reducing evaporation. They
increase water infiltration while also preventing soil compaction due to
dryness.
2. Mulches also control the germination and growth of weeds and inhibit the
spread of soil-borne diseases. These mulches can also serve as insulation to
stabilize the soil temperature and protect the roots from extreme temperatures
during summer or winter.
3. When you use organic mulches, these will eventually decompose and
improve the fertility of the soil. Mulches on your landscape are beautiful to look

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at. It can add to the aesthetics while also making your garden look well taken
care of.
TYPES OF MULCHING
 Organic mulching:
Organic mulch will decompose and have to be replaced, but in the process, it
will also improve your soil’s structure and its organic content. The dryer and
woodier the mulch, the slower it will decompose and the fewer nutrients it will
give to the soil.
 Inorganic or Synthetic Mulching:
Synthetic and inorganic mulches do a good job of holding moisture and
blocking weeds. They don’t add any nutrients to the soil, but they don’t
decompose quickly or require replacing as often as organic mulches. However,
as plastic decomposes, it's detrimental to the soil and the environment.
Likewise, landscape fabric allows weeds through as it decomposes after a few
years.
Kinds of Organic Mulch
 Bark, Shredded or Chipped
–are best used around trees, shrubs, and in
garden beds where you won’t be doing a lot of
digging, like front walkways and foundation
planting
Grass Clippings Grass clippings

are a mixed bag and are best suited to remote areas of your garden where you
want to suppress weeds. Grass clippings, like
most green plant debris with high water content,
decompose very rapidly, and in the process, they
can get somewhat slimy with an unpleasant
odor, so use with discretion.
Newspaper Newspaper as mulch

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is becoming more and more popular. Most newspapers have switched over to
organic dyes, especially for their black & white sections. Shredded newspaper
has been used for years to keep plant roots moist while shipping. Layered
sheets of newspaper also have great moisture retention abilities, and they act
like other organic mulches as far as suppressing weeds and controlling soil
temperatures.
Shredded Leaves Shredded leaves are nature's favorite mulch.
They can be used as mulch anywhere and have the added bonus of being free.
You will also entice more earthworms to your garden soil. Some gardeners
don’t like the look of leaves in their garden, and they probably aren’t
appropriate for a formal setting
Straw and salt hay are popular
mulches for the vegetable garden.
They keep the soil and soil-borne
diseases from splashing up on lower
plant leaves and make paths less muddy.
Straw decomposes very slowly and will
last the entire growing season. It also
makes a nice home for spiders and other
beneficial insects who will move in and
help keep the pest population in control.
TYPES OF INORGANIC OR SYNTHETIC

MULCH
 Black Plastic are good choices for around
foundation plantings and other shrubs and
trees. These plants don’t require frequent
fertilization and, for the most part, you won’t
be working in these beds regularly, so you
don’t want to have to worry about weeding
them throughout the summer
 Landscape Fabric are good choices for around
foundation plantings and other shrubs and
trees. These plants don’t require frequent
fertilization and, for the most part, you won’t be working in these beds

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regularly, so you don’t want to have to worry about weeding them throughout
the summer.
 Stone/Gravel Gravel and stone work

well as mulches in areas that require good
drainage or beds with plants hat like a
little additional heat, like Mediterranean
herb gardens and rain gardens. Stone is
hard to remove, so give it a lot of thought
before using stone or gravel as a mulch.
HOW TO INSTALL PLASTIC MULCHING

1. When to Apply
 Apply after hilling-up
 Apply at least 3-5 cm thick
 If plastic mulch, apply before transplanting
2. application of Plastic Mulch
 Make canal on both ends of the bed
 Spread the edge of the mulch in the canal & cover with soil
 Stretch the plastic very well
Twist the center of the center of the bamboo stick
 Clip both edge of the mulch
References: 1. www.jkcooper.com.au>What-is-Mulching Cooper (Updated

February 28, 2017 2. www.gardeningknowhow.com>...mulch

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SELF-CHECK 3.5-5
MATCHING TYPE:
Match Column A with Column B, write the letter of your answer on the answer
sheet provided for:
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Mulching a. use in areas that require good drainage
2. Mulch b. natures favorite mulch
3. Organic mulching c. practice of covering the soil/ground
4. Inorganic or synthetic mulching
d. improves soil structure
5. Shredded leaves e. any material that is spread in the soil
6. Straw and hay f. good in holding moisture and blocking Weeds
g. popular mulches for the vegetables
ANSWER KEY 3.5-5

1. C
2. E
3. D
4. F
5. B
6. G

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JOB SHEET 3.5-5
Title: APPLY MULCHING MATERIALS TO VEGETABLE CROPS
Given an area planted vegetables, you should be able to perform mulching

activity according to types of crops
Materials /Supplies: vegetable area/mulching materials
Tools/Equipment: digging tools
Steps / Procedures
1. Proceed to the vegetable area and conduct an ocular inspection of the crop
2. Decide what method of mulching materials to be used according to the
type and requirement of crops
3. Prepare the necessary tools and mulching materials to be used
4. Perform mulching activity
5. Check the output of the activity
6. Implement 5’s to the tools after using.
Assessment Method:
Trainer’s Name_________________________ Date: ___________

PRODUCTION NCII
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DID I….
Criteria Yes no
inspection of the area
and the types of crops
planted
2. Prepare the necessary
tools and mulching
materials according to
the type and
requirement of crops
3. Perform mulching
activity using the
appropriate mulching
materials
4. Check the area after
the activity
5. Implement 5’s to the
tools after using.
Comments / Suggestions:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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Trainer’s Name:_______________________ Date:________________
END

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Competency Based Learning

Sector: AGRICULTURE AND FISHIRIES

Unit of Competency: CARE AND MAINTAIN CROPS

Module Title: CARING AND MAINTAINING CROPS

CAMIGUIN NATIONAL HIGHSCHOOL

AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NCII

AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC II

No. Unit of Module Title

PLANTING AFF 610302

CARE AND CARING AND

Date Document No.

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: CARE AND MAINTAIN CROPS

MODULE TITLE: CARING AND MAINTING CROPS

NOMINAL DURATION: 64 hours

Date Document No.

CONDITIONS: The following resources must be provided:

1. tools room and farm house

1. Demonstration with questioning

Answer Self Check 3.1-1 Read and understand the

Task sheet 3.1-1 Read and understand the

reduce the availability, quality, or value of human resources such as food,

Four main categories

Methods Of Pest Control

Date Document No.

2. Biological Method - Biological methods use the natural predators of pests.

4. Mechanical Method - Mechanical methods use traps and barriers to

Pest identification should be as accurate as possible. Management programs

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT PESTS ACCORDING TO THEIR FEEDING

Date Document No.

1.insects such as roaches, termites, mosquito, aphids, beetles, fleas and

Date Document No.

1. Are ‘practices that address environmental, economic and social

2. It is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and

5. It can help to control pests by depriving them of their host plants.

Date Document No.

Date Document No.

Title: IDENTIFY PEST AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Tools/Equipment : catching net, catching bottles

Assessment Method: DEMONSTRATION with QUESTIONING

Date Document No.

Date Document No.

PEST AND MATERIALS FOR PEST CONTROL MEASURES

Pest control - Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as

PEST CONTROL TOOLS

1.Bait guns make it easy to administer bait from tubes, like

3.SPRAYER Sometimes small spaces make pesticide or

4. flow meter (or a flow sensor) is type of flow instrument

5.Inspection mirrors are generally used to gain visibility

Date Document No.

7.Moisture meters are used to measure the percentage of

8.termite injector with maximizer Eliminate termite

9. vacuum cleaner, also known simply as a vacuum

Date Document No.

1.Physical pest control method

Date Document No.

4. Cultural control methods of pest management include use of resistant

1.Good soil preparation- Preparing

Date Document No.

3.roughing or pruning- removal disease plants or plants parts preventives the

Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, whether pest

Some biological agent namely;

Trichogrammatid is a genus of minute polyphagous wasps that are end parasitoids