3-D Gemetry

Welcome to
3D Geometry
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Table of Contents
Session 01 03 Session 04 107 Session 07 204
Coordinate and Position 08 Equation of Angle Bisector of Foot of perpendicular from a point to a 206
Vector of a point Two Lines 109 plane
Equation of Angle Bisector of 111 Image of point with respect to a plane 211
Position Vector of a Point 15
Two Straight Lines Distance of a Point from a Plane 217
Distance formula between two 16
points Foot of Perpendicular from a 120 Relative Position of Two Points with 220
Point to a Lines Respect to a Plane:
Distance of a Point from Co- 20
Image of a Point with Respect to Angle between a Line and a Plane 229
ordinate Axis 128
Section Formula 26 a Line
Centroid of a Triangle 29 Perpendicular Distance of a Point 131 Session 08 234
from a Line Condition for a Line to Lie in a Plane 235
Session 02 36 Equation of Plane Containing Two Lines 246
Area of a triangle 37
Session 05 141 Intersection point of a line and a plane 256
Condition of collinearity 41 Skew lines 142
Condition for lines to be
Volume of Tetrahedron 48 Coplanar
151 Session 09 268
Direction Cosines of a line 49 Shortest Distance between 161 Angle between two planes 277
Parallel Lines Equation of angle bisector of two planes 284
Direction Ratios and Direction 60
Cosines of a line Plane 165
Session 10 297
Session 03 65 Session 06 176
Family of Planes 298
Angle between two lines 68 Intercept form of equation of 184
Non–Symmetrical Form of Line 309
plane
Projection of a Line Segment on 77 sphere 325
Coordinate Axes Normal Form of Plane 193
Equation of a Straight Line Equation of plane passing through
85
three points
197 Session 11 330
Condition for four points to be 199 Miscellaneous Questions 330
coplanar
Session 01
Introduction to three
dimensional geometry
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𝑥
𝐴 𝑥, 𝑦
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𝑦 𝑥
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
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Three Dimensional Geometry:
Definition:
It is a geometric setting, in which three different parameters (dimensions) 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are

required to determine position of a point.
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Coordinate and Position Vector of a point:
𝑋 ′ 𝑋, 𝑌 ′ 𝑌, 𝑍 ′ 𝑍 are the three coordinate axes.

Note :
Points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are orthogonal projections of
𝑃 on the 𝑋, 𝑌 & 𝑍 axes.
Here,
Point 𝑀 is in 𝑥𝑦 plane
Point 𝑁 is in 𝑦𝑧 plane
Point 𝐿 is in 𝑥𝑧 plane
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Octant
𝑂𝑋 ′ 𝑌 ′ 𝑍′
Co-ordinate
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One of the vertices of a cuboid is 0, 2, −1 and edges from this vertex are
along positive 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 − axis respectively and are of lengths 2, 2 & 3
respectively. Then, the coordinates of other vertices are :
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One of the vertices of a cuboid is 0, 2, −1 and edges from this vertex are
along positive 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 − axis respectively and are of lengths 2, 2 & 3
respectively. Then, the coordinates of other vertices are :
𝑃 ≡ 0, 2, −1
Length of edges are 2, 2, 3
Other vertices are :
𝐴 0 + 2, 2, −1 + 3 ≡ 𝐴 2, 2, 2
𝐵 0, 2, −1 + 3 ≡ 𝐵 0 2, 2
𝐶 0, +2, 2, −1 ≡ 𝐶 2 2, −1
𝐷 0,2 + 2, −1 + 3 ≡ 𝐷 0 4, 2
𝐸 0,2 + 2, −1 ≡ 𝐸 0 4, −1
𝐹 0 + 2,2 + 2, −1 ≡ 𝐹 2 4, −1
Return 𝑄
to≡
Top2 4, 2
Planes are drawn parallel to the coordinate planes through the points
1, 2, 3 and 2, 4, 7 . Find the length of edges of cuboid so formed,
A 1, 2, 3
B 1, 2, 4
C 2, 2, 3
D 2, 2, 4
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𝑃 = 2−1 =1
𝑃𝐸 = 4 − 2 = 2
𝑃𝐵 = 7 − 3 = 4
∴ Length of edges are 1, 2, 4
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A 1, 2, 3
B 1, 2, 4
C 2, 2, 3
D 2, 2, 4
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Position Vector of a Point:
Let 𝑂 be origin, then the position vector

of a point 𝑃 is the vector 𝑂𝑃
𝑟Ԧ = 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝐿 + 𝐿𝑃
= 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐿 + 𝐿𝑃
= 𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐶 + 𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝑀 = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ
= 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ
𝑟Ԧ (position vector of 𝑃) = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠
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Distance formula between two points :
Distance = 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 2
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧2 − 𝑧 𝑘෠
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The locus of a point 𝑃 which moves such that 𝑃𝐴2 − 𝑃𝐵2 = 5, where 𝐴 and 𝐵
are 3, 4, 5 and −1, 3, −7 respectively, is :
A 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 24𝑧 − 9 = 0
B 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 24𝑧 + 14 = 0
C 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 24𝑧 − 5 = 0
D 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 24𝑧 + 13 = 0
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Let 𝑃 ≡ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , 𝑃𝐴2 − 𝑃𝐵2 = 5
𝑃𝐴2 = 𝑥 − 3 2
+ 𝑦−4 2
+ 𝑧−5 2
𝑃𝐵2 = 𝑥 + 1 2
+ 𝑦−3 2
+ 𝑧+7 2
2 2 2
𝑃𝐴2 − 𝑃𝐵2 = 5 ⇒ 𝑥−3 + 𝑦−4 + 𝑧−5
2 2 2
− 𝑥+1 + 𝑦−3 + 𝑧+7 =5
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 + 𝑧 2 − 102 + 25
− 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 + 𝑧 2 + 14𝑧 + 49 = 5
⇒ −8𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 24𝑧 − 9 = 5
∴ Locus of 𝑃 : 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 24𝑧 + 14 = 0
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A 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 24𝑧 − 9 = 0
B 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 24𝑧 + 14 = 0
C 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 24𝑧 − 5 = 0
D 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 24𝑧 + 13 = 0
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Distance of a Point from Co-ordinate Axis:
Distance of 𝑃 from 𝑥 −axis = 𝑃𝐴
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑥−𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
Distance of 𝑃 from 𝑦 − axis = 𝑃𝐵
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑧2
Distance of 𝑃 from z − axis = 𝑃𝐶
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Projection of point on 𝑥 − axis ≡ 𝐴
Projection of point on y − axis ≡ 𝐵
Projection of point on z − axis ≡ 𝐶
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If the sum of the squares of the distances of a point from the three
coordinate axes be 36, then its distance from origin is :
A 6 B 3 2 C 6 2 D 2 3
Let 𝑃 ≡ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝑃𝐴2 + 𝑃𝐵2 + 𝑃𝐶 2 = 36
𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 36
⇒ 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 36
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 18
⇒ 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 18
=3 2
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If the sum of the squares of the distances of a point from the three
coordinate axes be 36, then its distance from origin is :
A 6 B 3 2 C 6 2 D 2 3
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A point moves so that the sum of the
squares of its distances from the six faces of
a cube given by 𝑥 = ±1, 𝑦 = ±1, 𝑧 = ±1 is 10
units. Then the locus of the point is :
A 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 1
B 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1
C 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 2
D 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2
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A point moves so that the sum of the squares of its distances from the six
faces of a cube given by 𝑥 = ±1, 𝑦 = ±1, 𝑧 = ±1 is 10 units. Then the locus of
the point is :
Let 𝑃 ≡ 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛
Distance of 𝑃 from 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑙 − 1
⇒ 𝑙+1 2
+ 𝑚+1 2
+ 𝑛+1 2 → 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −1, 𝑧 = −1
2 2 2 → 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 1
+ 𝑙−1 + 𝑚−1 + 𝑛−1
= 10
⇒ 𝑙 + 2𝑙 + 1 + 𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 1 + 𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 1 + 𝑙 2 − 2𝑙 + 1
2
+ 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 + 𝑛2 − 2𝑛 + 1 = 10
⇒ 2 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 + 6 = 10 ⇒ 2 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 4
Generalise, 𝑙 → 𝑥, 𝑚 → 𝑦, 𝑛 → 𝑧
Return to Top 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 2
A point moves so that the sum of the squares of its distances from the six
faces of a cube given by 𝑥 = ±1, 𝑦 = ±1, 𝑧 = ±1 is 10 units. Then the locus of
the point is :
A 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 1
B 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1
C 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 2
D 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2
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Section Formula :
Coordinate of a point 𝑀 which divides the line

segment joining points 𝑃 & 𝑄 in 𝑚 ∶ 𝑛, is :
𝑀 ≡ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1 𝑚𝑧1 +𝑛𝑧1
𝑀 ≡ , ,
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
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If a point 𝑅 4, 𝑦, 𝑧 lies on the line segment joining the points 𝑃 2, −3, 4
and 𝑄 8, 0, 10 , then the distance of 𝑅 from origin is :
JEE MAINS APR 2019
A 6 B 53 C 2 14 D 2 21
𝑃𝑅 𝜆
Let = (internally)
𝑅𝑄 1
8𝜆+2 0+ −3 10𝜆+4 𝑄(8, 0, 10)

Section Formula 𝑅 ≡ , , ≡ 4, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝜆+1 𝜆+1 𝜆+1
8𝜆+2 𝑅(4, 𝑦, 𝑧)
∴ = 4 ⇒ 8𝜆 + 2 = 4𝜆 + 4
𝜆+1
𝑃(2, −3, 4)
1
4𝜆 = 2 ⇒ 𝜆 =
2
Put 𝜆 in 𝑅 4, −2, 6
𝑂𝑅 = 16 + 4 + 36 = 56 = 2 14
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If a point 𝑅 4, 𝑦, 𝑧 lies on the line segment joining the points 𝑃 2, −3, 4
and 𝑄 8, 0, 10 , then the distance of 𝑅 from origin is :
JEE MAINS APR 2019
A 6 B 53 C 2 14 D 2 21
𝑄(8, 0, 10)
𝑅(4, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝑃(2, −3, 4)
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Centroid of a Triangle
Coordinate of centroid 𝐺 is :
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3 𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3
𝐺 ≡ , ,
3 3 3
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Let 𝐴 3, 0, −1 , 𝐵 2, 10, 6 & 𝐶 1, 2, 1 be the vertices of a triangle and 𝑀 be
the midpoint of 𝐴𝐶. If 𝐺 divides 𝐵𝑀 in the ratio 2 ∶ 1, then
cos ∠𝐺𝑂𝐴 , where 𝑂 is the origin, is equal to
JEE MAINS APR 2019
1 1 1 1
A 15
B 6 10
C 30
D
2 15
𝐺 is the centroid
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3 𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3
𝐺 ≡ , ,
3 3 3
3+2+1 10+0+2 −1+6+1

𝐺≡ , , ⇒ 𝐺 ≡ 2,4,2
3 3 3
𝐵𝐴⋅𝑂𝐺
෢ ⋅ 𝑂𝐺
cos 𝜃 = 𝑂𝐴 ෢ =
𝑂𝐴 ⋅ 𝑂𝐺
෠ 𝑂𝐺 = 2𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠

𝑂𝐴 = 3𝑖Ƹ − 𝑘,
6−2 4 1
cos 𝜃 = = ∴ cos 𝜃 =
10⋅ 24 4 15 15
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Let 𝐴 3, 0, −1 , 𝐵 2, 10, 6 & 𝐶 1, 2, 1 be the vertices of a triangle and 𝑀 be
the midpoint of 𝐴𝐶. If 𝐺 divides 𝐵𝑀 in the ratio 2 ∶ 1, then
cos ∠𝐺𝑂𝐴 , where 𝑂 is the origin, is equal to
JEE MAINS APR 2019
1 1 1 1
A 15
B 6 10
C 30
D
2 15
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Incentre of a Triangle
Coordinate of incentre 𝐼 is :
𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑥2 +𝑐𝑥3 𝑎𝑦1 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐𝑦3 𝑎𝑧1 +𝑏𝑧2 +𝑐𝑧3
𝐺 ≡ , ,
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
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The vertices of a triangle are 𝐴 1, 1, 2 , 𝐵 4, 3, 1 and 𝐶 2, 3, 5 . Then
vector representing internal bisector of the angle 𝐴 is :
A 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠
B 2𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
C 2𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠
D 2𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
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𝐴𝐵 = 32 + 22 + 12 = 14
𝐴𝐶 = 12 + 22 + 32 = 14
⇒ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an isosceles triangle.
∴ Median acts as an angle bisector

for angle 𝐴.
𝐷 divides 𝐵𝐶 in ratio of 𝐴𝐵 ∶ 𝐴𝐶
⇒ 𝐷 is mid point
𝐷 ≡ 3, 3, 3 ⇒ 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 − 𝑂𝐴
= 3𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠ − 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠
∴ 𝐴𝐷 = 2𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
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A 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠
B 2𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
C 2𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠
D 2𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
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Session 02
Direction ratios and
direction cosines of a line
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Area of a triangle 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )
Let 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 , 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 and 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 be
vertices of a triangle, then
1
Area = 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐶
2
𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 )
𝑖Ƹ 𝑗Ƹ 𝑘෠
1
Area = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
2
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
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Area of a triangle
Let ∆𝑥 , ∆𝑦 and ∆𝑧 be the area of the projections of the triangle to the 𝑌𝑍, 𝑋𝑍, 𝑋𝑌 planes
respectively.
Area of triangle ∆ = ∆𝑥 2 + ∆𝑦 2 + ∆𝑧 2
𝑦1 𝑧1 1 𝑧1 𝑥1 1
1 1
∆𝑥 = 𝑦2 𝑧2 1 , ∆𝑦 = 𝑧2 𝑥2 1
2 2
𝑦3 𝑧3 1 𝑧3 𝑥3 1
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1
1 𝑥1 𝑦1 1
∆𝑧 = 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
2 𝑥 𝑦3 1
𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 3
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The area of triangle formed by joining points 2, −1,1 , 1, −3, −5
& (3, −4, −4) is :
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The area of triangle formed by joining points 2, −1,1 , 1, −3, −5
& (3, −4, −4) is :
Solution: 𝐴 2, , −1,1
1
Area = 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐶
2
1
Area = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
2
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
𝐵 1, −3, −5 𝐶 3, −4, −4
1
Area = −1 −2 −6
2
1 −3 −5
210
= square unit
2
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Condition of collinearity
The points 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 , 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 and 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 are collinear if :
Using Distance formula :
𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3
i.e. 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 i.e. 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ± 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶
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Using section formula :
𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1
Point 𝐵 divides 𝐴 & 𝐶 in ration 𝑚: 𝑛
𝑚𝑥3 + 𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦3 + 𝑛𝑦1 𝑚𝑧3 + 𝑛𝑧1

𝑥2 = , 𝑦2 = , 𝑧2 =
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
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Using area of triangle :
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3
1
Area = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 =0
2
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
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Using vectors :
𝐴𝐶 ∥ 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐶 = 𝜆𝐴𝐵 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
= =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
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If the points 4 , 5 , 1 , 3 , 2 , 4 & (−1 , −10 , 𝑝) are collinear , then value
of 𝑝 is:
A 14
B 15
C 16
D 17
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of 𝑝 is:
Solution:
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
= =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
−1 − 4 −10 − 5 𝑝 − 1
= =
3−4 2−5 4−1
𝑝−1
⇒5=5=
3
⇒𝑝−1=3×5
⇒ 𝑝 = 16
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of 𝑝 is:
A 14
B 15
C 16
D 17
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Volume of Tetrahedron
Let 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 , 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 , 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 and 𝐷 𝑥4 , 𝑦4 , 𝑧4 be vertices of a tetrahedron, then
1
𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 𝑉= 𝑎Ԧ 𝑏Ԧ 𝑐Ԧ
6
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
𝑏 1 2
𝑉= 𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
6 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑦4 − 𝑦1 𝑧4 − 𝑧1
4 1
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
𝑎Ԧ
𝑐Ԧ
𝐷 𝑥4 , 𝑦4 , 𝑧4
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Direction Cosines of a line
Let 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 be the angles which the directed line makes with the positive directions
of the axes of 𝑥, 𝑦 & 𝑧 respectively, then cos 𝛼 , cos 𝛽 & cos 𝛾 are called the direction
cosines of the line (D.C.’s). 𝑌
𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)
They are usually denoted by 𝑙 , 𝑚 , 𝑛 .
𝛽 𝑟 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟
𝑎 𝑎
cos 𝛼 = = 𝛼
𝑟 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝛾
𝑋
𝑂
𝑏 𝑏
cos 𝛽 = 𝑟 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
𝑍
𝑐 𝑐
cos 𝛾 = =
𝑟 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
Note 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 ≠ 2𝜋
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The D.C.’s are usually denoted by 𝑙 , 𝑚 , 𝑛 .
𝑎
𝑙 = cos 𝛼 =
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
𝑏
𝑚 = cos 𝛽 =
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
𝑐
𝑛 = cos 𝛾 =
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2+𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 +𝑏2+𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
=
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
∴ 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1
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The D.C.’s are usually denoted by 𝑙 , 𝑚 , 𝑛 .
➢ 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟
D.C.’s = 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛
⇒ 𝑃 ≡ 𝑙𝑟 , 𝑚𝑟 , 𝑛𝑟
➢ 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑟
D.C.’s = 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛
𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )
𝑄 ≡ 𝑥1 + 𝑙𝑟 , 𝑦1 + 𝑚𝑟 , 𝑧1 + 𝑛𝑟
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Direction cosines (D.C.’s ) of a line equally inclined with the positive
direction of the coordinate axes, is ____.
A 1 ,1 ,1
1 1 1
B 3
,
3
,
3
1 1 1
C , ,
2 2 2
1 1 1
D ,− ,
3 3 3
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Direction cosines (D.C.’s ) of a line equally inclined with the positive
direction of the coordinate axes, is ____.
Solution: A 1 ,1 ,1
𝛼=𝛽=𝛾 𝑙 = cos 𝛼 , 𝑚 = cos 𝛽 , 𝑛 = cos 𝛾
1 1 1
B , ,
3 3 3
𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1 𝑙 = cos 𝛼 = 𝑚 = 𝑛
1 1 1
2 2
⇒ cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛼 = 12 C , ,
2 2 2
1
⇒ 3 cos 2 𝛼 = 1 ⇒ cos 𝛼 = ± 1 1 1
3
D ,− ,
1 3 3 3
⇒ cos 𝛼 = =𝑙
3
1 1 1
Thus , direction cosines : , ,
3 3 3
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Direction cosines (D.C.’s ) of a line equally inclined with coordinate axes,
is ____.
A 1 ,1 ,1
1 1 1
B 3
,
3
,
3
1 1 1
C , ,
2 2 2
1 1 1
D ,− ,
3 3 3
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If a line makes angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 with positive 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 axes respectively,
then the value of sin2 𝛼 + sin2 𝛽 + sin2 𝛾 is :
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
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Solution:
𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1
⇒ cos2 𝛼 + cos 2 𝛽 + cos 2 𝛾 = 1
⇒ 1 − sin2 𝛼 + 1 − sin2 𝛽 + 1 − sin2 𝛾 = 1
⇒ sin2 𝛼 + sin2 𝛽 + sin2 𝛾 = 2
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A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
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Direction Ratios of a line
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be proportional to the direction cosines (D.C.’s ) 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 , then 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are

called direction ratios (D.R.’s).
Example 2 2 1
Let the D.C.’s of a line be : , − , , then
3 3 3
DRs can be : 2 , −2 , 1
or −6 , 6 , −3
or 2 7 , −2 7 , 7
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Direction Ratios of a line
Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be the D.R.’s and 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 be the D.C’s

of a line, then
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
= = = 𝜆 ⇒ 𝑙 = ,𝑚 =
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 𝜆 𝜆
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 ⇒ 2 + 2 + = 1 ⇒ 𝜆2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝜆 𝜆 𝜆2
⇒ 𝜆 = ± 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 ≡ , ,
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
or
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 ≡ − ,− ,−
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
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Direction Ratios and Direction Cosines of a line
➢ If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be the D.R.’s of any line 𝐿, then
𝑎𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝑗Ƹ + 𝑐 𝑘෠ will be a vector parallel to the line .
➢ If 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 be the D.C.’s of any line 𝐿, then
𝑙𝑖Ƹ + 𝑚𝑗Ƹ + 𝑛𝑘෠ will be a unit vector parallel to the line .
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Direction Ratios and Direction Cosines of a line
If 𝑃 ≡ 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 & 𝑄 ≡ 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 , then
𝑄 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
➢ The D.R.’s of line 𝑃𝑄 will be
𝑎 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑏 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 , 𝑐 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )
➢ The D.C.’s of line 𝑃𝑄 will be
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1

𝑙= ,𝑚= , 𝑛= 𝑃𝑄
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑄
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Consider a cube whose edges are parallel to coordinate axes. Then the
direction ratios (D.R.’s) and direction cosines (D.C.’s ) of its body diagonals, is :
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Solution: 𝑌
𝐵(0, 𝑎, 0)
Let side of cube be 𝑎 𝑁(0, 𝑎, 𝑎)
𝑀(𝑎, 𝑎, 0)
𝑃(𝑎, 𝑎, 𝑎)
𝑂𝑃 ∶ D.R.’s ∶ (1,1,1)
𝑂 𝑋
𝐴(𝑎, 0,0)
1 1 1 1 1 1 𝐶(0,0, 𝑎)
D.C.’s : , , or − ,− ,−
3 3 3 3 3 3 𝐿(𝑎, 0, 𝑎)
𝑍
𝐵𝐿 ∶ D.R.’s ∶ (1, −1,1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
D.C.’s : ,− , or − , ,−
3 3 3 3 3 3
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Solution: 𝑌
𝐵(0, 𝑎, 0)
𝑀(𝑎, 𝑎, 0)
𝐴𝑁 ∶ D.R.’s ∶ (−1,1,1) 𝑁(0, 𝑎, 𝑎)
𝑃(𝑎, 𝑎, 𝑎)
1 1 1 1 1 1
D.C.’s : − , , or ,− ,−
3 3 3 3 3 3
𝑂 𝑋
𝐴(𝑎, 0,0)
𝐶(0,0, 𝑎)
𝐶𝑀 ∶ D.R.’s ∶ (1,1, −1) 𝐿(𝑎, 0, 𝑎)
𝑍
1 1 1 1 1 1
D.C.’s : , ,− or − ,− ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
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Session 03
Equation of a straight line in
3 −D form
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The direction cosines (D.C.’s) 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 of a line which are connected
by the relations 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0; 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑛 − 𝑛𝑙 = 0, is:
2 1 1 1 1 2
A −
6
,
6
,
6
C 6
,
6
,
6
2 1 1 1 1 2
B , , D − ,− ,
6 6 6 6 6 6
𝑙+𝑚+𝑛=0 &; 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑛 − 𝑛𝑙 = 0
Put 𝑛 = −𝑙 − 𝑚
⇒ 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚 − 𝑙 𝑛 = 0
⇒ 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚 − 𝑙 −𝑙 − 𝑚 = 0
⇒ 2𝑙𝑚 − 2𝑙𝑚 − 2𝑚2 + 𝑙 2 + 𝑙𝑚 = 0
⇒ 𝑙 2 + 𝑙𝑚 − 2𝑚2 = 0
Return to Top ⇒ 𝑙 + 2𝑚 𝑙 − 𝑚 = 0
The direction cosines (D.C.’s) 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 of a line which are connected
by the relations 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0; 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑛 − 𝑛𝑙 = 0, is:
𝑙+𝑚+𝑛=0 &; 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑛 − 𝑛𝑙 = 0
⇒ 𝑙 + 2𝑚 𝑙 − 𝑚 = 0
𝑙 = −2𝑚 𝑙=𝑚
⇒ 𝑛 = −𝑙 − 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑛 = −𝑙 − 𝑚
⇒𝑛=𝑚
⇒ 𝑛 = −2𝑚
𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 ∷ −2𝑚: 𝑚: 𝑚 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 ∷ 𝑚: 𝑚: −2𝑚
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
⇒ = = ⇒ = =
−2 1 1 1 1 −2
DRS ∝ −2, 1, 1 DRS ∝ 1, 1, −2
2 1 1 1 1 2
∴ D.C.’s can be: − , , or − ,− ,
6 6 6 6 6 6
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Angle between two lines
If two lines have D.R.’s 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 and 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 respectively
(parallel vectors will be 𝑎1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏1 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑐1 𝑘෠ and 𝑎2 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑐2 𝑘෠ respectively).
Let 𝜃 is the angle between them, then
𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2
𝐿1
𝜃 = cos −1
𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2 𝜃
𝐿2
Lines will be parallel, if 𝑎.𝑏
cos 𝜃 =
𝑎 𝑏
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Lines will be perpendicular, if
𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0
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Angle between two lines
If two lines have D.C.’s 𝑙1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑛1 and 𝑙2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑛2 respectively
(parallel unit vectors will be 𝑙1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑚1 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑛1 𝑘෠ and 𝑙2 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑚2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑛2 𝑘෠ respectively).
Let 𝜃 is the angle between them, then
𝜃 = cos −1 𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝐿1
𝐿2
𝑎.𝑏
cos 𝜃 =
𝑎 𝑏
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The angle between any two body diagonals of a cube, is :
4 2
A cos−1
9
C cos−1
3
1 2
B cos−1 D cos−1
3 9
𝜃 = cos −1 𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2
1 1 1
𝑂𝑃 ∶ Direction cosines : 3
,
3
,
3
1 1 1
𝐵𝐿 ∶ Direction cosines : ,− ,
3 3 3
1
𝜃 = cos −1
3
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The angle between the lines whose direction cosines satisfy the
equations 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 & 𝑙2 = 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 , is:
JEE MAIN 2014
𝜋
A 3
𝜋
B
6
𝜋
C 4
𝜋
D
2
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JEE MAIN 2014
𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 & 𝑙 2 = 𝑚2 + 𝑛2
⇒𝑙 =− 𝑚+𝑛 ⋯ 𝑖
Squaring 𝑖 ,
⇒ 𝑙 2 = 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 + 2𝑚𝑛
⇒ 𝑙 2 = 𝑙 2 + 2𝑚𝑛
⇒ 2𝑚𝑛 = 0 1 1
For 𝑚 = 0, 𝑙 = ,𝑛 = −
2 2
⇒ 𝑚 = 0 or 𝑛 = 0
1 1
For 𝑛 = 0, 𝑙 = ,𝑚 = −
2 2
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JEE MAIN 2014
1 1
For 𝑚 = 0, 𝑙 = ,𝑛 = −
2 2
⇒ 𝑚 = 0 or 𝑛 = 0
1 1
For 𝑛 = 0, 𝑙 = ,𝑚 = −
2 2
1 1 1 1
∴ D.C.’s will be : , 0, − or ,− ,0
2 2 2 2
𝜃 = cos −1 𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2
1 𝜋
⇒ 𝜃 = cos −1 =
3
2
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JEE MAIN 2014
𝜋
A 3
𝜋
B
6
𝜋
C 4
𝜋
D
2
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The coordinates of points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 are 4, 𝛼, 2 , 5, −3, 2 , 𝛽, 1, 1 & 3, 3, −1
respectively. Line 𝐴𝐵 would be perpendicular to line 𝐶𝐷 when :
A 𝛼 = −1, 𝛽 = −1
B 𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = −1
C 𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = 2
D 𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = 2
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The coordinates of points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 are 4, 𝛼, 2 , 5, −3, 2 , 𝛽, 1, 1 & 3, 3, −1
respectively. Line 𝐴𝐵 would be perpendicular to line 𝐶𝐷 when :
Solution:
D.R.’s of line 𝐴𝐵 ∶ 1 , −3 − 𝛼 , 0
D.R.’s of line 𝐶𝐷 ∶ 3 − 𝛽 , 2 , −2
Lines will be perpendicular, if 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0
⇒ 3 − 𝛽 − 6 − 2𝛼 = 0
⇒ 2𝛼 + 𝛽 = −3
Possible when, 𝛼 = −1, 𝛽 = −1
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Projection of a Line Segment on Coordinate Axes:
Let a line segment has length 𝑟 and has direction cosines 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛,

then its projection on coordinate axes will be 𝑙𝑟, 𝑚𝑟, 𝑛𝑟.
𝑛𝑟
𝑟
𝑙𝑟 𝑂
𝑚𝑟
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The projection of a vector on three coordinate axes are 6, −3 & 2
respectively. The direction cosines of the vector are :
AIEEE 2009
A 6, −3, 2
6 3 2
B 7
,− ,
7 7
6 3 2
C ,− ,
5 5 5
6 3 2
D − ,− ,
7 7 7
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AIEEE 2009
𝑙𝑟 = 6 ; 𝑚𝑟 = −3 ; 𝑛𝑟 = 2 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1
𝑙 2 𝑟 2 + 𝑚 2 𝑟 2 + 𝑛 2 𝑟 2 = 62 + 32 + 22
𝑟 2 𝑙2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 49
⇒𝑟=7
6 3 2
𝑙⋅7=6⇒ ;𝑚 = − ;𝑛 =
7 7 7
6 3 2
Thus, direction cosines : , − ,
7 7 7
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AIEEE 2009
A 6, −3, 2
6 3 2
B 7
,− ,
7 7
6 3 2
C ,− ,
5 5 5
6 3 2
D − ,− ,
7 7 7
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Projection of a Line Segment on Another Line
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 𝑏
Projection of 𝑎Ԧ on 𝑏Ԧ is : 𝑎Ԧ ⋅
𝑏
𝐿
𝐴′ 𝐵′ 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛
Projection of a line segment joining points

𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 , 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 on a line 𝐿 having direction cosines 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛,
is :
Return to Top 𝐴′ 𝐵′ = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑙 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑚 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝑛
The projection of a line segment joining the points 1, −1, 3 and 2, −4, 11
on the line joining the points −1, 2, 3 and 3, −2, 10 is:
JEE MAIN JAN 2020
Solution:
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JEE MAIN JAN 2020
Solution:
𝐵 2, −4, 11
𝐴 1, −1, 3
−1, 2, 3 3, − 2, 10 𝐿
𝐴′ 𝐵′ 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛
The DRs of line L with points −1, 2, 3 & 3, −2, 10 : 4, −4, 7
4 4 7
∴𝑙= ; 𝑚=− ;𝑛 =
9 9 9
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JEE MAIN JAN 2020
4 4 7
∴𝑙= ; 𝑚=− ;𝑛 =
9 9 9
𝐴′ 𝐵′ = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑙 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑚 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝑛
4 4 7
= 2 − 1 − 9 −4 + 1 + 9 11 − 3
9
4 12 56
= + +
9 9 9
=8
∴ Projection = 8
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Equation of a Straight Line
𝑖 Equation of a line passing through a point 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 and having

direction ratios 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, is :
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1
𝑎𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝑗Ƹ + 𝑐𝑘෠
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Parametric Vector Equation of a Straight Line
Vector equation of a straight line passing through a given point

Ԧ
Ԧ and parallel to a given vector 𝐵(𝑏)
𝐴(𝑎)
𝑟Ԧ = 𝑎Ԧ + 𝜆𝑏Ԧ 𝑅(𝑟)
Ԧ
𝐴(𝑎)
Ԧ 𝐵(𝑏)
where 𝜆 is a scalar and for different values of 𝜆, we get

different positions of point 𝑅.
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𝑖 Equation of a line passing through a point 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 and

having direction ratios 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, is:
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
= = =𝜆
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
symmetric form of line
General point on a line:
General point 𝑃 on this line can be taken as : 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝜆

𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑏𝜆
𝑧 = 𝑧1 + 𝑐𝜆
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Symmetric form
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
or : = = 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1
Cartesian form
Vector form : 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥1 𝑖ƶ + 𝑦1 𝑗ƶ + 𝑧1 𝑘ƶ + 𝜆 𝑎𝑖ƶ + 𝑏𝑗ƶ + 𝑐 𝑘ƶ
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𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
: = =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Straight line Equation
(𝑖) Through origin 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥, 𝑧 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥1 𝑖ƶ + 𝑦1 𝑗ƶ + 𝑧1 𝑘ƶ

+ 𝜆 𝑎𝑖ƶ + 𝑏𝑗ƶ + 𝑐 𝑘ƶ
𝑖𝑖 𝑥−axis 𝑦 =0&𝑧 =0
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦−axis 𝑥 =0&𝑧 =0
𝑖𝑣 𝑧−axis 𝑥 =0&𝑦 =0
𝑣 Parallel to 𝑥−axis 𝑦 = 𝑝 ,𝑧 = 𝑞
𝑣𝑖 Parallel to 𝑦−axis 𝑥 = ℎ ,𝑧 = 𝑞
𝑣𝑖𝑖 Parallel to 𝑧−axis 𝑥 = ℎ, 𝑦 = 𝑝
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The equation of a straight line passing through the point 3, −6, 8 and
𝑥−2 𝑦+12 −𝑧−7
parallel to the line = = , is :
1 4 5
Solution:
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The equation of a straight line passing through the point 3, −6, 8 and
𝑥−2 𝑦+12 −𝑧−7
parallel to the line = = , is :
1 4 5
Solution:
𝑥−2 𝑦+12 𝑧+7

Given line : = =
1 4 −5
DRs of required line will be : 1,4, −5
𝑥−3 𝑦+6 𝑧−8

Thus, equation of the line: 1
=
4
=
−5
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The equation of a straight line passing through the point −5, 2, 4
෠ is :
and parallel to vector 2𝑖ƶ − 3𝑗ƶ + 𝑘,
𝑥+5 𝑦−2 𝑧−4

A = =
2 −3 1
𝑥−5 𝑦+2 𝑧−4

B = =
2 3 1
𝑥−5 𝑦+2 𝑧−4

C 2
=
−3
=
2
𝑥+5 𝑦−2 𝑧−4

D 1
=
−3
=
2
Return to Top
෠ is :
𝑥+5 𝑦−2 𝑧−4

A = =
2 −3 1
𝑥−5 𝑦+2 𝑧−4

B = =
2 3 1
𝑥−5 𝑦+2 𝑧−4

C 2
=
−3
=
2
𝑥+5 𝑦−2 𝑧−4

D 1
=
−3
=
2
Return to Top
෠ is :
Solution:
𝑥+5 𝑦−2 𝑧−4 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
Equation of the line : = = 𝑎
=
𝑏
=
𝑐
2 −3 1
OR
Equation of the line in vector form:
𝑟Ԧ = −5𝑖ƶ + 2𝑗ƶ + 4𝑘ƶ + 𝜆 2𝑖ƶ − 3𝑗ƶ + 𝑘ƶ
Return to Top
If the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏, 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑦 + 𝑑 and 𝑥 = 𝑎′ 𝑧 + 𝑏 ′ , 𝑦 = 𝑐 ′ 𝑧 + 𝑑′ are
perpendicular, then:
JEE MAIN JAN 2019
A 𝑎𝑏 ′ + 𝑏𝑐 ′ + 1 = 0
B 𝑏𝑏 ′ + 𝑐𝑐 ′ + 1 = 0
C 𝑐𝑐 ′ + 𝑎 + 𝑎′ = 0
D 𝑎𝑎′ + 𝑐 + 𝑐 ′ = 0
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JEE MAIN JAN 2019
Solution:
Lines can be written as :
𝑥−𝑏 𝑦 𝑧−𝑑
= = ⋯ 𝑖
𝑎 1 𝑐
𝑥−𝑏′ 𝑦−𝑑 ′ 𝑧
= = ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
𝑎′ 𝑐′ 1
For perpendicular lines 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0
⇒ 𝑎𝑎′ + 𝑐 ′ + 𝑐 = 0
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JEE MAIN JAN 2019
A 𝑎𝑏 ′ + 𝑏𝑐 ′ + 1 = 0
B 𝑏𝑏 ′ + 𝑐𝑐 ′ + 1 = 0
C 𝑐𝑐 ′ + 𝑎 + 𝑎′ = 0
D 𝑎𝑎′ + 𝑐 + 𝑐 ′ = 0
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Straight Line
(𝑖𝑖) Equation of a line passing through points 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 and 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1
DRs of the line will be : 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 , 𝑧2 − 𝑧1

Equation of the line : 𝑥2 −𝑥1
=
𝑦2 −𝑦1
=
𝑧2 −𝑧1
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Straight Line
Example:
The equation of a straight line passing through the

points (1, −2, 7) and (5, 3, −1) , is :
𝑥−1 𝑦+2 𝑧−7

Equation of the line : 4
=
5
=
−8
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Which of the following does not represent equation of line passing
through the points 2, 1, 3 & −1, 3, 1 ?
𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧−3

A 3
=
−2
=
2
B 𝑟Ԧ = −𝑖ƶ + 3𝑗ƶ + 𝑘෠ + 𝜆(3𝑖ƶ − 2𝑗ƶ + 2𝑘)

෠
C 𝑟Ԧ = 8𝑖ƶ − 3𝑗ƶ + 7𝑘෠ + 𝜆(3𝑖ƶ − 2𝑗ƶ + 2𝑘)

෠
𝑥−5 𝑦+3 𝑧−5

D −3
=
2
=
−2
Return to Top
Vector form : 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑎Ԧ + 𝜆 𝑏Ԧ − 𝑎Ԧ = =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧−3

Cartesian equation : 3
=
−2
=
2
Vector form: 𝑟Ԧ = −𝑖ƶ + 3𝑗ƶ + 𝑘෠ + 𝜆(3𝑖ƶ − 2𝑗ƶ + 2𝑘)

෠
General point on this line is : 2 + 3𝜆 , 1 − 2𝜆 , 3 + 2𝜆
2 + 3𝜆 = 5
Thus, another point will be: 5, −1, 5
𝑥−5 𝑦+1 𝑧−5

Thus , equation can also be written as: = =
−3 2 −2
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Vector form : 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑎Ԧ + 𝜆 𝑏Ԧ − 𝑎Ԧ = =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧−3

=
−2
=
2
Vector form: 𝑟Ԧ = −𝑖ƶ + 3𝑗ƶ + 𝑘෠ + 𝜆(3𝑖ƶ − 2𝑗ƶ + 2𝑘)

෠
General point on this line is : 2 + 3𝜆 , 1 − 2𝜆 , 3 + 2𝜆
2 + 3𝜆 = 8 ⇒ 𝜆 = 2
Point on this line is 8, −3, 7
∴ Equation can also be : 𝑟Ԧ = 8𝑖ƶ − 3𝑗ƶ + 7𝑘෠ + 𝜆(3𝑖ƶ − 2𝑗ƶ + 2𝑘)

෠
Return to Top
𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧−3

A 3
=
−2
=
2
B 𝑟Ԧ = −𝑖ƶ + 3𝑗ƶ + 𝑘෠ + 𝜆(3𝑖ƶ − 2𝑗ƶ + 2𝑘)

෠
C 𝑟Ԧ = 8𝑖ƶ − 3𝑗ƶ + 7𝑘෠ + 𝜆(3𝑖ƶ − 2𝑗ƶ + 2𝑘)

෠
𝑥−5 𝑦+3 𝑧−5

D −3
=
2
=
−2
Return to Top
The line passing through the points 5, 1, 𝑎 & 3, 𝑏, 1 crosses the 𝑦
17 13
− 𝑧 plane at point 0, ,− , then:
2 2
AIEEE 2008
A 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 8
B 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 6
C 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 4
D 𝑎 = 8, 𝑏 = 2
Return to Top
17 13
2 2
AIEEE 2008
Line passing through 5, 1, 𝑎 & 3, 𝑏, 1
𝑥−5 𝑦−1 𝑧−𝑎
=
1−𝑏
=
𝑎−1
17 13
2𝑟 + 5, 1 + 𝑟 1 − 𝑏 , 𝑎 + 𝑟 𝑎 − 1 ≡ 0, ,−
2 2
5
𝑟=−
2
5 5
0, 1 − 1 − 𝑏 ,𝑎 − 𝑎−1
2 2
5 17 5 13
1− 1−𝑏 = & 𝑎− 𝑎−1 =−
2 2 2 2
5𝑏 17 3 −3𝑎 18
= + & 2
=−
2
2 2 2
5𝑏 −3𝑎 18
= 10 & =−
2 2 2
Return to Top 𝑏=4 & 𝑎=6

17 13
2 2
AIEEE 2008
A 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 8
B 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 6
C 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 4
D 𝑎 = 8, 𝑏 = 2
Return to Top
Session 04
Equation of angular
bisectors of lines
Return to Top
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
Angle 𝜃 between the lines = = and = = is :
1 2 3 3 −1 4
Solution: A cos−1
2 3
26
Direction ratios of lines are: 1, 2, 3 & 3, −1, 4

13
B cos−1
2 7
𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2
𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2 6
𝜃 = cos −1 C cos−1
2 7
𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2
21
∴ 𝜃 = cos −1
3−2+12
D cos−1
14 26 2 29
13
⇒ 𝜃 = cos −1
14 26
13
⇒ 𝜃 = cos −1
2 7
Return to Top
𝐿2 − 𝐿1
Equation of Angle Bisector of Two Lines : 𝐵2
Let the lines be : 𝐿1

𝐿1 + 𝐿2 𝜃
𝐿1 ∶ = = → Through 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 𝐵1
𝑙1 𝑚1 𝑛1
𝐿2
𝐿1 = 𝑙1 𝑖 + 𝑚1 𝑗 + 𝑛1 𝑘

𝐿2 ∶
𝑙2
=
𝑚2
=
𝑛2 → Through 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧3
𝐿1 = 𝑙2 𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑗 + 𝑛2 𝑘
where 𝑙1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑛1 and 𝑙2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑛2 are direction cosines
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Vector Equation of Angle Bisector Between Two Straight Lines :
Ԧ 𝑎Ԧ + 𝜆𝑏Ԧ ⋯ (𝑖)
Line 1: 𝑟= Line 2: 𝑟=
Ԧ 𝑎Ԧ + 𝜇𝑐Ԧ ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝑏Ԧ −𝑐Ԧ 𝑏Ԧ
𝑁
෠
𝑃(𝑏) Ԧ
𝑃(𝑏)
𝑅 −𝑐Ԧ
𝑀
𝐴(𝑎)
Ԧ 𝐴(𝛼)
Ԧ
𝑄(𝑐)Ƹ 𝑄(𝑐)
Ԧ
𝑐Ԧ 𝑐Ԧ
Internal angle bisector : External angle bisector :

෠ 𝑐Ƹ
𝑟Ԧ = 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑠 𝑏+ ෠ 𝑐Ƹ
𝑟Ԧ = 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑠 𝑏−
Return to Top
Equation of Angle Bisector of Two Straight Lines :
Let the lines be : 𝐵2 𝐿1 − 𝐿2

𝐿1 ∶ = = → 𝐿1 = 𝑙1 𝑖 + 𝑚1 𝑗 + 𝑛1 𝑘 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 𝐿1
𝑙1 𝑚1 𝑛1
𝜃
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝐵1
𝐿2 ∶ = = → 𝐿2 = 𝑙2 𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑗 + 𝑛2 𝑘 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1
𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑛2
𝐿2
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 = 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 𝑖 + 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑗 + 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 𝑘
→ 𝐷𝑅′ 𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵1 𝛼 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 , 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 , 𝑛1 + 𝑛2
where 𝑙1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑛1 and 𝑙2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑛2 are direction cosines
∴ Equation of bisectors will be :
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
= = & = =
𝑙1 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 𝑙1 − 𝑙2 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝑛1 − 𝑛2
Return to Top 𝐵1 𝐵2
𝐵2
Equation of Angle Bisector of Two Straight Lines : 𝐿2
Acute and obtuse angle bisectors :
𝐵1
cos 𝜃 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝜃
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1
𝐵1 ∶ = =
𝑙1 +𝑙2 𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑛1 +𝑛2

𝐵2 ∶ = = 𝐿1
𝑙1 −𝑙2 𝑚1 −𝑚2 𝑛1 −𝑛2
If cos 𝜃 > 0
⇒ 𝐵1 is acute angle bisector and 𝐵2 is obtuse bisector.
If cos 𝜃 < 0
⇒ 𝐵2 is acute angle bisector and 𝐵1 is obtuse bisector.

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Equation of the angle bisector of the angle between the lines
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
= = and = = is :
1 1 1 1 1 −1
𝑦−2 𝑧−3
A 𝑥 = 1;
1
=
1
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3

B 1
=
2
=
3
𝑥−1 𝑦−2
C 2
=
2
;𝑧 = 3
𝑥−1 𝑦−2
D 2
=
3
;𝑧 = 3
Return to Top
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
= = and = = is :
1 1 1 1 1 −1
Solution:
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
= = and = =
1 1 1 1 1 −1
𝐿1 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 , 𝐿2 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘
𝑖+𝑗+𝑘 𝑖+𝑗−𝑘
𝐿෠1 = 𝐿෠ 2 =
3 3
2 2
→ DR′s of bisector 𝐵1 𝛼 𝐿෠1 + 𝐿෠ 2 𝛼 , ,0
3 3
2
→ DR′s of bisector 𝐵2 𝛼 𝐿෠1 − 𝐿෠ 2 𝛼 0, 0,
3
→ DR′s of bisector 𝐵1 𝛼 2, 2, 0
→ DR′s of bisector 𝐵2 𝛼 0, 0, 2
The equation of bisector is :
𝑥−1 𝑦−2
⇒ = ;𝑧 = 3
2 2
Return to Top
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
= = and = = is :
1 1 1 1 1 −1
𝑦−2 𝑧−3
A 𝑥 = 1;
1
=
1
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3

B 1
=
2
=
3
𝑥−1 𝑦−2
C 2
=
2
;𝑧 = 3
𝑥−1 𝑦−2
D 2
=
3
;𝑧 = 3
Return to Top
The direction cosines of the lines bisecting the angle between the
lines whose direction cosines are 𝑙1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑛1 and 𝑙2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑛2 , and the
angle between these lines is 𝜃, are :
𝑙1 +𝑙2 𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑛1 +𝑛2

A 𝜃 , 𝜃 , 𝜃
cos cos cos
2 2 2
𝑙1 −𝑙2 𝑚1 −𝑚2 𝑛1 −𝑛2

B 𝜃 , 𝜃 , 𝜃
sin sin sin
2 2 2
𝑙1 +𝑙2 𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑛1 +𝑛2

C 𝜃 , 𝜃 , 𝜃
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos
2 2 2
𝑙1 −𝑙2 𝑚1 −𝑚2 𝑛1 −𝑛2

D 2 sin
𝜃 ,
2 sin
𝜃 ,
2 sin
𝜃
2 2 2
Return to Top
Solution: 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
= = & = =
𝑙1 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 𝑙1 − 𝑙2 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝑛1 − 𝑛2
DRs of bisectors are : 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 , 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 , 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 & 𝑙1 − 𝑙2 , 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 , 𝑛1 − 𝑛2
Now, (𝑙1 + 𝑙2 )2 +(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )2 +(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 )2
= 𝑙12 + 𝑚12 + 𝑛12 + 𝑙22 + 𝑚22 + 𝑛22 + 2(𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 )
= 2 + 2 cos 𝜃
⇒ (𝑙1 − 𝑙2 )2 +(𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )2 +(𝑛1 − 𝑛2 )2
= 𝑙12 + 𝑚12 + 𝑛12 + 𝑙22 + 𝑚22 + 𝑛22 − 2(𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 )
= 2 − 2 cos 𝜃
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Solution:
DCs of bisectors are :
𝑙1 +𝑙2 𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑛1 +𝑛2
, ,
(𝑙1 +𝑙2 ) +(𝑚1 +𝑚2 )2 +(𝑛1 +𝑛2 )2
2 (𝑙1 +𝑙2 ) +(𝑚1 +𝑚2 )2 +(𝑛1 +𝑛2 )2
2 (𝑙1 +𝑙2 ) +(𝑚1 +𝑚2 )2 +(𝑛1 +𝑛2 )2
2
and
𝑙1 −𝑙2 𝑚1 −𝑚2 𝑛1 −𝑛2
, (𝑙1 −𝑙2 ) +(𝑚1 −𝑚2 )2 +(𝑛1 −𝑛2 )2
2
(𝑙1 −𝑙2 ) +(𝑚1 −𝑚2 )2 +(𝑛1 −𝑛2 )2
2 (𝑙1 −𝑙2 ) +(𝑚1 −𝑚2 )2 +(𝑛1 −𝑛2 )2
2
𝑙1 +𝑙2 𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑛1 +𝑛2 𝑙1 +𝑙2 𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑛1 +𝑛2

, , 2+2 cos 𝜃
⇒ 𝜃 , 𝜃 , 𝜃
2+2 cos 𝜃 2+2 cos 𝜃 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
2 2
and
𝑙1 −𝑙2 𝑚1 −𝑚2 𝑛1 −𝑛2 𝑙1 −𝑙2 𝑚1 −𝑚2 𝑛1 −𝑛2
, , 2−2 cos 𝜃
⇒ 𝜃 , 𝜃 , 𝜃
2−2 cos 𝜃 2−2 cos 𝜃 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
2 2
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𝑙1 +𝑙2 𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑛1 +𝑛2

A 𝜃 = 𝜃 = 𝜃
cos cos cos
2 2 2
𝑙1 −𝑙2 𝑚1 −𝑚2 𝑛1 −𝑛2

B 𝜃 = 𝜃 = 𝜃
sin sin sin
2 2 2
𝑙1 +𝑙2 𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑛1 +𝑛2

C 𝜃 = 𝜃 = 𝜃
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos
2 2 2
𝑙1 −𝑙2 𝑚1 −𝑚2 𝑛1 −𝑛2

D 2 sin
𝜃 =
2 sin
𝜃 =
2 sin
𝜃
2 2 2
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𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )
Foot of Perpendicular from a Point to a Lines :
Let point 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 and Line 𝐿 ∶ = =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Let 𝑃 is the foot of perpendicular from point 𝐴
on the line 𝐿. 𝐿
So,
𝑥−𝑥0
=
𝑦−𝑦0
=
𝑧−𝑧0
=𝜆
(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) 𝑃
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑏Ԧ𝑗 + 𝑐𝑘
∴ 𝑃 ≡ (𝑥0 + 𝑎𝜆 , 𝑦0 + 𝑏𝜆 , 𝑧0 + 𝑐𝜆)
DRs of 𝐴𝑃: 𝑥0 +𝑎𝜆 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦0 + 𝑏𝜆 − 𝑦1 , 𝑧0 + 𝑐𝜆 − 𝑧1
DRs of 𝐿 ∶ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
∵ 𝐴𝑃 is ⊥ to 𝐿
𝑎 𝑥0 + 𝑎𝜆 − 𝑥1 + 𝑏 𝑦0 + 𝑏𝜆 − 𝑦1 + 𝑐 𝑧0 + 𝑐𝜆 − 𝑧1 = 0
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𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )
Foot of Perpendicular from a Point to a Lines :

Line 𝐿 ∶ = =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑃 ≡ (𝑥0 + 𝑎𝜆 , 𝑦0 + 𝑏𝜆 , 𝑧0 + 𝑐𝜆)
𝐿
𝑎 𝑥0 + 𝑎𝜆 − 𝑥1 + 𝑏 𝑦0 + 𝑏𝜆 − 𝑦1 + 𝑐 𝑧0 + 𝑐𝜆 − 𝑧1 = 0
(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) 𝑃
𝑎 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 + 𝑏 𝑦1 − 𝑦0 + 𝑐 𝑧1 − 𝑧0 𝑎Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑏Ԧ𝑗 + 𝑐𝑘
⇒𝜆=
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
Substitute value of 𝜆 to get point 𝑃
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The foot of perpendicular from the point (1,6,3) on the line
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
= = is :
1 2 3
A 0, 1, 2
B 4, 9, 14
C 1, 3, 5
D −2, −3, −4
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𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
= = is :
1 2 3
Solution:
𝐴(1,6,3)
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
= = =𝜆
1 2 3
𝑃 ≡ (𝜆 , 1 + 2𝜆 , 2 + 3𝜆)
DRs of 𝐴𝑃 𝛼 (𝜆 − 1, 2𝜆 − 5 , 3𝜆 − 1) 𝐿
DRs of 𝐿 𝛼 (1, 2, 3) 𝑃 𝜆, 1 + 2𝜆, 2 + 3𝜆

1,2,3
⇒ 1 𝜆 − 1 + 2 2𝜆 − 5 + 3 3𝜆 − 1 = 0
⇒𝜆=1
∴ 𝑃 ≡ 1,3,5
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𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
= = is :
1 2 3
A 0, 1, 2
B 4, 9, 14
C 1, 3, 5
D −2, −3, −4
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If foot of perpendicular drawn from the point 1, 0, 3 on a line
5 7 17
passing through 𝛼, 7, 1 is , , , then 𝛼 is equal to :
3 3 3
JEE MAINS JAN 2020
A 𝟒
B 𝟑
C 𝟐
D 𝟏
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5 7 17
3 3 3
JEE MAINS JAN 2020
A 𝟒
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5 7 17
3 3 3
JEE MAINS JAN 2020
Solution:
𝐴(1, 0, 3)
5 7 17 2 7 8
DRs of 𝐴𝑃 𝛼 − 1, − 0, −3 𝛼 , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
5 7 17 5 14 14
DRs of 𝐿 𝛼 𝛼 − , 7 − , 1 − 𝛼 𝛼− , ,−
3 3 3 3 3 3
𝐿
5 5 7 7 17 17
⇒ −1 𝛼− + −0 7− + −3 1−
3 3 3 3 3 3
𝐵(𝛼, 7,1) 𝑃
5 7 17
=0 , ,
3 3 3
2 5 7 14 8 14
⇒ 𝛼− + × + ×− =0
3 3 3 3 3 3
⇒ 3𝛼 − 5 + 49 − 56 = 0
⇒ 3𝛼 − 12 = 0 ⇒ 𝛼 = 4
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Image of a Point with Respect to a Line : 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )
Let point 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 & Line 𝐿 ∶ 𝑎
=
𝑏
=
𝑐
𝐿
Let 𝐴 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧
′ ′ ′ ′
is image of point 𝐴 with respect to line 𝐿
𝑃(𝑥𝑝 , 𝑦𝑝 , 𝑧𝑝 )
and, 𝑃 is the mid point of the line segment
𝐴𝐴′ as well as the foot of perpendicular from
the point 𝐴 on the line 𝐿 𝐴′(𝑥1 ′, 𝑦1 ′, 𝑧1 ′)
To find point 𝑃 𝑥𝑝 , 𝑦𝑝 , 𝑧𝑝 , apply mid point formula 𝑃 is mid point of 𝐴𝐴′

To get 𝐴′ → find 𝑃
𝑥1 +𝑥 ′ 𝑦1 +𝑦 ′ 𝑧1 +𝑧 ′ Then apply mid point formula
𝑥𝑝 = 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑧𝑝 =
2 2 2
∴ 𝐴′ 𝑥 ′ , 𝑦 ′ , 𝑧′ ≡ 2𝑥𝑝 − 𝑥1 , 2𝑦𝑝 − 𝑦1 , 2𝑧𝑝 − 𝑧1
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If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 is the image of the point 1, 2, −3 in the line,
𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧
= = , then 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 is equal to :
2 −2 −1
JEE MAINS JAN 2020
Solution:
𝐴(1,2, −3)
A −1
𝐿 B 2
𝑃
C 3
𝐴′(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)
D 1
𝑃 is a point on the foot of perpendicular of the line 𝐿

𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧
= = =𝜆
2 −2 −1
⇒ 𝑃 ≡ −1 + 2𝜆 , 3 − 2𝜆 , −𝜆
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If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 is the image of the point 1, 2, −3 in the line,
𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧
= = , then 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 is equal to :
2 −2 −1
JEE MAINS JAN 2020
Solution:
𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧 𝐴(1,2, −3)
= = 𝑃 ≡ (−1 + 2𝜆 , 3 − 2𝜆 , −𝜆)
2 −2 −1
DRs of 𝐴𝑃 𝛼 2𝜆 − 2,1 − 2𝜆, 3 − 𝜆

𝐿
DRs of 𝐿 𝛼 2, −2, −1
𝑃
∵ 𝐴𝑃 is ⊥ to 𝐿 ∴ cos 𝜃 = 0
𝐴′(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)
⇒ 2 2𝜆 − 2 − 2 1 − 2𝜆 − −𝜆 + 3 = 0
⇒ Put 𝜆 = 1 ∴ 𝑃 ≡ 1, 1, −1
Use mid point formula,

𝑎+1 𝑏+2 𝑐−3
=1 =1 = −1
2 2 2
⇒𝑎=1 ⇒𝑏=0 ⇒𝑐=1 ⇒𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 =2
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𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )
Perpendicular Distance of a Point from a Line :
Let point 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 & Line 𝐿 ∶ 𝑎
=
𝑏
=
𝑐
Let 𝑃 is the foot of perpendicular from point 𝐴.
Method 1 : 𝐿
𝐶(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) 𝑃(𝑥𝑝 , 𝑦𝑝 , 𝑧𝑝 )
Find point 𝑃 𝑥𝑝 , 𝑦𝑝 , 𝑧𝑝 , and then evaluate distance 𝐴𝑃
𝑏Ԧ
Method 2 :
𝐶𝑃 = 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ . 𝑏෠
𝐴𝑃 = 𝐴𝐶 2 − 𝐶𝑃2 = 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ 2 − 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ 2 cos 2 𝜃
𝐴𝑃 = 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ 1 − cos2 𝜃
𝐴𝑃 = 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ sin 𝜃 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ × 𝑏෠
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𝐴 𝑎Ԧ
Computing Distance between two parallel Lines :
𝐿1
𝐿1 ∶ 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑎Ԧ + 𝜆𝑏Ԧ
𝐿2 ∶ 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑐Ԧ + 𝜇𝑏Ԧ
𝐶 𝑐Ԧ 𝐷 𝐵 𝐿2
1
Area of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ × 𝑏Ԧ
2 𝑏Ԧ
1
= 𝑏Ԧ . 𝐴𝐷
2
𝑎−𝑐Ԧ ×𝑏
𝐴𝐷 = Shortest Distance =
𝑏
Get 𝐶𝐷 = 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ . 𝑏෠
Use Pythagoras to find 𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐷 = Shortest Distance
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Perpendicular Distance of a point from a Line: 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )

Let point 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 and Line 𝐿 ∶ = =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Let 𝑃 is the foot of perpendicular from point 𝐴.
Method 1 𝐿
Find point 𝑃 𝑥𝑝 , 𝑦𝑝 , 𝑧𝑝 , and then evaluate distance 𝐴𝑃
𝑏Ԧ
Method 2
Let point 𝐴 𝑎Ԧ and Line 𝐿 ∶ 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑐Ԧ + 𝜆𝑏Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ = 𝑥1 𝑖ƶ + 𝑦1 𝑗ƶ + 𝑧1 𝑘ƶ
Using formula 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑐Ԧ = 𝑥0 𝑖ƶ + 𝑦0 𝑗ƶ + 𝑧0 𝑘ƶ
𝑏
𝑏Ԧ = 𝑎𝑖ƶ + 𝑏𝑗ƶ + 𝑐 𝑘ƶ
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The length of perpendicular from the point 2, −1, 4 on the
𝑥+3 𝑦−2 𝑧
straight line, = = is :
10 −7 1
JEE MAINS Apr 2019
A Greater than 3 but less than 4
B Greater than 2 but less than 3
C Greater than 4
D Less than 2
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𝑥+3 𝑦−2 𝑧
10 −7 1
JEE MAINS Apr 2019
Solution:
𝐴(2, −1,4)
𝑥+3 𝑦−2 𝑧
= =
10 −7 1
𝑎Ԧ = 2𝑖ƶ − 𝑗ƶ + 4𝑘ƶ 𝑏Ԧ = 10𝑖ƶ − 7𝑗ƶ + 𝑘ƶ 𝑐Ԧ = −3𝑖ƶ + 2𝑗ƶ
𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ = 5𝑖ƶ − 3𝑗ƶ + 4𝑘ƶ 𝐿
𝐴𝑃 = 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ × 𝑏෠ ƶ 𝑗+
10𝑖−7 ƶ 𝑘ƶ 𝑃
𝑏෠ =
150
𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ × 𝑏Ԧ = 5 −3 4
10 −7 1
𝑎−𝑐Ԧ ×𝑏෠ 252 +352 +52 5

𝐴𝑃 = = =
𝑏 150 2
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𝑥+3 𝑦−2 𝑧
10 −7 1
JEE MAINS Apr 2019
A Greater than 3 but less than 4
B Greater than 2 but less than 3
C Greater than 4
D Less than 2
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𝑥+2 𝑦−1 𝑧
The vertices 𝐵 and 𝐶 of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 lie on the line = = , such that
3 0 4
𝐵𝐶 = 5units . Then the area ( in sq. units ) of this triangle, given
that the point 𝐴(1, −1, 2), is :
JEE MAINS Apr 2019
A 5 17
B 34
C 2 34
D 6
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𝑥+2 𝑦−1 𝑧
3 0 4
JEE MAINS Apr 2019
Solution:
𝑥+2 𝑦−1 𝑧 𝐴 1, −1,2
= =
3 0 4
𝑎Ԧ = 𝑖ƶ − 𝑗ƶ + 2𝑘ƶ
𝐿
𝑏Ԧ = 3𝑖ƶ + 4𝑘ƶ
𝐵 𝑃 𝐶
𝑐Ԧ = −2𝑖ƶ + 𝑗ƶ 5 𝑏Ԧ = 3𝑖ƶ + 4𝑘ƶ
ƶ 𝑗+2
𝑖− ƶ 𝑘ƶ − −2𝑖+
ƶ 𝑗ƶ ƶ 𝑘ƶ
× 3𝑖+4 𝑎−𝑐Ԧ ×𝑏
𝐴𝑃 = ƶ 𝑘ƶ 𝐴𝑃 =
3𝑖+4 𝑏
Ƹ 𝑗+2
3𝑖−2 Ƹ 𝑘 ƶ 𝑘ƶ
෠ × 3𝑖+4
𝐴𝑃 = ƶ 𝑘ƶ
3𝑖+4
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𝑥+2 𝑦−1 𝑧
3 0 4
JEE MAINS Apr 2019
Solution:
𝐴 1, −1,2
Ƹ 𝑗+2
3𝑖−2 Ƹ 𝑘 ƶ 𝑘ƶ
෠ × 3𝑖+4
𝐴𝑃 = ƶ 𝑘ƶ
3𝑖+4
ƶ 𝑗+6
−8𝑖−6 ƶ 𝑘ƶ
= 3𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠ × 3𝑖ƶ + 4𝑘ƶ
5
𝐿
2 34
= 𝐵 𝑃 𝐶
5
= 3 −2 2 5 𝑏Ԧ = 3𝑖ƶ + 4𝑘ƶ
1 2 34
∴ Area = ⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 0 4
2 5
= 34 ෠ + 6)
= 𝑖Ƹ −8 − 0 − 𝑗Ƹ 12 − 6 + 𝑘(0
= −8𝑖ƶ − 6𝑗ƶ + 6𝑘ƶ

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𝑥+2 𝑦−1 𝑧
3 0 4
JEE MAINS Apr 2019
A 5 17
B 34
C 2 34
D 6
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Session 05
Introduction to plane in
3 −D
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Skew lines: 𝑃
𝐿1
𝑄
Neither parallel nor intersecting straight lines.
𝐿2
Non – coplanar
𝑃𝑄 (⊥𝑟 to both 𝐿1 & 𝐿2 ) is the shortest

distance between lines 𝐿1 & 𝐿2 .
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Shortest distance between 2 skew lines: 𝑝Ԧ
𝑝Ԧ × 𝑞Ԧ
𝐿1 ∶ 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑎Ԧ + 𝜆𝑝Ԧ 𝐴(𝑎)
Ԧ
𝐿1
𝐿2 ∶ 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑏Ԧ + 𝜇𝑞Ԧ
𝑞Ԧ
Shortest distance = | Projection of 𝐴𝐵 on 𝑛 | Ԧ

𝐵(𝑏)
𝐿2
𝐴𝐵 ⋅ 𝑛
=
𝑛
Ԧ
𝑏−𝑎 ⋅ 𝑝×𝑞
= Ԧ
𝑝×𝑞
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𝑃
Shortest distance between 2 skew lines:
𝐿1
Distance 𝑃𝑄 is the shortest distance between lines 𝐿1 & 𝐿2 . 𝑄
Let the lines be: 𝐿2
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 Ԧ

𝑏−𝑎 ⋅ 𝑝×𝑞
𝐿1 ∶ = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Ԧ
𝑝×𝑞

𝐿2 ∶ = = 𝑏Ԧ − 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝑘෠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
∴ 𝑃𝑄 = 2
σ 𝑏1 𝑐2 −𝑏2 𝑐1
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Note: If lines are skew, ≠0
σ 𝑏1 𝑐2 −𝑏2 𝑐1 2
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𝑥−3 𝑦−8 𝑧−3
The shortest distance between the lines = = and
3 −1 1
𝑥+3 𝑦+7 𝑧−6
= = is:
−3 2 4
JEE MAINS JAN 2020
A 2 30
7
B 2
30
C 3 30
D 3
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𝑥−3 𝑦−8 𝑧−3
3 −1 1
𝑥+3 𝑦+7 𝑧−6
= = is:
−3 2 4
JEE MAINS JAN 2020
Solution:
𝑥−3 𝑦−8 𝑧−3 𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1

= =
3 −1 1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑥+3 𝑦+7 𝑧−6 ∴ 𝑃𝑄 = 2
= = σ 𝑏1 𝑐2 −𝑏2 𝑐1
−3 2 4
6 15 −3
3 −1 1
−3 2 4
∴ 𝑃𝑄 =
−6 2 + 15 2+ 3 2
270
⇒ 𝑃𝑄 =
270
⇒ 𝑃𝑄 = 3 30
Return to Top
𝑥−3 𝑦−8 𝑧−3
3 −1 1
𝑥+3 𝑦+7 𝑧−6
= = is:
−3 2 4
JEE MAINS JAN 2020
A 2 30
7
B 2
30
C 3 30
D 3
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Let 𝜆 be an integer. If the shortest distance between the lines
7
𝑥 − 𝜆 = 2𝑦 − 1 = −2𝑧 and 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2𝜆 = 𝑧 − 𝜆 is , then the value
2 2
of 𝜆 is _______.
JEE MAINS FEB 2021
Return to Top
7
2 2
of 𝜆 is _______.
JEE MAINS FEB 2021
1
𝑥−𝜆 𝑦− 𝑧
2
𝐿1 ∶ = 1 = 1 𝜆∈𝕀 𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
1 − 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
2 2
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
∴ 𝑃𝑄 =
σ 𝑏1 𝑐2 −𝑏2 𝑐1 2
𝑥 𝑦+2𝜆 𝑧−𝜆
𝐿2 ∶ = =
1 1 1
1
𝜆 +2𝜆 −𝜆
2
1 1
1 −
2 2
1 1 1 7
𝑃𝑄 = =
3 2 1 2 2 2
12 + +
2 2
1
𝜆 + 2𝜆 −𝜆
2 1 1 1 1 1
− =𝜆 + − + 2𝜆 1+ −𝜆 1−
1 1
1 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
Return to Top
7
2 2
of 𝜆 is _______.
JEE MAINS FEB 2021
1
𝜆 + 2𝜆 −𝜆
2 1 3 𝜆 5𝜆 3
⇒ 1 1
−
1 =𝜆− + 2𝜆 − =− −
2 2 2 2 4
2 2
1 1 1
−5𝜆 3
− 7
2 4
⇒ =
7 2 2
2
⇒ −10𝜆 − 3 = 7
⇒ −10𝜆 − 3 = ±7
2
⇒𝜆= , −1
5
∴ 𝜆 =1
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Condition for lines to be Coplanar:
Two lines which are either intersecting or parallel, 𝐿2

are always coplanar (lying in the same plane).
Let lines be: 𝐿1

𝐿1 ∶ = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1

𝐿2 ∶ = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
If lines are parallel, they have same direction cosines.
If lines are intersecting, shortest distance between them is 0.
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Condition for lines to be Coplanar:
Condition for co planar lines : 𝐿2

𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 =0
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝐿1
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𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−1 𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧+1
If for some 𝛼 ∈ ℝ, the lines 𝐿1 ∶ = = and 𝐿2 ∶ = = are
2 −1 1 𝛼 5−𝛼 1
coplanar, then the line 𝐿2 passes through the point:
JEE MAINS SEPT 2020
A −2, 10, 2
B 10, 2, 2
C 10, −2, −2
D 2, −10, −2
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𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−1 𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧+1
2 −1 1 𝛼 5−𝛼 1
JEE MAINS SEPT 2020
Solution:
𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−1

𝐿1 ∶ = =
2 −1 1
coplanar
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧+1
𝐿2 ∶ = =
𝛼 5−𝛼 1
1 3 2 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
⇒ 2 −1 1 =0 ∵ 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 =0
𝛼 5−𝛼 1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
⇒ 1 −1 − 5 − 𝛼 − 3 2−𝛼 + 2 2 5−𝛼 +𝛼 = 0
⇒ 𝛼 = −4
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧+1

∴ 𝐿2 ∶ = =
−4 9 1
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𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−1 𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧+1
2 −1 1 𝛼 5−𝛼 1
JEE MAINS SEPT 2020
Solution:
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧+1

∴ 𝐿2 ∶ = =
−4 9 1
Any point on line 𝐿2 can be −4𝜆 − 2, 9𝜆 − 1, 𝜆 − 1
For 𝜆 = −1, it passes through 2, −10, −2 .
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𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−1 𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧+1
2 −1 1 𝛼 5−𝛼 1
JEE MAINS SEPT 2020
A −2, 10, 2
B 10, 2, 2
C 10, −2, −2
D 2, −10, −2
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𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥+𝑘 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
If the lines 1 = = 3, = = and = = are
2 3 −1 4 3 2 ℎ
concurrent, then:
A ℎ = −2, 𝑘 = −6
1
B ℎ = , 𝑘 = −2
2
C ℎ = 6, 𝑘 = 2
1
D ℎ = 2, 𝑘 =
2
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𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥+𝑘 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
2 3 −1 4 3 2 ℎ
concurrent, then:
Solution:
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥+𝑘 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
𝐿1 ∶ = = =𝜆 𝐿2 ∶ = = =𝜇 𝐿3 ∶ = =
1 2 3 3 −1 4 3 2 ℎ
concurrent
Point on 𝐿1 𝜆, 2𝜆, 3𝜆
Point on 𝐿2 3𝜇 + 1, −𝜇 + 2, 4𝜇 + 3
𝜆 = 3𝜇 + 1
2𝜆 = −𝜇 + 2 ⇒ 𝜆 = 1, 𝜇 = 0
3𝜆 = 4𝜇 + 3
Point of intersection is 1, 2, 3
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𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥+𝑘 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
2 3 −1 4 3 2 ℎ
concurrent, then:
Solution:
Point of intersection is (1, 2, 3)
𝐿3 passes through 1, 2, 3
1+𝑘 2−1 3−2

Putting in 𝐿3 ∶ = =
3 2 ℎ
1
⇒ ℎ = 2, 𝑘 =
2
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𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥+𝑘 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
2 3 −1 4 3 2 ℎ
concurrent, then:
A ℎ = −2, 𝑘 = −6
1
B ℎ = , 𝑘 = −2
2
C ℎ = 6, 𝑘 = 2
1
D ℎ = 2, 𝑘 =
2
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Shortest Distance between Parallel Lines:
𝑃
𝐿2
Distance 𝑃𝑄 is the shortest distance
between lines between lines 𝐿1 & 𝐿2 .
Let the lines be: 𝑄 𝐿1

𝐿1 ∶ = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1

𝐿2 ∶ = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
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Computing distance between two parallel lines:
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝐴 𝑎Ԧ 𝑏

𝐿1 ∶ = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝐿1
𝐿2 ∶ = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
1
Area of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ × 𝑏Ԧ 𝐶 𝑐Ԧ 𝐷 𝐵 𝑏 𝐿2
2
1 𝑏
= 𝑏Ԧ . 𝐴𝐷
2
𝐴𝐷 = Shortest Distance=
𝑏
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ ⋅ 𝑏෠ 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐶 2 − 𝐶𝐷2 = 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑐Ԧ × 𝑏෠
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Shortest Distance between Parallel Lines:
Distance 𝑃𝑄 is the shortest distance 𝑃

between lines between lines 𝐿1 & 𝐿2 . 𝐿2
Let the lines be:
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑄 𝐿1

𝐿1 ∶ = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1

𝐿2 ∶ = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑖ƶ 𝑗ƶ 𝑘ƶ
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑃𝑄 =
𝑎12 +𝑏12 +𝑐12
Return to Top
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧
The shortest distance between the lines 𝐿1 : = = and
2 −1 2
𝑥−2 𝑦 𝑧+1
𝐿2 ∶ = = , is:
4 −2 4
26
A 26 B C 3 D 5
3
Solution:
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧 𝑖ƶ 𝑗ƶ 𝑘ƶ
𝐿1 ∶ = =
2 −1 2 𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑃𝑄 =
𝑥−2 𝑦 𝑧+1 𝑎12 +𝑏12 +𝑐12
𝐿2 ∶ = =
4 −2 4
𝑖ƶ 𝑗ƶ 𝑘ƶ
1 1 −1
2 −1 2 Ƹ 𝑗−3
𝑖−4 Ƹ 𝑘෠ 26
𝑃𝑄 = = =
22 + −1 2 +22 3 3
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Plane:
Normal
If a line joining any two points on a surface lies

completely on it, then the surface is a plane. 𝐵
𝐴
Or
If the line joining any two points on a surface is

perpendicular to some fixed straight line.
Then, the surface is called a plane and a fixed straight

line is called normal to the plane.
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Equation of plane passing through a point:
Normal
Given: Direction ratio of normal of plane 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
and a point 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) on it.
Equation: 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑥1 + 𝑏 𝑦 − 𝑦1 + 𝑐 𝑧 − 𝑧1 = 0 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1
𝐴𝑃 ⊥ Normal
DRs of Normal ∝ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
DRs of AP ∝ 𝑥 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦 − 𝑦1 , 𝑐 − 𝑐1
⇒ cos 𝜃
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General form of Equation of Plane:
Normal
Let direction ratio of normal of plane be 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐.
Equation of plane: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑
Plane Equation
𝑦𝑧 plane 𝑥=0
𝑥𝑧 plane 𝑦=0
𝑥𝑦 plane 𝑧=0
Parallel to 𝑥−axis 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑
Parallel to 𝑦−axis 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑
Parallel to 𝑧−axis 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑑
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Consider the three planes : 𝑃1 : 3𝑥 + 15𝑦 + 21𝑧 = 9; 𝑃2 ∶ 𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5;
𝑃3 : 2𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 14𝑧 = 5. Then, which one of the following is true ?
JEE MAINS FEB 2021
A 𝑃1 and 𝑃3 are parallel
B 𝑃2 and 𝑃3 are parallel
C 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 are parallel
D 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 and 𝑃3 are parallel
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JEE MAINS FEB 2021
A 𝑃1 and 𝑃3 are parallel
B 𝑃2 and 𝑃3 are parallel
C 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 are parallel
D 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 and 𝑃3 are parallel
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JEE MAINS FEB 2021
Solution:
𝑃1 : 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 3
𝑃2 ∶ 𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5
5
𝑃3 : 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 =
2
𝑃1 and 𝑃3 are parallel.
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The equation of a plane which passes through 2, −3, 1 and is
perpendicular to the line joining points 3, 4, −1 & 2, −1, 5 , is :
A 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 6𝑧 + 19 = 0 B 𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 19 = 0
C 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 6𝑧 + 19 = 0 D 𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 6𝑧 − 19 = 0
Solution:
Normal
𝐵 2, −1, 5
𝐴 3, 4, −1
𝑃 2, −3, 1
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The equation of a plane which passes through 2, −3, 1 and is
perpendicular to the line joining points 3, 4, −1 & 2, −1, 5 , is :
Solution:
Normal
DRs of the line joining 𝐴𝐵: −1, −5, 6 𝐵 2, −1, 5
DRs of the plane will be: −1, −5, 6 𝐴 3, 4, −1
So, the equation of plane is: 𝑃 2, −3, 1
− 𝑥−2 −5 𝑦+3 +6 𝑧−1 =0
⇒ 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 6𝑧 + 19 = 0
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Find the vector and cartesian equations of the plane which passes
through the points 5, 2, −4 and perpendicular to the line with direction
ratios 2, 3, −1
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ratios 2, 3, −1
Solution:
We have the position vector of point Normal 𝑁 = 2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠
5, 2, −4 as 𝑎Ԧ = 5𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ − 4𝑘෠ and the normal
vector 𝑁 perpendicular to the plane as 𝑁
= 2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠
𝑃 5, 2, −4
Therefore, the vector equation of the
plane is given by 𝑟Ԧ − 𝑎Ԧ ⋅ 𝑁 = 𝜃
෠ ⋅ 2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠ = 0 ⋯ 1
or 𝑟Ԧ − (5𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ − 4𝑘)
Transforming 1 into cartesian form, we have
𝑥 − 5 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦 − 2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧 + 4 𝑘෠ ⋅ 2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠ = 0
Return to Top or 2 𝑥 − 5 + 3 𝑦 − 2 − 𝑧 + 4 = 0
ratios 2, 3, −1
Solution:
or 2 𝑥 − 5 + 3 𝑦 − 2 − 𝑧 + 4 = 0 Normal 𝑁 = 2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠
i.e. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 20
Which is the cartesian equation of the plane
𝑃 5, 2, −4
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Session 06
Representation of
equation of plane
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The equation of the plane which contains 𝑦-axis and passes
through the point (1, 2, 3) is :
JEE MAINS Mar 2021
A 3𝑥 + 𝑧 = 6
B 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0
C 𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 10
D 𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 0
Return to Top
JEE MAINS Mar 2021
Solution: Let the equation of plane 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑
𝐴. 3𝑥 + 𝑧 = 6
Then point must pass thru 0, 0, 0
0+0+0= 𝑑 ⇒𝑑 =0 𝐵. 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0
𝑦-axis
Equation of the plane passing through (1, 2, 3) is: 𝐶. 𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 10
1, 2, 3
𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 3𝑐 = 0
𝐷. 𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 0
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 normal ⊥ 𝑦 − axis 0, 1, 0
⇒ cos 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 ⋅ 0 + 𝑏 ⋅ 1 + 𝑐 ⋅ 0 = 0
⇒𝑏=0
⇒ 𝑎 + 3𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = −3𝑐
∴ Equation of the plane is : 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0

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JEE MAINS Mar 2021
Solution: ⇒ 𝑎 = −3𝑐
𝐴. 3𝑥 + 𝑧 = 6
∴ Equation of the plane is: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0
⇒ −3𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0 𝐵. 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0
𝑦-axis
∴ Equation of the plane is: 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0 𝐶. 𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 10
1, 2, 3
𝐷. 𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 0
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JEE MAINS Mar 2021
A 3𝑥 + 𝑧 = 6
B 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0
C 𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 10
D 𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 0
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Let the plane 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 bisects the line joining the
points 4, −3, 1 and (2, 3, −5) at right angles. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are
integers, then the minimum value (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 ) is :
JEE MAINS Mar 2021
Solution: DRs of normal to plane ≡ DRs of 𝑃𝑄 ≡ 2, −6, 6 ≡ 1, −3, 3
Let 𝐴 be the midpoint of 𝑃 & 𝑄 and lie on the plane.

𝑃(4, −3, 1)
∴ 𝐴 ≡ 3, 0, −2
min 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑 2 = ? ; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ 𝕀
𝐴 3, 0, −2
DRs of 𝑃𝑄 : 1, −3, 3 ∝ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
𝑄 2, 3, −5
⇒ 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0
It passes through the point (3, 0, −2)
⇒3−0−6+𝑑 =0
⇒𝑑=3
Return to Top ∴ Equation of the plane is : 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 3 = 0

Let the plane 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 bisects the line joining the
points 4, −3, 1 and (2, 3, −5) at right angles. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are
integers, then the minimum value (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 ) is :
JEE MAINS Mar 2021
Solution: DRs of normal to plane ≡ DRs of 𝑃𝑄 ≡ 2, −6, 6 ≡ 1, −3, 3
⇒𝑑=3
𝑃(4, −3, 1)
∴ Equation of the plane is : 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 3 = 0
Minimum value of 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑 2 = 28
𝐴 3, 0, −2
𝑄 2, 3, −5
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Let 𝜆, 2, 1 be a point on the plane which passes through the point
4, −2, 2 . If the plane is perpendicular to the line joining the points
𝜆 2 4𝜆
−2, −21, 29 and −1, −16 , 23 , then − − 4 is equal to ____
11 11
JEE MAINS Feb 2021
Solution: DRs of 𝑃𝑄 : −1, −5, 6
𝑃 −2, −21, 29
DRs of 𝐴𝐵 : 4 − 𝜆, −4, 1
𝑄 −1, −16 , 23
𝐴𝐵 is perpendicular to 𝑃𝑄
𝐴 4, −2, 2 𝐵 𝜆, 2, 1
⇒ −1 4 − 𝜆 + −5 −4 + 6 1 = 0
⇒ 𝜆 = −22
𝜆 2 4𝜆
⇒ − −4=8
11 11
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Intercept form of equation of plane:
General form of equation of plane is : 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑
𝑌
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⇒ + + =1⇒ + + =1
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑/𝑎 𝑑/𝑏 𝑑/𝑐
𝑑
0, , 0
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑏
𝑋𝑖𝑛𝑡 = , 𝑌𝑖𝑛𝑡 = , 𝑍𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Thus, intercept form, is : 𝑋

𝑍 𝑑 𝑑
0, 0, , 0, 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑐 𝑎
+ + =1
𝑋𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑌𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑍𝑖𝑛𝑡
1 1 1
DRs of normal is : , ,
𝑋𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑌𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑍𝑖𝑛𝑡
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The equation of a plane parallel to 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 + 5 = 0 and
cutting intercepts on the axes whose sum is 38, is:
A 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 0
B 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 5
C 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 10
D 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 40
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As the plane are parallel ⇒ DRs of normal remains same ⇒ coeff of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧

Solution: 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Equation of parallel plane: 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 𝑑 + 𝑑 + 𝑑 =1
𝑑 −
5 4
𝑑 𝑑
𝑋𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 𝑑 𝑌𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 𝑍𝑖𝑛𝑡. = −
5 4
Given: 𝑋𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑌𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑍𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 38
𝑑 𝑑
Sum = 𝑑 + − = 38
5 4
⇒ 𝑑 = 40
Equation of plane : 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 40
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A 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 0
B 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 5
C 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 10
D 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 40
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If (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be an arbitrary point lying on a plane 𝑃 which passes
through the points 42 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 42 , 0 & 0 , 0 , 42 , then the
𝑥−11 𝑦−19
value of the expression 3 + +
(𝑦−19)2 (𝑧−12)2 (𝑥−11)2 (𝑧−12)2
𝑧−12 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
+ − is equal to:
(𝑥−11)2 (𝑦−19)2 14(𝑥−11)(𝑦−19)(𝑧−12)
JEE MAINS Mar 2021
Solution: By intercept form, Equation of plane 𝑃 ∶ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 42

A 3
⇒ (𝑥 − 11) + (𝑦 − 19) + (𝑧 − 12) = 0 ⇒𝑝+𝑞+𝑟 =0
B 0
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
𝑥−11 𝑦−19 𝑧−12 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
=3+ + + −
(𝑦−19)2 (𝑧−12)2 (𝑥−11)2 (𝑧−12)2 (𝑥−11)2 (𝑦−19)2 14(𝑥−11)(𝑦−19)(𝑧−12) C 39
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 𝑝+𝑞+𝑟+42
=3+ + + −
(𝑞)2 (𝑟)2 (𝑝)2 (𝑟)2 (𝑝)2 (𝑞)2 14(𝑝)(𝑞)(𝑟) D −45
(𝑝)3 +(𝑞)3 +(𝑟)3 42
=3+ − 𝑝+𝑞+𝑟 =0
(𝑝)2 (𝑞)2 (𝑟)2 14(𝑝)(𝑞)(𝑟)
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If (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be an arbitrary point lying on a plane 𝑃 which passes
through the points 42 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 42 , 0 & 0 , 0 , 42 , then the
𝑥−11 𝑦−19
value of the expression 3 + +
(𝑦−19)2 (𝑧−12)2 (𝑥−11)2 (𝑧−12)2
𝑧−12 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
+ − is equal to:
(𝑥−11)2 (𝑦−19)2 14(𝑥−11)(𝑦−19)(𝑧−12)
JEE MAINS Mar 2021
(𝑝)3 +(𝑞)3 +(𝑟)3 42

=3+ − A 3
(𝑝)2 (𝑞)2 (𝑟)2 14(𝑝)(𝑞)(𝑟)
𝑝+𝑞+𝑟 =0
B 0
3𝑝𝑞𝑟 3
=3+ −
(𝑝)2 (𝑞)2 (𝑟)2 (𝑝)(𝑞)(𝑟)
C 39
3 3 3
⇒ (𝑝) +(𝑞) +(𝑟) = 3𝑝𝑞𝑟
=3 D −45
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A plane 𝑃 meets the coordinate axes at 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 respectively. The
centroid of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is given to be 1,1,2 . Then the equation of the
line through this centroid and perpendicular to the plane 𝑃 is:
JEE MAINS Sept 2020
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−2

A = =
1 2 2
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−2

B 2
=
2
=
1
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−2

C 2
=
1
=
1
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−2

D 1
=
1
=
2
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JEE MAINS Sept 2020
Solution:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Centroid of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶: , , = 1 ,1 ,2 𝐵 0, 𝑏, 0
3 3 3
⇒ 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = 6 𝑏
𝐺
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑎
Equation of plane : + + = 1 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
3 3 6 , ,
3 3 3
𝑎, 0, 0
⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6 𝐶 0, 0, 𝑐 𝐴
DRs of line perpendicular to the plane : 2 , 2 , 1 𝑌
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
+𝑏+𝑧 =1
Point on line is: 1 , 1 , 2 0, 𝑏, 0 𝑎
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−2

Thus, equation of line is: 2
=
2
=
1
1, 1, 2
0, 0, 𝑐
𝑋
𝑍 𝑎, 0, 0
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JEE MAINS Sept 2020
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−2

A = =
1 2 2
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−2

B = =
2 2 1
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−2

C 2
=
1
=
1
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−2

D 1
=
1
=
2
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Normal Form of Plane:
𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 are DCs of normal.
𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑝
𝑝 = distance of plane from origin.
𝑌 (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛)
Conversion of general form to normal form:
𝐴
General form ∶ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑 𝑝
𝛼
𝑋
Divide both sides by 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑂
𝑍
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑧 𝑑
Normal form ∶ + + =
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
Note Constant term on right side should be positive .

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Equation of plane upon which the length of normal from
origin is 10 and direction ratios of this normal are 3, 2, 6 , is :
A 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 70
B 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 70
C 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 70
D 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −70
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Solution: DRs of normal are: (3, 2, 6)
3 2 6
DCs of normal are: ( , , )
7 7 7
3 2 6
Equation of plane : 7
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10
7 7 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑝
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 70 𝑝 = 10
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A 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 70
B 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 70
C 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 70
D 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −70
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Equation of plane passing through three points:
Equation of plane passing through points 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 , 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2

and 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 is :
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is the general point on plane 𝑃

𝑟(𝑥,
Ԧ 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑥𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠
𝐴𝑃, 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶, are coplanar 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2

𝑟Ԧ − 𝑎Ԧ 𝑏Ԧ
𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3
𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 = 0
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 𝑐Ԧ
𝑥1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦1 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧1 𝑘෠
𝑎Ԧ
𝑟Ԧ − 𝑎Ԧ 𝑏Ԧ − 𝑎Ԧ 𝑐Ԧ − 𝑎Ԧ = 0
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Equation of plane : [𝑟Ԧ − 𝑎Ԧ 𝑏Ԧ 𝑐]
Ԧ =0
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
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Equation of plane passing through the points 1, 1, 1 , 2, 1, −1
& 3, 3, 0 is:
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ≡ 1, 1, 1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0
𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ≡ 2, 1, −1
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ≡ 3, 3, 0
Equation of plane :
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−1

1 0 −2 = 0
2 2 −1
⇒ 𝑥−1 4 − 𝑦−1 3 + 𝑧−1 2 =0
⇒ 4𝑥 − 4 − 3𝑦 + 3 + 2𝑧 − 2 = 0
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
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Condition for four points to be coplanar:
Given points 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 , 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 , 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 and 𝐷 𝑥4 , 𝑦4 , 𝑧4
𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶, 𝐴𝐷, are coplanar

𝐷(𝑥4 , 𝑦4 , 𝑧4 )
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝑘෠
𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 𝑘෠ 𝑟Ԧ 𝑞Ԧ 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 )
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑥4 − 𝑥1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦4 − 𝑦1 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧4 − 𝑧1 𝑘෠ 𝑝Ԧ
𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )
Condition for them to lie in a plane :
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 = 0
𝑥4 − 𝑥1 𝑦4 − 𝑦1 𝑧4 − 𝑧1 Condition: 𝑝Ԧ 𝑞Ԧ 𝑟Ԧ = 0
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If 1, 5, 35 , 7, 5, 5 , 1, 𝜆 , 7 & 2𝜆, 1, 2 are coplanar, then the sum of
all possible values of 𝜆 is:
JEE MAINS Feb 2021
6 0 −30 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 44
A −
0 𝜆 − 5 −28 = 0 𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 = 0 5
2𝜆 − 1 −4 −33 𝑥4 − 𝑥1 𝑦4 − 𝑦1 𝑧4 − 𝑧1
39
B
5
1 0 −5
0 𝜆 − 5 −28 = 0 39
C −
5
2𝜆 − 1 −4 −33
44
D 5
44
⇒ 5𝜆2 − 44𝜆 + 39 = 0 ⇒ Sum of values of 𝜆 : 5
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If the point 2, 𝛼, 𝛽 lies on the plane which passes through the
points 3, 4, 2 & 7, 0, 6 and is perpendicular to the plane 2𝑥
− 5𝑦 = 15, then 2𝛼 − 3𝛽 is equal to:
JEE MAINS Jan 2019
A 5
B 7
C 17
D 12
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JEE MAINS Jan 2019
Solution: 2𝛼 − 3𝛽 = ?
Normal vector to the plane : 𝑛 = 𝑎Ԧ × 𝑏Ԧ 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 15
𝑖ƶ 𝑗ƶ 𝑘෠
𝑛 = −1 𝛼 − 4 𝛽 − 2
(2, −5,0) 𝑛
4 −4 4
2 ,𝛼 ,𝛽
𝑛 = 4 𝛼 + 𝛽 − 6 𝑖ƶ + 4 𝛽 − 1 𝑗ƶ + 4 −𝛼 + 5 𝑘෠ 7 ,0 ,6
𝑎Ԧ
∵ it is perpendicular to the plane 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 15 𝑏
3 ,4 ,2
⇒ 8 𝛼 + 𝛽 − 6 − 20 𝛽 − 1 = 0
⇒ 2𝛼 − 3𝛽 = 7
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JEE MAINS Jan 2019
A 5
B 7
C 17
D 12
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Session 07
A point and a plane
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The equation of the plane passing through the point 1 , 2 , −3 and
perpendicular to the planes 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 5 and 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 𝑧 = 7 , is:
JEE MAINS FEB 2021
Solution: 𝑃1 : 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 5 𝑛1 ∶ 3𝑖ƶ + 𝑗ƶ − 2𝑘෠
A 3𝑥 − 10𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 11 = 0
𝑃2 : 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 𝑧 = 7 𝑛2 ∶ 2𝑖ƶ − 5𝑗ƶ − 𝑘෠
plane passing through the point 1 , 2 , −3 B 11𝑥 + 𝑦 + 17𝑧 + 38 = 0
Let normal vector to the plane be 𝑛 = 𝑛1 × 𝑛2

C 6𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 2𝑧 − 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑛 = 3 1 −2 = −11𝑖ƶ − 𝑗ƶ − 17𝑘෠ D 6𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 10 = 0
2 −5 −1
So, equation of the plane: −11 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑦 − 2 − 17 𝑧 + 3 = 0
⇒ 11𝑥 + 𝑦 + 17𝑧 + 38 = 0
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Foot of perpendicular from a point to a plane: 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )
Let the equation of the plane : 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑

𝑛 Normal
𝐴𝑃 is parallel to normal to the plane,
𝑥𝑝 −𝑥1 𝑦𝑝 −𝑦1 𝑧𝑝 −𝑧1 𝑃(𝑥𝑝 , 𝑦𝑝 , 𝑧𝑝 )

= = = 𝜆 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
⇒ 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝜆 ; 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦1 + 𝑏𝜆 ; 𝑧𝑝 = 𝑧1 + 𝑐𝜆
Since, 𝑃 lies on plane
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑

𝑎 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝜆 + 𝑏 𝑦1 + 𝑏𝜆 + 𝑐 𝑧1 + 𝑐𝜆 = 𝑑 ⇒ 𝜆 = −
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
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Foot of perpendicular from a point to a plane: 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )

𝑛 Normal
𝑥𝑝 −𝑥1 𝑦𝑝 −𝑦1 𝑧𝑝 −𝑧1
= = = 𝜆 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑
⇒𝜆=−
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
Substituting the value in (𝑖)
𝑥𝑝 − 𝑥1 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑦1 𝑧𝑝 − 𝑧1 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑

= = =−
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
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The foot of perpendicular of point 1,0,2 to the plane 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5, is:
5 1 4
A , ,
3 3 3
1 4 10
B , ,
6 3 3
4 1 13
C , ,
3 6 6
D (2,0,1)
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𝑥𝑝 −𝑥1 𝑦𝑝 −𝑦1 𝑧𝑝 −𝑧1 𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐𝑧1 −𝑑

= = =−
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
𝑥𝑝 −1 𝑦𝑝 𝑧𝑝 −2 2 1 +0+2−5
= = =−
2 1 1 6
4 1 13
𝑥𝑝 = ; 𝑦𝑝 = ; 𝑧𝑝 =
3 6 6
4 1 13
Thus foot of perpendicular is: , ,
3 6 6
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5 1 4
A , ,
3 3 3
1 4 10
B , ,
6 3 3
4 1 13
C , ,
3 6 6
D (2,0,1)
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Image of point with respect to a plane : 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )

𝑛 Normal
𝑥 ′ = 2𝑥𝑝 − 𝑥1 ; 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦𝑝 − 𝑦1 ; 𝑧 ′ = 2𝑧𝑝 − 𝑧1
𝑥𝑝 − 𝑥1 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑦1 𝑧𝑝 − 𝑧1
= = = 𝜆 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑

𝜆=− 𝐴′(𝑥′, 𝑦′, 𝑧′)
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑥 ′ − 𝑥1 2𝑥𝑝 − 2𝑥1
= = 2𝜆
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥′ − 𝑥1 𝑦′ − 𝑦1 𝑧′ − 𝑧1 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑

= = = −2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
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If the mirror image of the point 1, 3, 5 with respect to the
plane 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8 is 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 , then 5 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 equals: _______.
JEE MAINS FEB 2021
Solution: 𝑥′−𝑥1 = 𝑦′−𝑦1 = 𝑧′−𝑧1 = −2 𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐𝑧1 −𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 A 47
⇒
𝛼−1
=
𝛽−3
=
𝛾−5
= −2
4 1 −5 3 +2 5 −8 B 43
4 −5 2 42 + −5 2 +22
13 29 C 39
⇒𝛼= ;𝛽 = 1 ;𝛾 =
5 5
D 41
⇒ 5 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 13 + 5 + 29 = 47
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7 4 1
The mirror image of the point 1 , 2 , 3 in a plane is − 3 , − 3 , − 3 . Which
of the following points lies on this plane?
JEE MAINS JAN 2020
A 1, −1, 1
B −1, −1, 1
C 1, 1, 1
D −1, −1, −1
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7 4 1
JEE MAINS JAN 2020
Solution:
7 4 1
Mirror image of the point 1 , 2 , 3 in a plane is − , − , −
3 3 3
DRs of normal to the plane is:
7 4 1
1+ ,2 + ,3+ ≡ (1 , 1 , 1)
3 3 3
2 1 4
Point 𝑃 is : − , ,
3 3 3
Equation of plane :
2 1 4
⇒1⋅ 𝑥+ +1⋅ 𝑦− +1⋅ 𝑧− =0
Return to Top 3 3 3
7 4 1
JEE MAINS JAN 2020
Equation of plane :
2 1 4
⇒1⋅ 𝑥+ +1⋅ 𝑦− +1⋅ 𝑧− =0
3 3 3
⇒𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1
Thus, point (1, −1, 1) lies on the plane
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7 4 1
JEE MAINS JAN 2020
A 1, −1, 1
B −1, −1, 1
C 1, 1, 1
D −1, −1, −1
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Distance of a Point from a Plane:
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 𝛼Ԧ
Normal 𝑛
Let equation of plane: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑
where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are DRs of normal.
|𝛼.
Ԧ 𝑛 − 𝑑|
𝐷=
𝑛
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑

𝐷=
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
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The equation of the planes parallel to the plane 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 3 = 0 which
are at a unit distance from the point 1, 2, 3 is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0. If
𝑏 − 𝑑 = 𝐾 𝑐 − 𝑎 , then the positive value of 𝐾 is___.
JEE MAINS MAR 2021
Solution:
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The equation of the planes parallel to the plane 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 3 = 0 which
are at a unit distance from the point 1, 2, 3 is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0. If
𝑏 − 𝑑 = 𝐾 𝑐 − 𝑎 , then the positive value of 𝐾 is___.
JEE MAINS MAR 2021
Solution:
Let equation of required plane ∶ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0
1−2 2 + 2 3 + 𝑑
=1 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑
12 + (−2)2 + 22 𝐷=
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
⇒ 𝑑 = 0, −6
𝑏 − 𝑑 = −2 or 4 , 𝑐 − 𝑎 = 1
⇒ 𝐾 = −2 or 4
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∴𝐾=4
Relative Position of Two Points with Respect
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1
to a Plane:
Let equation of plane : 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 − 𝑑 = 0

𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
Two points 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 & 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 are on:
Ratio in which the plane divides line joining

points 𝐴 & 𝐵 is :
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑

−
𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑧2 − 𝑑
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𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1
to a Plane:
𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
Ratio in which the plane divides line joining
points 𝐴 & 𝐵 is :
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑
−
𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑧2 − 𝑑
𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
(𝑖) Same side of plane,
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑
− <0
𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑧2 − 𝑑
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑

⇒ >0
𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑧2 − 𝑑
the signs of 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑 and

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑧2 − 𝑑 are same.
Return to Top 2
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1
to a Plane:
𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
(𝑖𝑖) Opposite side of plane,
the signs of 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑 and 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2

+ 𝑐𝑧2 − 𝑑 are opposite.
𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
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Ratio in which the plane 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4 = 0 divides the line joining the
points 1, 2, −4 & −3, 1, −7 is:
A 2: 3
B −1: 3
C 3: 4
D 3: 1
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points 1, 2, −4 & −3, 1, −7 is:
Solution:
2 1 − 2 + 3 −4 + 4 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑

Ratio = − Ratio ∶ −
2 −3 − 1 + 3 −7 + 4 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑧2 − 𝑑
1
=−
3
Division is 1: 3 external.
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points 1, 2, −4 & −3, 1, −7 is:
A 2: 3
B −1: 3
C 3: 4
D 3: 1
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Points 1, 2, 3 & 2, −1, 4 with respect to the plane 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 − 3 = 0
lie on:
A Opposite side
B The plane
C Same side
D One lie on plane and other doesn’t
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lie on:
A Opposite side
B The plane
C Same side
D One lie on plane and other doesn’t
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lie on:
Solution:
Let 𝐴 1, 2, 3 & 𝐵 2, −1, 4
Equation of plane: 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 − 3 = 0
For point 𝐴: 1+4 2 +3−3 >0
For point 𝐵: 2 + 4 −1 + 4 − 3 < 0
∴ Points 𝐴 & 𝐵 lie on opposite side.
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Angle between a Line and a Plane:
Normal Line
where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are DRs of normal. 90° − 𝜃
𝜃
Let equation of line : = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
where 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 are DRs of line.
𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑏𝑏1 + 𝑐𝑐1

cos 90° − 𝜃 =
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 2 + 𝑐1 2

𝜃 = sin−1
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 2 + 𝑐1 2
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Angle between a Line and a Plane:
Normal Line
𝑥−𝑥0 𝑦−𝑦0 𝑧−𝑧0 90° − 𝜃

Let equation of line : = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝜃
𝜃 = sin−1
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 2 + 𝑐1 2
(𝑖) Condition for line to be parallel to plane:
𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑏𝑏1 + 𝑐𝑐1 = 0
(𝑖𝑖) Condition for line to be perpendicular to plane:

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
Return to Top 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
If an angle between the line, = = and the plane, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑘𝑧 = 3
2 1 −2
2 2
is cos −1 , then a value of 𝑘 is :
3
JEE MAINS JAN 2019
3
A −
5
3
B
5
5
C
3
5
D −
3
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𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
2 1 −2
2 2
3
JEE MAINS JAN 2019
Solution:
2 2
Let angle 𝜃 = cos−1
3
𝑎𝑎1 +𝑏𝑏1 +𝑐𝑐1

sin−1 1 −
2 2 1 𝜃 = sin−1
⇒𝜃= 3
= sin−1 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2
3
1 2 1 +1 −2 −2 −𝑘
⇒ =
3 22 +12 + −2 2 12 + −2 2 + −𝑘 2
1 2𝑘
⇒ = ⇒ 5+ 𝑘 2 = 2𝑘 Squaring
3 3 5+ 𝑘 2
5
⇒ 3𝑘 2 = 5 ⇒𝑘=±
3
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𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
2 1 −2
2 2
3
JEE MAINS JAN 2019
3
A −
5
3
B
5
5
C
3
5
D −
3
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Session 08
A line and a plane
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Condition for a Line to Lie in a Plane
Normal
(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)
Line
and equation of line : = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 (𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 )
𝐴 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0
where 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 are DRs of line.
For, line to lie in a plane :
𝑖 𝑎𝑥0 + 𝑏𝑦0 + 𝑐𝑧0 = 𝑑
𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑏𝑏1 + 𝑐𝑐1 = 0, (Line ⊥𝑟 to the normal to the plane)
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𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧+4
If the line = = , lies in the plane 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9, then
2 −1 3
𝑙2 + 𝑚2 is equal to :
JEE Main 2016
A 18 C 26
B 5 D 2
𝑥−3 𝑦− −2 𝑧− −4
Line = =
2 −1 3
Line passes through a point 3, −2, −4 & DRs of line 𝛼 2, −1, 3
DRs of normal to plane ∝ 𝑙, 𝑚, −1
1) Point 𝐴 3, −2, −4 lies on 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9
⇒ 3𝑙 − 2𝑚 + 4 = 9 ⇒ 3𝑙 − 2𝑚 = 5
Line ⊥𝑟 to normal ⇒ 2𝑙 − 𝑚 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑙 − 𝑚 = 3
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𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧+4
If the line = = , lies in the plane 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9, then
2 −1 3
𝑙2 + 𝑚2 is equal to :
JEE Main 2016
⇒ 3𝑙 − 2𝑚 + 4 = 9 ⇒ 3𝑙 − 2𝑚 = 5
Line ⊥𝑟 to normal ⇒ 2𝑙 − 𝑚 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑙 − 𝑚 = 3
𝑙 = 1, 𝑚 = −1 ⇒ 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 = 12 + −1 2
=2
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1−𝑥 𝑦+4
Let 𝑃 be a plane 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0 containing the line, =
1 2
𝑧+2
= . If the plane divides the line segment 𝐴𝐵 joining points
3
𝐴(−3, −6,1) and 𝐵 2,4, −3 in ratio 𝑘: 1, then the value of 𝑘 is:
JEE Main Feb 2021
A 1.5
B 2
C 4
D 3
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1−𝑥 𝑦+4
1 2
𝑧+2
3
JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
𝑥−1 𝑦− −4 𝑧− −2
Equation of line: = = lies on 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0
−1 2 3
the plane
𝐴 −3, −6, 1 𝐵 2, 4, −3
Point 𝐴′ 1, −4, −2 lies on 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0
𝑘 ∶ 1
𝑙 − 4𝑚 − 2𝑛 = 0
DRs of line ∝ −1, 2, 3
DRs of normal ∝ 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛
Line perpendicular to plane ⇒ −𝑙 + 2𝑚 + 3𝑛 = 0
⇒ −2𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑛 = 2𝑚
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1−𝑥 𝑦+4
1 2
𝑧+2
3
JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
𝑥−1 𝑦− −4 𝑧− −2
Equation of line: = =
−1 2 3 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0
Line perpendicular to plane
𝐴 −3, −6, 1 𝐵 2, 4, −3
⇒ −𝑙 + 2𝑚 + 3𝑛 = 0 𝑘 ∶ 1
⇒ −2𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑛 = 2𝑚
Put 𝑛 = 2𝑚 in −𝑙 + 2𝑚 + 3𝑛 = 0
∴ 𝑙 = 8𝑚
∴ Equation of plane : 8𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 2𝑚𝑧 = 0
8𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
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1−𝑥 𝑦+4
1 2
𝑧+2
3
JEE Main Feb 2021
1−𝑥 𝑦+4 𝑧+2
Solution: Equation of line: = =
1 2 3
∴ Equation of plane : 8𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0
𝑘
𝐴 −3, −6, 1 𝐵 2, 4, −3
Ratio =
1 𝑘 ∶ 1
8 −3 + −6 +2 1 𝑘 𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐𝑧1 −𝑑

⇒− = Ratio = −
8 2 + 4 +2 −3 1 𝑎𝑥2 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐𝑧2 −𝑑
28 𝑘
⇒ =
14 1
⇒𝑘=2
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1−𝑥 𝑦+4 𝑧+2
Let 𝑃 be a plane 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0 containing the line, = = .
1 2 3
If the plane divides the line segment 𝐴𝐵 joining points
JEE Main Feb 2021
A 1.5
B 2
C 4
D 3
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Equation of Plane Containing Two Parallel Lines
Equation of lines : 𝑥−𝑥1

=
𝑦−𝑦1
=
𝑧−𝑧1
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑝Ԧ 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1
= =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
𝐴𝑅, 𝐴𝐵 & 𝑝Ԧ are coplanar 𝑅 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
⇒ 𝐴𝑅 𝐴𝐵 𝑝Ԧ = 0 𝐴𝑅 𝐴𝐵 𝑝Ԧ = 0
⇒ 𝑟Ԧ − 𝑎Ԧ 𝑏Ԧ − 𝑎Ԧ 𝑝Ԧ = 0
So, equation of plane is:
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
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𝑥−4 𝑦−3 𝑧−2
The equation of plane containing the lines, = = and
1 −4 5
𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧−0
= = , is :
1 −4 5
Solution:
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𝑥−4 𝑦−3 𝑧−2
The equation of plane containing the lines, = = and
1 −4 5
𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧−0
= = , is :
1 −4 5
Solution:
𝐿1 || 𝐿2 ⇒ 𝑝Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ − 4𝑗Ƹ + 5𝑘෠
𝐿1 passes through point 𝐴 = 4, 3, 2
𝐿2 passes through point 𝐵 = 3, −2, 0
The equation of plane :
𝑥−4 𝑦−3 𝑧−2 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1

−1 −5 −2 = 0 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0
1 −4 5 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
⇒ 𝑥 − 4 −25 − 8 − 𝑦 − 3 −5 + 2 + 𝑧 − 2 4 + 5 = 0
⇒ −33𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 9𝑧 + 105 = 0
Return to Top ⇒ 11𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 35 ∴ Equation of plane : 11𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 35

Equation of Plane Containing Two Lines
Equation of lines: 𝑥−𝑥1 = 𝑦−𝑦1 = 𝑧−𝑧1
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑝Ԧ 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1
𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝐴𝑅 𝑝Ԧ 𝑞Ԧ are coplanar 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 𝑞Ԧ 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2
𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
⇒ 𝐴𝑅 𝑝Ԧ 𝑞Ԧ = 0 𝐴𝑅 𝑝Ԧ 𝑞Ԧ = 0
So, equation of plane is:

𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 =0
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
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𝑥−1 𝑦+6 𝑧+5
Let 𝑃 be a plane containing the line = = and parallel to the
3 4 2
𝑥−3 𝑦−2 𝑧+5
line = = . If the point 1, −1, 𝛼 lies on the plane 𝑃, then the
4 −3 7
value of 5𝛼 is equal to ____
JEE Main March 2021
Solution:
𝐿1 passes through point 1, −6, −5 Normal
෠ 𝐿2 ≡ 3𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠
𝐿1 ≡ 3𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘,
Equation of plane is : 𝑃
𝑥−1 𝑦+6 𝑧+5 1, −1, 𝛼

3 4 2 =0
4 −3 7 𝐴 1, −6, −5
⇒ 1, −1, 𝛼 lies on it
0 5 𝛼+5
⇒ 3 4 2 = 0 ⇒ 5 13 + 25(𝛼 + 5) = 0
4 −3 7
⇒ 5𝛼 + 38 = 0
Return to Top ⇒ 5𝛼 = 38
𝑥−1 𝑦+6 𝑧+5
Let 𝑃 be a plane containing the line = = and parallel to the
3 4 2
𝑥−3 𝑦−2 𝑧+5
line = = . If the point 1, −1, 𝛼 lies on the plane 𝑃, then the
4 −3 7
value of 5𝛼 is equal to ____
JEE Main March 2021
Solution:
Equation of plane is : Normal
𝑥−1 𝑦+6 𝑧+5

3 4 2 =0 𝑃
4 −3 7
1, −1, 𝛼
⇒ 1, −1, 𝛼 lies on it
𝐴 1, −6, −5
0 5 𝛼+5
⇒ 3 4 2 =0
4 −3 7
⇒ 5 13 + 25(𝛼 + 5) = 0
⇒ 5𝛼 + 38 = 0
Return to Top ⇒ 5𝛼 = 38
Let a plane 𝑃 contains two lines 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑖ƶ + 𝜆 𝑖ƶ + 𝑗ƶ , 𝜆 ∈ ℝ and
𝑟Ԧ = −𝑗ƶ + 𝜇 𝑗ƶ − 𝑘෠ , μ ∈ ℝ. If 𝑄 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 is the foot of the perpendicular
drawn form the point 𝑀 1,0,1 to 𝑃, then 3 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 equals ____
JEE Main Sep 2020
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JEE Main Sep 2020
Solution:
Equation of plane is
𝑟Ԧ − 𝑎Ԧ 𝑝Ԧ 𝑞Ԧ = 0 where 𝑝Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ and 𝑞Ԧ = 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠
Equation of plane is: 𝑥 − 1 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1

1 1 0 =0 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 =0
0 1 −1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
⇒𝑥−𝑦−𝑧 =1

= = =−
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
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JEE Main Sep 2020
Solution:

= = =−
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
𝛼−1 𝛽−0 𝛾−1 1−0−1−1 1

⇒ = = =− =
1 −1 −1 12 +(−1)2 + −1 2 3
4 1 2
⇒ 𝛼 = ,𝛽 = − ,𝛾 =
3 3 3
4 1 2
⇒3 𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =3 + − + =5
3 3 3
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A plane passing through the point 3,1,1 contains two lines whose
direction ratios are 1, −2, 2 and 2, 3, −1 respectively . If this plane also
passes through the point 𝛼, −3,5 , then 𝛼 is equal to :
JEE Main Sep 2021
A −10 C 5
B 10 D −5
Return to Top
JEE Main Sep 2021
Solution:
DRs of line 𝐿1 ∶ (1, −2, 2) 𝑛
DRs of line 𝐿2 ∶ (2, 3, −1)
DRs of line 𝐿1 ∶ (1, −2, 2) ≡ 𝐿1 . (3, 1, 1) (2, 3, −1)

DRs of line 𝐿1 ∶ (2, 3, −1) ≡ 𝐿2 . (𝛼, −3, 5)
𝐴𝑅, 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 are coplanar
𝐴𝑅 𝐿1 𝐿2 = 0
𝑥−3 𝑦−1 𝑧−1

1 −2 2 =0
2 3 −1
Point 𝛼, −3, 5 lies on above plane

Return to Top
JEE Main Sep 2021
𝑥−3 𝑦−1 𝑧−1
Solution:
1 −2 2 =0 𝑛
2 3 −1
Point 𝛼, −3, 5 lies on above plane

(3, 1, 1) (2, 3, −1)
𝛼−3 −4 4
1 −2 2 = 0
(𝛼, −3, 5)
2 3 −1
𝛼−3
𝑅1
−2 2
𝑅1 → ⇒ 2 =0
2 1 −2 2
2 3 −1
𝛼−3
⇒ =1⇒𝛼−3=2
2
Return to Top ⇒𝛼=5

JEE Main Sep 2021
A −10 C 5
B 10 D −5
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Intersection point of a line and a plane
(𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 )
where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are direction ratios of normal. 𝐴

and equation of line: = = =𝜆
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
where 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 are direction ratios of the line.
Let 𝐴 is the point on the line
⇒ 𝐴 ≡ 𝑥0 + 𝑎1 𝜆 , 𝑦0 + 𝑏1 𝜆, 𝑧0 +𝑐1 𝜆 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝐴 also lies on plane,
⇒ 𝑎 𝑥0 + 𝑎1 𝜆 + 𝑏 𝑦0 + 𝑏1 𝜆 + 𝑐 𝑧0 + 𝑐1 𝜆 = 𝑑
Return to Top
Intersection point of a line and a plane
(𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 )
and equation of line: 𝑥−𝑥0

=
𝑦−𝑦0
=
𝑧−𝑧0
=𝜆 𝐴
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
⇒ 𝐴 ≡ 𝑥0 + 𝑎1 𝜆 , 𝑦0 + 𝑏1 𝜆, 𝑧0 + 𝑐1 𝜆 ⋯ (𝑖)
⇒ 𝑎 𝑥0 + 𝑎1 𝜆 + 𝑏 𝑦0 + 𝑏1 𝜆 + 𝑐 𝑧0 + 𝑐1 𝜆 = 𝑑
𝑑 − 𝑎𝑥0 − 𝑏𝑦0 − 𝑐𝑧0

∴𝜆=
Substitute value of 𝜆 in (𝑖) to get point 𝐴.
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The equation of line passing through the point of intersection of line
𝑥−4 𝑦−5 𝑧−3
= = and the plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0 is
2 2 1
JEE Main Jan 2019
𝑥−4 𝑦−5 𝑧−5 𝑥−2 𝑦−3 𝑧+3

A = = C = =
1 1 −1 2 2 3
𝑥+3 4−𝑦 𝑧+1 𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧+4

B 3
=
3
=
−2
D 1
=
2
=
−5
𝑥−4 𝑦−5 𝑧−3

Equation of line: = = =𝜆
2 2 1
Let 𝐴 be a point on the line ⇒ 𝐴 ≡ 4 + 2𝜆 , 5 + 2𝜆, 3 + 𝜆
𝐴 also lies on plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0
⇒ 4 + 2𝜆 + 5 + 2𝜆 + 3 + 𝜆 − 2 = 0
⇒ 𝜆 = −2
𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧+4
Return to Top ∴ 𝐴 ≡ 0 , 1 , 1 So, point 𝐴(0, 1, 1) lies on the line = =
1 2 −5
𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧−6
The point of intersection of line = = and the plane 𝑥 − 7𝑦
4 −1 −2
+ 3𝑧 = 15 is:
A −13, 2, −14
B −13, 2, 14
C 3, 2, −14
D 13, 12 , 14
Return to Top
𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧−6
4 −1 −2
+ 3𝑧 = 15 is:
A −13, 2, −14
B −13, 2, 14
C 3, 2, −14
D 13, 12 , 14
Return to Top
𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧−6
4 −1 −2
+ 3𝑧 = 15 is:
Solution:
𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧−6
Any given on the line = = can be taken as
4 −1 −2
⇒ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 4𝑡 + 3, −𝑡 − 2, −2𝑡 + 6
Now for the intersection with the given plane, 4𝑡 + 3, −𝑡 − 2, −2𝑡 + 6 must
lie on the plane 𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 15
⇒ 4𝑡 + 3 − 7 −𝑡 − 2 + 3(−2𝑡 + 6) = 15
⇒ 5𝑡 + 35 = 15
⇒ 5𝑡 = −20
⇒ 𝑡 = −4
Return to Top Hence, the point of intersection is 3 − 16, 4 − 2, 8 + 6 = −13, 2, 14

The distance of point 1 , 1 , 9 from the point of intersection of the
𝑥−3 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
line = = and the plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 17 = 0 is:
1 2 2
JEE Main Feb 2021
A 2 19
B 19 2
C 38
D 38
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𝑥−3 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
1 2 2
JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
(1,1,9)
𝑥−3 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
1 2 2
𝐴
Let 𝐴 be a point on the line
⇒ 𝐴 ≡ 3 + 𝜆 , 4 + 2𝜆, 5 + 2𝜆
𝐴 also lies on plane,
3 + 𝜆 + 4 + 2𝜆 + 5 + 2𝜆 − 17 = 0
⇒𝜆=1 𝐴 ≡ 4, 6, 7
Return to Top
𝑥−3 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
1 2 2
JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
𝐴 ≡ 4, 6, 7
Distance = 4−1 2 + 6−1 2 + 9−7 2
= 32 + 52 + 22
= 38
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𝑥−3 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
1 2 2
JEE Main Feb 2021
A 2 19
B 19 2
C 38
D 38
Return to Top
A plane has equation 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 5 = 0 and a line has direction ratios
as (2, 3, −6), then the distance of point 𝑃 1, 3, 5 along the line from
the given plane is:
JEE Main Aug 2021
A 2 unit C 2 3 unit
B 3 2 unit D 3 unit
Solution:
(2,3, −6) 𝑃(1, 3, 5)
Equation of line 𝑃𝑄: 𝑄
𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧−5

= = =𝜆
2 3 −6
𝑄 ≡ 1 + 2𝜆, 3 + 3𝜆, 5 − 6𝜆
Return to Top
A plane has equation 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 5 = 0 and a line has direction ratios
as (2, 3, −6), then the distance of point 𝑃 1, 3, 5 along the line from
the given plane is:
JEE Main Aug 2021
Solution:
𝑄 also lies on plane: 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 5 = 0
⇒ 1 + 2𝜆 − 3 + 3𝜆 + 5 − 6𝜆 − 5 = 0
2
⇒𝜆=−
7
𝑃𝑄 = 1 + 2𝜆 − 1 2 + 3 + 3𝜆 − 3 2 + 5 − 6𝜆 − 5 2
= 4𝜆2 + 9𝜆2 + 36𝜆2
⇒ 𝑃𝑄 = 49𝜆2
4
Return to Top = 49 ⋅ =2
49
Session 09
Angle bisector of two
planes
Return to Top
𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧−2
The distance of point 𝑃 3, 8, 2 from the line = =
2 4 3
measured parallel to the plane 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 17 = 0 is:
A 2 unit
B 3 unit
C 5 unit
D 7 unit
Return to Top
𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧−2
2 4 3
Solution: 𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧−2 𝑃𝑄 = ?

2 4 3
Point 𝑄 ≡ 1 + 2𝜆 , 3 + 4𝜆, 2 + 3𝜆
𝑄
Direction ratios of 𝑃𝑄: 2𝜆 − 2, 4𝜆 − 5, 3𝜆 𝑃(3, 8, 2)
∵ 𝑃𝑄 is parallel to plane
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 17 = 0
⇒ 3 2𝜆 − 2 + 2 4𝜆 − 5 − 2 3𝜆 = 0
⇒𝜆=2
⇒ 𝑄 ≡ 5,11 , 8
𝑃𝑄 = 5−3 2 + 11 − 8 2 + 8−2 2 =7
Return to Top
𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧−2
2 4 3
A 2 unit
B 3 unit
C 5 unit
D 7 unit
Return to Top
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧
Perpendiculars are drawn form points on the line = = to the plane
2 −1 3
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3. The feet of perpendiculars lie on the line:
JEE Adv 2013
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧
Equation of line: = = =𝜆 2, −1, 3
2 −1 3
Any point 𝑃 on the given line is

𝑃
2𝜆 − 2, −𝜆 − 1, 3𝜆
The point 𝑃 lies on the given plane for some 𝜆. 𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
A = =
5 8 −13
⇒ 2𝜆 − 2 + −𝜆 − 1 + 3𝜆 = 3
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
B 4
=
3
=
−7
⇒ 4𝜆 = 6
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
3
C 2
=
3
=
−5
⇒𝜆=
2
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
D = =
5 9 2 −7 5
⇒ 𝑃 ≡ 1, − ,
Return to Top 2 2
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧
Perpendiculars are drawn form points on the line = = to the plane
2 −1 3
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3. The feet of perpendiculars lie on the line:
JEE Adv 2013
5 9
⇒ 𝑃 ≡ 1, − ,
2 2 2, −1, 3
The foot of the perpendicular from the point

−2, −1, 0 on the plane is the point 𝑄.
𝑃
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 + 𝑑

= = =−
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
A = =
𝑥1 +2 𝑥2 +1 𝑥3 −0 1 −2 +1 −1 +1 0 −3 5 8 −13
⇒ = = =− =2
1 1 1 12 +12 +12
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
B 4
=
3
=
−7
𝑄 ≡ 0, 1, 2
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
7 5 C = =
The direction ratio of 𝑃𝑄: −1, , − = 2, −7, 5
2 3 −5
2 2
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2 D = =
2 −7 5
Hence, the equation of the line is = =
Return to Top 2 −7 5
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+3
The image of the line = = in the plane 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 26 is:
9 −1 −3
𝑥−4 𝑦 𝑧+3
A = =
9 −1 −3
𝑥−4 𝑦+1 𝑧−7

B 9
=
−1
=
−3
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
C = =
9 −1 −3
𝑥+2 𝑦−5 𝑧
D 9
=
−1
=
−3
Return to Top
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+3
9 −1 −3
Solution: Plane : 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 26

9, −1, −3
1, 2, −3
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+3
Line : = = 𝑃
9 −1 −3
9 ⋅ 3 + −1 ⋅ −3 + −3 ⋅ 10 = 0
∴ Line is parallel to the plane. 𝑄

9, −1, −3
Let image of point 𝑃 with respect to plane is 𝑄.
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+3 3 1 −3 2 +10 −3 −26

= = = −2
3 −3 10 118
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+3

⇒ = = =1
3 −3 10
⇒ 𝑄 ≡ 4 , −1 , 7
𝑥−4 𝑦+1 𝑧−7
∴ Image: = =
Return to Top 9 −1 −3
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+3
9 −1 −3
𝑥−4 𝑦 𝑧+3
A = =
9 −1 −3
𝑥−4 𝑦+1 𝑧−7

B 9
=
−1
=
−3
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
C = =
9 −1 −3
𝑥+2 𝑦−5 𝑧
D 9
=
−1
=
−3
Return to Top
Angle between two planes:
Let equations of planes be: 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1

and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
Angle between planes is same as angle 𝑛2

between their normals 𝑛1
𝜃
Let angle between planes is 𝜃, then 90 − 𝜃
𝜃
𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2
cos 𝜃 =
𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2
(𝑖) Planes are perpendicular, if 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
(𝑖𝑖) Planes are parallel, if 𝑎2
=
𝑏2
=
𝑐2
Return to Top
The direction ratios of normal to the plane through the points
𝜋
0, −1, 0 and 0, 0, 1 and making an angle with the plane
4
𝑦 − 𝑧 + 5 = 0 are:
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution: Let equation of plane be 𝑎 𝑥 − 0 + 𝑏 𝑦 + 1 + 𝑐 𝑧 − 0 = 0
passes through 0, 0, 1
𝑛2 A 2, 2, − 2
⇒𝑎 0 +𝑏 1 +𝑐 1 =0 0, 1, −1
𝜋
⇒𝑏+𝑐 =0 4 B 2, −1, 1
𝑛1 = 𝑎𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝑗Ƹ + 𝑐 𝑘෠ 𝑛1
𝜋
𝜃=
𝑛2 = 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠ 4 0, −1,0 0, 0, 1 C 2, 1, −1
𝜋 𝑏−𝑐 1
cos = 𝑛
ෞ1 ⋅ 𝑛
ෞ2 = =
4 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐2⋅ 2 2 D 2 3, 1, −1
⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 𝑏 − 𝑐 = 2𝑏
⇒ 𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 = 4𝑏 2
⇒ 𝑎 = ± 2𝑏 and 𝑐 = −𝑏
Return to Top Direction ratios: 2, 1, −1 or 2, 2, − 2
A tetrahedron has vertices 𝑃 1, 2, 1 , 𝑄 2, 1, 3 , 𝑅 −1, 1, 2 and
𝑂 0, 0, 0 . The angle between the faces 𝑂𝑃𝑄 and 𝑃𝑄𝑅 is:
JEE Main Jan 2019
17
A cos−1
31
7
B cos−1
31
9
C cos−1
35
19
D cos−1
35
Return to Top
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution: Angle between the faces 𝑂𝑃𝑄 & 𝑃𝑄𝑅 is same as angle
between their normal.
𝑃
Let normal vector to the face 𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 𝑛1
𝑏
𝑏Ԧ = −𝑖ƶ + 𝑗ƶ − 2𝑘෠ 𝑎Ԧ = −3𝑖ƶ − 𝑘෠ 𝑐Ԧ

𝑄 𝑅
𝑖ƶ 𝑗ƶ 𝑘෠ 𝑎Ԧ
𝑛1 = −3 0 −1 𝑑Ԧ
𝑂
−1 1 −2
⇒ 𝑛1 = 𝑖ƶ − 5𝑗ƶ − 3𝑘෠
Let normal vector to the face 𝑂𝑃𝑄 = 𝑛2
𝑐Ԧ = 𝑖ƶ + 2𝑗ƶ + 𝑘෠
𝑑Ԧ = 2𝑖ƶ + 𝑗ƶ + 3𝑘෠
Return to Top
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution:
𝑐Ԧ = 𝑖ƶ + 2𝑗ƶ + 𝑘෠
𝑃
𝑑Ԧ = 2𝑖ƶ + 𝑗ƶ + 3𝑘෠
𝑏
𝑛2 = 1 2 1 𝑐Ԧ
2 1 3 𝑄 𝑅
𝑎Ԧ
⇒ 𝑛2 = 5𝑖ƶ − 𝑗ƶ − 3𝑘෠ 𝑑Ԧ
𝑂
ƶ 5𝑗−
𝑖− ƶ 3𝑘 ƶ 𝑗−
෠ ⋅ 5𝑖− ƶ 3𝑘
෠
𝜃 = cos −1 cos 𝜃 =
𝑛1 ⋅𝑛2
35⋅ 35 𝑛1 𝑛2
19
⇒ 𝜃 = cos −1
35
Return to Top
JEE Main Jan 2019
Return to Top
JEE Main Jan 2019
17
A cos−1
31
7
B cos−1
31
9
C cos−1
35
19
D cos−1
35
Return to Top
Equation of angle bisector of two planes:
Let equation of planes be: 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1

and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑃2
Equation of angle bisector planes:
𝑎1 𝑥+𝑏1 𝑦+𝑐1 𝑧−𝑑1 𝑎2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑦+𝑐2 𝑧−𝑑2

=± 𝑃1
𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2
Return to Top
Equation of angle bisector of two planes containing a point:
and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑃2
(𝑖) If sign of 𝑎1 𝛼 + 𝑏1 𝛽 + 𝑐1 𝛾 − 𝑑1
and 𝑎2 𝛼 + 𝑏2 𝛽 + 𝑐2 𝛾 − 𝑑2 is same, then equation of
bisector containing point 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 will be :
𝑃1

=+
𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2
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Equation of angle bisector of two planes containing a point:
and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑃2
(𝑖𝑖) If sign of 𝑎1 𝛼 + 𝑏1 𝛽 + 𝑐1 𝛾 − 𝑑1 and
𝑎2 𝛼 + 𝑏2 𝛽 + 𝑐2 𝛾 − 𝑑2 is opposite, then equation of
bisector containing point 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 will be :
𝑃1

=−
𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2
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Equation of acute/obtuse angle bisector of two planes:
and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑃2
𝑖 If 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 > 0,
Then equation of acute angle bisector
𝑎1 𝑥+𝑏1 𝑦+𝑐1 𝑧−𝑑1 𝑎2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑦+𝑐2 𝑧−𝑑2 𝑃1

=−
𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2
and equation of obtuse angle bisector

=+
𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2
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Equation of acute/obtuse angle bisector of two planes:
and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑃2
𝑖𝑖 If 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 < 0,
Then equation of acute angle bisector
𝑎1 𝑥+𝑏1 𝑦+𝑐1 𝑧−𝑑1 𝑎2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑦+𝑐2 𝑧−𝑑2 𝑃1

=+
𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2
and equation of obtuse angle bisector

=−
𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2
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Distance between parallel Planes:
Let equation of planes be: 𝑃1 : 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑1 and 𝑃2 : 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑2
Let 𝐴 lies on 𝑃2
𝑎1 𝑥0 + 𝑏1 𝑦0 + 𝑐1 𝑧0 − 𝑑1
𝐷=
𝑃2 𝐴(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 )
𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 2 + 𝑐1 2
𝐷
𝑎𝑥0 + 𝑏𝑦0 + 𝑐𝑧0 = 𝑑2 𝑃1
𝑑2 − 𝑑1
𝐷=
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
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1 2
If the plane, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 3 = 0 has the distances and units
3 3
from the planes 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 𝜆 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 𝜇 = 0,
respectively, then the maximum value of 𝜆 + 𝜇 is equal to:
JEE Main Apr 2019
Solution:
𝑃0 : 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 3 = 0 𝑑2 − 𝑑1
𝐷= A 13
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝜆
𝑃1 : 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + = 0
2
B 9
𝑃2 : 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 𝜇 = 0 𝑃2 𝑃1 𝑃0 𝑃1 𝑃2
C 5
𝜆 2 1
1 −3
2 3
= 3
3 22 +(−1)2 +(2)2 D 15
1 2
3 3
2 𝜇−3
=
3 22 +(−1)2 +(2)2
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1 2
If the plane, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 3 = 0 has the distances and units
3 3
from the planes 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 𝜆 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 𝜇 = 0,
respectively, then the maximum value of 𝜆 + 𝜇 is equal to:
JEE Main Apr 2019
Solution: 𝜆
1 −3 2 𝜇−3
2
= =
3 22 +(−1)2 +(2)2 3 22 +(−1)2 +(2)2
A 13
𝜆
⇒1= −3
2
𝜆+𝜇 max =? B 9
⇒ 𝜆 = 8 ,4 𝑃2 𝑃1 𝑃0 𝑃1 𝑃2
C 5
2 𝜇−3 2 1
=
3 22 + (−1)2 +(2)2 3 3
D 15
1 2
3 3
⇒2= 𝜇−3
⇒ 𝜇 = 1 ,5
𝜆+𝜇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 13
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If the distance between the plane, 23𝑥 − 10𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 48 = 0 and
𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧+1 𝑥+3 𝑦+2
the plane containing the lines = = and =
2 4 3 2 6
𝑧−1 𝑘
= 𝜆 ∈ ℝ is equal to , then 𝑘 is equal to:
𝜆 633
JEE Main Jan 2020
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If the distance between the plane, 23𝑥 − 10𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 48 = 0 and
𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧+1 𝑥+3 𝑦+2
the plane containing the lines = = and =
2 4 3 2 6
𝑧−1 𝑘
= 𝜆 ∈ ℝ is equal to , then 𝑘 is equal to:
𝜆 633
JEE Main Jan 2020
Solution:
Perpendicular distance between plane
Required distance = 23𝑥 − 10𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 48 = 0 either from point
(−1, 3, −1) or (−3, −2, 1)
23 −1 −10 3 −2 −1 +48 3
𝐷= =
232 +(−10)2 +(−2)2 529+100+4 𝑃
𝐷 𝐷
3
⇒𝐷= 𝐿1
633
𝐿2
∴𝑘=3
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A plane which bisects the angle between the two planes 2𝑥 − 𝑦
+ 2𝑧 − 4 = 0 and 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 2 = 0, passes through the point:
JEE Main Apr 2019
A (1, −4, 1)
B (1,4, −1)
C (2,4, 1)
D (2, −4, 1)
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A plane which bisects the angle between the two planes 2𝑥 − 𝑦
+ 2𝑧 − 4 = 0 and 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 2 = 0, passes through the point:
JEE Main Apr 2019
A (1, −4, 1)
B (1,4, −1)
C (2,4, 1)
D (2, −4,1)
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Session 10
Family of planes and
equation of sphere
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Family of Planes :
Equation of a plane passing through the line of intersection of non –

parallel planes 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 , is:
𝑃2
𝑃1 + 𝜆𝑃2 = 0, 𝜆 𝜖 𝑅
Let equation of planes be: 𝑃1 : 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1 𝑃1
and 𝑃2 : 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
So, equation of required plane:
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 − 𝑑1 + 𝜆 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 − 𝑑2 = 0
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If the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of
the planes 2𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 3 = 0, 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 11 = 0 and the point (−2, 1, 3)
is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 − 7 = 0, then the value of 2𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 7 is:
JEE MAINS Mar 2021
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JEE MAINS Mar 2021
Solution:
𝑃2
Required plane has equation: −2,1,3
2𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 3 + 𝜆 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 11 = 0 𝑃1
𝑥 2 + 3𝜆 − 𝑦 7 + 5𝜆 + 4𝑧 1 + 𝜆 − 3 + 11𝜆 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖)
It passes through the point (−2 , 1 , 3),
(−2) 2 + 3𝜆 − 1 7 + 5𝜆 + 12 1 + 𝜆 − 3 + 11𝜆 = 0
1
⇒𝜆=
6
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JEE MAINS Mar 2021
Solution:
𝑃2
𝑥 2 + 3𝜆 − 𝑦 7 + 5𝜆 + 4𝑧 1 + 𝜆 − 3 + 11𝜆 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖) −2,1,3
1
⇒𝜆= 𝑃1
6
Substituting in (𝑖)
Thus, the plane: 15𝑥 − 47𝑦 + 28𝑧 − 7 = 0
𝑎 = 15, 𝑏 = −47, 𝑐 = 28
⇒ 2𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 7 = 4
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JEE MAINS Mar 2021
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If the equation of a plane 𝑃, passing through the intersection of the
planes, 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 𝑧 + 7 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5𝑧 − 8 = 0 is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 15 = 0,
for some 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ, then the distance of the point (3, 2, −1) form the
plane 𝑃 is:
JEE MAINS Sept 2020
Required plane has equation:
𝑃
𝑃2 (3, 2, −1)
𝐷
𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 𝑧 + 7 + 𝜆 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5𝑧 − 8 = 0
𝑥 1 + 3𝜆 + 𝑦 4 + 𝜆 + 𝑧 −1 + 5𝜆 + 7 − 8𝜆 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖) 𝑃1
Comparing with the given equation:
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 15 = 0
6 −15
= ⇒ 14 − 16𝜆 = 5 − 25𝜆
−1+5𝜆 7−8𝜆
⇒ 9𝜆 = −9 ⇒ 𝜆 = −1
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If the equation of a plane 𝑃, passing through the intersection of the
planes, 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 𝑧 + 7 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5𝑧 − 8 = 0 is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 15 = 0,
for some 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ, then the distance of the point (3, 2, −1) form the
plane 𝑃 is:
JEE MAINS Sept 2020
𝑥 1 + 3𝜆 + 𝑦 4 + 𝜆 + 𝑧 −1 + 5𝜆 + 7 − 8𝜆 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝑃
𝑃2 (3, 2, −1)
𝐷
⇒ 𝜆 = −1
Substituting in (𝑖) 𝑃1
Thus, the plane: −2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 + 15 = 0
−6 + 6 + 6 + 15
D = −2 2 + 32 + (−6)2
21
= =3
49
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The vector equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the
planes 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 1 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 5 = 0 which is perpendicular to
the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, is:
JEE MAINS April 2019
A 𝑟Ԧ ⋅ 𝑖ƶ − 𝑘෠ − 2 = 0
B 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑖ƶ + 𝑘෠ + 2 = 0
C 𝑟Ԧ ⋅ 𝑖ƶ − 𝑘෠ + 2 = 0
D 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑖ƶ + 𝑘෠ − 2 = 0
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Solution:
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 5 = 0 𝑥−𝑦+𝑧=0
Required plane has equation:
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 1 + 𝜆 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 5 = 0
𝑥 1 + 2𝜆 + 𝑦 1 + 3𝜆 + 𝑧 1 + 4𝜆 − 1 − 5𝜆 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−1=0
Since it is perpendicular to the plane:
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =0
1 1 + 2𝜆 − 1 + 3𝜆 + 1 + 4𝜆 = 0
1
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⇒𝜆=−
3
Solution:
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 5 = 0 𝑥−𝑦+𝑧=0
𝑥 1 + 2𝜆 + 𝑦 1 + 3𝜆 + 𝑧 1 + 4𝜆 − 1 − 5𝜆 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖)
1
⇒𝜆=−
3
Substituting in (𝑖) 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−1=0
𝑥 𝑧 2
− + =0
3 3 3
⇒𝑥−𝑧+2=0
Thus, vector equation of plane: 𝑟Ԧ ⋅ 𝑖ƶ − 𝑘෠ + 2 = 0

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A 𝑟Ԧ ⋅ 𝑖ƶ − 𝑘෠ − 2 = 0
B 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑖ƶ + 𝑘෠ + 2 = 0
C 𝑟Ԧ ⋅ 𝑖ƶ − 𝑘෠ + 2 = 0
D 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑖ƶ + 𝑘෠ − 2 = 0
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Non–Symmetrical Form of Line
A straight line in space is characterized by intersection 𝑃2
𝑃2 Line of intersection
of two planes, which are not parallel.
𝑃1
Let equation of planes be: 𝑃1 : 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1 𝑃1
and 𝑃2 : 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2 Line of intersection
Equation of line of intersection of planes 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 , is:
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 − 𝑑1 = 0 = 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 − 𝑑2
(Non – symmetric form)
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Equation of line of intersection of planes 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 , is: 𝑃2 Line of intersection
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 − 𝑑1 = 0 = 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 − 𝑑2
𝑃1
To convert to symmetric form of line:
Step 1 : Get direction ratios:
Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be the direction ratios
Line of intersection lies on both 𝑃1 & 𝑃2 , then
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 = 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
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Equation of line of intersection of planes 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 , is: 𝑃2 Line of intersection
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 − 𝑑1 = 0 = 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 − 𝑑2
𝑃1
To convert to symmetric form of line:
Step 1 : Get direction ratios:
Step 2 : Point on the line: If 𝑎 ≠ 0, take a point on 𝑦 − 𝑧 plane
i.e. 𝑃(0, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), and substitute it in the equation of planes
So, solving the simultaneous equations
𝑏1 𝑦1 + 𝑐1 𝑧1 = 𝑑1 𝑏2 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑧1 = 𝑑2 , to get point 𝑃.
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Reduce the equation of line 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5𝑧 − 12 = 0 & 8𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 13𝑧 − 32 = 0
in symmetric form:
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in symmetric form:
Solution:
Line of intersection of planes:

4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5𝑧 − 12 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖) 4 4 −5 = 8𝑖ƶ + 12𝑗ƶ + 16𝑘෠
8 12 −13
8𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 13𝑧 − 32 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
Direction ratio: 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 = 2, 3, 4
Putting 𝑧 = 0, in 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖
𝑥+𝑦 =3
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8
Point on the line: 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 0

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in symmetric form:
Solution:
Direction ratio: 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 = 2, 3, 4
Point on the line: 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 0
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧
Thus, equation of line: 2
=
3
=
4
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A plane 𝑃 contains the line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 1 = 0 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 6, and is
perpendicular to the plane −2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 8 = 0. Then which of the
following points lies on 𝑃?
A 𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏
B 𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟏
C 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟏
D −𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟐
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Solution:
A 𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏
Required plane is a plane passing through
the line of intersection of planes B 𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟏
𝑃1 ≡ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 1 = 0
C 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟏
And 𝑃2 ≡ 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 6 = 0
Its equation: 𝑃1 + 𝜆𝑃2 = 0 D −𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟐
⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 1 + 𝜆 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 6 = 0
⇒ 1 + 𝜆 𝑥 + 2 − 𝜆 𝑦 + 3 − 𝜆 𝑧 + 1 − 6𝜆 = 0
∵ Perpendicular to −2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 8 = 0
∴ −2 1 + 𝜆 + 2 − 𝜆 + 3 − 𝜆 = 0
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Solution:
A 𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏
∴ −2 1 + 𝜆 + 2 − 𝜆 + 3 − 𝜆 = 0
3 B 𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟏
⇒𝜆=
4
⇒ Required plane is 7𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 14 C 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟏
Checking the option show that

D −𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟐
0, 1, 1 Satisfies it.
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A 𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏
B 𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟏
C 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟏
D −𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟐
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𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧
0 −1 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0 & 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3 = 0 is:
JEE MAINS Sept 2020
Solution: 1
A
2
Line of intersection of planes:
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖) 𝑖ƶ 𝑗ƶ 𝑘෠
B 1
1 1 1 = 2𝑖ƶ + 𝑗ƶ − 3𝑘෠
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖) 2 −1 1
1
C
Direction ratio: 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 = 2, 1, −3 3
Putting 𝑧 = 0, in 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 1
D
2
𝑥+𝑦+1=0
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 = 0
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𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧
0 −1 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0 & 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3 = 0 is:
JEE MAINS Sept 2020
Solution:
1
A
2
𝑥+𝑦+1=0 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 = 0
Direction ratio: 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 = 2, 1, −3 B 1
4 1
Point on the line: 𝑥 = − 3 , 𝑦 = 3 , 𝑧 = 0 C
1
3
4 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 −
Thus, equation of line : 3= 3= 𝑧 1
D
2 1 −3 2
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𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧
0 −1 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0 & 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3 = 0 is:
JEE MAINS Sept 2020
Solution:
1
A
4 1 2
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧 𝑥+ 𝑦− 𝑧 𝑏−𝑎 . 𝑐×𝑑
= = 3
= 3
= S.D. =
0 −1 1 2 1 −3 𝑐×𝑑
B 1
𝑐×𝑑 = 2 1 −3 = −2𝑖ƶ − 2𝑗ƶ − 2𝑘෠ 1
0 −1 1 C 3
7 4
− 0
3 3
2 1 −3 D 1
0 −1 1 2
Shortest distance =
−2 2 + (−2)2 +(−2)2
7 4
3
1−3 + 2
3 1
= =
12 3
Return to Top
If for some 𝛼 and 𝛽 in ℝ, the intersection of the following three planes
𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 − 1 = 0, 𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 5𝑧 − 𝛽 = 0 and 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝛼𝑧 = 5 is a line in
ℝ3 , then 𝛼 + 𝛽 is:
JEE MAINS Jan 2020
A 0
B −10
C 10
D 2
Return to Top
JEE MAINS Jan 2020
Solution:
Plane intersect in a line: ⇒ there should be infinite solution of the given
system of equations for infinite solutions.
1 4 −2
∆ = 1 7 −5 = 0 ⇒ 𝛼 = −3
1 5 𝛼
1 4 −2
Also, ∆1 = 𝛽 7 −5 =0
5 5 −3
⇒ 𝛽 = 13
∴ 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 10
Return to Top
JEE MAINS Jan 2020
A 0
B −10
C 10
D 2
Return to Top
Sphere 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝑟
Center radius form: 𝑥−𝑎 2
+ (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 +(𝑧 − 𝑐)2 = 𝑟 2
𝐶 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
General form: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑦 + 2𝑤𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0
Center ≡ −𝑢, −𝑣, −𝑤
Radius = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 − 𝑑
Diametric form:
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥 − 𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦 − 𝑦2 + 𝑧 − 𝑧1 𝑧 − 𝑧2 = 0
Return to Top
The equation of sphere having center at (1, 2, 3) and touching
the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, is:
Solution:
𝐶 1,2,3
Radius = distance of center from the plane
1+4+9
𝑟=
12 + 22 + 32
⇒ 𝑟 = 14
So, equation: 𝑥−𝑎 2

+ (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 +(𝑧 − 𝑐)2 = 𝑟 2
2
𝑥−1 + (𝑦 − 2)2 +(𝑧 − 3)2 = 14
Return to Top
Plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 4, cuts the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0. Then the
radius of the circle formed is:
A 1 unit
B 2 units
C 3 units
D 4 units
Return to Top
Plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 4, cuts the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0. Then the
radius of the circle formed is:
A 1 unit
B 2 units
C 3 units
D 4 units
Return to Top
Session 11
Miscellaneous Questions
Return to Top
The number of 3 × 3 matrices 𝐴 whose entries are either 0 or 1
𝑥 1
and for which the system 𝐴 𝑦 = 0 has exactly two distinct
𝑧 0
solutions :
IIT-JEE 2010
Solution:
A 0
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Let the matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 B 168
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 1 C 2
𝑥 1
𝐴 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 0
𝑧 0 D 29 − 1
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 0
Three planes can never intersect at exactly two points .
Return to Top
If the distance of the point 𝑃(1 , −2 , 1) from the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 𝛼,
where 𝛼 > 0 , is 5 , then the foot of perpendicular from 𝑃 to the plane , is :
IIT-JEE 2010
4 4 1
A ,− ,
3 3 3
B 8 4
, ,−
7
3 3 3
1 2 10
C 3 3
, ,
3
2 1 5
D 3
,− ,
3 2
Return to Top
IIT-JEE 2010
Let 𝐴 be the foot of the perpendicular.
𝑃(1, −2, 1)
Distance of 𝑃 from the plane = 5
1,2, −2 Normal
1−4−2−𝛼 𝛼+5
⇒ = =5
12 + 22 + −2 2 3
𝐴
⇒ 𝛼 = 10 , −20 (not possible)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 𝛼 ; 𝛼 > 0
∴ Equation of plane is: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 10
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑

𝐷=
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
Return to Top
IIT-JEE 2010
∴ Equation of plane is: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 10
𝑃(1, −2, 1)
Let the coordinates of 𝐴 is (𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟)
1,2, −2 Normal
𝑝−1 𝑞+2 𝑟−1 −(1−4−2−10)
∴ = = =
1 2 −2 9
8 4 7 𝐴
⇒ 𝑝 = ,𝑞 = ,𝑟 = −
3 3 3
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 𝛼 ; 𝛼 > 0
8 4 7
So , point 𝐴 ≡ 3 3
, ,−
3
Return to Top
IIT-JEE 2010
4 4 1
A ,− ,
3 3 3
B 8 4
, ,−
7
3 3 3
1 2 10
C 3 3
, ,
3
2 1 5
D 3
,− ,
3 2
Return to Top
Non zero value of 𝑎 for which the lines 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4 = 0 =
𝛼𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2 and 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 are coplanar is :
Solution:
A −2
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4 = 0 = 𝛼𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2
Coplanar, 𝛼 ≠ 0
𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1
B 4
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4 = 0
𝛼𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2 = 0 C 6
Let 𝑛1 is along 𝐿1 D 0
෠
∴ 𝑛1 = 2 −1 3 ⇒ 𝑛1 = −2𝑖Ƹ + 2 + 3𝛼 𝑗Ƹ + 2 + 𝛼 𝑘
𝛼 1 −1
If 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2 = 0
𝑧 = −3 , 𝑦 = −5
−𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4 = 0
𝑥 𝑦+5 𝑧+3
Return to Top ∴ 𝐿1 ∶ = =
−2 2+3𝛼 2+𝛼
Solution:
A −2
If 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2 = 0
𝑧 = −3 , 𝑦 = −5
−𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4 = 0 B 4
𝑥 𝑦+5 𝑧+3
∴ 𝐿1 ∶ = =
−2 2+3𝛼 2+𝛼
C 6
𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
D 0
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0 Let 𝑛2 is along 𝐿2
∴ 𝑛2 = 1 −3 1 ⇒ 𝑛2 = −5𝑖Ƹ + 5𝑘෠
1 2 1
If 𝑥 = 0, −3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 1 3
𝑦=− ,𝑧 = −
5 5
Return to Top 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0
Solution:
If 𝑥 = 0, −3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 1 3
𝑦=− ,𝑧 = −
5 5
2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0
1
𝐴 0, − , 5
𝑥 𝑦+
1
𝑧+
3 5
5 5
∴ 𝐿2 ∶ = =
−1 0 1
For 2 lines to be coplanar, 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝐴𝐵 = 0

𝐵 0, −5, −3
−1 0 1
−2 2 + 3𝛼 2 + 𝛼
⇒ 1 3 =0
0 −5 + −3 +
5 5
12 24 48
⇒ −1 2 + 3𝛼 − + 2+𝛼 +1 =0
Return to Top 5 5 5
Solution:
For 2 lines to be coplanar, 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝐴𝐵 = 0
−1 0 1
−2 2 + 3𝛼 2 + 𝛼 1
⇒ 1 3 =0 𝐴 0, − , 5
0 −5 + −3 + 5
5 5
12 24 48
⇒ −1 2 + 3𝛼 − + 2+𝛼 +1 =0
5 5 5
𝐵 0, −5, −3
12
⇒ 2 + 3𝛼 − 4 − 2𝛼 + 4 = 0
5
12
⇒ 2+𝛼 = 0 ⇒ 𝛼 = −2
5
Return to Top
From the point 𝑃 𝜆 , 𝜆 , 𝜆 , perpendiculars 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑃𝑅 are drawn
on the lines 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑦 = −𝑥 , 𝑧 = −1 . If 𝑃 is such that
∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 is a right angle , then the possible value(s) of 𝜆 is/are :
JEE Advanced 2014
Solution:
A 1
𝐿1 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑧 = 1 𝐿2 ∶ 𝑦 = −𝑥, 𝑧 = −1
𝑃 𝜆, 𝜆, 𝜆
𝐿1
Let 𝑄 ≡ 𝑞 ,𝑞 ,1 B 2
𝑃𝑄 is perpendicular to the line : C 6

𝑄
𝑅
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧−1
= =
1 1 0 𝐿2 D 0
𝜆−𝑞 + 𝜆−𝑞 1+ 𝜆−1 0 = 0 ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝜆
∴ 𝑄 ≡ 𝜆 ,𝜆 ,1
Let 𝑅 ≡ 𝑟 , −𝑟 , −1
Return to Top
JEE Advanced 2014
Solution:
A 1
𝐿1 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑧 = 1 𝐿2 ∶ 𝑦 = −𝑥, 𝑧 = −1
𝐿1
∴ 𝑄 ≡ 𝜆 ,𝜆 ,1 B 2
Let 𝑅 ≡ 𝑟 , −𝑟 , −1 𝑄 C 6
𝑅
𝑃𝑄 is perpendicular to the line :
𝐿2 D 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧+1
= =
1 −1 0
𝜆−𝑟 − 𝜆+𝑟 1+ 𝜆+1 0 =0 ⇒𝑟 = 0
∴ 𝑅 ≡ 0 , 0 , −1
Return to Top 𝑃𝑄 ⊥ 𝑃𝑅
JEE Advanced 2014
Solution:
A 1
𝐿1 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑧 = 1 𝐿2 ∶ 𝑦 = −𝑥, 𝑧 = −1
𝐿1
∴ 𝑄 ≡ 𝜆 ,𝜆 ,1 B 2
∴ 𝑅 ≡ 0 , 0 , −1
𝑃𝑄 ⊥ 𝑃𝑅 𝑄 C 6
𝑅
⇒0⋅ 𝜆−0 +0⋅ 𝜆−0 + 𝜆+1 𝜆−1 =0 𝐿2 D 0
⇒ 𝜆2 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝜆 = ±1
𝜆 = 1 is rejected as it will lie on the given line
Return to Top ∴ 𝜆 = −1
In 𝑅3 , let 𝐿 be a straight line passing through origin. Suppose that
all the points on 𝐿 are at a constant distance from the two planes
𝑃1 : 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 + 1 = 0 and 𝑃2 : 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 1 = 0. Let 𝑀 be the locus of
feet of perpendiculars drawn from the points on 𝐿 to the plane 𝑃1 .
Which of the following points lie(s) on 𝑀?
JEE Advanced 2015
5 2
A 0, − , −
6 3
B 1
− ,− ,
1 1
6 3 6
5 1
C − , 0,
6 6
1 2
D − , 0,
3 3
Return to Top
JEE Advanced 2015
𝐿 is parallel to the planes 𝑃1 & 𝑃2
Let vector parallel to the line is 𝑎Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ = 1 2 −1 = 𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ − 5𝑘෠
2 −1 1
∴ Direction ratio will be 1, −3, −5
Return to Top
JEE Advanced 2015
∴ Direction ratio will be 1, −3, −5
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝐿∶ = =
1 −3 −5
Feet of perpendicular of (0,0,0) on the plane 𝑃1 is :
𝑥𝑝 − 𝑥1 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑦1 𝑧𝑝 − 𝑧1 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑

= = =−
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑥𝑝 − 0 𝑦𝑝 − 0 𝑧𝑝 − 0 1 1
= = =− 2 =−
1 2 −1 1 + 22 + (−1)2 6
Return to Top
JEE Advanced 2015
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝐿∶ = =
1 −3 −5
𝑥𝑝 − 0 𝑦𝑝 − 0 𝑧𝑝 − 0 1
= = =−
1 2 −1 6
1 1 1
⇒ 𝑥𝑝 = − , 𝑦𝑝 = − , 𝑧𝑝 =
6 3 6
1 1 1
𝑥+ 𝑦+ 𝑧 −
Equation of line 𝑀 ∶ 6= 3= 𝑝 6
1 −3 −5
5 2 1 1 1
Points 0, − , − and − , − , lie on the line 𝑀.
Return to Top 6 3 6 3 6
JEE Advanced 2015
5 2
A 0, − , −
6 3
B 1
− ,− ,
1 1
6 3 6
5 1
C − , 0,
6 6
1 2
D − , 0,
3 3
Return to Top
Equation of plane which passes through the point of intersection
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−3 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
of lines = = and = = and at greatest distance
3 1 2 1 2 3
from the point 0 , 0 , 0 , is :
Solution: 𝑂 0, 0, 0
𝐿1 𝐿2 A 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 25
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
𝐿1 ∶ = = =𝜆
3 1 2
B 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 50
𝑥−3 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
𝐿2 ∶ = = =𝜇 𝑃(4,3,5)
1 2 3
C 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 49
Point on 𝐿1 : 1 + 3𝜆 , 2 + 𝜆 , 3 + 2𝜆 ⋯ (𝑖)
D 𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 2
Point on 𝐿2 : 3 + 𝜇 , 1 + 2𝜇 , 2 + 3𝜇 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
To get intersection point ,
1 + 3𝜆 = 3 + 𝜇
⇒𝜆=𝜇=1
Return to Top 2 + 𝜆 = 1 + 2𝜇
Equation of plane which passes through the point of intersection
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−3 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
of lines = = and = = and at greatest distance
3 1 2 1 2 3
from the point 0 , 0 , 0 , is :
Solution:
𝑂 0,0,0
∴ The intersecting point will be 𝑃(4 , 3 , 5)
𝑂𝑃 ≥ 𝑂𝑄
𝑄
The equation of plane at greatest distance
from origin and passing through point 4 , 3 , 5 𝑃 (4,3,5)
will have normal direction ratios as 4 , 3 , 5.
⇒4 𝑥−4 +3 𝑦−3 +5 𝑧−5 =0 𝑂 0,0,0
⇒ 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 50
𝑃(4,3,5)
Return to Top
let 𝑃 be a image of the point (3,1,7) with respect to the plane
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3. Then the equation of the plane passing through
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑃 and containing the straight line = = is :
1 2 1
JEE Advanced 2016
A 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0
B 3𝑥 + 𝑧 = 0
C 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0
D 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
Return to Top
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1 2 1
JEE Advanced 2016
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝐿∶ = =
1 2 1
(3,1,7)
Let 𝑃 ≡ (𝑥 ′ , 𝑦 ′ , 𝑧 ′ ) 𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =3
𝑥′ − 𝑥1 𝑦′ − 𝑦1 𝑧′ − 𝑧1 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 − 𝑑

= = = −2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝐿
𝑃
𝑥′ − 3 𝑦′ − 1 𝑧′ − 7 3−1+7−3
= = = −2 2
1 −1 1 1 + −1 2 + 12
= −4
𝑃 ≡ (−1 , 5 , 3)
Return to Top
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1 2 1
JEE Advanced 2016
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝐿∶ = = 𝑃 ≡ (−1 , 5 , 3)
1 2 1 (3,1,7)
Let 𝑛 be the normal vector to the plane 𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =3
𝑛 is perpendicular to line 𝑂𝑃 & given line 𝐿

𝐿
𝑃
𝑛 = −1 5 3 = −𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ − 7𝑘෠
1 2 1
∴ Equation of plane is : 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0
Return to Top
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1 2 1
JEE Advanced 2016
A 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0
B 3𝑥 + 𝑧 = 0
C 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0
D 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
Return to Top
Let 𝑃1 : 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3 and 𝑃2 : 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 be two planes.
Then which of the following statements(s) is (are) true ?
JEE Advanced 2018
D The line of intersection of 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 has direction ratios 1,2, −1
3𝑥−4 1−3𝑦 𝑧
B The line = = is perpendicular to the line of
9 9 3
intersection of 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 .
C The acute angle between 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 is 60°.
If 𝑃3 is the plane passing through the point (4,2, −2) and

D perpendicular to the line of intersection of 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 , then the
2
distance of the point 2,1,1 from the plane 𝑃3 is .
3
Return to Top
Solution: JEE Advanced 2018
Let 𝑛1 is along the line of intersection.
⇒ 𝑛1 = 2 1 −1 = 3𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠
1 2 1
The line of intersection of 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 has direction ratios: 1, −1, 1
4 1
𝑥− 𝑦− 𝑧
The line 3
= 3
= is parallel to the line of intersection
3 −3 3
of 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 .
Return to Top
Let 𝜃 be the angle the planes.
𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
cos 𝜃 =
𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 2 + 𝑐1 2 𝑎2 2 + 𝑏2 2 + 𝑐2 2
2+2−1
⇒ cos 𝜃 =
22 + 12 + (−1)2 12 + 22 + 12
1
cos 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 60°
Return to Top 2
Equation of 𝑃3 : 𝑥 − 4 − 𝑦 − 2 + 𝑧 + 2 = 0
⇒𝑥−𝑦+𝑧=0
2−1+1
Distance of the point 2,1,1 =
12 + (−1)2 +12
2
=
3
Return to Top
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3-D Gemetry

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3-D Gemetry

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Welcome to

It is a geometric setting, in which three different parameters (dimensions) 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are

𝑋 ′ 𝑋, 𝑌 ′ 𝑌, 𝑍 ′ 𝑍 are the three coordinate axes.

Length of edges are 2, 2, 3

Other vertices are :

∴ Length of edges are 1, 2, 4

Let 𝑂 be origin, then the position vector

𝑟Ԧ (position vector of 𝑃) = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠

Let 𝑃 ≡ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , 𝑃𝐴2 − 𝑃𝐵2 = 5

Distance of 𝑃 from 𝑥 −axis = 𝑃𝐴

Distance of 𝑃 from 𝑦 − axis = 𝑃𝐵

Distance of 𝑃 from z − axis = 𝑃𝐶

Projection of point on 𝑥 − axis ≡ 𝐴

Projection of point on y − axis ≡ 𝐵

Projection of point on z − axis ≡ 𝐶

Coordinate of a point 𝑀 which divides the line

8𝜆+2 0+ −3 10𝜆+4 𝑄(8, 0, 10)

3+2+1 10+0+2 −1+6+1

෠ 𝑂𝐺 = 2𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠

⇒ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an isosceles triangle.

∴ Median acts as an angle bisector

= 3𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠ − 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠

Using Distance formula :

Using section formula :

Point 𝐵 divides 𝐴 & 𝐶 in ration 𝑚: 𝑛

𝑚𝑥3 + 𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦3 + 𝑛𝑦1 𝑚𝑧3 + 𝑛𝑧1

Using area of triangle :

The D.C.’s are usually denoted by 𝑙 , 𝑚 , 𝑛 .

The D.C.’s are usually denoted by 𝑙 , 𝑚 , 𝑛 .

⇒ cos2 𝛼 + cos 2 𝛽 + cos 2 𝛾 = 1

⇒ 1 − sin2 𝛼 + 1 − sin2 𝛽 + 1 − sin2 𝛾 = 1

⇒ sin2 𝛼 + sin2 𝛽 + sin2 𝛾 = 2

If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be proportional to the direction cosines (D.C.’s ) 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 , then 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are

Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be the D.R.’s and 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 be the D.C’s

➢ If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be the D.R.’s of any line 𝐿, then

𝑎𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝑗Ƹ + 𝑐 𝑘෠ will be a vector parallel to the line .

➢ If 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 be the D.C.’s of any line 𝐿, then

𝑙𝑖Ƹ + 𝑚𝑗Ƹ + 𝑛𝑘෠ will be a unit vector parallel to the line .

➢ The D.C.’s of line 𝑃𝑄 will be

𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1

𝑙+𝑚+𝑛=0 &; 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑛 − 𝑛𝑙 = 0

⇒ 2𝑙𝑚 − 2𝑙𝑚 − 2𝑚2 + 𝑙 2 + 𝑙𝑚 = 0

𝑙+𝑚+𝑛=0 &; 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑛 − 𝑛𝑙 = 0

DRS ∝ −2, 1, 1 DRS ∝ 1, 1, −2

Lines will be perpendicular, if

Lines will be perpendicular, if 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0

Possible when, 𝛼 = −1, 𝛽 = −1

Let a line segment has length 𝑟 and has direction cosines 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛,

Projection of a line segment joining points

The DRs of line L with points −1, 2, 3 & 3, −2, 10 : 4, −4, 7

𝑖 Equation of a line passing through a point 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 and having

𝑎𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝑗Ƹ + 𝑐𝑘෠

Vector equation of a straight line passing through a given point

where 𝜆 is a scalar and for different values of 𝜆, we get

𝑖 Equation of a line passing through a point 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 and

General point on a line:

General point 𝑃 on this line can be taken as : 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝜆

𝑎𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝑗Ƹ + 𝑐𝑘෠

Vector form : 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥1 𝑖ƶ + 𝑦1 𝑗ƶ + 𝑧1 𝑘ƶ + 𝜆 𝑎𝑖ƶ + 𝑏𝑗ƶ + 𝑐 𝑘ƶ

(𝑖) Through origin 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥, 𝑧 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥1 𝑖ƶ + 𝑦1 𝑗ƶ + 𝑧1 𝑘ƶ

𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦−axis 𝑥 =0&𝑧 =0

𝑣𝑖𝑖 Parallel to 𝑧−axis 𝑥 = ℎ, 𝑦 = 𝑝