EDUC 102

ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL
STATISTICS
LEE G. BARAQUIA, EDD
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
▪collection, organization,
presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of
data
TERMINOLOGIES IN STATISTICS
▪ Population
– A collection of items of interest in research
– A complete set of things
An example – All the employees of DepEd Regional Office IX
▪ Sample
– A subset of a population
– The size smaller than the size of a population
An example – 50 employees randomly selected from DepEd Regional Office
IX
 TERMINOLOGIES IN STATISTICS
▪ Parameter – A constant measure which describes the
characteristics of a population
▪ Statistic – The corresponding measure for a sample
▪ Variables – The properties of a population that are to be
measured
▪ Constant – Something that does not vary
DIVISIONS OF STATISTICS
1. Descriptive Statistics are used to summarize,
organize, and reduce large number of observations
into meaningful and manageable presentation.

- Measures of central tendency (mean, median,

mode) and measures of variability or dispersion
(range, variance, standard deviation)
DIVISIONS OF STATISTICS
2. Inferential Statistics are used when making inferences from a
sample about a population.

- These are used to estimate the characteristics of a

population (parameters) using the characteristics of a
sample.

For example, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Test,

Regression Analysis, etc.
 DATA COLLECTION
▪Types of data (categorical and numerical)
▪Examples of different data sources
(surveys, checklist, interview, Focus Group
Discussion, experiments, etc.)
DATA COLLECTION
▪ Types of Quantitative Data

1. Discrete Data- only consists of discrete values, and the

numbers in between those values are not defined (e.g., 1, 2,
3; # of vegetation types)
(3 Types: binary, nominal, ordinal)

2. Continuous Data- is associated with some sort of physical

measurement and includes any value (e.g., 1, 1.43, and
3.1415926 are all acceptable values; distance, tree height,
amount of precipitation)
(2 Types: interval scale, ratio scale)
DISCRETE DATA
▪ binary nominal data has just two types,
e.g., yes/no, female/male, is/is not,
hot/cold, etc.
▪Nominal data are data that can simply be
broken down into categories, i.e., having
to do with names or types
▪Ordinal data can be categorized and can
be placed in an order or ranking system
DATA PROCESSING
▪Any operation or set of operations
performed upon data, whether or not by
automatic means, such as collection,
recording, organization, storage,
adaptation or alteration to convert it into
useful information.
 DATA PROCESSING
3 Basic Activities:

1. Input

2. Process

3. Output
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (MEASURE OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY)
1. Mean – most commonly used measure of central tendency
which is the average of al observations
2. Median – middlemost value such that half of the
observations are above and half are below this value
3. Mode – most frequently occurring value in the distribution
Calculate the mean, median, and mode using Excel:
Example 1: 8, 4, 2, 6, 10
Example 2: 9.8, 10.2, 10.1, 14.5, 17.5, 13.9, 17.5, 15.5, 7.8, 24.5
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (MEASURE OF VARIABILITY)
1. Standard Deviation – measures how varied is the
distribution of observations and it requires interval level
measures
2. Variance – it is the square of the standard deviation
3. Range – highest- lowest observation; unstable measure
of variability
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
When to Use It? Parametric Test
Testing Relationship Between 2 Variables Pearson Correlation Test
(correlation between students’ engagement and performance)

Predicting Variables Regression Analysis

(at least 1 independent variable predicts a dependent variable
e.g., computational and metacognitive skills and performance)
Comparison of Means Paired-Samples T Test
(2 related samples e.g., pretest vs posttest)
Comparison of Means Independent-Samples T Test
(2 independent samples e.g., experimental group vs control
group)
Comparison of Means Analysis of Variance
(3 or more independent samples e.g., group 1 vs group 2 vs group (ANOVA)
3)
PEARSON CORRELATION TEST
Testing Relationship Between 2 Variables
(correlation between students’ engagement and performance)

-a measure of the strength of a linear association between two

variables
-Pearson r can take a range of values from +1 to -1. A value of 0
indicates that there is no association between the two variables
- Note: p-value < 0.05 (with significant relationship)
p-value > 0.05 (no significant relationship)
PEARSON CORRELATION TEST

Positive
Relationship
PEARSON CORRELATION TEST

Negative
Relationship
PEARSON CORRELATION TEST

No
Relationship
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Predicting Variables
(at least 1 independent variable predicts a dependent
variable e.g., computational and metacognitive skills and
performance)

-Simple Linear Regression: A statistical model that

utilizes one independent variable “X” to predict the
dependent variable “Y.”
-Multiple Linear Regression: A statistical model that
utilizes two or more independent variables to predict the
dependent variable.
SIMPLE LINEAR
REGRESSION
SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
-Predicted final grade in class = 59.95 + 3.17*(hours of study)

-Predict the final grade of…

Someone who studies for 12 hours
Final grade = 59.95 + (3.17*12)
Final grade = 97.99

Someone who studies for 1 hour:

Final grade = 59.95 + (3.17*1)
Final grade = 63.12
PAIRED SAMPLES T TEST
Comparison of Means
(2 related samples e.g., pretest vs posttest)

- It compares two means that are from the same individual,

object, or related units.
- The two means typically represent two different times (e.g.,
pre-test and post-test with an intervention between the two
time points).

- Note: p-value < 0.05 (with significant difference)

p-value > 0.05 (no significant difference)
INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T TEST
Comparison of Means
(2 independent samples e.g., experimental group vs control group)

- It compares means of two different groups.

- Note: p-value < 0.05 (with significant difference)

p-value > 0.05 (no significant difference)
ANOVA (ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE)
Comparison of Means
(3 or more independent samples e.g., group 1 vs group 2 vs group 3)

- It compares means of three of more groups.

- ANOVA cannot tell you which specific groups were statistically
significantly different from each other, only that at least two
groups were. To determine which specific groups differed from
each other, you need to use a Post Hoc Test.

- Note: p-value < 0.05 (with significant difference)

p-value > 0.05 (no significant difference)
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
When to Use It? Parametric Test
Testing Relationship Between 2 Variables Pearson Correlation Test
(correlation between students’ engagement and performance)

Predicting Variables Regression Analysis

(at least 1 independent variable predicts a dependent variable
e.g., computational and metacognitive skills and performance)
Comparison of Means Paired-Samples T Test
(2 related samples e.g., pretest vs posttest)
Comparison of Means Independent-Samples T Test
(2 independent samples e.g., experimental group vs control
group)
Comparison of Means Analysis of Variance
(3 or more independent samples e.g., group 1 vs group 2 vs group (ANOVA)
3)