ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Dynamics

Vectors
Measurements with magnitude and direction.

Ways to add or get the resultant vectors

Triangle Method Component Method

Practice Problem #1:

What is the resultant of the following vectors?
A = 2 N, 60° N of E
B = 2 √ 3 /3, N, 60° W of N
C = 1/3 N, S

Kinematics
It describes the motion of an object.

Linear Motion
1. Uniform Motion
Object moves at constant velocity.

d
v=
t

For a displacement behavior, x(t), the velocity and acceleration are:

dx
v=
dt
2
dv d x
a= =
dt d t 2

2. Uniform Accelerated Motion

Object moves at constant acceleration.

1 2
v=v o+ at x=v o t + a t 2 2
v =v o +2 ax
2

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3. Free Fall Motion
Object moves at constant acceleration (gravitational).

1 2
v y =v oy−¿ y=v oy t− g t 2 2
v y =v oy−2 gy
2

4. Projectile Motion
Combination of uniform and free fall motions.

x 1 2
v x =v 0 x = v y =v 0 y −¿ y=v 0 y t− g t 2 2
v y =v oy−2 gy
t 2

Whereas if the angle is from the horizontal:

v x =v cos θ v x =v sin θ
Circular Motion
The linear parameters can be related to the angular parameter during circular motion.

Parameters Angular Linear

Displacement θ s=θr
Velocity ω v=ωr
Acceleration α α =αr

Centripetal Acceleration (ac)

2
v 2
a c = =ω r
r

Newton’s Law of Motion

First Law/Law of Inertia
A body at rest will stay at rest; or a body in constant motion will continue to move unless a net unbalanced force will act on it.

Second Law/Law of Acceleration

The acceleration is the ratio of net force applied per mass of the object.

F
a=
m
Third Law/Law of Interaction
For every action (A), there is an equal but opposite reaction (R).

A=R

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Force
Causes the motion of an object.

Types of Forces
1. Gravitational Force (FG)
Is an attractive force by any object with mass.

Where:
m1 m 2 m1 and m2 = mass of objects
F G=G
r
2 r = distance between the centers of the bodies
G = gravitational constant = 6.67×10-11 Nm2/kg2
2. Normal Force (N)
Is a force that acts perpendicularly on a surface.

3. Frictional Force (Ff)

Is a force that opposes impending (static) or currently occurring (kinetic) motion.

Where:
F f =μN μ = coefficient of friction (can be static or kinetic);
dependent on the two surfaces on contact.

4. Tension (T)
Is a pulling force that acts on string, chains, or cables.

5. Spring Force (FS)

Is the force exerted by springs; can be pulling or compressive. It is governed by Hooke’s Law.

Where:
F S=−kx k = spring constant
x = spring deformation

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Static Equilibrium
The object stays at rest.

Static Conditions:

∑ F x =0 ∑ F y =0 ∑ M =0

Moment
Measure of the ability of the force to cause a turning effect about a point or an axis.

M =F d ⊥

Impulse and Momentum

Momentum (p) describes a body’s resistance to be stopped. Impulse (J) describes a net force acting on a body at a certain
duration of time.

p=mv

J=Ft

Impulse and Momentum

Momentum (p) describes a body’s resistance to be stopped. Impulse (J) describes a net force acting on a body at a certain
duration of time.

p=mv

J=Ft

Mechanical Work
Work (W) is a form of energy that can move an object along the direction of the applied force.

W =F ∙ d
W =Fd cos θ

Mechanical Power
The amount of work done over a duration of time.

W
P=
t

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Mechanical Efficiency
Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of the output work and the input work.

Mechanical Energy
The total mechanical energy of a body is conserved if non-conservative forces are not considered. The mechanical energy
(ME) at any point is the sum of the potential energy (PE) and the kinetic energy (KE).

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

M E 1=M E 2=M E all points

Potential Energy
Energy associated with the vertical position of the object. It is also called stored energy.

PE=mgh
Kinetic Energy
Energy associated with motion.

1 2
KE= m v
2

Practice Problem #2:

A 500 kg roller coaster cart reached a maximum height of 20 m.
a. What is its maximum potential energy?
b. What is the velocity at the lowest point?
c. What are the PE and KE at 10 m below the initial height?

Collision

Types of Collision Description Conserved

Objects bounce off each other with no energy
Elastic Momentum and Kinetic Energy
loss

Inelastic Total kinetic energy of the system decreases Momentum

Perfectly Inelastic Objects stick together after collision Momentum

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Coefficient of Restitution
Describes how the speed of separation of impacting bodies compare with their speed of approach.

separation speed
e=
approach speed

V Bf −V Af
e=
V Ai −V Bi

Practice Problem #3:

A 1 kg mass moving at 2 m/s makes a head on collision with a 1.5 kg mass at 1 m/s opposite in direction of the first (e = 2/3).
What are the velocities after the impact?

Fluid Mechanics

Density
“compactness” of a material; can also be indirectly expressed as specific gravity (SG).

m ρsubs
ρ= SG=
v ρref
Pressure
Force applied perpendicular to an area.

F
P=
A

Hydrostatic Pressure

P= ρgh

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Buoyancy
A fully or partially submerged fluid will experience a certain upward force. It is the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
(Archimedes Law).

F B=mf g

Pascal’s Law
Pressure its transmitted to every part of the container.

F1 F2
=
A1 A2

Practice Problem #4:

A force of 500 N is applied to a break pedal cylinder (d=0.5 cm) into the wheel cylinder (d=2.5 cm). What is the magnitude of
the force at the wheel cylinder?

Bernoulli’s Principle
As the velocity of the fluid increases, the pressure decreases. The same principle is used in flying objects.

Continuity equation – can be used to quantify the velocity inside a pipe or tube. The mass flow rates in all parts of the pipe
are equal.

m1=⃗
⃗ m2

ρ1 A 1 v 1=ρ2 A 2 v 2

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 Statics of Rigid Bodies

Engineering Statics
It is a branch of mechanics concerned with non-accelerating physical systems that experiences static equilibrium with the
surrounding.

Equilibrium Systems
Idealizations simplify the analysis of bodies exposed to different forces.

Particle – negligible size

Rigid – non-deformable
Concentrated Force – forces only act to a point on the body
Free-Body Diagram
Sketch of the system isolated from its surroundings but illustrated with the different forces acting on it.

Equilibrium criteria

∑ F x =0 ∑ F y =0 ∑ M =0
Practice Problem #5:
A 50-kg bucket hangs on two cables that make angles of 40° and 75° with respect to the horizontal on each side. What is the
force on each cable?

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Beam Supports
Types of Supports Reaction Forces

Trusses
Engineering structures that support loads from roots and bridges; usually stationary. It is composed of two-force members
joined at both ends.

Methods of Joints
Each joint is considered as a particle and draw with an FBD.

Method of Sections
Divides the truss into parts using an imaginary cutting plane to expose internal forces.

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Practice Problem #6:
A Warren truss was loaded with downward 3 kN, 4 kN, and 5 kN at points B, C, and D, respectively. Member BD is parallel
to members AC and CE. The members measure 10 m. The truss is simply supported at points A and E.
a. What is the compression force of BD?
b. What is the tension force of CD?
c. What is the compression force of DE?

Centroid
Geometric center of a body obtained by taking the average position of all points. Fixed regardless of the distribution of mass
(density).

x=
Qy
=
∫ xdA x=
∑ ~x A
∫ dA ∫ dA ∑A

y=
Qx
=
∫ ydA y=
∑ ~y A
∫ dA ∫ dA ∑A

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Practice Problem #7:
Where is the centroid of an inverted T-section of a cast-iron beam (bottom rectangle: 6x1 and top rectangle: 8x1)?

Friction
Resistive force present whenever two contacting surface slide relative to one another. Acts tangentially at the surface;
perpendicular to the normal force.

Practice Problem #8:

A 30-kg brick is placed on an inclined plane making an angle of 25° with respect to the horizontal. What is the minimum force
that is needed to cause motion down the plane if μ=0.8?

Strength of Materials

Deals with the internal effects of external forces on a body. Considers the properties and deformation of materials, unlike in
statics.

Stress
Intensity of the internal force at a specific plane in the body.

Normal Stress Shear Stress Bearing Stress

Perpendicular to area; compressive or Perpendicular to area; compressive –
Tangent to area
tensile contact pressure between two bodies
P V Pb
σ= τ= σ b=
A A Ab

Practice Problem #9:

The annular cross-section of a column was applied with a force of 50 kN. If the inner diameter is 300 mm, what must be the
thickness of the wall if the allowable stress is 159 kPa?

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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
Structure (usually cylindrical or spherical) that carry a fluid under pressure, leading to the formation of internal stresses to the
walls. Excessive internal stress will cause the vessel to burst.

Tangential Stress
Also called circumferential stress. Developed at transverse sections of the vessel.

pD
σ t=
2t

Longitudinal Stress
Developed at longitudinal sections of the vessel.

pD
σ l=
4t

Spherical Vessel

pD
σ l=
4t

Strain
Defined as the change in length of a line per unit length due to the presence of a load. Change in length is also called
deformation.

δ L−L0
ε= =
L0 L0
Stress-Strain Diagram

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Modulus of Elasticity
Ratio of the experienced stress and developed strained. Slope of the line in the proportional region of the stress-strain diagram.

σ
E=
ε

Practice Problem #10:

What is the stress experienced by a rod that elongated to 4 inches from 3.5 inches if E = 29×10 6 psi?

Torsion
Twisting that occurs upon the application of torque.

Tr
τ=
J

Type of Shaft Polar Moments of Inertia

π 4
Solid Shaft J= d
32
π
Tubular Shaft J= ( D 4−d 4 )
32

Angle of Twist
Describes the extent of torsion. Angle formed between two ends of a shaft.

TL
θ=
JG
Helical Springs

Negligible spring curvature Relevant spring curvature Spring deformation

τ= (
16 PR 4 m−1 0.615
π d 4 m−4
3
+
m )
( )
3
16 PR d 64 P R n
τ= 1+ δ=
πd
3
4 R Gd
4
D R
m= =
d r

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Shear and Bending Moment Diagram
 Shear force diagram – shows how the applied perpendicular force is distributed along the beam.
 Bending moment diagram – shows how the produced moment vary along the beam.

Methods of Sections
Cuts through critical points of the beam to calculate internal shear forces and bending moments.

Area Method
Provides a less tedious approach by directly sketching the diagram while analyzing the load.

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ANSWER KEY
#1:
R = 1.98, ↑
#2:
a. PEmax = 98,000 J
b. Vlowest point = 19.8 m/s
c. PE = 49,000 J, KE = 49,000 J
#3:
VAf = -1 m/s, VBf = 1 m/s
#4:
12.5 kN
#5:
T1 = 140 N, T2 = 414 N
#6:
a. BD = 4.62 kN
b. CD = 1.73 kN
c. DE = 7.51 kN
#7:
3.07 above the bottom of the beam
#8:
89 N
#9:
200 mm
#10:
σ = 4,142,857 psi = 4,143 ksi

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