TRANSPORT IN HUMAN

THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM

BLOOD
BLOOD HEART
VESSELS
PIPES THROUGH
MEDIUM TO
WHICH BLODD
TRANSPORT AND SUBSTANCES PUMP
SUBSTANCES FLOW/TRAVEL

PLASMA
ARTERIES
WHITE BLOOD CELLS VALVES
VEINS
RED BLOOD CELLS CHAMBERS
CAPILLARIES
PLATELETS
 TRANSPORT IN HUMAN

BLOOD

RED BLOOD WHITE

PLASMA PLATELETS
CELLS BLOOD CELLS
The liquid part of the blood Biconcave disc shape Fights infection and provide Tiny fragments that aid in
immunity blood clotting
Contains 90% water No nucleus so as to maximize
space to transport oxygen Lymphocyte No nucleus
Substances to be transported Releases antibodies to kill
are dissolved and transported Contains haemoglobin to bind pathogen Made in red bone marrow
by the plasma with oxygen and form
These include: oxyhaemoglobin Phagocyte
Engulfs and destroys pathogen
Dissolved salts Transports oxygen
Urea
Hormones Lives for approximately 3-4
Proteins months
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
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PLASMA
COMPONENTS/SUBSTANCES SOURCE DESTINATION NOTES
Water Absorbed in small intestine and colon All cells Excess is removed by the kidneys
PLASMA PROTEINS Fibrinogen is made in the liver Remain in the blood Fibrinogen aids in blood clotting
Fibrinogen Antibodies are made by lymphocytes Antibodies kill bacteria/pathogens
antibodies
Carbohydrates Absorbed in the ileum To all cells for the release of energy by Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored
(glucose) Also produced by the breakdown of respiration in the liver
glycogen in the liver
Excretory substances Produced by amino acid deamination To kidneys for excretion
(urea) in the liver
Hormones Secreted in the blood by endocrine To target organs in the body Hormones only affect their target organs/cells
glands Hormones are broken down by the liver and their
remains are excreted by the kidney
Dissolved gases
(carbon dioxide) Released by all cells as a waste To the lungs for excretion Most carbon dioxide is carried as hydrogen
product of respiration carbonate ions (HCO3 -) in the blood plasma
Mineral ions (Na + – sodium)
(Cl – --chlorine) Absorbed in the ileum and colon To all cells Excess is removed by the kidneys
Dissolved salts
Heat From metabolic processes in cells To skin for excretion through sweat Heat needs to be removed as high body
temperatures affect enzyme catalyzed reactions
Lipids
Including cholesterol and fatty acids Absorbed in the ileum To the liver for breakdown Breakdown of fats yields energy- heart muscle
Also derived from fat reserves in the To adipose tissue for storage depends largely on fatty acids for its energy supply
body To respiring cells as energy source High cholesterol levels in the blood increase the risk
of developing heart disease
 TRANSPORT IN HUMAN

RED BLOOD CELLS

Made in bone Life span of Contains the

Produced at a
marrow of some about 3-4 pigment
very fast rate
bones months haemoglobin
Ribs Approximately 9000 million per Due to lack of nucleus A protein containing iron, which
Vertebrae hour since they do not live for readily combines with oxygen,
Limb bones very long so it can be transported

STRUCTURE FUNCTION NOTES

Haemoglobin will combine with carbon monoxide in
Biconcave disc shape Transports oxygen to cells preference to oxygen
(doughnut shape)
It is the iron in the haemoglobin that readily If this happens oxygen can no longer be transported
combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin ____________________________
Old red blood cells are broken down in the liver, spleen and
Oxygen is given up where its concentration is low bone marrow

Some of the iron from the haemoglobin is stored and used

for making new haemoglobin

Some of it is converted to bile pigments and excreted

 TRANSPORT IN HUMAN
WHITE BLOOD CELLS

LYMPHOCYTES HOW WHITE BLOOD CELLS DESTROY BACTERIA

PHAGOCYTES

STRUCTURE FUNCTION STRUCTURE FUNCTION

Release antibodies Engulfs pathogen
to get rid of and digest them so
pathogens they can be
removed and cause
no further harm

lobed nucleus

Lymphocytes are able to make chemicals known Phagocytes are able to crawl out of the blood,
as antibodies, in response to the chemical through gaps in the walls of capillaries and move
produced by pathogens known as antigens all around the body in search of invading
microorganisms
The antibody molecules bind onto the antigen
molecules Phagocytes tend to group up at a wound, where
they rapidly destroy bacteria that may otherwise
Each lymphocyte makes only one type of invade the body.
antibody which will only fit one type of antigen
 TRANSPORT IN HUMAN
Tiny fragments that aid in blood
clotting
PLATELETS Made in red bone marrow
No nucleus

BLOOD CLOTTING
1. SKIN IS CUT/ TISSUE DAMAGED
1. PLATELETS EXPOSED TO AIR
2. PLATELETS EXPOSED TO AIR
2. SERIES OF CHEMICAL
3. REACTION
SERIES OF CHEMICAL
OCCURS REACTION OCCURS
3. A CHEMICAL KNOWN AS
4. A CHEMICAL KNOWN AS THROMBOPLASTIN IS RELEASED
THROMBOPLASTIN IS
5. THROMBOPLASTIN
RELEASED CONVERTS PROTHROMBIN TO THROMBIN
4. THROMBOPLASTING
6. THROMBIN ALONG WITH VITAMIN K AND CALCIUM IONS
CONVERTS PROTHROMBIN TO
7. CAUSE
THROMBIN
SOLUBLE FIBRINOGEN TO BE CONVERTED TO INSOULBLE PROTEIN FIBRIN
5. THROMBIN ALONG WITH
8. FIBRIN THEN FORMS FIBRES ACROSS THE WOUND
VITAMIN K AND CALCIUM IONS

9. CAUSE
BLOODSOLUBLE FIBRINOGEN
CELLS AND PLATELETS GET CAUGHT UP IN THE FIBRES FORMING A CLOT
TO BE CONVERTED TO
10. PATHOGENS
INSOULBLE ARE PREVENTED
PROTEIN FIBRIN FROM ENETRING AND EXCESS BLOOD LOSS PREVENTED/REDUCED
6. FIBRIN THEN FORMS FIBRES
ACROSS THE WOUND