CE335

SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
Sanitary Piping Layout
General Rules in designing

the Sanitary system:
The pipes should take the shortest possible route to
the house sewer or the terminating point of the
Sanitary system
Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and
vents, should be located strategically so as to ensure
efficient circulation
Subsystems of the
Sanitary System:
Waste Collection System
Ventilation System
Essential Parts of the
Sanitary Drainage System
Waste Pipe
conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
Vent Pipe
used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and
for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Trap
a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of
foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.
Stack
the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings
extending through one or more stories and extended thru the
roof.
Branch
any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
Essential Parts of the
Sanitary Drainage System
House/Building Drain
part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which

receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other
drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house
sewer outside of the building.
House/Building Sewer
extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the
outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction
with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and
conveying the drainage of one building site.
NPC 203.3
Principles of Waste & Soil
(EXCRETA) Pipes Roughing-in
CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF SANITARY

DRAINAGE LINES
Horizontal to Horizontal change in direction
use 45° wye branches, combination wye – 1/8 bend

branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent
sweep
Vertical to Horizontal change in direction

45° wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent
sweep
Principles of Waste & Soil
(EXCRETA) Pipes Roughing-in
Horizontal to vertical change in direction

use 45° or 60° wye branches, combination wye -1/8
bend branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee
branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent
sweeps.
No fitting having more than one inlet at the same level
shall be used (i.e., sanitary cross)
Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of
the fitting is at least two pipe (2) sizes larger than the
largest inlet, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose
are 51, 64, 76, 89, 102, 114, 127, & 152 mm dia.)
Sanitary Drainage Lines
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT OF SIZES

OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES
The size of waste pipes or soil pipes depend on the

amount of waste it carries.
A lavatory discharges 0.47 liters/sec or 28.3 liters/min (7.5

gallons per min or 1 cu ft per min), which is equivalent to
the Fixture Unit (F.U.)
The F.U. rating of plumbing fixtures is based on the size of

required trap.
Maximum Trap Loading
ITEM NO. PIPE SIZE FIXTURE UNIT
Notes:
1 32 mm 1 1.Capacity over 3.15 L/s shall
be determined by the
2 38 mm 3 Administrative Authority.
2.For a continuous flow into a
3 51 mm 4 drainage system, such as
from sump pump or ejector,
4 76 mm 6 air-conditioning equipment or
similar devices, two (2)
5 102 mm 8
fixture units shall be allowed
Exception: On self-service laundries. for every 0.063 L/s of flow.
3. 1 gpm = 0.063 L/s
Discharge Capacity
ITEM NO. LITERS/SEC (GPM) FIXTURE UNIT
1 Up to 0.47 L/s (Up to 7.5 gpm) 1
2 0.50 to 0.95 (8 to 15 gpm) 2
3 1 to 1.89 (16 to 30 gpm) 4
4 1.95 to 3.15 (31 to 50 gpm) 6
MINIMUM SLOPE OF
SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES
Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2%

or 20mm/m (¼” per foot).
Exception: Where it is impracticable due to depth of street

sewer, adverse structural features and irregular building
plans, pipes 102 mm dia or larger may have a slope of not
less than 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot), approved by the
Administrative Authority
Traps & Interceptors
Types of Permissible Traps:
The Common P-Trap
Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks,

laundry tubs, & urinals
Materials commonly used for the
P-trap: nickel, chrome plated brass,
Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC.
The Deep Seal P-Trap
Water seal is about twice the size of

The common P-trap
Used for extreme conditions because
resealing quality is greater
The Stand Trap
Used for fixtures such as slop sinks

that are usually built low in the
ground, leaving very little space for a
foundation & a trap
Serves as a water seal & structural

support for the fixture
The Running Trap
Used within the line of

the house drain
Types of Permissible Traps:
The Drum Trap
Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)

Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water
(bathtubs, shower or floor drains)
Types of Prohibited Traps:
Traps with movable parts or concealed interior
partitions
No fixtures shall be double-trapped
The S-Trap
Predecessor of P-traps
Used before traps
had to connect to a
ventilation line
REQUIREMENTS:
Traps REQUIRED
Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall
be separately trapped with an approved-type waterseal trap.
Only one trap shall be permitted

on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain
between a trap and the vent)
One trap, centrally located, may

serve three single compartment
sinks or laundry tubs or lavatories,
adjacent to each other and in the
same room, where their waste outlets
are not more than 0.75 m apart.
SIZE OF TRAPS:
The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is
connected.
Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less
than 51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a
deeper seal is found necessary by the Administrative
Authority for special conditions.
Minimum sizes of traps for common plumbing fixtures

DRAINAGE
ITEM TRAP & TRAP
FIXTURE FIXTURE
NO. ARM SIZE
UNITS
1 Bathtubs 38 mm 2
2 Bidets 38 mm 2
3 Floor Drains 51 mm 2
4 Shower, single stall 51 mm 2
5 Sink (residential) 38 mm 2
6 Urinal, wall mounted, integral trap 51 mm 3
7 Wash Basin (single) 32 mm 1
8 Water Closet (private installation) 76 mm 4
9 Water Closet (public installation) 76 mm 6

INSTALLATION OF TRAPS:
The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and
the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length.
Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms

TRAP ARM DISTANCE
DIAMETER TO VENT Note: In no case shall
32 mm 0.76 m the trap distance be less
than 2 times the diameter
38 mm 1.07 m of the trap arm.
51 mm 1.52 m
76 mm 1.83 m
102 mm & larger 3.05 m
The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the

top of closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or
similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.
For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a
change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.
INDUSTRIAL INTERCEPTORS
(CLARIFIERS) & SEPARATORS:
Interceptors (a device designed and installed to separate and
retain deleterious, hazardous or undesirable matters from normal
wastes and permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge
into the disposal terminal by gravity) shall have a water seal of
not less than 152 mm deep.
Each interceptor shall be properly vented.
Slaughterhouses, packing establishments, and any
establishment which discharges wastewater with
considerable amount of grease, hairs, feathers , etc. shall
drain through a screening device and thence into a grease
interceptor.
Auto wash racks and/or floor or slabs used for cleaning
machinery or machine parts shall be adequately protected
against storm or surface water and shall drain into an
interceptor which will separate oil and grease before the
effluent reaches the public stream.
Clean-outs
REQUIREMENTS:
Clean-outs REQUIRED
at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line
at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total
developed length
at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction
thereof
additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line
with an aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°
inside the building near the connection between the building
drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building
at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.
Clean-outs
Clean-outs NOT REQUIRED

on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such
line is serving sinks or urinals.
on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72
deg or less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)
Clean-outs
SIZE OF CLEAN-OUTS:
Size of clean-out shall be in conformity with the size of pipe
served
Clean-Out Size
SIZE OF SIZE OF THREADS

PIPE CLEANOUT PER 25.4MM
38 mm 38 mm 11-1/2
51 mm 38 mm 11-1/2
64 mm 64 mm 8
76 mm 64 mm 8
102 mm & larger 89 mm 8
Clean-outs
INSTALLATION OF
CLEAN-OUTS:
Each clean-out shall be installed so it opens with the
direction of flow or at right angles to the direction of flow
except in the case of a wye branch.
Each 90° clean-out extension shall be constructed from a
wye fitting or an approved fitting of equivalent sweep.
Each clean-out 51 mm or less shall have a front clearance
of not less than 305 mm; those 51 mm or more shall have a
front clearance of 450 mm.
Clean-outs in underfloor piping shall be extended to or
above finish floor or shall be extended outside the building
when there is less than 450 mm vertical clearance or 750
horizontal clearance to the means of access.
No underfloor clean-out for residential occupancies shall be
located more than 6.1 m from an access door, trap door or
crawl hole.
House Drain Appliances
HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCES:

GREASE TRAPS:
For establishments like restaurants, cafes, lunch counters,
cafeterias, bars and clubs, hotel, hospital, sanitarium,
factory or school kitchens. A grease trap is not required for
individual dwelling units.
No grease trap shall be installed for a facility that has an
approved rate of flow of more than 3.4 liters per second
(54.26 gpm) nor less than 1.3 L/s (20.74 gpm).
Each grease trap shall have an approved water seal of not
less than 51 mm in depth or the diameter of its outlet,
whichever is greater.
No food waste disposal unit shall discharge into a grease
interceptor or grease trap.
GREASE TRAPS:
Used for fixtures where grease may be introduced into the
drainage or sewer system in quantities that can effect line
stoppage or hinder sewage treatment or private sewage
disposal.
2 Main Types
Earth Cooled Grease Trap
Mechanical Grease Trap

Operating Principles (separation of grease from water):

grease suspended in waste floats to the surface
Earth cooled Grease Trap Mechanical Grease Trap

Grease Trap Capacity
TOTAL # OF REQUIRED GREASE

FIXTURES RATE OF RETENTION
CONNECTED FLOW CAPACITY
1 76 L/ min. 18 Kg
2 95 L/ min. 23 Kg
3 132 L/ min. 32 Kg
4 189 L/ min. 45 Kg
HOUSE TRAPS:
Placed in the house drain immediately inside the foundation wall
of the building
DRAIN TILES:
Used to prevent groundwater from seeping through the
basement walls & foundation
Hollow tiles are placed around the perimeter of the foundation
where water is collected; drain tiles are connected to the house
drain or sump pit
Garage Traps:
a.k.a. garage catch basin
Operating Principles: trap is filled with water & located at the
lowest point of the garage so it can collect all wastes.
Back Flow Valves:

Used in house drain to prevent the unlikely occurrence of
back flows
Similar to check valves
Sewage Ejectors:
Pumps the wastes up form the sump pit to the sewers (which
are usually higher than basement levels)
VENTS & VENTING
SYSTEM
Vents & Venting System
VENTILATION
Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to

maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure inside the
system
Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the

circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the
negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Main Types: VENTS

Main Soil & Waste Vent
the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitary

system
Connected to the Main Soil & Waste
Stack
The portion where waste does not
travel through
Continues to the roof; the portion
penetrating the roof is called the
Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)
Main Vent
the principal artery of the venting
system to which vent branches are
connected.
a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’
serves as support to the Main Soil &
Waste Vent
Individual Vent or Back Vent
a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that

connects with the vent system above the
fixture served or terminates in the open air.
Other Types:
Unit, Common, or Dual Vent
an arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe
serve two (2) traps.
Relief Vent
a vertical vent line that provides

additional circulation of air between
the drainage and vent systems or to
act as an auxiliary vent on a specially
designed system such as a
“yoke vent” connection between the
soil and vent stacks.
Yoke or By-pass Vent
a pipe connecting upward from a soil

or waste stack below the floor and
below horizontal connection to an
adjacent vent stack at a point above
the floor and higher than the highest
spill level of fixtures for preventing
pressure changes in the stacks.
Circuit Vent
a group vent pipe which starts in front of the

extreme (highest) fixture connection on a
horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.
a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’
Serves a battery of fixtures
Looped Vent
a vertical vent connection on a

horizontal soil or waste pipe
branch at a point downstream
of the last fixture connection
and turning to a horizontal line
above the highest overflow
level of the highest fixture
connected there
Used in spaces without partitions

Wet Vent
that portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also
flows through.
Local Vent
a pipe or shaft to convey foul air

from a plumbing fixture or a room
to the outer air.
Dry Vent
a vent that does not carry liquid or

water-borne wastes.
Stack Vent
the extension of a soil or waste stack

above the highest horizontal drain
connected to the stack.
Vent Stack
the vertical vent pipe installed

primarily for providing circulation of
air to and from any part of the soil, waste
of the drainage system. The uppermost
end above the roof has traditionally been
referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).
REQUIREMENTS:
Vents REQUIRED
Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-
pressure through venting.
Vents NOT REQUIRED

on a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges
through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary
interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be properly
trapped and vented.
Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall
discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into
a floor sink or other approved type receptor.
SIZE OF VENTS:
The sizes of vent piping shall be determined from its length
and the total number of fixture units connected thereto.
The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than 32
mm (1-1/4”) nor less in size than one-half (1/2) the diameter
of the drain to which it is connected.
Installation of Vents
GRADES & CONNECTIONS

All horizontal or branch vents shall be free from drops or
sags & shall be graded and connected to drip back by
gravity to the drainage pipe it serves.
Each vent shall rise vertically 152 mm above the highest

level rim of the fixtures served before offsetting horizontally.
All vent pipes shall extend undiminished in size above the

roof or shall be reconnected to the soil or waste stack vent
at a point below the roof. The “vent stack through roof”
(VSTR) shall be increased one (1) pipe size above the
connection between the stack vent and the horizontal vent.
Two (2) fixtures having same level inlet openings, may be

served by a common vertical vent pipe connected to an
approved double branch fitting.
VENT TERMINATION
VSTR shall terminate vertically not less than 150 mm above
the roof nor less than 300 mm from any vertical surface
nearby.
Each vent opening shall terminate:
Not less than 3.00 m from any openable window;
Not less than 0.90 m above any openable window;
Not less than 0.90 m away from any lot line, alley and street
boundary lines.
Vertical vent pipes shall extend 3.00 m distant from any part
of the roof that is used for human activities and shall extend
not less than 2.10 m above such roof.
VENT STACK & RELIEF VENTS
Each soil or waste stack extending ten (10) or more storeys

above the building drain shall be served by a parallel vent
stack which shall extend undiminished in size from its upper
terminal at the roof and connect to the soil or waste stack at
ground level and at every fifth floor levels with a “yoke vent”
at a point below the horizontal soil or waste branch
connection to the stack and at the nearby vent stack above
the same floor to provide a relief vent.
The size of yoke vent shall be not less in diameter than
either the soil stack or the vent stack, whichever is smaller.
The yoke vent connection at the vent stack shall be placed
1.0 m above the floor level and, by means of a wye branch
at the soil stack, shall be placed below the fixture branch
serving that floor.
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS:

Trap Seal Loss
- Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system
due to inadequate ventilation of traps
- Attributed to the following conditions:
Siphonage- direct and momentum
Back Pressure Capillary Attraction
Evaporation- caused by extreme temperatures, idleness

Wind Effects- strong winds blow the trap seal
Retardation of flow
- Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity
Deterioration of the Materials

- Due to the formation of acids
INDIRECT WASTE PIPING,
WET-VENTED SYSTEMS & SPECIAL WASTES
Indirect Waste Pipe

– is a pipe that does not connect directly with the
drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by
discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or
receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.
VENTILATION
The process of
supplying or
removing air by
natural or
artificial means
to or from any
space, such air
may or may
have not been
conditioned.
VENT
A pipe installed to
provide a flow of
air to and from a
drainage system
or to provide
circulation of air
within such
system to protect
the trap seal from
siphonage and
backpressure.
VENT STACK, MAIN VENT
A vertical vent
pipe installed
primarily for the
purpose of
providing
circulation of air
to or from any
part of the
building drainage
system.
STACK VENT, SOIL AND WASTE
VENT
The extension to
the open air of a
soil or waste stack
above the highest
horizontal branch
drain or fixture
branch connected
to the stack.
INDIVIDUAL VENT/BACK VENT
Type of venting
system where the
vent connects
with a single
fixture trap,
usually at the
back and extends
vertically and
connects with a
stack vent, a vent
stack or branch
vent.
CIRCUIT VENT
A branch vent which
serves two or more traps
and extends from in front
of the last fixture
connection of a horizontal
branch to the vent stack.
Circuit venting can be
used when two or more
fixtures, such as
lavatories, are installed in
a row. The circuit vent is
connected to the waste
drain line between the last
two fixtures in the row.
Then the circuit vent is
connected to the main
vent.
LOOP VENT
A VENT
ARRANGEMENT FOR A
GROUP OF PLUMBING
FIXTURES, CONSIST
OF A VENT PIPE
WHICH IS
CONNECTED TO THE
WASTE OR SOIL
BRANCH
IMMEDIATELY
BEFORE THE FIRST
FIXTURE OF THE
GROUP.
LOOPED VENT
A type of ventilation
system used on
fixtures in a room
away from a wall or
partition.
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEM
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
DISPOSAL PHASE- the final stage of the plumbing process;
where used water and water-carried wastes are brought to
various disposal outlets
Definition: SEPTIC TANKS

A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed
to receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer,
separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and
store digested solids through a period of detention, and
allow the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal
SLUDGE- solid organic matter that are denser than water
and settle at the bottom of the septic tank
SCUM- lighter organic material that rise to the surface of
the water
EFFLUENT- liquid content of sewage
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
Bacteria in septic tank

to encourage decomposition:
Aerobic bacteria- relies on oxygen to survive
Anaerobic bacteria- can survive in places without
oxygen
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
Minimum
dimensions-
L= 1500mm
W=900mm
D=1200mm
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
SINGLE CHAMBER SEPTIC TANK:
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
DESIGN CRITERIA:
PLANS:
should show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural
calculations, and such other pertinent data as needed.
QUALITY OF DESIGN:
shall be such as to produce a clarified effluent of acceptable
standards and shall provide adequate space for sludge and
scum accumulations.
MATERIALS:
constructed of durable materials, not subject to excessive
corrosion or decay, shall be watertight.
Material: cement (most common) or pre-fabricated cast iron
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
COMPARTMENTS:
have a minimum of 2 compartments:
First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total
capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity;
shall be at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid
depth not less than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.
Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total
capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity
In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary
compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.
maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion
chamber to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible
from the manhole
MANHOLES:
with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension;
one over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment
exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required
over the baffle wall.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET & THEIR

VERTICAL LEGS:
Inlet and Outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the
sewer pipe
Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes – diameter size not less
than the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm.
LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET & OUTLET:
Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below
the water surface
Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8
mm above the invert of the outlet pipe.
VENT DIAMETER:
equal to the cross sectional area of the house sewer.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
AIR SPACE:
Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth.
Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the
back vent openings.
PARTITION (between compartments):

An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in
no case less than 104.6 mm in diameter, shall be installed in
the inlet compartment side of the baffle with the bottom of
the fitting placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden
baffles are prohibited.
STRUCTURE:
Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not

less than 14.4 kPa
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
CAPACITY:
The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of
bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by
the estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various
building occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all
plumbing fixtures; whichever is greater.
The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system
shall also be limited by the soil structure classification in its
drainage field.
LOCATION:
Should not be located underneath the house
At least 15 meters from the water distribution system
SEWERS
3 degrees or grades of
waste water:
Grey Water (or Area Water)

Waste water with the exception of human wastes
From laundries, wash basins, sinks, tubs, etc.
Black Water
Water plus solid and liquid human wastes
Storm Water
Rainwater only
SEWERS
CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS:
Combination Public Sewers
Oldest variety
Carries both storm & sanitary wastes
Storm Sewers
Sanitary Sewers
Carries regular sanitary wastes only
Terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for
treatment
Built at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries)
SEWERS
2 TYPES OF SANITARY SEWERS:

Tributary Sewers
Termination points of individual units or structures
Usually round shaped, with diameters between
0.60 to 1.2 meters
Made of vitrified clay or cement pipes; often
installed by the curb line, before the street
Normally laid in the Northern or Eastern side of
streets with east-west or north-south orientations
SEWERS
Intercepting Sewers
a.k.a. ‘collecting sewers’
Termination points of tributary sewers
Placed much lower in the ground, from 4 to 30
meters in depth
Varies in shape but have a diameter or effective
opening ranging from 0.60 to 3 meters
Sloped at an angle of 1:50 or 2%

Lifting stations are placed at certain intervals and
pumps or sewage ejectors are used to lift the
waste; sewers terminate at the disposal plant
SEWERS
REQUIREMENTS:
Sewers REQUIRED
Drainage pipes of all buildings shall be connected to the
public sewer. When not available, they shall be connected to
an approved private sewage disposal system.
Public sewer may be considered as not being available if it
is more than 61 meters from any proposed building or
exterior drainage facility.
Exception: Single family dwellings with an existing private
sewage disposal system may not be connected to a new
public sewer when no hazard, nuisance or unsanitary
condition is evident and when there is no sufficient grade or
fall existing to permit proper drainage flow by gravity to the
public sewer.
SEWERS
DAMAGE TO PUBLIC SEWER OR
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEM
It is unlawful to discharge any ashes, cinders, solids, rags,
flammable, poisonous, explosive liquids or gases, oils,
grease, and other things whatsoever which would cause
damage to the public sewer or private disposal system.
No rain, surface or subsurface waters shall discharge into
any excreta drainage system.
No cesspool and septic tank effluents, seepage pit or under
drain system shall be connected to the excreta building
sewer leading to a public sewer main.
No commercial food waste grinder shall be connected to a

private or public sewage disposal system.
SEWERS
SIZE OF SEWER:
The minimum size of any building sewer shall be
determined on the basis of the total number of fixture units
drained by such sewer. No building sewer shall be smaller
than 150 mm diameter nor less in size than the building
drain.
SEWERS
INSTALLATION OF SEWER:
Building sewers shall be run in practical alignment at a

uniform slope of not less than 2% or 21 mm/m toward the
point of disposal.
Exception: When impractical due to depth of street sewer,
structural features or to adverse arrangement of building, to
obtain a slope of 2%, sewers 102 mm and 152 mm in dia
may have a slope of not less than 1% (10.5 mm/m) and
those 203 mm dia and larger may have a slope of not less
than 0.5% (5.3 mm/m)
SEWERS
No building sewer shall be

installed less than 0.6 M
from the outer face of any
building foundation, nor
less than 0.3 M below the
finish surface of the ground.
Location of building sewer in relation to other services is

shown below.
0.60 m from any building or structure
15.2 m from water supply wells
15.2 m from streams
0.30 m from domestic supply pipes
0.30 m from public water main
SEWERS
Building sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which
are not approved for use within a building shall not be laid in
the same trench as water pipes unless:
the bottom of the water pipe is 0.3M

above the top of the sewer pipe
(NPC 1208.1.1),
the water pipe is placed

on a solid shelf excavated
at one side of the common
trench with a minimum
horizontal distance of at
least 0.3 m from the sewer
or drain pipe
(NPC 1208.1.2).
SEWERS
Water pipes crossing sewer or drainage pipe of clay or

materials which are not approved for use within a building
shall be laid a minimum of 0.3 m clear above the sewer or
drain pipe. Water pipe joint shall be installed not less than 3
meters away from sewer line in both directions.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
DISPOSAL FIELDS
Private sewage disposal system common in rural areas for
structures with large adjacent open fields
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
AREA:
dependent on the required septic tank capacity or estimated
sewage flow rate, whichever is greater, and;
the type of soil found in the excavation.
DISTANCE FROM WATER TABLE:

No excavation for leach bed shall extend within 1.5 m of the
water table.
WITH SEEPAGE PIT:

Filter material in the trenches shall terminate 1.5 m from pit
excavation and the pipe extending from such points to the
seepage pit shall be watertight.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
SEEPAGE PITS
a loosely lined excavation in the ground, which receives the

discharge of a septic tank; designed to permit effluent to
seep through pit bottom and sides
CAPACITY:
based on the quantity of liquid waste and on the character
and porosity of the surrounding soil.
SIZE OF SEEPAGE PIT:

Circular in shape with excavated diameter of not less than
2.2 m and to be lined with clay or concrete brick.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
STRENGTH:
Brick lining shall have a minimum
compressive strength of 17225 kPa.
MULTIPLE SEEPAGE PITS:
served through a distribution

box or shall be connected in
series by means of a watertight
connection. The outlet shall
have a vented leg fitting extending
304.8 mm below the inlet fitting.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
CESSPOOLS
a non-watertight lined
excavation in the ground
which receives the discharge
of a sanitary drainage system,
designed to retain the organic
matter but permitting the liquid
to seep through the pit bottom
and sides
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
TEMPORARY PERMITS:
Temporary expedient pending the construction of a public
sewer, so long as it is established that a public sewer will be
available in less than 2 years and the soil and ground water
conditions are favorable;
As an overflow facility when installed in conjunction with an
existing cesspool;
As a means of sewage disposal for limited, minor, or
temporary uses.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
PRIVIES
Outside Privy- oldest form of disposal of

organic waste. Consists of a vault
constructed of concrete for the collection
of raw sewage and a wooden shelter
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
COMMERCIAL / INDUSTRIAL
SPECIAL LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL
REQUIREMENTS:
When liquid wastes containing excessive amounts of
grease, garbage, flammable wastes, sand, or other
ingredients which may affect the operation of a private
sewage disposal system, an interceptor for such waste shall
be installed.
DISPOSAL:
Waste from interceptors may be discharged to a septic tank
or other primary system or into a separate disposal system.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE
SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Location of Sewage Disposal System
MIN. HORIZONTAL DISPOSAL SEEPAGE
BLDG SEPTIC
DISTANCE IN CLEAR FIELD PIT OR
SEWER TANK
REQUIRED FROM CESSPOOL
1 Buildings or 0.6 m 1.5 m 2.4 m 2.4 m
structures*
2 Property line Clear** 1.5 m 1.5 m 2.4 m
Adjoining private
Property
3 Water supply 15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m 45.7 m
wells
4 Streams 15.2 m 15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m
5 Trees - 3m - 3m
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE
SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Location of Sewage Disposal System
MIN. HORIZONTAL DISPOSAL SEEPAGE
BLDG SEPTIC
DISTANCE IN CLEAR FIELD PIT OR
SEWER TANK
REQUIRED FROM CESSPOOL
6 Seepage pits or - 1.5 m 1.5 m 3.7 m
Cesspools
7 Disposal field 1.5 m 1.2 m 1.5 m
8 On site domestic 0.3 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
Water service line
9 Pressure public 3m 3m 3m 3m
Water main
Sewage Treatment Plan (STP)
Some features of STP:
An aeration system within the tank;
A submersible mixer to mix the waste;
A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying;
A decanter;
Blowers;
A fully electronic control system, etc.
Water Recycling
2 Most Common Types of

Municipal Sewage Treatment
The Activated Sludge Process

Involves a series of stations where the raw sewage must
pass through
First Phase- gets rid of heavy materials with the use of three
different filter houses
Second Phase- clarifies the effluent
Third Phase- hardens the sludge and converts it to fertilizers
Produces water with 99-99.5% purity
Water Recycling
Raw sewage inlet
The Activated Sludge Process
1. Grit Chamber 2. Coarse screen house
4. incinerator
3. Fine screen house
5. Activated sludge tank
6. Aerating
8. Power House 7. Clarifier outlet
basin
10. Liquid
11. Chemical
9. Drier house extractor
house
house
13. Vacuum
12. warehouse power
house
Water Recycling
The Trickling Filter Process

a.k.a ‘Percolating or Sprinkling Filter System’
Requires less mechanical elements and less stages
Produces water with 95% purity
Requires a large ground area for its building
STORM DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
Rainwater Pipes
DOWNSPOUTS OR CONDUCTOR
PIPES, GUTTERS
Rainwater piping shall not be used as soil, waste and vent pipes.
Downspout and gutter sizes are based upon the maximum depth
of rainfall per hour falling upon a given roof area in square meters.
An ave. 102 mm/hr rainfall intensity is used around Metro Manila.
Round, square (sized to enclose its equivalent

round pipe) or rectangular (shall have at least the
same cross-sectional area as its equivalent round pipe,
except that the ratio of its side dimensions shall not
exceed 3 to 1) rainwater pipes may be used
for downspouts.
Downspouts for high-rise buildings shall be of stronger pipe

materials to resist the high hydrostatic pressure, they shall be
installed within a pipe chase, and have no intermediate branch
from the roof to the ground level.
Rainwater Pipes
ROOF DRAINS
Roof drains shall be equipped with dome-type strainers extending
102 mm above the surface of the roof surface. With a minimum
total net inlet area of 1 – ½ times the area of the outlet pipe to
which it is connected.
Roof deck strainers shall be approved flat-surface type, with a

total net inlet area not less than 2 times the area of the outlet pipe
to which the drain is connected.
Roof drains passing through building interiors shall be made

watertight by the use of C.I. drain with integrally-cast waterstop
ring around the outside of the body and placed at mid-depth of the
concrete roof slab and the installation of a clamped suitable
flashing material around the drain.
Storm Water System
3 Major Systems of
Collecting Storm Water:
The Independent System
a.k.a. ‘the Separate System’

Brings collected water directly
to the water reservoirs
Storm Water System
The Combined System
Combines storm water
with sanitary wastes
Storm Water System
The Natural System

Without using any roof gutters or downspouts
Also when rainwater is collected in cisterns
Storm Drain Locations

Storm Water System
Roofing Elements to
Collect Rainwater:
The Gutter
Usually located along the
entire perimeter of the roof
The Downspout
Located every 8 to 10 meters
& at every corner of the roof
(but, to avoid clogging of pipes,
it is best to locate them every
4 to 6 m)
Storm Water System
The Strainer or Roof Drain
Drain designed to receive water collecting on

the surface of a roof and to discharge it into a
downspout. Designed to prevent clogging.
The Shoe
At the bottom of the roof leader to direct rain-
water towards the nearest catch basin
Storm Water System
The Catch Basin

Downspouts should terminate in a catch basin (can serve more
than one downspout)
Delivers water to the sewers in the street via gravity
Area-Drain-Catch-Basin: also collects surface water
The Storm Line

Connects to each catch basin
Storm Water System
Storm Sewers
Carries only rainwater collected from the storm

drain or from the streets
Terminates at natural drainage

areas (i.e. lakes, rivers, and
water reservoirs)
Require manholes to serve as
clean-outs and to make sewers
accessible for inspection and
repair built at depths of about 2 to
3 meters; diameter ranging from
0.6 to 1.2 meters
FIRE SAFETY
PRINCIPLES
Intro Definition and Causes of Fire
2
Fire is a rapid oxidation process

accompanied by the evolution
of heat, light, flame and the
emission of sound.
The Fire Triangle: Fuel (Fire Load)

Three elements - fuel,
oxygen and heat - are
required to start a fire.
The oxidation process
will not be possible
without any one of these
elements. Oxygen (Ventilation) Heat (Ignition)
Intro Classes of Fire
3
Fire involving: How to Suppress:
Class A: Ordinary combustible

Use Water
materials such as wood,
cloth, paper, rubber and
plastics, etc.
Class B: Flammable or combustible Exclude air from
burning materials
liquids, flammable gases.
Class C: Energized electrical No Water; Use electrically

non-conductive
equipment extinguishing agents such
as gaseous systems
Class D: Combustible metals such Heat-absorbing

as potassium, sodium, medium which is not
reactive with
magnesium and other burning metals
reactive metals
Intro Fire Growth
2
Stages
Stage 1: Pre-flashover or Involves flaming combustion of an

item and may lead to a spread of
growth phase fire; or a smoldering, poorly-
ventilated fire with substantial
smoke.
Rapid change from a local fire to

Stage 2: Flashover one involving all combustible
materials in a room.
All materials in compartment are

Stage 3: Fully developed fire alight; maximum rate of heat
(Stable phase) release is dependent on either
available ventilation or quantity of
fuel.
Stage 4: Decay (Cooling Gradual consumption of fuel in the

compartment.
Period)
Intro Fire Growth
2
Architectural Intervention This graph shows where active and passive
during Fire Growth fire protection will play an important part

during the development of fire.
Active Fire Protection Passive Fire Protection

Detection, activation and suppression Resistance to heat and flames of fire rated constructions
Temperature Time
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Slow rate of Development of heat Load bearing capacity of materials is maintained.

burning and flames Prevention of fire spread to other compartments.
Intro Behavior of Fire and Smoke
1
Vertical Shaft or Duct

Suspended Ceiling
(Stack Effect)
Ceiling Void
Smoke and Flame

likely to re-enter Enclosed Area
Vertical Shaft or Duct

1.00 m
Outlet to
open air
Outlet to Enclosed
adjoining space
Area
Intro Fire Spread
2
Internal Fire Spread due to:
Through Air Ducts
Through Through Ceiling and

Vertical Collapsed Partitions
Shafts
Origin of Fire
Through Non-Fire
Rated Doors
Internal Fire Spread

between Rooms and Floors
Intro Fire Spread
External Fire Spread due to:
Congested High Fire Load Areas

Intro Fire Spread
Loss of Integrity of Fire Wall

Intro Fire Spread
2
Convection
Ignition of Materials
Currents
Ignition of Materials Ignition of Materials
Ignition of Materials
Origin of Fire
Proximity of Buildings
Aims in
Fire Safety Design
A To prevent fire
B To safeguard the lives of

occupants and firefighters
C To reduce damage on the

building, its contents, and on
surrounding buildings
Basic
Principles
1 Fire Avoidance
2 Fire Detection
3 Fire Growth Restriction
4 Fire Containment
5 Fire Control
6 Smoke Control
7 Escape Provisions
Basic
Fire Avoidance 1
Principles 1
Definition & Implication

Reducing the possibility of accidental ignition of
construction materials, as well as fittings and
fixtures.
This implies:
a. keeping separate heat

sources and materials which
might ignite readily through
proper planning and zoning
b. need to specify materials to
reduce the risk of fire starting
c. reducing fire load
Basic
Fire Avoidance 1
Principles 1
Fire Zoning (eg. Hospitals)
1. Life Risk Areas – areas in which all occupants are ambulant and
able to move unaided away from a fire
- eg. Outpatient department; Service Zone
For Most Buildings
2. High Fire Risk Areas – areas which, due to their function, are
For Hospitals
more usually susceptible to an outbreak of fire, or to a rapid spread of

fire or smoke.
- eg. Kitchen or Boiler Room
3. High Fire Load Areas – areas which, because of their

construction or contents, contain large amounts of combustible
materials, thereby constituting a fire load in excess of that normally
found
- eg. Gas Storage, Linen Closets
4. High Life Risk Areas – areas in which persons may reside and
are not able to move unaided away from a fire.
- eg. Intensive Care Unit, Operating Department
Basic
PrinciplesFire Avoidance1
Fire Zoning (eg. Hospitals)
LEGEND:
LIFE RISK
HIGH LIFE RISK
HIGH FIRE RISK
HIGH FIRE LOAD
Basic
Fire Avoidance 1
Principles 2
Choice of Materials and Knowledge

1
on Material Performance
Concrete Masonry
-high fire resistance - high fire resistance
- disintegrates at 400-500°C - cracks at 575°C
- holes in concrete will - are subject to high
expose steel structural temperatures during
members manufacture
Steel Calcium Silicate

- does not burn - excellent thermal shock
- may buckle in fire resistance
- high conductivity spreads - up to 1000°C
heat - suitable for cladding
- loses half its strength in structural members
550°C
Timber Glass
- combustible - standard float, toughened
- little loss of strength and laminated glass panes do
as charcoal formed not provide any fire resistance
insulates wood core - monolithic fire-rated glass is
- spreads flames available
Basic
Fire Avoidance 1
Principles 2
1
Knowledge on Fire Load
“the amount of material which is able to
burn and release heat and smoke”
In a compartment, limiting fuel will

help reduce the dangers of heat and
smoke.
Building contents make up the

majority of the fire load, since most
fires start from the ignition of these
contents.
The total amount of fuel in a building, its accessibility to fire
engines, the availability of water, etc. will determine the level
of fire resistance and the maximum size of a building
compartment.
Basic
PrinciplesFire Detection2
Visual Fire Detection
To visually expose FIRE RISK and FIRE LOAD
areas to building occupants.
Lounge
Patient Room
Sto
Patient Room
Nurse Station
Basic
Visual Fire Detection
fire-prone areas provide peepholes

should be visually on doors
accessible
Basic
Mechanical Fire Detection
Makes use of manual and automatic (electric/
electronic) methods of informing the occupants in
charge that a fire has occurred in a given location.
Fire alarm systems must be

Heat and smoke alarm systems accessible in all zones especially in
inside Fire Risk and Fire Load fire-prone areas.
areas.
Basic
Fire Growth Restriction3
Principles
Aimed at ensuring that the growing fire is extinguished
immediately and at providing adequate time for firemen to
arrive, control the fire and evacuate the occupants.
Manual Means of Restricting

5
Fire Growth
Actively extinguishing or slowing down
the development of a fire before the full
involvement of the room. This is done
by the room’s local occupants.
Means:
1. Fire Extinguisher
2. Water Supply
3. Fire Blanket
4. Bucket of Sand
Basic
Principles
4
Rating of Fire Extinguishers :
Class A Extinguishers will put out fires in ordinary
combustibles, such as wood and paper. The numerical rating
for this class of fire extinguisher refers to the amount of water
the fire extinguisher holds and the amount of fire it will
extinguish
Class B Extinguishers should be used on fires involving

flammable liquids, such as grease, gasoline, oil, etc. The
numerical rating for this class of fire extinguisher states the
approximate number of square feet of a flammable liquid fire
that a non-expert person can expect to extinguish
Class C Extinguishers are suitable for use on electrically

energized fires. This class of fire extinguishers does not have
a numerical rating. The presence of the letter “C” indicates that
the extinguishing agent is non-conductive
Class D Extinguishers are designed for use on flammable

metals and are often specific for the type of metal in question.
There is no picture designator for Class D extinguishers.
These extinguishers generally have no rating nor are they
given a multi-purpose rating for use on other types of fires
Basic
Principles
4
Types of Fire Extinguishers :
Dry Chemical extinguishers are usually rated for multiple purpose use. They
contain an extinguishing agent and use a compressed, non-flammable gas as a
propellant
Halon extinguishers contain a gas that interrupts the chemical reaction that takes
place when fuels burn. These types of extinguishers are often used to protect
valuable electrical equipment since them leave no residue to clean up. Halon
extinguishers have a limited range, usually 1.2 to 1.8 meters. The initial application
of Halon should be made at the base of the fire, even after the flames have been
extinguished
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers are most effective on Class B and C (liquids
and electrical) fires. Since the gas disperses quickly, these extinguishers are only
effective from 1.0 to 2.4 feet. The carbon dioxide is stored as a compressed liquid in
the extinguisher; as it expands, it cools the surrounding air. The cooling will often
cause ice to form around the “horn” where the gas is expelled from the extinguisher.
Since the fire could re-ignite, continue to apply the agent even after the fire appears
to be out
Basic
Principles
Mechanical Means of
6
Restricting Fire Growth
Sprinkler Specifications:
-Categories: General Use, Institutional,

Residential, Attics, Special Hazards,
Storage
Sprinklers can be spaced
-3 heads: upright, pendent and sidewall from 3.6 to 6.0 meters apart.
-Rated to 175 psi
Basic
Fire Containment4
Principles
Definition and Implication
Assumes that measures to control a growing fire
may not be successful, hence its maximum size
needs to be restricted both to reduce the risk
and to allow effective firefighting.
Extend CHB
walls up to This implies:
slab
1. Fire cladding of structural components to ensure stability
of structural frames.
2. The use of fire-rated walls and slabs to contain fire in
rooms, sub-compartments and compartments so as to
segregate areas where fire may occur.
Provide 1 m. 3. Others:
ledge to prevent
spread of fire - plugging all holes; extending CHB walls up to the slab;
- providing a 1-meter ledge to prevent fire from creeping up
exterior walls into the floor above through windows.
Basic
Fire Containment4
Principles
2
Concepts of Fire Compartmentation
Definition Objectives
-To limit fire and smoke spread
Containing fire- -To allow longer escape time
prone areas by -To reduce the maximum potential size of the fire
means of fire-
resistive
enclosures
Room
Sub-Compartment
Compartment
Fire-Rated
Surface
Compartment The more combustible the contents of a building, the

smaller the compartment should be.
Sizes
Joints must be filled with non-combustible materials
to prevent the spread of smoke or flame.
Basic
Fire Containment4
Principles
Concepts of Fire Compartmentation
LEGEND:
Department
Rooms
Basic
Fire Containment4
Principles
3
Fire Rating of Construction Systems
Concrete Masonry Wall Units
2 Hour 4 Hour
4” 6”
Gypsum Walls
1 Hour 2 Hour
Wood Steel Wood Steel
-One layer 12mm type X -One layer 16mm type X

veneer base nailed to each gypsum wallboard or veneer
side of 50mmX100mm wood base applied to each side of
-Two layers 16mm type X gypsum -Two layers 16mm type X gypsum
studs 400mm O.C. 40mm metal studs 600mm wallboard or veneer base applied wallboard or veneer base applied
O.C. to each side of 50mmx100mm to each side of 62mm metal studs
wood studs 600mm O.C. 400mm O.C.
Basic
Fire Containment4
Principles
3
Ceiling Systems
1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour
STEEL
12mm gypsum wallboard 12mm gypsum wallboard RUNNERS
applied to drywall resilient applied to drywall furring 12mm
3-16mm FIRE
furring channels 600mm O.C. channels. Furring channels 25mm RATED
and nailed to wood joists 600mm O.C., attached with 18 PANELS
400mm O.C. Wood joists gauge wire ties open web 35mm x 22mm
ANGLE
supporting 25mm T&G finish steel joists 600mm O.C. WIRE MESH
RUNNER
floor. supporting rib metal lath on 28
CORNER
gauge corrugated steel and REINFORCEMENT
62mm concrete slab.
Basic
Fire Containment4
Principles
3
Door Openings For 1.2m X 3.0m single hollow metal doors (ga.20 steel face), with
labeled single-point or 3-point latching hardware, steel hinges or pivots
1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour
125mm
min
1.370m 0.83m
max max
-Maximum glass area: 0.83 sq.m 125mmglass area 0.063 sq.m

-Maximum -Flush Metal Door
-For openings in walls or partitions min
-6mm thk Wire glass in a steel frame -No Glass Permitted
between rooms and corridors having a fire -For openings in enclosures of vertical -3mm clearance at jambs
resistance rating of 1 hour or less communications through buildings and in -10mm clearance at non-combustinle floor
2-hour rated partitions providing horizontal -For openings in fire walls or walls that
fire separations divide a single building into fire areas
Basic
Fire Containment4
Principles
Load Bearing Capacity, Integrity
2
and Insulation
Load Bearing Capacity Integrity Insulation
Collapse or Passage of Temperature

excessive flame increase
deflection
Structural Performance: Ability to resist the *Insulated building elements will

Building still stands development of crack or not ignite in fire and will ensure
passage of human beings without
during an emergency perforations so as not
damage on the other side of the
to allow passage of separating element.
Ability to carry load
smoke and flame
without collapsing Ability to prevent heat transfer
from one face to the other face.
Basic
Principles Fire Control5
Definition and Implication
Covers those devices and systems which aid
firefighters in actively extinguishing the fire and
bringing it to an end earlier than a free-burning fire.
Access Road
ensure that all areas inside

and outside the building
are covered by reach of
access road for firetrucks the firehose
Basic
Site Access for Fire Control8:
L T-TURN
CUL-DE-SAC
W
30m> DEAD END
Fire apparatus should have Bollards and fences used for traffic
control must allow for sufficient Prevent time-consuming, hazardous
unobstructed access to back-ups at dead-ends by using T-
buildings. open road width for fire truck
turns and cul-de-sacs
MAX. 90 METERS
FIRE HYDRANT
0.3m
SIAMESE
CONNECTION
Place hydrants at max. 3 meters Hydrant must be Utility poles, kiosks, sculpture,
from curb. Siamese connection unobstructed; Fire hose fountains, plant boxes can impede
to standpipes must be visible connection should be at fire rescue operations
and within 60m from hydrant least 0.3m above grade
Basic
Firetrucks
Aerial Apparatus
30 m. Specifications:
25 m.
20 m.
75 ° (safe 75 ° 75 °
angle)
8.5 m. 6.7 m. 5.6 m.

Approx. 10 storeys Approx. 8-9 storeys Approx. 6-7 storeys
Basic
Concept of the Firefighting Shaft
Provides access to a building, especially in high
rise buildings, for fire brigades.
Elevator
Is fully-equipped with firefighting equipment, shaft Wet and Dry
Risers
service elevator, stair and lobby.
Provides a sufficiently secure operating base

and a rest area in between firefighting
operations.
Fire-rated
doors
Basic
PrinciplesSmoke Control6
2
Definition and Techniques
Measures which can assist to some extent
occupants in the fire zone but are particularly
needed for others in adjacent areas or
compartments.
Venting
Techniques of Smoke
Control
Extraction of Smoke
Ceiling Reservoir a. SMOKE CONTAINMENT/
BARRIER – technique of
Smoke Plume restricting the movement of
smoke by the provision of fire
resisting elements.
Shop
b. SMOKE DISPERSAL –
Mall
Smoke Barrier technique of clearing smoke
locally by provision of natural
Make Up Air cross-ventilation or mechanical
venting.
Basic
PrinciplesSmoke Control6
2
Definition and Techniques
c. PRESSURIZATION – technique whereby air is blown into
spaces which are designed to be kept clear of smoke.
High
Uses barriers including Pressure
walls, floors and
doors, to contain Low
Pressure
pressurized air
generated by
mechanical means to
keep smoke away
from protected areas
such as escape
staircases and
corridors.
Basic
Escape Provisions7
Principles
Definition
Cover a range of passive or active systems which
permit the occupants to move or be moved to a
place of safety within or to the outside of a building.
CORRIDOR SYSTEM:
direct, not tortuous
simple lay-out
no barriers, cul-de-sacs, bottlenecks
doors open out, not in
easily detectible, not hidden from view
FIRE ESCAPE:
fire escape stairs designed to be used daily for familiarity
of escape route
well-maintained (not used as storage of junk)
Basic
Escape Provisions7
Principles
1
Protected Escape Routes
To provide safety, This can be Escape Route Leading to:
the routes must achieved by: Protected Escape
be properly Route
- Compartmentation
protected from Place of Safety Place of Safety
the effects of fire - Fire resistance of

a. Protected Escape Route
and smoke for an escape route
structure
acceptable time Protected Lobby
period, usually a - Use of smoke Place of Safety

minimum of 60 control systems to
keep smoke out of Place of Safety
minutes. escape routes b. Protected Lobby
Protected escape routes are designed in such a Stairway

Enclosure
way that they lead to a place of safety, and once Place of Safety
inside the occupants are safe from the Place of Safety

immediate danger from fire and smoke.
c. Protected Stairway Enclosure
Basic
Escape Provisions7
Principles
1
Alternative Means of Escape
Place of Place of
Safety Safety
exit courtyard
Alternative
Means of Escape subcomp-
compart- subcomp-
-Doors should be as far ment artment
artment
as possible from each
other; preferably on courtyard
opposite walls Access through
-Both doors should not
subcomp-
Courtyards
open into the same
subcomp- artment
compartment artment
Basic
Escape Provisions7
Principles
1
Design of Fire Resisting Doors
Additional width to
allow for door
swing
Reqd.
width of
escape
route
Design
width
90° min 90° min
Design
width
Basic
Escape Provisions7
Principles
Primary Considerations in the
Design for FIRE Safety
of Hospitals1
1. The presence of patients with various degrees

of dependency and immobility on one hand
and the constant presence of staff on the
other.
2. It is assumed that there should be no reliance

on external; rescue or such manipulative types
of escape appliances as chutes or fire ladders.
3. The staff would be fully responsible in

assisting patients within their area of control
to a place of safety in an emergency.
Basic
Escape Provisions7
Principles
1
Progressive Horizontal Evacuation
FIRE SAFETY
PRINCIPLES
END
FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM
Water & Water Supply for
Fire Fighting
Supplying Water for
Fire Protection Systems:
The Elevated Water Tank
The Underground Water Reservoir
Types of
Fire Protection Systems:
Dry Standpipe System
Wet Standpipe System
Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection

Automatic / Sprinkler System
Fire Fighting
Dry Standpipe System
No longer being utilized in new

buildings, provided other systems
are employed (otherwise must
be installed in buildings 4 levels CONNECT TO
FIRE HOSE
or more)
The standpipe is a pipe installed in buildings not as part of

the water supply or waste disposal system but primarily
for use as water conveyor in case of fire
How it works: a standpipe is connected to the building
exterior (max ht.= 1.20M) for connection to fire department
As much as possible, standpipes should be located in
stairway landings
Fire Fighting
Wet Standpipe System
How it works: a piping network (line is directly connected
to the main water line) connects to all levels of a building
(at least 1 standpipe on each level)
Wet standpipes shall be constructed of wrought iron or

galvanized steel
The number of wet standpipes shall be determined so that

all portions of the building are within 6.00 meters of a
nozzle attached to a hose 23 meters long
The minimum diameter for a wet standpipe is 51mm for

those less than 15 meters form the fire service connection.
For those more than 15 meters from the fire service
connection, the minimum diameter is 63mm
Fire Fighting
Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection
How it works: a piping
network directly connected
to the main water line,
connects to all levels of a
building; additionally, a
Siamese Connection is
located outside the building
for additional water supply
Fire Fighting
Automatic / Sprinkler System
There are two general types of Automatic Sprinkler
Systems: the Automatic Wet and Automatic Dry
Smoke Detectors &
Sprinkler Heads
Spacing of Sprinkler Heads:
Spacing of Sprinkler Heads
COVERAGE OF ONE
KIND OF BUILDING
SPRINKLER HEAD
Light Hazard Occupancy 20 square meters
Extra hazard Occupancy 10 square meters
Special Installation Requirements

At least one fire department connection on each frontage
A master alarm system valve control for all water supplies
other than fire department connections
Special fire walls between protected areas
Sloping water proof floors with drains or scupper to carry
away waste water
Smoke Detectors &
Sprinkler Heads
Types of Sprinkler Heads
Upright- used above piping

when piping is exposed
Pendent- projects through

a finished ceiling when
piping is exposed
ACOUSTICS
ACOUSTICS
1.1 Definition 1.1.2 Sound
1.1 Definitions
1.1.1 Acoustics Sound is the human ear’s response
to pressure fluctuations in the air
1.2 Nature of Sound Acoustics is a science which deals caused by vibrating objects. For
with the production, control, example, a tap on the wall produces
1.3 Acoustical transmission, reception and effects sound because the tap makes a wall
Concerns in of sound in an enclosed space. vibrate. The vibrating wall produces
Architecture
pressure fluctuations in the air.
1.4 Principal
Acoustical Defects
of Rooms Sound travels in space by a
phenomenon called wave motion.
Wave motion in air is similar to the
motion of a ripple produced by
dropping a pebble into a water pond.
ACOUSTICS
1.2 Nature of Sound
1.1 Definitions
1.2.1 Types of Sound 1.2.2 Physical Quantities
6.2.1
of Sound
1.2 Nature of Sound 1. Speech
1. FREQUENCY (f) – the
1.3 Acoustical 2. Music number of sound ripples
Concerns in generated in unit time.
Architecture
3. Noise
1.4 Principal
Acoustical Defects The number of cycles that the
of Rooms air particles move back and forth
in one second in a sound wave
is called the frequency of the
wave. Its unit is cycles per
second (c/s) which is also
termed Hertz (Hz) after the
Austrian physicist Heinrich Hertz
(1857-94).
ACOUSTICS
1.1 Definitions 1.2.2 Physical Quantities

of Sound
1.2 Nature of Sound
1.3 Acoustical Eight frequency bands, or octaves, are considered in room acoustics
Concerns in with the following center frequencies: 63 Hz, 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 500 Hz,
Architecture 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz and 8 kHz.
1.4 Principal
Acoustical Defects
of Rooms
ACOUSTICS
1.1 Definitions 1.2.2 Physical Quantities Frequency range for speech and
of Sound music:
1.2 Nature of Sound
1.3 Acoustical
Concerns in
Architecture
1.4 Principal
Acoustical Defects
of Rooms
ACOUSTICS

of Sound
1.2 Nature of Sound
2. SPEED (c) – The speed of 3. WAVELENGTH (λ) – The
1.3 Acoustical sound in air has been wavelength and the
Concerns in measured as 344 m/sec frequency of sound are
Architecture (1,130 ft/sec). This related to each other as
corresponds to 1,240 km/hr shown in the equation
1.4 Principal
(770 mi/hr) which is below.
Acoustical Defects
of Rooms extremely small as compared
to the speed of light (300,000
km/sec). c=fλ
The speed of sound in air does
not vary with the frequency of c = speed in meters per time
sound or its loudness. Sounds f = frequency in cycles per time
at all audible frequencies, λ = meters
regardless of their loudness,
travel at the same speed.
ACOUSTICS

of Sound
1.2 Nature of Sound
The wavelength of sound corresponding to the center
1.3 Acoustical frequencies are as shown below:
Concerns in
Architecture FREQUENCY WAVELENGTH
1.4 Principal (ft) (m)
Acoustical Defects
of Rooms 63 18.0 5.46
125 9.0 2.75
250 4.5 1.38
500 2.3 0.69
1,000 1.1 0.34
2,000 0.6 0.17
4,000 0.3 0.09
8,000 0.15 0.04
ACOUSTICS

of Sound
1.2 Nature of Sound
4. INTENSITY - is defined as the amount of sound power falling
1.3 Acoustical on (or passing through, or crossing) a unit area. Since the unit
Concerns in of power is watt (W), the unit of sound intensity is watt per
Architecture square meter (W/m2).
1.4 Principal
Acoustical Defects The sound intensity which is just audible, called the threshold of
of Rooms audibility, has been determined to be 10-12 W/m2 , and the intensity
that corresponds to the sensation of pain in the human ear is
approximately 10 W/m2.
ACOUSTICS
1.2.3 Characteristics of
1. LOUDNESS – is a measure
Sound of the intensity of sound and
is expressed in decibels
1.1 Definitions
(dB). It is a quantity called
1.2 Nature of Sound the sound intensity level (IL).
1.3 Acoustical
Concerns in
Architecture
1.4 Principal
Acoustical Defects
of Rooms
ACOUSTICS
1.2.3 Characteristics of
Sound
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Nature of Sound 2. PITCH – is the frequency of sound wave perceived by the human
ear. A high-pitched sound means that it has a high frequency. The
1.3 Acoustical
female voice is slightly higher pitched than the male voice.
Concerns in
Architecture
1.4 Principal
Acoustical Defects
of Rooms
ACOUSTICS
1.3 Acoustical Concerns in
Architecture
1.1 Definitions 1.3.2 Noise Control
1.2 Nature of Sound
This involves the following
1.3 Acoustical activities:
Concerns in
Architecture •the control of air-borne noise
through the insulation of sound or
1.4 Principal the shutting-out of unwanted
Acoustical Defects sounds from the outside. This
of Rooms requires a study of the sound
insulating values of walls, partitions,
doors and windows and a study of
the ventilating systems to provide a
basis for the reduction of the
transfer of unwanted sound from
one room to another;
•the control of structure-borne

noises through the isolation of
machines from the room’s or the
building’s structure.
ACOUSTICS
1.4 Principal Acoustical
Defects of Rooms
1.1 Definitions a) Prolonged Reverberation – b) Echo – distinct reflection of
long reverberation time (RT) original sound which results
1.2 Nature of Sound due to large amounts of highly when the path of reflected
reflective surfaces and/or to sound is 20 m (65 ft) or
1.3 Acoustical large volume of space which more than the path of direct
Concerns in will take considerable time for sound. If the difference is
Architecture
reflected sound to die out. less than 20 m, the
1.4 Principal reflected sound will
Acoustical Defects Effect of prolonged reverberation is reinforce the direct sound
of Rooms blurring which is harmful to which is desirable.
both speech and music.
It is recommended that the
Reverberation time is influenced by: surfaces of the front part of
• Volume of the room an auditorium must be
• Sound absorbing highly reflective to reinforce
qualities of the room’s direct sound and throw it to
surfaces the rear of the room. On
• Number of people and the other hand, the rear
furniture in the room must be highly absorptive
so the delayed direct sound
will the absorbed and not
be reflected to the front.
ACOUSTICS
1.4 Principal Acoustical
e) Undue Focusing of Sound –
Defects of Rooms is caused by concave
1.1 Definitions c) Resonance – is the surfaces which causes
reinforcement of certain sound sound to converge at
1.2 Nature of Sound frequencies due to certain points with resulting
sympathetic vibrations. This is loss of energy in other
1.3 Acoustical especially the case in parts of the room.
Concerns in enclosed rooms with highly
Architecture
reflective surfaces. The effect
1.4 Principal would be to emphasize certain
Acoustical Defects frequencies at the expense of
of Rooms others, which is undesirable
for balance desired in rooms
intended for music.
d) Flutter Echo – a rapid but

repetitive succession of
sounds caused by highly
reflective parallel surfaces
(wall to wall, or ceiling to floor).
1.5 GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT ACOUSTICAL TERMS
• absorption coefficient – the fraction of the incident sound
energy absorbed by a surface.
• anechoic chamber – a sealed room in which all the surfaces

are designed to completely absorb all sound produced in the
room.
• attenuation – a reduction in sound level. Sound attenuation in

air-conditioning is specified in terms of dB per meter.
• background noise – ambient noise
• break-in noise – transfer of noise from a space surrounding

the duct into the duct through duct walls.
• break-out noise – transfer of noise from the interior of a duct

through duct walls into a space outside the duct.
• dead room – a room containing an unusually large amount of

sound absorption..
• decibel (dB) – a unit of measurement for sound pressure

level, sound intensity level or sound power level.
• diffraction – a change in the direction of propagation of sound
as a result of bending caused by a barrier in the path of a
sound wave.
• diffuse sound (field) – a sound field in which the sound comes

in equal intensity from all directions.
• direct sound – the sound that arrives at a receiver along a

direct line from the source without reflection from any surface.
• echo – a sound that has been reflected with sufficient time

delay.
• environmental noise – exterior background noise in a

neighborhood (ie. traffic, aircraft).
• fidelity – faithful reproduction of a sound source.
• flutter echo – a rapid but repetitive succession of sound from a

sound source usually occurring as a result of multiple
reflections in a space with hard, flat and parallel walls.
• frequency – the number of full cycles per second measured.

• impact noise – noise caused by the collision of two objects.
• infrasonic – a sound that is below the human audible

frequency, below 20 Hz.
• insulation – see isolation
• intermittent sound – a sound which is discontinuous or

fluctuates to such an extent that at times its sound pressure
level falls below a measurable level.
• inverse square law – a law which states that the sound

intensity in a free field varies inversely with the square of the
distance from the source.
• isolation – a lack of acoustical connection.
• leak – a small opening in a barrier that allows airborne sound

to pass through.
• live room – a room containing an unusually small amount of

sound absorption.
• loudness – an auditory sensation that depends on sound

pressure level and the frequency of sound.
• masking – the increase in the threshold of audibility of a sound

that is required so that the sound can be heard in the presence
of another sound.
• noise isolation class (NIC) – a single number rating derived

from the measured value of noise reduction between two rooms.
• noise reduction (NR) – the reduction in sound pressure level of

noise.
• noise reduction coefficient (NRC) – a single number rating

derived from measured values of sound absorption coefficients
of a material at 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz.
• outdoor-indoor transmission class (OITC) – a weighted single

number rating of the sound reduction effectiveness of a partition
that separates an indoor space from the outside.
• pitch – a listener’s perception of the frequency of a pure tone.

• reflection coefficient – a measure of the sound reflective
property of a surface.
• resonance – the relatively large amplitude of vibration

produced when the frequency of the source of sound is equal
to the natural frequency of a room.
• reverberant sound field – a sound field created by repeated

reflections of sound from the boundaries in an enclosed
space.
• reverberation – the continuation of sound in an enclosed

space after the initial source has been terminated.
• reverberation time (RT) – the time it takes for sound intensity

to decay by 1 millionth of its steady state value after the sound
source has been terminated.
• sabin – a unit of measure of sound absorption.
• scattering – an irregular diffraction of sound in many

directions.
• sound insulation – the ability of a barrier to prevent sound
from reaching a receiver.
• sound intensity (SI) – the average rate of sound energy flow

through a unit area in a given direction.
• sound intensity level (SIL) – a quantity expressed in

decibels of airborne sound.
• sound lock – a small space that works as a buffer between a

source room and a receiving room.
• sound pressure – fluctuating pressure of sound

superimposed on the static air pressure.
• sound pressure level – see sound intensity level
• sound transmission class (STC) – a single number rating of

the sound insulation rating of a partition.
• structure-borne sound – sound propagated through a solid

structure.
• transmission coefficient – the ratio of transmitted sound

energy
to incident sound energy
• transmission loss (TL) – is the measure of sound insulation

of a partition.
• wavelength – distance between two adjacent compressions

or rarefactions in a sound wave.
• white noise – a noise whose energy is uniform over a wide

range of frequencies. This is analogous to the term “white
light”, which consists of almost equal amount of light of
different wavelength (colors). A white noise sounds hissy.
THANK YOU! THE END
BUILDING
CONVEYING
SYSTEMS
1.1 Elevators and 1.1.2 Types of Elevators
Dumbwaiters
1.1 Elevators & 1. Electric elevators
Dumbwaiters
1.1.1 Definition of Elevator
1.2 Escalators &
Conveyors Are generally used in buildings
where several peak periods of traffic
1.3 Chutes occur each day, (ie. In office
buildings, hospitals, apartment
1.4 Provisions in buildings)
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems
Bulkhead Hoisting Machinery
Penthouse Control Panel
Top Car Clearance
Driving Sheave
1.1 Elevators &
Idle Sheave
Dumbwaiters
Hoistway
1.2 Escalators &
Machine Beam
Conveyors Bank
1.3 Chutes Hoisting Cable

Landing
Guide Rail
1.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning Elevator Car Safety
Traveling Cable
Transportation
Rise
Systems
Hoistway Door
Counterweight
Limit Switch
Elevator Pit Buffer
Bottom Car Clearance

2. Oil-hydraulic elevators
Car Frame
The structural steel
1.1 Elevators & frame of an elevator
Dumbwaiters car to which are
attached the platform,
guide shoes, elevator
1.2 Escalators & car safety, hoisting
Conveyors cables and control
equipment
1.3 Chutes
1.4 Provisions in Lantern

A light, usually over the entrance to an
the NBC elevator on each floor of a multistory
Concerning building that signals the approach of the
Transportation elevator Annunciator
Systems Machine Room A signaling apparatus in an
A room housing the elevator car or at a landing that
hoisting machinery, displays a visual indication of floor
control equipment, and landings
sheaves for raising and
lowering an elevator car Call Button
A pus button for requesting an
elevator
Door Interlock
A safety device for preventing the
operation of an elevator car unless
the hoistway door is locked in the
closed position
Door Contact
A safety device for preventing the operation of
an elevator car unless its door or gate is fully
closed
1.1.3 Parts of an Electric
Elevator
1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters 1. Shaft
vertical passageway for car and
1.2 Escalators &
counterweights.
Conveyors
1.3 Chutes 2. Car

a cage of light metal supported on a
1.4 Provisions in structural frame, the top member of
the NBC which the cables, that carry the car,
Concerning are fastened.
Transportation
Systems
3. Cables
are the means for lifting or lowering
the car, usually 3 to 8 cables placed
in parallel fastened to top of car by
cable sockets passing over a motor
driven cylindrical sheave to the
counterweights.
4. Counterweights 9. Safety Devices
these are rectangular blocks of cast iron
stacked in one frame which is fastened to a) Main Brake
1.1 Elevators & the opposite ends of the cables to which mounted directly on the shaft of the
Dumbwaiters the car is fastened. elevator machine.
1.2 Escalators & 5. Guide Rails b) Safety Switch

Conveyors are vertical tracks that guide the car and is designed to stop an elevator car
the counterweights. automatically before car speed becomes
1.3 Chutes excessive. On overspeed, the speed
6. Machine Room governor will cut off power to the motor
1.4 Provisions in a room usually placed directly above the and set the brake.
the NBC shaft in which the elevator machine is
Concerning housed. It contains the motor-generator
Transportation (MG) set which supplies energy to the
Systems elevator machine, the control board and
the control equipment.
7. Elevator Machine
turns the sheave that lifts and lowers the
car.
8. Controls
a combination of push buttons, contacts, This usually stops the car, but should
relays, and devices, operated manually or speed still increase, the governor will
automatically to initiate door opening, actuate rail clamps mounted at the bottom
starting acceleration, retardation, leveling of the car one on each side. This will
and stopping of the car. clamp the guide rails bringing the car to a
switch stop.
c) Electric Final Limit Switches
are located a few feet below and above
safe travel limits of elevator car. If car
1.1 Elevators & over-travels, either down or up, these
Dumbwaiters switches de-energizes the motor and sets
the main brake.
1.2 Escalators &
Conveyors d) Oil or Spring Buffers
are placed at the bottom of the elevator
1.3 Chutes pit, not to stop a falling car, but to bring it
to a partially cushion stop if the car should
1.4 Provisions in overshoot the lower terminal.
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems
1.1.4 Methods of Arranging 2) One-to-One Double Wrap
Traction Machine
Elevator Machines,
1.1 Elevators & Sheaves and Ropes cables first wrap over the traction
Dumbwaiters
sheave T, then around the
1.2 Escalators & 1) Single Wrap Traction Machine secondary or idler sheave S, and
Conveyors once more going around T and S to
supporting cables pass over the the counterweights. This provides
1.3 Chutes sheave in grooves and connect to greater traction and is used in many
the counterweights. The lifting power automatic high-speed installations.
1.4 Provisions in is exerted by the sheave through the
the NBC
traction of the cables in the grooves.
Concerning
Transportation
Systems
3) Two-to-One Double Wrap 4) Underslung System
Traction Machine (for freight
elevators) is used where the elevator machine
1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters is located at the basement.
This 2:1 roping, has a mechanical
1.2 Escalators & advantage of 2, which results in a
Conveyors high-speed, low-power and
therefore, low-cost traction machine.
1.3 Chutes
1.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems
1.1.5 Types of Elevator 2) Geared Traction Machine
Machines
this type of machine employs a
1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters worm and gear between the driving
1) Gearless Traction Machine
motor and the sheave. It is
1.2 Escalators & considered to be less superior to the
consists of a DC motor, the shaft of
Conveyors gearless traction machine since it
which is directly connected to the
has more moving parts and requires
1.3 Chutes brake wheel and to the driving
more maintenance. Used for low
sheave. The elevator cables are
and medium speed passenger and
1.4 Provisions in placed around this sheave. This type
the NBC freight elevators.
of machine is used for medium and
Concerning high speed elevators for office and
Transportation
residential condominiums of 10
Systems
stories or more; where high speeds
and smooth quality operation are
desired.
1.1.6 Systems of Elevator 3) Electronic Group Supervisory
Dispatching and Control
Controls
this system is used to control not
1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters only single elevators but an entire
1) Single Automatic Push Button
group or bank of cars. During peak
Control
1.2 Escalators & periods, all cars are in operation;
this is the simplest of passenger
Conveyors automatically, the system shuts
operated automatic control system.
down successively cars as the
1.3 Chutes It handles only one call at a time
number of passengers reduces and
providing an uninterrupted trip for
return them to service as the
1.4 Provisions in each call.
the NBC number of passengers again
Concerning increases to a high peak.
2) Collective Control
Transportation
control is arranged to collect all
Systems The system of Otis Elevator
waiting up calls on the trip up and all
Company is called “autotronic
waiting down calls on the trip down.
elevatoring”. The system of
The control system, stalls all calls
Westinghouse Electric Co. is called
until they are answered and
the “selectomatic elevator system”.
automatically reverses the direction
of travel at the highest and the
lowest calls. When all calls have
been cleared, the car will remain at
the floor of its last stop awaiting the
next call.
1.1.7 Oil Hydraulic
Elevators
1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters also called plunger elevators. It is
raised by means of a movable rod nor
1.2 Escalators & plunger rigidly fixed to the bottom of
Conveyors rail
the car. The system is hydraulic and
operates the same way as a hydraulic
1.3 Chutes
automobile jack. Oil from a reservoir is
car
1.4 Provisions in
pumped under the plunger thereby
the NBC raising it and the car. The pump is
Concerning stopped during downward motion, the
Transportation car being lowered by gravity and guide shoe
Systems controlled by action of bypassed
valves which also controls the
positioning of the car during the plunger
upward motion.
The absence of cables, drums, MG set

and penthouse equipment, makes this
system inexpensive and often the motor
choice for low speed, low rise
applications where construction of the pump
plunger pit does not present difficulties
and where absence of a penthouse is
desirable. buffer spring
1.1.8 Dumbwaiters
1.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
1.2 Escalators &

Conveyors
1.3 Chutes
1.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems
1.2 Escalators and 1.2.2 Parts of an Escalator
Conveyors Installation
1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters 1) Truss
1.2.1 Definition of
a welded steel frame which supports
1.2 Escalators & Escalator
the moving stairway equipment. It
Conveyors
comes in 3 sections: the middle
used where large numbers of people
1.3 Chutes straight section maybe of any
are scattered throughout a given
desired length to provide rises of
area and on a large number of
1.4 Provisions in different heights.
the NBC floors. These people being
Concerning interested in moving about almost
Transportation constantly to various locations for
Systems short periods of time. Thus traffic is
constantly on the move both up and
down. Examples are department
stores and terminal buildings.
Typical Specifications
Width of Escalator = 32” and 48”

Angle of inclination = 30 degrees
Length or run = variable
Speeds = 90 fpm and
120 fpm
2) Tracks
4) Controller
are steel angles attached to the
consists of contactors, relays and a
truss on which the step rollers are
circuit breaker. Usually located near
1.1 Elevators & guided thus controlling the motion of
Dumbwaiters the drive machine, an emergency
the steps.
stop button wired to the controller
1.2 Escalators & and placed in or near the escalator,
Conveyors will stop the drive machine and
apply the brake. Key operated
1.3 Chutes control switches, at the top and
bottom newels, will start, stop, and
1.4 Provisions in
the NBC reverse the direction of travel of the
Concerning stairway.
Transportation
Systems 5) Handrail and Balustrade
Assembly Rubber-
covered
handrail guide handrail
3) Sprocket Assemblies, Chains,

longitudinal cording
and Drive Machine
provide the motive power for the
canvas layers
unit. An emergency brake located on
the top sprocket will stop a loaded
escalator safely in the event of a
break in the chain. inside balustrade
1.2.3 Safety Features of 4) In case of over-speed or under-
speed, an automatic governor shuts
Escalators
down the escalator, prevents
1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters reversal of direction and operates
1) Handrails and steps travel at the
the service brake.
same speed to ensure steadiness
1.2 Escalators &
and balance, and to aid naturally in
Conveyors 5) An emergency stop switch is
stepping on and off the comb plates.
located near the comb plate which
1.3 Chutes may be manually operated to stop
2) Steps are large, steady, and are
the escalator. The electric controls
1.4 Provisions in designed to prevent from slipping.
the NBC are also designed to shut down the
Concerning stairway, if by some accident, it is
3) Automatic controls of a service
Transportation caused to reverse direction.
brake will bring the stairway to a
Systems
smooth stop, if electric power or
mechanical parts should fail.
Passengers would then walk the
steps as they would any stationary
stairway.
1.2.4 Fire Protection
Systems of Escalators
1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters 1) Rolling Shutter
1.2 Escalators &
This shuts off the well way at a given
Conveyors
floor, thus preventing draft and the
1.3 Chutes spread of fire upward through
escalator wells. The movement of
1.4 Provisions in the shutter is actuated by
the NBC temperature and smoke relays.
Concerning
Transportation
Systems
1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
1.2 Escalators &

Conveyors
1.3 Chutes
1.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems
2) Spray Nozzle Curtain
are closely spaced, high-velocity

water nozzles which will, in the case
of fire, form a compact water curtain
to prevent smoke and flame from
rising through the well ways.
Automatic thermal or smoke relays,
open all nozzles simultaneously.
3) Smoke Guard
consists of fire proof baffles

1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters surrounding the well way, extending
downward about 20” below ceiling
1.2 Escalators & level. Smoke and flames rising
Conveyors upwards, meet a curtain of water
from sprinkler heads surrounding
1.3 Chutes the baffles, which serves as a
smoke and flame deflector. Vertical
1.4 Provisions in
the NBC shields between adjacent sprinklers,
Concerning ensure that the spray from one will
Transportation not cool the nearby thermal fuses
Systems and prevent the opening of adjacent
sprinklers.
4) Sprinkler Vent
Well way floor openings have a duct

1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters on each floor equipped with a
number of smoke pick up relays. In
1.2 Escalators & case of fire, these relays
Conveyors automatically start the fans in the
fresh air intake, located on the roof,
1.3 Chutes driving air downward through the
well ways. Dangerous gases and
1.4 Provisions in
the NBC smoke are drawn in thru the ducts
Concerning and exhausted at the roof. The usual
Transportation spray nozzles on the ceiling around
Systems the stair well aid in quenching the
fire.
1.2.5 Moving Sidewalks or Types of installations
Electric Walks
• Horizontal or level
1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters • Bi-level
While escalators are used to
• Overpass installation
transport people vertically, electric
1.2 Escalators & • Underpass installation
walks are used to transport people
Conveyors
horizontally at any inclination from 0
1.3 Chutes deg to 15 deg.
1.4 Provisions in Typical applications

the NBC
Concerning For exhibit halls, where
Transportation
management desires that persons
Systems
move smoothly through or pass a
particular area without stopping or
boarding.
For airport terminals.
Typical Specifications
Standard width = 27” and 36”
Speeds = 120 fpm and
180 fpm
People Mover
Any of various forms of mass transit, as
1.1 Elevators & moving sidewalks or automated driverless
Dumbwaiters vehicles, used for shuttling people around
airports or in congested urban areas
1.2 Escalators &

Conveyors
1.3 Chutes Moving Sidewalk

A power-driven, continuously moving
1.4 Provisions in surface, similar to a conveyor belt,
used for carrying pedestrians
the NBC horizontally or along low inclines
Concerning
Transportation
Systems
Inclined Lift
A platform mounted on a steel
guide rail and driven by an
electric motor used for raising
or lowering a person or moving
along a stairway. Also called a
stair lift
3.3 Chutes
1.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
1.2 Escalators &

Conveyors
1.3 Chutes
1.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems
1.4 Provisions in the Cage/Cab
An enclosure for housing the operator and
NBC Concerning the hoisting mechanism, power plant and
1.1 Elevators & Transportation equipment controlling a crane.
Dumbwaiters
Systems
Capacity of Works, Project or Plant
1.2 Escalators & The total horsepower of all engines,
Conveyors
1.4.1 Definitions motors, turbines or other prime movers
installed, whether in operation or not.
1.3 Chutes
Accidental Contact Car
1.4 Provisions in Any inadvertent physical contact with The load carrying unit of an elevator
the NBC power transmission equipment, prime including its platform, frame, enclosure
Concerning movers, machines or machine parts and door or gate.
Transportation which could result from slipping, falling,
Systems sliding, tripping or any other unplanned Crane
action or movement.
Means a machine for lifting or lowering a
load and moving it horizontally, the
Balustrades hoisting mechanism being an integral part
The frames on either side of the moving of the machine.
steps of an escalator.
Dumbwaiter
Buffer A hoisting and lowering mechanism
A device designed to stop a descending
equipped with a car not to exceed 3861
car or counterweight beyond its normal
sqcm in area and a maximum height of
limit of travel by absorbing and dissipating
1.20m, the capacity of which does not
the kinetic energy of the car or
exceed 277 kilos, used exclusively for
counterweight.
carrying materials.
Elevator otherwise removable doors or sections to
A hoisting and lowering mechanism permit inspection, lubrication or proper
equipped with a car or platform which maintenance.
1.1 Elevators & moves in guides in a vertical direction
Dumbwaiters serving two or more floors of a building or Escalator
structure. Movement of the car may be A power driven, inclined, continuous
1.2 Escalators & controlled by gravitational, manual or stairway for raising or lowering
Conveyors mechanical power. passengers.
1.3 Chutes Elevator Landing Guarded

That portion of a floor, balcony or platform Shielded, fenced or otherwise protected
1.4 Provisions in for loading or discharging passengers or by means of suitable enclosure guards,
the NBC freight to or from the elevator. covers or standard railings, so as to
Concerning preclude the possibility of accidental
Transportation contact or dangerous approach to
Elevator Wire Ropes
Systems persons or objects.
Steel wire ropes attached to the car frame
or passing around sheaves attached to
the car frame from which Hoist
elevator/dumbwaiter cars and their An apparatus for raising or lowering a
counterweights are suspended. load by the application of a building force,
but does not include a car or platform. It
Enclosed may be base-mounted, hook suspension,
Means that the moving parts of a machine monorail, overhead, simple drum type or
are so guarded that physical contact by trolley suspension.
any part of the human body is precluded
or prevented. This does not however Hoistway
prohibit the use of hinged, sliding or A shaftway for the travel of one or more
elevators or dumbwaiters.
Machine Process Machine
The driven unit of an equipment. An equipment designed and operated for
a specific purpose.
1.1 Elevators & Machine house
Dumbwaiters An enclosure for housing the hoisting Travelling Cable
mechanism and power plant. A cable made up of electric conductors
1.2 Escalators & which provides electrical connection
Conveyors between an elevator or dumbwaiter car
Machine Parts
Any or all moving parts of a machine. and a fixed outlet in the hoistway.
1.3 Chutes
1.4 Provisions in Moving Walk

the NBC A type of horizontal passenger-carrying 1.4.2 Guarding of Moving
device on which passengers stand or
Concerning
walk, with its surface remaining parallel to
and Dangerous Parts
Transportation
Systems its direction of motion and is
uninterrupted. All prime movers, machines and
machine parts, power transmission
Power Transmission Machinery equipment shall be so guarded,
A shaft, wheel, drum, pulley, system of shielded, fenced or enclosed to
fast and loose pulleys, coupling, clutch, protect any person against exposure
driving belt, V-belt sheaves and belts, to or accidental contact with
chains and sprockets, gearing, torque
connectors, conveyors, hydraulic
dangerous moving parts.
couplings, magnetic couplings, speed
reducers or increasers or any device by
which the motion of an engine is
transmitted to or received by another
machine.
1.4.3 Cranes 4. A gong or other effective warning
device shall be mounted on each
cage or cab.
1.1 Elevators & 1. Access to the case or machine
Dumbwaiters house shall be by means of a
5. Temporary crane operation
conveniently placed stationary
1.2 Escalators & without warning device may be
ladder, stairs or platforms requiring a
Conveyors allowed provided there is a flagman
step-over that no gap exceeding 300
whose sole duty is to warn those in
1.3 Chutes mm is allowed.
the path of the crane or its load.
1.4 Provisions in 2. Adequate means shall be
the NBC 6. The maximum rated load of all
provided for cranes having revolving
Concerning cranes shall be plainly marked on
cables or machine houses, to permit
Transportation each side of the crane. If the crane
the operator to enter or leave the
Systems has more than one hoisting unit,
crane cab and reach the ground
each hoist shall have marked on it
safely, irrespective of its position.
or its load block, its rated capacity
clearly legible from the ground or
3. Cages, cabs or machine houses
floor.
on cranes shall be enclosed to
protect operator during inclement
weather.
1.4.4 Hoists 5. Each electric hoist motor shall be
provided with an electrically or
mechanically operated brake so
1.1 Elevators & 1. Operating control shall be plainly
Dumbwaiters arranged that the brake will be
marked to indicate the direction of
applied automatically when the
travel.
1.2 Escalators & power is cut off from the hoist.
Conveyors
2. Each cage controlled hoist shall
1.3 Chutes be equipped with an effective
warning device. 1.4.5 Elevators
1.4 Provisions in
the NBC 3. Each hoist designed to lift its load 1. Hoistways for elevators shall be
Concerning vertically shall have its rated load substantially enclosed throughout
Transportation
legibly marked on the hoist or load their height, with no openings
Systems
block or at some easily visible allowed except for necessary doors,
space. windows or skylights.
4. A stop, which shall operate 2. Ropes, wires or pipes shall not

automatically, shall be provided at be installed in hoistways, except
each switch, dead end rail or when necessary for the operation of
turntable to prevent the trolley the elevators.
running off when the switch is open.
3. Hoistway pits shall be of such surface. The angle of inclination of
depth that when the car rests on the such ladder or stairs shall not
fully compressed buffers, a exceed 60º from the horizontal. This
1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters clearance of not less than 600 mm room shall not be used as living
remains between the underside of quarters or depository of other
1.2 Escalators & the car and the bottom of the pit. materials and shall be provided with
Conveyors adequate ventilation.
4. When four or more elevators
1.3 Chutes serve all or the same portion of a 6. Minimum number of hoisting
building, they shall be located in not ropes shall be three (3) for traction
1.4 Provisions in
the NBC less than two (2) hoistways and in elevators and two (2) for drum.
Concerning no case shall more than four (4)
Transportation elevators be located in any one 7. The minimum diameter of
Systems hoistway. hoisting and counterweight ropes
shall be 30 mm.
5. Where a machine room or
penthouse is provided at the top of a 8. Elevators shall be provided with
hoistway, it shall be constructed with overload relay and reverse polarity
sufficient room for repair and relay.
inspection. Access shall be by
means of an iron ladder or stairs 9. In high rise apartments or
when the room is more than 600 residential condominiums of more
mm above the adjacent floor or roof than five (5) stories, at least one
passenger elevator shall be kept on
24 hour constant service.
1.4.6 Escalators 5. The rated speed, measured
along the angle of inclination, shall
1. The angle of inclination of an be not more than 38 mpm.
1.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters escalator shall not exceed 35º from
the horizontal. 6. Starting switches shall be key
1.2 Escalators & operated and located within sight of
Conveyors 2. The width between balustrades escalator steps.
shall not be less than 558 mm nor
1.3 Chutes 7. Emergency buttons shall be
more than 1.20 m. This width shall
not exceed the width of the steps by conspicuously and accessibly
1.4 Provisions in
the NBC more than 330 mm. located at or near the top and
Concerning bottom landings but protected from
Transportation 3. Solid balustrades of accidental contact.
Systems incombustible material shall be
provided on each side of the moving
steps. If made of glass, it shall be of
tempered type glass.
4. Each balustrade shall be

provided with a handrail moving in
the same direction and at the same
speed as the steps.
THANK YOU! THE END
HVAC
(HEATING, VENTILATION AND
AIR-CONDITIONING)
HVAC
1.1 General 1.1.3 Air-Conditioning
Standards
1.1 General 1.1.1 Definition of Air-
Conditioning 1.Cooling and De-humidifying
1.2 Refrigeration for summer cooling, temperatures of 68
Cycle deg to 74 deg F and 50% relative
the simultaneous control of the humidity are a frequent design average.
1.3 Types of Air- temperature, humidity, motion and
Conditioning purity of the air in a confined space. 2. Heating and Humidifying
Systems for winter cooling, temperatures of 70 deg
1.4 Air-Conditioning
1.1.2 Functions or to 75 deg F and relative humidity of 30%
to 35% are found most satisfactory.
Equipment Elements of Air-
Conditioning 3. Air Motion
1.5 Heating air velocity should average 4.57 to 7.6
Systems meters per min measured 36” above the
1. Cooling and de-humidifying of air
2. Heating or humidifying of air floor.
1.6 Provisions in
the NBC 3. Cleaning of air or filtration
4. Air Supply
Concerning HVAC 4. Circulation of air a. 5 cuft to 7-1/2 cuft of air per minute per
person (5-71/2 cuft/min/pers). In rooms
where smoking is not allowed
b.25 cuft to 40 cuft of air per minute per

person allowed in rooms where smoking
is permitted.
HVAC
1.1.4 Methods of Cooling 3. Passing the air through coils
containing the refrigerant itself; in
and De-humidifying
this case the coils are called “direct
1.1 General
expansion” coils
1. Passing the air through a spray of
1.2 Refrigeration
cold water 4. Passing the air through a
Cycle
combination of sprays and coils
1.3 Types of Air- 2. Passing the air through coils
Conditioning containing cold water
Systems
Equipment
1.5 Heating
Systems
1.6 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning HVAC
HVAC
1.2 Refrigeration Cycle *Freon - refrigerant used for cooling.
Mechanical refrigeration is based upon the
alternate liquefying and evaporating of a volatile
1. Freon* is a gas at normal temperature liquid with a low boiling point usually Freon 12
1.1 General (Dichlorodiflouromethane) or Freon 11
and pressure. It is first subjected to high
(Trichloromonoflouromethane) during which
pressure in a compressor which raises its
1.2 Refrigeration processes it respectively gives off and takes in
boiling point and temperature. heat. The desirable properties of Freon are: a)
Cycle
high heat of vaporization; b) moderate pressure
2. At the same high pressure, the vapor is change for low to high temperature range; c)
1.3 Types of Air- non-toxic; d) incombustible; e) non-explosive;
piped into condenser coils where it is
Conditioning and f) non-corrosive.
cooled by water to a degree below its
Systems
liquefaction point. It condenses into a
liquid state and still under high pressure,
passes to the evaporator.
Equipment
3. In the evaporator, the pressure is
1.5 Heating
relieved by the suction stroke of the
Systems
compressor. The boiling point of the
liquid refrigerant drops and evaporation
1.6 Provisions in into a vapor takes place. The water
the NBC which surrounds the evaporator coils
Concerning HVAC gives up its heat in causing the
vaporization at low pressure, thus
reducing its temperature to the
temperature of the refrigerant. The cold
water can then be piped at this low
temperature to any desired point and
sprayed to cool the passing air. The
refrigerant is sucked back into the
compressor and the cycle recommences
HVAC
1.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning Systems
1.1 General
1. Central Systems
1.2 Refrigeration
Cycle All-Season Centralized Air
Conditioning System consists of
1.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning the following:
Systems
a. A method of cooling,
a refrigeration plant
Equipment b. A source of heating
such as a boiler or
1.5 Heating furnace
Systems
c. An Air Handling Unit
(AHU) equipped with
1.6 Provisions in filters, pre-heater,
the NBC spray, cooling coils
Concerning HVAC and re-heater
d. The air distributing

equipment composed
of ducts, fans and air
outlets
e. The necessary
manual or automatic
controls
HVAC
2. Split Type Air Conditioning
System
1.1 General
1.2 Refrigeration
Cycle
1.3 Types of Air-

Conditioning
Systems
AHU
Equipment
1.5 Heating
Systems FCU
(FAN COIL
UNIT)
1.6 Provisions in COMP.
the NBC CONDENSER
Concerning HVAC EVAPORATOR
ACCU
(AIR CONDITIONING
CONDENSING UNIT)
ACCU
HVAC
3. Window Type Air Conditioning
System
1.1 General
1.2 Refrigeration
Cycle
1.3 Types of Air-

Conditioning
Systems
Equipment
1.5 Heating
Systems
1.6 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning HVAC
HVAC
1.4 Air-Conditioning 2. Condensers
Equipment
a) Air-cooled Condensers
1.1 General
used in unit and packaged-type air-
1.4.1 The Refrigeration conditioners up to 3 tons
1.2 Refrigeration
Cycle Plant refrigeration.
1.3 Types of Air- 1. Compressors b) Water-cooled Condensers

Conditioning
Systems a) Piston Type or Reciprocating Double-piped Condensers:
Compressors
Equipment for tonnages up to 100 tons
1.5 Heating b) Centrifugal Compressors

Systems these are quieter, have fewer
vibration problems, require less
1.6 Provisions in maintenance and with better
the NBC
operating control
Concerning HVAC
HVAC
Shell and Tube Condensers: 3. Evaporators
a) Shell and Tube Heat

1.1 General
Exchanger
1.2 Refrigeration similar in operation to the shell and
Cycle tube condenser. The refrigerant is
expanded into a shell enclosing the
1.3 Types of Air- tube through which the water flows.
Conditioning
Systems b) Direct Expansion Coils (coils
containing the refrigerant itself)
Equipment This may either be installed in the
spray chamber so that the water
1.5 Heating Evaporative Condenser: sprayed into the air comes into
Systems contact with the cooling coils or the
air itself comes into direct contact
1.6 Provisions in with the cooling coils, as in the
the NBC
window type unit
Concerning HVAC
HVAC
1.4.2 Cooling and De- 1.4.4 Air Cleaning
humidifying Equipment
1.1 General Equipment
1. Filters
1.2 Refrigeration
1. Water Sprays a) Dry Filters
Cycle
consist of wire frames
1.3 Types of Air- 2. Cooling Coils enclosing felt, cotton or
Conditioning sponge through which
Systems the air is screened.
1.4.3 Heating and
1.4 Air-Conditioning Humidifying b) Viscous Filters
Equipment Equipment consist of metal
deflecting plates or
1.5 Heating screens coated with
1. Tempering Coils viscous oil.
Systems
contains steam and are used
1.6 Provisions in to heating the air ie., c) Water Sprays
the NBC preheaters and reheaters.
Concerning HVAC d) Eliminator Plates
2. Water Heaters consist of corrugated
used for heating the water galvanized iron sheets
which will be used in the placed 1-1/8” apart
which deflect the air flow
spray chamber to add heat
about 30 deg catching
and humidity to the air the wet dust on the
surfaces
HVAC
1.4.5 Air
Distribution
1.1 General Equipment
1.2 Refrigeration
Cycle 1. Ducts
are usually of
1.3 Types of Air- galvanized sheet
Conditioning metal, or aluminum
Systems sheets, usually
rectangular in
Equipment section, depending
on the aspect
1.5 Heating ratio*, although
Systems circular ducts are
also used for high
1.6 Provisions in velocity systems.
the NBC
Concerning HVAC *Aspect Ratio – the ratio
of the long side to short
side; not to exceed 5:1
although 4 or 3:1 is
preferred.
HVAC
2. Fans 3. Air Outlets
these are made for two locations:
a) Centrifugal fans (radial fans) wall and ceiling.
1.1 General
these are intended for moving air at
1.2 Refrigeration comparatively high pressures and a) Wall outlets include the
Cycle are commonly used in duct systems. following:
Vaned outlets
1.3 Types of Air- b) Propeller or axial fans Perforated grills
Conditioning commonly used for wall exhausts
Systems b) Ceiling outlets include the
following types:
Equipment Plaques
Perforated panels
1.5 Heating Perforated ceilings
Systems
1.6 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning HVAC
HVAC
1.4.6 Control Equipment 2. Actuating or Operating
Devices
1.1 General 1. Sensing Devices
a) Dampers
1.2 Refrigeration a) Humidistat These control the flow of air and are
Cycle or Hygrostat is a controller, sensitive in the form of louvers.
to the amount of humidity in the air.
1.3 Types of Air- b) Control Valves
Conditioning These are valves with variable
b) Thermostat
Systems orifices which are moved by motors
a controller which responds to
changes in temperature. to present smaller or larger
Equipment openings as directed by a
c) Pressure Regulators thermostat.
1.5 Heating are instruments sensitive to changes
Systems in pressure. They may control a c) Relays
single pressure or a differential These are devices that use electrical
1.6 Provisions in energy to amplify or convert the
the NBC between two pressures.
power of a thermostat or other
Concerning HVAC
controllers so that the resultant force
will be sufficient and adaptable to
operate a valve or damper.
HVAC
1.5 Heating Systems
1.1 General 1.5.1 Types of Heating

Systems
1.2 Refrigeration
Cycle
TYPE OF HEATING HEATING METHOD METHOD OF
SYSTEM MEDIUM DEVICE OF AIR DISTRIBUTION
1.3 Types of Air-
HANDLING
Conditioning
Systems 1. Mechanical Air Furnace Ducts Registers
Warm Air
1.4 Air-Conditioning Heating System
Equipment 2. Steam Heating Steam Boiler Pipes Radiators
System
1.5 Heating
Systems 3. Hot Water Water Water Pipes Radiators
Heating System Heater
1.6 Provisions in 4. Radiant Panel 1. Water Water Heater Pipes Ceiling or Floor
the NBC Heating System 2. Air Furnace Ducts Ceiling
Concerning HVAC 3. Electricity Elec Heater Wires Ceiling
HVAC
1.5.2 Mechanical Warm Air
Heating System
1.1 General
1.2 Refrigeration
Cycle
1.3 Types of Air-

Conditioning
Systems
Equipment
1.5 Heating
Systems
1.6 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning HVAC
HVAC
1.5.2 Steam Heating
System
1.1 General
1.2 Refrigeration
Cycle
1. Air-Vent System (One-Pipe
1.3 Types of Air- Gravity System)
Conditioning
Systems
Equipment
1.5 Heating
Systems
1.6 Provisions in
the NBC
2. Vacuum System (Two-pipe
Concerning HVAC
Steam Heating System)
HVAC
1.5.4 Hot Water Heating
System
1.1 General
1.2 Refrigeration
Cycle
1.3 Types of Air- 1. One-Pipe Hot Water Heating

Conditioning System
Systems
Equipment
1.5 Heating
Systems
1.6 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning HVAC
2. Two-Pipe Hot Water Heating

System
HVAC
1.5.5 Radiant Panel
Heating System
1.1 General
1.2 Refrigeration
Cycle
1.3 Types of Air-

Conditioning
Systems
Equipment
1.5 Heating
Systems
1.6 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning HVAC
HVAC
1.6 Provisions in the Capacity of Works, Project or
NBC Concerning HVAC Plant
The total horsepower of all engines,
1.1 General motors, turbines or other prime movers
1.6.1 Definitions installed, whether in operation or not.
1.2 Refrigeration
Cycle Compressor
Accidental Contact
Any inadvertent physical contact with A mechanical device for the purpose of
1.3 Types of Air- increasing the pressure upon the
Conditioning power transmission equipment, prime
movers, machines or machine parts refrigerant.
Systems
which could result from slipping, falling,
sliding, tripping or any other unplanned Condenser
action or movement. A vessel or arrangement of pipes or
Equipment
tubing in which vaporized refrigerant is
Air Conditioning liquefied by the removal of heat.
1.5 Heating
Systems The process of treating air so as to control
simultaneously its temperature, humidity, Condemned Boiler or Unfired
1.6 Provisions in cleanliness and distribution to meet the Pressure Vessel
the NBC requirements of the conditioned space. A boiler or unfired pressure vessel that
Concerning HVAC has been inspected by the Building
Boiler Official and declared unsafe or
A closed vessel for heating water or for disqualified and power stamped or
application of heat to generate steam or marked designating its rejection.
other vapor to be used externally or to
itself.
HVAC
Crane External Inspection
Means a machine for lifting or lowering a An inspection made on boiler during
load and moving it horizontally, the operation.
1.1 General hoisting mechanism being an integral part
of the machine. Guarded
1.2 Refrigeration Shielded, fenced or otherwise protected
Cycle Duct by means of suitable enclosure guards,
A passageway made of sheet metal or covers or standard railings, so as to
1.3 Types of Air- other suitable material not necessarily preclude the possibility of accidental
Conditioning leak tight, for conveying air or other gases contact or dangerous approach to
Systems at low pressure. persons or objects.
1.4 Air-Conditioning Enclosed Internal Inspection

Equipment Means that the moving parts of a machine An inspection made when a boiler is shut
are so guarded that physical contact by down, with hand holes, manholes, or
1.5 Heating any part of the human body is precluded other openings opened or removed to
Systems or prevented. This does not however permit inspection of the interior.
prohibit the use of hinged, sliding or
1.6 Provisions in otherwise removable doors or sections to Liquid Receiver
the NBC permit inspection, lubrication or proper A vessel permanently connected to a
Concerning HVAC maintenance. system by inlet and outlet pipes for
storage of a liquid refrigerant.
Evaporation
That part of the AC/refrigeration system in Locomotive Boiler
which liquid refrigerant is vaporized to A boiler mounted on a self-propelled track
produce refrigeration. locomotive used to furnish motivating
power for traveling on rails.
HVAC
Low Pressure Heating Boiler Point of Operation
A boiler operated at pressures not That part of a machine which performs an
exceeding 1.05 kgs/sqm with steam or operation on the stock or material and/or
1.1 General water temperature not exceeding 250ºF. that place or location where stock or
material is fed to the machine. A machine
1.2 Refrigeration Machine may have more than one point of
Cycle The driven unit of an equipment. operation.
1.3 Types of Air- Machine House Portable Boiler

Conditioning An enclosure for housing the hoisting An internally fired boiler which is self-
Systems mechanism and power plant. contained, primarily intended for
temporary location.
Machine Parts
Equipment Prime Mover
Any or all moving parts of a machine.
An engine or motor operated by steam,
1.5 Heating gas, air, electricity, liquid or gaseous fuels,
Systems Mechanical Works Plant
Includes steam plants, internal liquids in motion or other forms of energy
combustion engine plants, hydraulic whose main function is to drive or
1.6 Provisions in operate, either directly of indirectly, other
the NBC power plants, pumping plants,
refrigerating plants, air conditioning mechanical equipment.
Concerning HVAC
plants, mill shops, factories, foundries,
shipyards, etc. containing any mechanical Process Machine
equipment, machinery or process, driven An equipment designed and operated for
by steam, internal or external combustion a specific purpose.
fuel, electricity, gas, air, water, heat,
chemicals or other prime movers.
HVAC
Refrigerant 1.6.2 Boilers and Pressure
A substance which produces a
refrigerating effect by its absorption of Vessels
1.1 General heat while expanding or evaporating.
1. Location of Boilers:
1.2 Refrigeration Ton of Refrigeration
Cycle The useful refrigerating effect equal to a) Boilers may be located inside buildings
12,000 BTU/hour; 200 BTU/min. provided that the boiler room is of
1.3 Types of Air-
reinforced concrete or masonry and that
Conditioning Unfired Pressure Vessel the boiler room shall not be used for any
Systems A vessel in which pressure is obtained other purpose.
from an external source or from an
1.4 Air-Conditioning indirect application of heat. b) In case the main building is not made
Equipment
up of fire resistive materials, boilers shall
Ventilation be located outside the building at a
1.5 Heating
Process of supplying or removing air by distance of not less than 3.00 m from the
Systems
natural or mechanical means to or from outside wall of the main building and the
any space. building housing the boiler shall be made
1.6 Provisions in
up of fire resistive materials.
the NBC
Concerning HVAC
c) No part of the boiler shall be closer
than one meter from any wall.
d) Fire tube boilers shall be provided with

sufficient room for removal/replacement of
tubes either thru the front or rear.
HVAC
2. Smokestacks whether self 5. Two check valves shall be
supporting or guyed, shall be of provided between any feed pump
sufficient capacity to handle fuel and the boiler in addition to the
1.1 General
gases, shall be able to withstand a regular shut-off valve.
1.2 Refrigeration wind load of 175 km per hour and
Cycle shall rise at least 5 m above the 6. Where two or more boilers are
eaves of any building within a radius connected in parallel, each steam
1.3 Types of Air- of 50 m. outlet shall be provided with a non-
Conditioning return valve and a shut-off valve.
Systems 3. Manufacturers/assemblers of
boilers/pressure vessels/pressurized 7. Boiler rooms shall have at least
Equipment water heaters shall stamp each two separate exits.
vessel on the front head or on any
1.5 Heating other suitable location with the name 8. In no case shall the maximum
Systems of the manufacturer, serial number, pressure of an old/existing boiler be
maximum allowable working increased to a greater pressure than
1.6 Provisions in pressure, heating surface in sqm would be allowed for a new boiler of
the NBC
and year of manufacture. same construction.
Concerning HVAC
4. Boilers of more than 46 sqm 9. Each boiler shall have at least one
heating surface shall each be safety valve. For boilers having more
provided with two means of feeding than 46 sqm pressure of water heating
water, one steam driven and one surface or a generating capacity
electrically driven, one pump and exceeding 907 kg per hour, two (2) or
one injector. more safety valves shall be required.
HVAC
10. Each boiler shall have a steam 13. Upon the completion of the
gauge, with a dial range of not less installation, the Building Official shall
than 1-1/2 times and not more than conduct an inspection and test, after
1.1 General which a certificate of operation for a
twice the maximum allowable period not exceeding one year shall be
1.2 Refrigeration working pressure. It may be issued upon payment of the required
Cycle connected to the steam space or to inspection fees.
the steam connection to the water
1.3 Types of Air- column. 14. The Building Official shall notify the
Conditioning owner in writing of the intended date of
Systems 11. Whenever repairs/replacements the annual inspection at least 15 days in
advance. However, the owner may
are made on fittings or appliances, request a postponement in writing of said
Equipment the work shall comply with the inspection and the Building Official shall
section on New Installation of the fix a date for inspection agreeable to both,
1.5 Heating Philippine Mechanical Engineering but not to exceed 30 days from the
Systems Code. intended date.
1.6 Provisions in 12. After a permit has been granted 15. The owner or user of a boiler shall
the NBC prepare the same for inspection by
to install a boiler/pressure cooling it down blanking off all
Concerning HVAC
vessel/pressurized water heater connections to adjacent boilers, removing
upon payment of the installation all soot and ashes from tubes, heads,
fees thereof, it shall be the duty of shell, furnace and combustion chamber.
the Building Official to make periodic The owner shall assist the Building
inspection of the installation to Official by providing all labor and
determine compliance with the equipment required during said
inspection.
approved plans and specifications.
HVAC
1.6.3 Refrigeration and Air- 5. Where ducts pass thru walls, floors
Conditioning or partitions, the space around the duct
shall be sealed with fire resistant
1.1 General 1. The temperature and humidity of material equivalent to that of the wall,
the air to be used for comfortable floor or partition, to prevent the
1.2 Refrigeration cooling shall be maintained at 68-74ºF passage of flame or smoke.
Cycle
effective temperature at an air
movement from 4.57 to 7.60 MPM 6. When ducts or the outlets or inlets
1.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning within the living zone. to them pass through fire walls, they
Systems shall be provided with automatic fire
2. Water from evaporators, dampers on both sides of the fire wall
1.4 Air-Conditioning condensers and other machinery shall through which they pass.
Equipment be properly collected into a suitable
water or drainage system. 7. Fire doors and fire dampers shall
1.5 Heating be arranged to close automatically and
Systems 3. Ducts shall be constructed entirely remain tightly closed, upon the
of non-combustible materials such as operation of a fusible link or other
1.6 Provisions in steel, iron, aluminum or other approved heat actuated device,
the NBC approved materials. Only fire retardant located where readily affected by an
Concerning HVAC lining shall be used on the inside of abnormal rise of temperature in the
ducts. duct.
4. Access doors shall be provided at

all automatic dampers, fire dampers,
thermostats and other apparatus
requiring service and inspection in the
duct system.
HVAC
8. Each refrigerating system shall be 12. Refrigerant piping crossing a
provided with a legible metal sign passageway in any building shall not be
permanently attached and easily less than 2.3 m above the floor.
1.1 General accessible, indicating thereon the
name of manufacturer or installer, kind 13. In a refrigerating system containing
1.2 Refrigeration more than 9 kgs, stop valves shall be
and total number of kgs of refrigerant
Cycle installed in inlets and outlets of
contained in the system and field test
compressors, outlets of liquid receivers,
pressure applied. and in liquid and suction branch header.
1.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning
Systems 9. In refrigerating plants of more than 14. Window type ACs shall be provided
45 kg refrigerant, masks and helmets with drain pipe or plastic tubing for
1.4 Air-Conditioning shall be used. These shall be kept in a discharging condensate water into a
Equipment suitable cabinet outside the machine suitable container.
room when not in use.
1.5 Heating 15. Window type AC installed on ground
Systems 10. Not more than 136 kgs of floors of buildings shall not be less than
refrigerant in approved containers shall 2.13 m from the ground.
1.6 Provisions in be stored in a machine room at any
the NBC given time. 16. Window type ACs shall be provided
Concerning HVAC with exhaust ducts if the exhaust is
discharged into corridors/hallways/
11. Where ammonia is used, the
arcades/sidewalks etc.
discharge may be into a tank of water,
which shall be used for no other 17. Window type ACs installed along
purpose except ammonia absorption. corridors/hallways/above the first floor
At least one gallon of water shall be shall not be less than 2.13 m above the
provided for every 0.4536 kg of floor level.
ammonia in the system.
HVAC
1.6.4 Piping 7. Piping carrying steam, hot water of hot
liquids shall not be embedded in concrete
walls or floors and shall be properly
1. Piping shall, as much as possible, run
1.1 General insulated to prevent accidental scalding to
parallel to building walls.
persons and to minimize heat loss.
1.2 Refrigeration
2. Grouped piping shall be supported on
Cycle 8. Color coding of piping shall be as
racks, on either horizontal or vertical
follows:
planes.
1.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning a) Steam Division
3. Piping on racks shall have sufficient
Systems High Pressure- White
space for pipe or chain wrenches so that
Exhaust System – Buff
any single line can be
1.4 Air-Conditioning b) Water Division
altered/repaired/replaced without
Equipment Fresh water, low pressure – Blue
disturbing the rest.
Fresh water, high pressure – Blue
1.5 Heating Salt water piping – Green
4. Piping 100mm in diameter and above
Systems c) Oil Division
shall be flanged. Smaller sized pipes
Delivery – Brass or Bronze
may be screwed.
1.6 Provisions in Discharge – Yellow
the NBC d) Pneumatic Division
5. Piping subjected to varying
Concerning HVAC All piping – Gray
temperatures shall be provided with
e) Gas Division
expansion joints.
All piping – Black
f) Fuel Oil Division
6. Galvanized piping shall not be used for
All piping – Black
steam.
g) Refrigerating Division
Pipes – Black
Fittings – Black
HVAC
HVAC
HVAC
HVAC
refrigeration
HEATING,
VENTILATION AND
AIR-CONDITIONING
END

CE335

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CE335

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SANITARY DRAINAGE

General Rules in designing

part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which

CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF SANITARY

Horizontal to Horizontal change in direction

use 45° wye branches, combination wye – 1/8 bend

Vertical to Horizontal change in direction

Horizontal to vertical change in direction

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT OF SIZES

The size of waste pipes or soil pipes depend on the

A lavatory discharges 0.47 liters/sec or 28.3 liters/min (7.5

The F.U. rating of plumbing fixtures is based on the size of

Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2%

Exception: Where it is impracticable due to depth of street

Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks,

The Deep Seal P-Trap

Water seal is about twice the size of

The Stand Trap

Used for fixtures such as slop sinks

Serves as a water seal & structural

The Running Trap

Used within the line of

Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)

No fixtures shall be double-trapped

Only one trap shall be permitted

One trap, centrally located, may

Minimum sizes of traps for common plumbing fixtures

7 Wash Basin (single) 32 mm 1

8 Water Closet (private installation) 76 mm 4

9 Water Closet (public installation) 76 mm 6

Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms

The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the

Clean-outs NOT REQUIRED

SIZE OF SIZE OF THREADS

HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCES:

Earth Cooled Grease Trap

Mechanical Grease Trap

Operating Principles (separation of grease from water):

Earth cooled Grease Trap Mechanical Grease Trap

Grease Trap Capacity

TOTAL # OF REQUIRED GREASE

Back Flow Valves:

Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to

Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the

Main Types: VENTS

the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitary

Individual Vent or Back Vent

a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that

a vertical vent line that provides

a pipe connecting upward from a soil

a group vent pipe which starts in front of the

a vertical vent connection on a

Used in spaces without partitions

a pipe or shaft to convey foul air

a vent that does not carry liquid or

the extension of a soil or waste stack

the vertical vent pipe installed

Vents NOT REQUIRED

GRADES & CONNECTIONS

Each vent shall rise vertically 152 mm above the highest

All vent pipes shall extend undiminished in size above the

Two (2) fixtures having same level inlet openings, may be

VENT STACK & RELIEF VENTS