Test Bank For Psychology 13th Edition Carole Wade Carol Tavris Samuel R Sommers Lisa M Shin Download

Test Bank for Psychology, 13th Edition, Carole Wade, Carol Tavris Samuel R Sommers Lisa M.
Test Bank for Psychology, 13th Edition, Carole

Wade, Carol Tavris Samuel R Sommers Lisa M. Shin
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TOTAL Chapter 9
ASSESSMENT
THINKING AND INTELLIGENCE
GUIDE
Topic/ Remember the Understand the Apply What Analyze It
Learning Objective Facts Concepts You Know
POP QUIZ 1 Multiple Choice 1,3,5-10 4 2
POP QUIZ 2 Multiple Choice 1,2,4,5,8-10 3,6,7
Thought: Using What We Multiple Choice 1-3,6,10,11,13,14, 8,18,26,29,30, 4,5,12,15,17,20- 7,9,27,35,36
Know
16,19,25,28,31,34 33,37 24,32
LO 9.1.A – Explain the basic
elements of cognition: True/False 1-13 14
concepts, prototypes, Short Answer 1 2,3 4
propositions, schemas, and
mental images. Essay 1
LO 9.1.B – Distinguish Integrative Essay 2,3
between subconscious
thinking and nonconscious
thinking, and explain what is
meant by multitasking and
implicit learning.
LO 9.1.C – Contrast
algorithms and heuristics as
decision strategies, and
explain how insight and
intuition contribute to solving
problems.
Barriers to Reasoning Multiple Choice 38,43,46,49,51,53 39-42,44,45,48, 47
Rationally
50,52,54-58
LO 9.2.A – Describe how the
affect heuristic and the True/False 15,17,18,20-23, 16,24-26 19
availability heuristic illustrate 27,28
the tendency to exaggerate Short Answer 5 7 6
the improbable.
LO 9.2.B – Explain how the Essay
framing effect leads people
to avoid loss in probabilistic Integrative Essay 4
judgments.
LO 9.2.C – Summarize and
give an example of the
fairness bias, hindsight bias,
confirmation bias, and
mental sets..
LO 9.2.D – Discuss the
conditions under which
cognitive biases can be
beneficial as well as
detrimental to reasoning.
(Continued on next page)
1
Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, 13e/Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin
Topic/ Remember the Understand the Apply What Analyze It

Learning Objective Facts Concepts You Know
Measuring Intelligence Multiple Choice 59-61,63,64,69, 62,65,71,76 67,72,73,78,79, 66,68,89
LO 9.3.A – Define
70,74,75,77,80,81, 82,86,91,92
intelligence and the
difference between its 83-85,87,88,90
crystallized and fluid forms. True/False 29-46
LO 9.3.B – Summarize the
notion of IQ, how it is
Short Answer 8 10 9
measured, some of its Essay 3,4 2,5,6
limitations, and the
challenges to assessing it Integrative Essay 1
across cultures.
LO 9.3.C – Describe how
metacognition, the triarchic
theory of intelligence,
multiple intelligences, and
emotional intelligence shed
light on the diversity of what
“intelligence” means.
LO 9.3.D – Outline how
longitudinal and cross-
cultural studies shed light on
the interplay of motivation,
hard work, and intellectual
achievement.
Animal Minds Multiple Choice 93-96,98-105,109 94 106-108,110,111
LO 9.4.A – Summarize the
evidence supporting and True/False 47-54
refuting the concept of Short Answer
animal intelligence.
LO 9.4.B – Summarize the Essay
evidence supporting and Integrative Essay 7
refuting the concept of
animal language use.
LO 9.4.C – Explain the
limitations of both
anthropomorphism and
anthropodenial as
approaches to
understanding animal
cognition.
2
Name _________________________________________________________
Chapter 9 – Pop Quiz 1

1. A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a __________.
a. prototype
b. mental image
c. cognitive schema
d. proposition
2. Callie’s grandmother says that if Callie follows the family’s traditional recipe for Irish soda bread exactly,
then she is sure to have very good results. Callie’s grandmother is encouraging her granddaughter to
__________.
a. engage in dialectical thinking
b. make use of her family’s tacit knowledge
c. use an algorithm
d. rely upon a heuristic
3. Informal reasoning involves __________.

a. using algorithms
b. finding a single correct answer
c. nonconscious responding
d. dialectical reasoning
4. People who are __________ thinkers generally understand that some things can never be known with
certainty, but they also understand that some judgments are more valid than others.
a. prereflective
b. quasi-reflective
c. semi-reflective
d. reflective
5. The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one’s own belief is called
__________.
a. a mental set
b. confirmation bias
c. stereotype threat
d. mindlessness
6. __________ is the knowledge or awareness of one’s own cognitive processes.

a. Practical intelligence
b. Emotional intelligence
c. Metacognition
d. Tacit knowledge
7. Which of the following is one of the components in Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
a. metacognitive intelligence
b. cultural intelligence
c. practical intelligence
d. emotional intelligence
8. Without __________ intelligence, it is difficult to acquire tacit knowledge.

a. analytical
b. practical
c. creative
3
d. metacognitive
9. __________ intelligence is the ability to identify your own and other people’s emotions accurately, express
your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.
a. Analytic
b. Emotional
c. Practical
d. Creative
10. __________ is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, especially in natural environments.
a. Psychometrics
b. Cognitive ethology
c. Factor analysis
d. Metacognition
4

Answer Key
1. d Rationale: A proposition is a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single
idea. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 9.1.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and
overarching themes in psychology, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy)
2. c Rationale: An algorithm is a problem-solving strategy guaranteed to produce a correct solution

even if the user does not know how it works. (Apply What You Know, Easy, LO 9.1.C, APA 1.1
Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.1 Use scientific
reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information
literacy)
3. d Rationale: In informal reasoning problems, there is often no clearly correct solution. Many
approaches, viewpoints, or possible solutions may compete and you may have to decide which one
is most “reasonable.” To do this wisely, a person must be able to use dialectical reasoning, the
process of comparing and evaluating opposing points of view to resolve differences. (Remember
the Facts, Moderate, LO 9.1.D, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching
themes in psychology, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy)
4. d Rationale: Reflective thinkers understand that although some things can never be known with
certainty, some judgments are more valid than others because of their coherence, their fit with the
available evidence, their usefulness, and so on. (Understand the Concepts, Moderate, LO 9.1.D,
APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.1 Use
scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology
information literacy)
5. b Rationale: Confirmation bias is the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that
confirms one’s own belief. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 9.2.C, APA 1.1 Describe key
concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology
6. c Rationale: Metacognition refers to the knowledge or awareness of one’s own cognitive processes
and the ability to monitor and control those processes. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 9.3.C, APA
1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.2 Demonstrate
psychology information literacy)
7. c Rationale: Sternberg’s triarchic theory proposes three aspects of intelligence: analytic, creative,
and practical. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 9.3.C, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles,
and overarching themes in psychology, 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological
phenomena, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy)
8. b Rationale: Tacit knowledge results from observing others. Therefore, it is part of practical
intelligence. (Remember the Facts, Difficult, LO 9.3.C, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts,
principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret
psychological phenomena, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy)
9. b Rationale: Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify your own and other people’s emotions
accurately, express your emotions clearly and regulate emotions in yourself and others.
(Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 9.3.C, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and
10. b Rationale: Cognitive ethology is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, especially
in natural environments. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 9.4.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts,
5
principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information

literacy)
6
Name __________________________________________________________

1. A __________ is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a
particular aspect of the world.
a. proposition
b. cognitive heuristic
c. cognitive schema
d. prototype
2. A(n) __________ process occurs outside of conscious awareness, but is accessible to consciousness when
necessary.
a. unconscious
b. subconscious
c. nonconscious
d. preconscious
3. Which of the following statements is true of formal reasoning?

a. In formal reasoning, the information needed for drawing a conclusion or reaching a solution is specified
clearly.
b. In formal reasoning, many approaches, viewpoints, or possible solutions may compete, and you may
have to decide which one is most “reasonable.”
c. Formal reasoning involves dialectical reasoning.
d. Formal reasoning uses heuristics, or rules of thumb, to try to reach a solution.
4. __________ thinkers generally assume that a correct answer always exists and can be obtained through the
senses or from authorities.
a. Prereflective
b. Quasi-reflective
c. Semi-reflective
d. Reflective
5. __________ is the tendency to solve new problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems.
a. Confirmation bias
b. A mental set
c. Hindsight bias
d. The framing effect
6. During her lecture, Professor Braddock referred to cognitive skills and specific knowledge that one acquires
over a lifetime. She went on to explain that this is largely influenced by education and usually remains stable
over time. Which term was she describing?
a. crystallized intelligence
b. fluid intelligence
c. g factor
d. intelligence
7. According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, __________ intelligence refers to the information-
processing strategies you draw on when you are thinking intelligently about a problem.
a. creative
b. analytical
c. practical
d. emotional
7
8. Japanese school teachers and students are more likely than their American counterparts to believe that
__________.
a. the secret to doing well in mathematics is working hard
b. mathematical ability is innate and either you have it or you don’t
c. lower standards are acceptable because children need time for exercise and play
d. small classes and high-technology resources are imperative for a quality education
9. Research on animals and language indicates that __________.

a. dolphins are able to express an infinite number of novel utterances through whistles and other sounds
b. bonobos seem to be able to produce original sentences through a variety of grunts and screeches
c. humans are the only species that evolved with the natural ability to express and comprehend an infinite
number of novel utterances
d. nonhuman animals don’t have their own languages, but clearly demonstrate human-like abilities when
taught to communicate
10. __________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.
a. Anthropomorphism
b. Anthropodenial
c. Convergent thinking
d. Divergent thinking
8

Answer Key
1. c Rationale: A cognitive schema is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and

expectations concerning a particular aspect of the world. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 9.1.A,
APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.2
Demonstrate psychology information literacy)
2. b Rationale: Subconscious processes occur outside of conscious awareness, but are accessible to
consciousness when necessary. Nonconscious processing is not available to conscious awareness.
(Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 9.1.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and
3. a Rationale: In formal reasoning, the information needed for drawing a conclusion or reaching a
solution is specified clearly, and there is a single right answer. (Understand the Concepts, Easy,
LO 9.1.D, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.1
Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology
4. a Rationale: People who rely on prereflective thinking tend to assume that a correct answer always
exists and that it can be obtained directly through the senses or from authorities. (Remember the
Facts, Easy, LO 9.1.D, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in
psychology, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy)
5. b Rationale: A mental set is the tendency to try to solve new problems by using procedures that
worked in the past on similar problems. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 9.2.C, APA 1.1 Describe
key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology
6. a Rationale: Crystallized intelligence refers to cognitive skills and specific knowledge that is gained
over a lifetime. It is heavily influenced by one’s education and usually remains stable. (Understand
the Concepts, Moderate, LO 9.3.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching
themes in psychology, 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena, 2.2
Demonstrate psychology information literacy)
7. b Rationale: Analytical intelligence refers to the information-processing strategies you draw on

when you are thinking about a problem: recognizing and defining it, selecting a strategy for
solving it, mastering and carrying out the strategy, and evaluating the result. (Understand the
Concepts, Moderate, LO 9.3.C, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching
themes in psychology, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy)
8. a Rationale: Japanese children are taught that the secret to doing well in math is hard work.
Americans tend to think that you either have mathematical intelligence or you don’t. (Remember
the Facts, Easy, LO 9.3.D, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in
psychology, 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena, 2.2 Demonstrate
psychology information literacy, 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry)
9. c Rationale: Human language seems to be unique in that it involves the ability to understand and
express an infinite number of novel utterances that convey a meaning. Attempts to teach animals to
use aspects of language have been mixed. (Remember the Facts, Moderate, LO 9.4.B, APA 1.1
Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.2 Demonstrate
psychology information literacy)
10. a Rationale: Anthropomorphism is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman
beings without considering simpler explanations for the animals’ behavior. (Remember the Facts,
9
Easy, LO 9.4.C, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in
psychology)
10
Multiple Choice Questions

1. Based on the powers of thought and intelligence, human beings are called Homo sapiens, which translates
as __________.
a. rational human
b. creative human
c. anthropomorphic human
d. anthropocentric human
Answer: a
Topic: Introduction
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: None
APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Rationale: Homo sapiens, in Latin, means wise or rational human.
2. A mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common
properties is called a(n) __________.
a. mental set
b. concept
c. algorithm
d. prototype
Answer: b
Topic: Thought: Using What We Know
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 9.1.A Explain the basic elements of cognition: concepts, prototypes, propositions,
schemas, and mental images.
Rationale: A concept is a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions,
or qualities having common properties.
3. Which of the following statements defines basic concepts?

a. They are concepts that have a moderate number of instances and that are easier to acquire than those
having few or many instances.
b. They are especially representative examples of another concept.
c. They are integrated mental networks of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular
aspect of the world.
d. They are made up of other concepts and express a single idea.
Answer: a
APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.2
Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Rationale: Basic concepts are concepts that have a moderate number of instances and that are easier to
acquire than those having few or many instances.
4. Francine is a young child in the process of developing concepts. Which of the following concepts is she
most likely to learn first?
a. vehicle
b. Honda
c. Ford
11
d. car
Answer: d
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.1 Use
scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information
literacy
Rationale: Children tend to learn basic-level concepts first. Car is a more basic concept than the other
options.
5. On a trip to Australia, Cain sees an ibis for the first time. Despite never having seen one before, he uses his
__________ for bird to quickly identify the ibis as a type of bird.
a. mental set
b. concept
c. algorithm
d. proposition
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Rationale: Concepts are mental categories that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities
having common properties. They help simplify and summarize information about the world so that it is
manageable.
6. An especially representative example of a concept is called a(n) __________.

a. mental set
b. basic concept
c. algorithm
d. prototype
Answer: d
Rationale: A prototype is an especially representative example of a concept.
7. Most people take longer to identify a platypus as a mammal than to identify a cat as a mammal. This is
likely because a cat is closer to most people’s __________ for the concept of mammal.
a. mental set
b. prototype
c. basic concept
d. algorithm
Answer: b
Skill Level: Analyze It
12

Rationale: When we need to decide whether something belongs to a concept, we are likely to compare it to
a prototype, a representative sample of a particular concept.
8. Which of the following is most likely to be a prototype of the concept “fruit” for someone who grew up in
the American Midwest?
a. pineapple
b. apple
c. star fruit
d. kiwi
Answer: b
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Rationale: An apple is more typically representative of the concept of fruit than are the other items, at least
for most Americans.
9. Which of the following statements is consistent with Benjamin Whorf’s proposal about language?
a. Language does not influence our cognition and perception.
b. Grammatical aspects affect the way we think about the world.
c. Vocabulary and grammar do not affect the way we perceive things.
d. Language does not influence our perception of the world.
Answer: b
APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop
a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Rationale: Whorf argued that grammar—the way words are formed and arranged to convey tense and other
concepts—affects how we think about the world.
10. A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a __________.
a. prototype
b. mental image
c. cognitive schema
d. proposition
Answer: d
Rationale: A proposition is a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea.
11. A __________ is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a
particular aspect of the world.
13
a. proposition
b. cognitive heuristic
c. cognitive schema
d. prototype
Answer: c
Rationale: A cognitive schema is defined as an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and
expectations concerning a particular aspect of the world.
12. Phil’s mental representation of Thanksgiving includes associations about turkeys, attitudes toward the
holiday, and expectations about the weight he would gain! These are all part of his __________ for the
holiday.
a. cognitive schema
b. heuristic
c. hindsight bias
d. algorithm
Answer: a
literacy
Rationale: This is an example of a cognitive schema that includes a number of concepts and mental images
linked by propositions.
13. A mental image is __________.

a. a mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents
b. a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common
properties
c. a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea
d. an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular aspect of
the world
Answer: a
Rationale: A mental image is a mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents.
14. A representation that may occur in many sensory modalities, and that resembles what it represents, is a
__________.
a. concept
b. mental image
c. cognitive schema
d. proposition
Answer: b
14

Rationale: A mental image is the mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents.
Mental images occur in many and perhaps all sensory modalities.
15. As she moves quietly around the restaurant where she is a waitress, Angelica finds herself hearing “in her
mind’s ear” the song, “Just Whistle While You Work!” This would be an example of a(n) __________.
a. proposition
b. prototype
c. auditory image
d. cognitive schema
Answer: c
Rationale: Most people report auditory images (for instance, a song, slogan, or poem you can hear in their
“mind’s ear”).
16. A(n) __________ process occurs outside of conscious awareness, but is accessible to consciousness when
necessary.
a. unconscious
b. subconscious
c. nonconscious
d. preconscious
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 9.1.B Distinguish between subconscious thinking and nonconscious thinking, and
explain what is meant by multitasking and implicit learning.
Rationale: Subconscious processes are mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but
accessible to consciousness when necessary. Nonconscious processing is not available to conscious
awareness.
17. When Maxwell was learning to drive, he couldn’t imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel,
flip on the turn signal, step on the accelerator, and still manage to turn the car! After driving for three years,
Maxwell’s reactions have become automatic. Now, when he drives a car __________.
a. nonconscious processes are involved
b. convergent thinking is involved
c. subconscious processes are involved
d. divergent thinking is involved
Answer: c
15
Rationale: Automatic processes are generally subconscious.
18. Our ability to multitask is due, in large part, to our ability to perform __________ cognitive tasks.
a. conscious
b. deliberate
c. subconscious
d. nonconscious
Answer: c
Rationale: Because some processing is subconscious, consciousness is freed up to do other things.
19. __________ learning is defined as learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something
without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned.
a. Convergent
b. Implicit
c. Explicit
d. Divergent
Answer: b
Rationale: To acquire knowledge of a task without awareness or intention is referred to as implicit learning.
20. Freddie has learned a great strategy for winning a card game, but he developed the strategy without being
able to consciously identify what he was doing. He isn’t even sure what exactly he has learned! This type
of learning is called __________.
a. implicit learning
b. prototypical learning
c. mindless learning
d. algorithmic learning
Answer: a
Rationale: Implicit learning occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of
how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned.
21. Duane purchases a cupboard for his kitchen. He assembles the cupboard by following a series of steps
illustrated in the instruction manual. Which type of problem-solving strategy has Duane adopted?
16
a. algorithmic
b. heuristic
c. multitasking
d. intuitive
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.1.C Contrast algorithms and heuristics as decision strategies, and explain how insight
and intuition contribute to solving problems.
Rationale: An algorithm is a set of procedures guaranteed to produce a correct solution even if you do not
understand why it works.
22. Callie’s grandmother says that if Cassie follows the family’s traditional recipe for Irish soda bread exactly,
then she is sure to have very good results. Callie’s grandmother is encouraging her granddaughter to
__________.
a. engage in dialectical thinking
b. make use of her family’s tacit knowledge
c. use an algorithm
d. rely upon a heuristic
Answer: c
Rationale: This is an example of using an algorithm to guarantee a result. An algorithm is a set of
procedures guaranteed to produce a correct solution even if you do not understand why it works.
23. Deb and Emily are not able to figure out how they can fit two cupboards, a futon, a computer, and a
refrigerator into their small dorm room. Just when it seems hopeless, Emily says, “Aha, I’ve got it!” and
begins moving the items around. Emily’s sudden revelation is most likely due to __________.
a. simplifying the process by imagining a prototype of a college dorm room and then making a decision
based on the prototype
b. clues that triggered nonconscious processing about the room arrangement followed by conscious
awareness of the solution
c. subconscious processing and automatic routines that she has learned so that she can perform them
without thinking
d. the ability to multitask in an efficient manner
Answer: b
literacy
Rationale: This is an example of insight, in which the results of nonconscious processing become
conscious.
17
24. Matt is making his famous chili. Instead of measuring the amount of chopped peppers to add, he knows that
a handful is “usually about right.” This illustrates the use of a(n) __________.
a. heuristic
b. prototype
c. algorithm
d. mental image
Answer: a
literacy
Rationale: This is an example of using a heuristic, a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action without
guaranteeing an optimal solution.
25. The process of drawing conclusions or inferences from facts, observations, or assumptions is called
__________.
a. reasoning
b. framing
c. reflective judgment
d. prereflective thinking
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.1.D Note the defining characteristics of formal reasoning, informal reasoning,
dialectical reasoning, and stages of reflective judgment.
Rationale: Reasoning is the process of drawing conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or
assumptions.
26. Which of the following is a characteristic of formal reasoning?

a. The information needed to solve the problem may be unclear or missing.
b. There is typically one correct answer.
c. You often need to decide which of the many possible solutions is the most “reasonable.”
d. It is a type of nonconscious responding.
Answer: b
Rationale: In formal reasoning problems—the kind you might find, say, on an intelligence test or a college
entrance exam—the information needed for drawing a conclusion or reaching a solution is specified
clearly, and there is a single right (or best) answer.
27. Which of the following statements is true of formal reasoning?

a. In formal reasoning, the information needed for drawing a conclusion or reaching a solution is
specified clearly.
b. In formal reasoning, many approaches, viewpoints, or possible solutions may compete, and you may
have to decide which one is most “reasonable.”
18
c. Formal reasoning involves dialectical reasoning.

d. Formal reasoning uses heuristics, or rules of thumb, to try to reach a solution.
Answer: a
Rationale: In formal reasoning, the information needed for drawing a conclusion or reaching a solution is
specified clearly, and there is a single right answer.
28. Informal reasoning involves __________.

a. using algorithms
b. finding a single correct answer
c. nonconscious responding
d. dialectical reasoning
Answer: d
Rationale: In informal reasoning problems, there is often no clearly correct solution. Many approaches,
viewpoints, or possible solutions may compete and you may have to decide which one is most
“reasonable.” To do this wisely, a person must be able to use dialectical reasoning, the process of
comparing and evaluating opposing points of view to resolve differences.
29. Dialectical reasoning involves __________.

a. comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to determine the best solution
b. drawing conclusions from a set of observations or premises
c. generalizing from past experience
d. using an algorithm to solve a problem
Answer: a
Rationale: In dialectical reasoning, opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared, with a view to
determining the best solution or resolving differences.
30. __________ is usually the best approach to problems that have several possible answers that vary in
quality.
a. Formal reasoning
b. Informal reasoning
c. Using an algorithm
d. Choosing a solution randomly
Answer: b
19

literacy
Rationale: Informal reasoning is used when there is no clearly correct solution and many possible solutions
compete.
31. The process in which opposing facts are weighed and compared to determine the best solution is called
__________.
a. practical intelligence
b. factor analysis
c. dialectical reasoning
d. justification of effort
Answer: c
Rationale: Dialectical reasoning is a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared,
with a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences.
32. David and eleven others jurors are chosen for a major court case. As foreperson, it will be David’s
responsibility to make sure that, when the jury begins deliberating, they consider arguments for and against
the defendant’s guilt. This method of deliberation is an example of __________.
a. practical intelligence
b. dialectical reasoning
c. formal reasoning
d. inductive reasoning
Answer: b
Rationale: Dialectical reasoning is a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared,
with a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences.
33. Prereflective thinkers tend to assume that __________.

a. some things can never be known with certainty
b. all opinions are created equal
c. a correct answer always exists
d. some judgments are more valid than others
Answer: c
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Rationale: In general, people who rely on prereflective thinking tend to assume that a correct answer
always exists and that it can be obtained directly through the senses or from authorities.
34. __________ thinkers generally assume that a correct answer always exists to problems and can be obtained
through the senses or from authorities.
a. Prereflective
b. Quasi-reflective
c. Semi-reflective
d. Reflective
Answer: a
Rationale: People who rely on prereflective thinking tend to assume that a correct answer always exists and
that it can be obtained directly through the senses or from authorities.
35. A quasi-reflective thinker would be most likely to say that __________.

a. because knowledge is uncertain, any judgment about the evidence is purely subjective
b. a correct answer exists for every problem
c. some judgments are more valid than others due to their logical consistency
d. decisions should be based solely upon what you can see with your own two eyes
Answer: a
literacy
Rationale: Quasi-reflective thinkers tend to believe that all opinions are equally valid because some things
cannot be known with absolute certainty.
36. Which of the following statements is generally true for people capable of reflective judgment?
a. They are willing to consider evidence from a variety of sources and to reason dialectically.
b. They tend to assume that a correct answer always exists and that it can be obtained directly through the
senses or from authorities.
c. They think that all opinions are created equal.
d. They do not distinguish between knowledge and belief or between belief and evidence, and they see no
reason to justify a belief.
Answer: a
Rationale: People capable of reflective judgment are generally willing to consider evidence from a variety
of sources and to reason dialectically.
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37. People who are __________ thinkers generally understand that some things can never be known with
certainty, but they also understand that some judgments are more valid than others.
a. prereflective
b. quasi-reflective
c. semi-reflective
d. reflective
Answer: d
Rationale: Reflective thinkers understand that although some things can never be known with certainty,
some judgments are more valid than others because of their coherence, their fit with the available evidence,
their usefulness, and so on.
38. The __________ involves consulting one’s emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively.
a. availability heuristic
b. affect heuristic
c. framing effect
d. hindsight bias
Answer: b
Topic: Barriers to Reasoning Rationally
Learning Objective: 9.2.A Describe how the affect heuristic and the availability heuristic illustrate the
tendency to exaggerate the improbable.
Rationale: The affect heuristic involves consulting one’s emotions instead of estimating probabilities
directly.
39. George voted “yes” on a ballot question about whether convicted sex offenders should be banned from
being within 500 feet of a playground. Afterwards, he realized that he voted yes because he was disgusted
by the thought of sex offenders near playgrounds, but did not really consider whether the ban would
actually decrease the probability that a child would be harmed. George used __________ to make his
decision.
a. the affect heuristic
b. objective analysis
c. confirmation bias
d. the availability heuristic
Answer: a
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directly.
40. Ken has the tendency to embrace his emotions when he is looking for a new car rather than actually
examining the overall costs and performance reports. In this instance, it is likely that Ken is relying upon
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__________.
Answer: a
literacy
objectively.
41. Tracey usually goes with her gut when perusing a popular dating website to look for a potential mate
instead of examining the character qualities people have shared about themselves. Based on this scenario, it
is probable that she relies upon __________ on a regular basis.
Answer: a
literacy
objectively.
42. Donna told her husband that she felt butterflies in her stomach when they viewed the two-story home on
Jackson Street yesterday, so she is convinced that is the house for their family. Donna is exhibiting
__________.
a. a confirmation bias
b. an objective analysis
c. the affect heuristic
Answer: c
literacy
objectively.
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43. When using the availability heuristic, people tend to judge the probability of an event based on
__________.
a. the need to be right, which makes it hard to listen to the available information with an open mind
b. statistical consideration of the frequency with which the event occurs in everyday life
c. the burden of doubt people feel about their abilities to determine probability from available
information
d. how easy it is to think of examples or instances
Answer: d
Rationale: The availability heuristic involves judging the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to
think of examples or instances.
44. Nathan thinks that Republicans and Democrats almost never work together in Congress. The reason he
believes this is that he finds it much easier to think of examples of politicians from the two parties not
working together than to think of examples of them working together. It is likely that the __________ has
caused Nathan to underestimate how frequently Democrats and Republicans work together.
c. fairness bias
d. framing effect
Answer: a
Rationale: The availability heuristic involves judging the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to
think of examples or instances.
45. When Jonathan worries about getting bitten by a shark while swimming at the beach, but doesn’t worry
about getting cancer from the cigarettes he smokes, he is __________.
a. avoiding loss
b. exhibiting confirmation bias
c. exaggerating the improbable
d. exhibiting hindsight bias
Answer: c
Rationale: This is an example of exaggerating the improbable. One common bias is the inclination to
exaggerate the probability of rare events. This bias helps to explain why so many people enter lotteries and
why some irrational fears persist.
46. The __________ is the tendency for people’s choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, such as
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whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains.

b. affect heuristic
c. hindsight bias
d. framing effect
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 9.2.B Explain how the framing effect leads people to avoid loss in probabilistic
judgments.
Rationale: The framing effect is the tendency for people’s choices to be affected by how a choice is
presented, or framed, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains.
47. If individuals are asked to rate the effectiveness of condoms in preventing the transmission of HIV (the
virus that causes AIDS), they would be most likely to rate a condom as effective if they were told
__________.
a. that the condom has a 95 percent success rate in protecting against the HIV
b. that only 5 condom users out of every 100 are not protected against the HIV
c. that the condom has a 5 percent failure rate in protecting against the HIV
d. It does not matter, because all of the other options describe the same statistical effectiveness
Answer: a
judgments.
literacy
Rationale: In general, people try to minimize their risks, so when a choice is framed in terms of risk, they
will respond more cautiously than if it is framed in terms of success.
48. When Maggie’s father passed away, the will stated that Maggie and her brother should decide how to split
the estate between them. After weeks of fighting over how to divide the inheritance, Maggie tells her
brother, “I would rather both of us get nothing, than for you to get more than is right!” This somewhat
irrational position is likely the result of __________.
a. the fairness bias
b. the hindsight bias
c. cognitive dissonance
d. avoiding loss
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.2.C Summarize and give an example of the fairness bias, hindsight bias,
confirmation bias, and mental sets.
Rationale: This is an example of the fairness bias. Most people will reject an offer that they perceive as
unfair, even if it means that they end up getting nothing.
49. Which of the following best describes the hindsight bias?

a. the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one’s own belief
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b. the tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known
c. the tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems
d. the tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or
suffered to attain
Answer: b
Rationale: Hindsight bias is the tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have predicted an event once the
outcome is known.
50. The day after the election, Julie says that she knew all along who the winner would be. Although it is
possible that she had some special insight into the election, it is more likely that Julie is __________.
a. avoiding loss
b. exhibiting confirmation bias
c. exaggerating the improbable
d. exhibiting hindsight bias
Answer: d
Rationale: This is an example of hindsight bias. Hindsight bias is the tendency to overestimate one’s ability
to have predicted an event once the outcome is known.
51. The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one’s own belief is called
__________.
a. a mental set
c. stereotype threat
d. mindlessness
Answer: b
Rationale: Confirmation bias is the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms
one’s own belief.
52. Reginald is a Green Party supporter. He goes out of his way to read articles about the achievements of the
Green Party, but doesn’t pay any attention to articles that are critical of the party and its candidates.
Reginald is exhibiting __________.
a. confirmation bias
b. a mental set
c. hindsight bias
d. the framing effect
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Answer: a
Rationale: Confirmation bias is the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms
one’s own belief.
53. __________ is the tendency to solve new problems using procedures that worked before on similar
problems.
a. Confirmation bias
b. A mental set
c. Hindsight bias
d. The framing effect
Answer: b
Rationale: A mental set is a tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar
problems.
54. When Howard’s previous girlfriend used to get upset with him, he could smooth things over by buying
flowers or chocolates for her. He keeps trying this strategy with his current girlfriend, but she gets angry
with him each time. It appears that Howard has developed a ___________, which is interfering with the
development of a new relationship strategy.
a. mental set
b. fairness bias
c. hindsight bias
d. confirmation bias
Answer: a
Rationale: One barrier to rational thinking is the development of a mental set, a tendency to try to solve
new problems by using the same heuristics, strategies, and rules that worked in the past on similar
problems.
55. When Stephanie’s previous boyfriend used to get upset with her, she would make things better by baking
him his favorite cookies. She keeps trying this strategy with her current boyfriend, but he gets angry with
her every time she attempts to do this nice act. It appears that Stephanie has developed a _______, which is
interfering with the development of a new relationship strategy.
a. mental set
b. fairness bias
c. hindsight bias
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Answer: a
problems.
56. James has the tendency to solve new problems using previous procedures that worked for him in similar
situations. In doing so, James is exhibiting __________.
a. a mental set
b. a confirmation bias
c. a hindsight bias
d. the framing effect
Answer: a
Rationale: A mental set is a tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar
problems.
57. Jason’s previous girlfriend used to get upset with him quite often, so he would make her feel better by
singing love songs to her. He keeps trying this strategy with his current girlfriend, but she gets even angrier
with him each time. It appears that Jason has developed a __________, which is interfering with the
development of a new relationship strategy.
a. hindsight bias
b. fairness bias
c. mental set
Answer: c
problems.
58. David’s ex-wife would get angry with him when he played video games with his buddies all night, so he
would make her feel better by purchasing her gift cards to her favorite nail shop. He keeps trying this
strategy with his new wife, but she throws them back in his face. It appears that David is misusing his
__________, which is interfering with the development of a new relationship strategy.
a. hindsight bias
b. fairness bias
d. mental set
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Answer: d
problems.
59. __________ is an inferred characteristic, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire
knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment.
a. Intelligence
b. Dissonance
c. Intelligence quotient
d. Mental age
Answer: a
Topic: Measuring Intelligence
Learning Objective: 9.3.A Define intelligence and the difference between its crystallized and fluid forms.
Rationale: Intelligence is an inferred characteristic, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience,
acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment.
60. __________ is defined as a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific
mental abilities and talents.
a. Metacognition
b. An intelligence quotient
c. Mental age
d. The g factor
Answer: d
Rationale: More than a century of research has convinced most psychologists that a general ability, or g
factor, underlies the various abilities and talents measured by intelligence tests.
61. __________ refers to the cognitive skills and specific knowledge acquired over a lifetime; it is heavily
dependent on education and tends to remain stable over time.
a. Fluid intelligence
b. Working memory
c. Crystallized intelligence
d. Metacognition
Answer: c
Rationale: Crystallized intelligence refers to the cognitive skills and specific knowledge acquired over a
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lifetime; it is heavily dependent on education and tends to remain stable over time.
62. During her lecture, Professor Braddock referred to cognitive skills and specific knowledge that one
acquires over a lifetime. She went on to explain that this is largely influenced by education and usually
remains stable over time. Which term was she describing?
a. crystallized intelligence
b. fluid intelligence
c. g factor
d. intelligence
Answer: a
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Rationale: Fluid intelligence is the capacity to reason and use information to solve problems. It is relatively
independent of education.
63. __________ is the capacity to reason and use information to solve problems. It is relatively independent of
a person’s education.
a. Fluid intelligence
b. The g factor
c. Crystallized intelligence
d. Metacognition
Answer: a
Rationale: Fluid intelligence is the capacity to reason and use information to solve problems. It is relatively
independent of education.
64. The Binet intelligence test was originally developed to __________.

a. identify children who might have difficulty in school
b. identify gifted children
c. measure the aptitude of workers for large employers
d. measure the intelligence of normal adults
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.3.B Summarize the notion of IQ, how it is measured, some of its limitations, and the
challenges to assessing it across cultures.
a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
Rationale: Binet was charged by the French Ministry of Education to find a way to identify children who
were slow learners so they could be given remedial work.
65. A young boy’s mental age would be __________.

a. equal to the number of years since his birth
b. his level of intellectual development related to other children
c. equal to his intelligence quotient (IQ)
d. his IQ divided by his chronological age and multiplied by 100
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Answer: b
Rationale: Mental age is a child’s level of intellectual development relative to other children.
66. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between intelligence and IQ?
a. There is no real relationship between intelligence and IQ.
b. Intelligence and IQ are synonymous terms and mean the same thing.
c. IQ is a measure of intelligence.
d. Intelligence is a measure of IQ.
Answer: c
Rationale: The intelligence quotient (IQ) is a measure of intelligence.
67. Daland is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years. His IQ would be __________.
a. 80
b. 100
c. 125
d. 130
Answer: a
literacy
Rationale: The formula for calculating IQ is mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.
68. The original formula for determining IQ had a serious flaw in that __________.
a. the formula did not make sense for use with adults
b. the formula did not separate the “g factor” from specific abilities
c. it overemphasized performance IQ in the computations
d. it overemphasized verbal IQ in the computations
Answer: a
Rationale: The original IQ formula does not make sense for adults. For example, a 50-year-old who scores
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like a 30-year-old does not have low intelligence.
69. David Wechsler designed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in order to produce __________.
a. a componential IQ score, an experiential IQ score, and a contextual IQ score
b. a general IQ score and also separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning,
processing speed, and working memory
c. a measure of a child’s mental age
d. a culture-free IQ score and a general knowledge IQ score
Answer: b
Rationale: Wechsler’s intelligence scales include both verbal and performance items. As a result, it is
possible to calculate a verbal score, a performance score, and a full-scale or general score.
70. Between World War I and the 1960s, the intelligence tests developed for use in schools favored
__________.
a. White children over non-White children
b. rural children over city children
c. poor children over middle-class children
d. extroverted children over introverted children
Answer: a
Rationale: Intelligence tests are considered by many to be culturally biased, especially those developed
between World War I and the 1960s, which favored city children over rural ones, middle-class children
over poor ones, and White children over non-White children.
71. Stereotype threat refers to __________.

a. the poor performance on IQ tests by members of certain groups
b. the fear that a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative stereotypes about his or her
group’s abilities
c. the knowledge or awareness of one’s own cognitive processes, and the ability to monitor and
control those processes
d. the stereotype that minorities are less intelligent than others
Answer: b
Rationale: Stereotype threat refers to a burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to
negative stereotypes about his or her group’s abilities. The resulting anxiety may then worsen their
performance on IQ tests or kill their motivation to even try to do well.
72. As an African American, Star is aware of the negative stereotypes regarding racial differences in
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intelligence. If she experiences stereotype threat while taking an intelligence test, it is likely that
__________.
a. Star’s self-conscious awareness of the stereotype may worsen her test performance
b. Star’s test score will be unaffected, but she will feel uncomfortable throughout the test
c. Star’s awareness of the stereotype will motivate her to excel on the test
d. Star will return the test to the administrator completely blank
Answer: a
Demonstrate psychology information literacy, 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry
Rationale: Stereotype threat refers to a burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to
negative stereotypes about his or her group’s abilities. In this example negative thoughts can intrude and
disrupt concentration.
73. As a woman, Dana is aware of the stereotypes that women are not good at math. When she completes a
questionnaire about her gender and then is given a math test, it is most likely that __________.
a. Dana’s self-conscious awareness of the stereotypes regarding women will improve her test
performance
b. The questionnaire about her gender will lessen the effect of stereotype threat on her performance
c. Dana will return the test to the administrator completely blank due to the burden of stereotype threat
d. The questionnaire will increase stereotype threat, and increase the risk that she will underperform on
the math test
Answer: d
Rationale: Anything that increases the salience of group stereotypes can increase stereotype threat and
affect performance, including being asked to state your race, ethnicity, or age before taking the test.
74. __________ refers to a complex capacity that enables you to manipulate information retrieved from long-
term memory and interpret it appropriately for a given task.
a. Tacit knowledge
b. Working memory
c. Metacognition
d. Emotional intelligence
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 9.3.C Describe how metacognition, the triarchic theory of intelligence, multiple
intelligences, and emotional intelligence shed light on the diversity of what “intelligence” means.
Rationale: Working memory refers to a complex capacity that enables you to manipulate information
retrieved from long-term memory and interpret it appropriately for a given task. It permits you to juggle
your attention while you are working on a problem, shifting your attention from one piece of information to
another while ignoring distracting or irrelevant information.
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75. __________ is the knowledge or awareness of one’s own cognitive processes.

a. Practical intelligence
b. Emotional intelligence
c. Metacognition
d. Tacit knowledge
Answer: c
Rationale: Metacognition refers to the knowledge or awareness of one’s own cognitive processes and the
ability to monitor and control those processes.
76. According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, __________ intelligence refers to the information-
processing strategies you draw on when you are thinking intelligently about a problem.
a. creative
b. analytical
c. practical
d. emotional
Answer: b
Rationale: Analytical intelligence refers to the information-processing strategies you draw on when you are
thinking about a problem: recognizing and defining it, selecting a strategy for solving it, mastering and
carrying out the strategy, and evaluating the result.
77. According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, __________ intelligence refers to transferring skills to
new situations.
a. emotional
b. analytical
c. creative
d. practical
Answer: c
Rationale: Creative intelligence refers to transferring skills to new situations. People with creative
intelligence cope well with novelty and learn quickly to make new tasks automatic.
78. London understands the concepts in her statistics class. However, during tests, she spends the entire time on
the most difficult problems and never gets to the problems that she can solve easily. London’s inability to
adapt her strategy to the testing situation indicates that she has low __________.
a. emotional intelligence
b. practical intelligence
c. cognitive dissonance
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d. justification of effort
Answer: b
literacy
Rationale: Practical intelligence refers to the practical application of intelligence, which requires you to
take into account the different contexts in which you find yourself.
79. __________ intelligence refers to the application of intelligence.

a. Creative
b. Analytical
c. Practical
d. Emotional
Answer: c
Rationale: Practical intelligence involves the application of knowledge to solving practical problems.
80. Which of the following is one of the components in Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
a. metacognitive intelligence
b. cultural intelligence
c. practical intelligence
d. emotional intelligence
Answer: c
Rationale: Sternberg’s triarchic theory proposes three aspects of intelligence: analytic, creative, and
practical.
81. According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, __________ intelligence refers to the application of
intelligence in different situations and environments.
a. emotional
b. analytical
c. practical
d. creative
Answer: c
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Rationale: Practical intelligence refers to the application of intelligence, which requires you to take into
account the different contexts in which you find yourself.
82. Benny shows off his vocabulary and book smarts when he is writing a paper for his English professor.
When he is talking with the people who live in his working-class neighborhood, he avoids using words that
most people don’t know. Benny’s ability to alter the way he communicates to fit different environments
and situations demonstrates his __________ intelligence.
a. analytical
b. creative
c. emotional
d. practical
Answer: d
Rationale: Practical intelligence refers to the application of intelligence, which requires you to take into
account the different contexts in which you find yourself. If you are strong in practical intelligence, you
know when to adapt to the environment, when to change environments, and when to fix the situation.
83. Tacit knowledge refers to __________.

a. strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but that instead must be inferred
b. the knowledge of one’s own cognitive processes and how they can be used effectively
c. recognition that a problem exists and selection of a strategy based on previously acquired knowledge
d. learning new knowledge quickly so that one can cope effectively with novel situations
Answer: a
Rationale: Tacit knowledge refers to strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but that instead
must be inferred.
84. Without __________ intelligence, it is difficult to acquire tacit knowledge.

a. analytical
b. practical
c. creative
d. metacognitive
Answer: b
Rationale: Tacit knowledge results from observing others. Therefore, it is part of practical intelligence.
85. Who proposed the idea of multiple intelligences theory?

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a. Robert Sternberg
b. Louis Terman
c. Howard Gardner
d. Harold Stevenson
Answer: c
literacy
Rationale: Howard Gardner proposed the idea of multiple intelligences.
86. Sunny has had a string of failed romantic relationships over the past 5 years. Her partners tend to tell the
same story: Sunny often can’t tell when they are mad at her, and doesn’t seem able to express her own
feelings. If her exes’ complaints are accurate, Sunny would likely score low on tests of __________
intelligence.
a. emotional
b. analytical
c. general
d. tacit
Answer: a
literacy
Rationale: Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to identify your own and other people’s emotions
accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.
87. __________ intelligence is the ability to identify your own and other people’s emotions accurately, express
your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.
a. Analytical
b. Emotional
c. Practical
d. Metacognitive
Answer: b
Rationale: Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify your own and other people’s emotions
accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.
88. Children in Beijing typically outperform children in Chicago on tests of mathematical ability because
__________.
a. Chinese children have more innate mathematical ability
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b. Chinese children have better schools

c. Chinese children have more financial support
d. Chinese children value education more
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 9.3.D Outline how longitudinal and cross-cultural studies shed light on the interplay of
motivation, hard work, and intellectual achievement.
Rationale: Harold Stevenson relates the difference in achievement to a difference in how much education is
valued in Asian and American cultures.
89. Comparisons of attitudes and performance with regard to math tests in Asia and the U.S. showed that
__________.
a. although the attitudes toward intellectual success were similar among Asian children and American
children, their actual performance on tests differed markedly
b. only 10 percent of the American children had scores as low on computations and word problems as the
average Asian child
c. only 4 percent of the Chinese children and 10 percent of the Japanese children had scores as low as the
average American child
d. although the performance of Asian children and American children is similar, attitudes toward
intellectual success differed markedly
Answer: c
Rationale: Studies comparing American and Asian academic test performance have demonstrated that
American children generally perform poorly compared to Asian children, despite having many economic
and schooling advantages.
90. Japanese school teachers and students are more likely than their American counterparts to believe that
__________.
a. the secret to doing well in mathematics is working hard
b. mathematical ability is innate and either you have it or you don’t
c. lower standards are acceptable because children need time for exercise and play
d. small classes and high-technology resources are imperative for a quality education
Answer: a
Rationale: Japanese children are taught that the secret to doing well in math is hard work. Americans tend
to think that you either have mathematical intelligence or you don’t.
91. Children in Beijing would typically study harder for their tests than children in Chicago because
__________.
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c. Chinese children have more financial support
d. Chinese children value education more
Answer: d
Rationale: Harold Stevenson relates the difference in achievement to a difference in how much education is
valued in Asian and American cultures.
92. Students in Beijing would typically attempt to score higher on a standardized math test than students in
Chicago because __________.
c. Chinese parents are typically only happy with high performance scores
d. American parents do not have high expectations for their children
Answer: c
Rationale: Harold Stevenson relates the difference in achievement to a difference in performance standards
between Asian and American cultures.
93. When Wolfgang Köhler put chimpanzees in situations in which tempting bananas were just out of reach, he
found that __________.
a. almost all of the chimps figured out a way to reach the bananas
b. many of the chimps showed humanlike emotions and advanced cognitive abilities
c. the chimps performed impressive gymnastic maneuvers to get the bananas but did not use tools
d. chimps often sat quietly for a while and then seemed to have sudden insight into a solution
Answer: d
Topic: Animal Minds
Learning Objective: 9.4.A Summarize the evidence supporting and refuting the concept of animal
intelligence.
Rationale: Often the solution came after the chimp had been sitting quietly for a while. It appeared as
though the animal had been thinking about the problem and was struck by a sudden insight.
94. __________ conducted research on chimpanzees in the 1920s to see their reactions during tempting
situations with bananas.
a. Wolfgang Köhler
b. Lewis Terman
c. Howard Gardner
d. Patricia King
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Answer: a
Topic: Animal Minds
intelligence.
Rationale: Wolfgang Köhler conducted research using chimpanzees to see how they would react when
tempted with bananas.
95. __________ purport that some animals can anticipate future events, formulate plans, and coordinate their
behaviors with other animals.
a. Behaviorists
b. Cognitive ethologists
c. Psychiatrists
d. Forensic psychologists
Answer: b
Topic: Animal Minds
intelligence.
Rationale: Cognitive ethologists believe that some animals have the ability to anticipate future events, make
plans, and coordinate their activities with other animals.
96. __________ is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, especially in natural environments.
a. Psychometrics
c. Factor analysis
d. Metacognition
Answer: b
Topic: Animal Minds
intelligence.
Rationale: Cognitive ethology is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, especially in
natural environments.
97. Investigations of animal behaviors indicate that __________.

a. the actions of animals can be explained by instinct and by principles of operant conditioning alone
b. chimpanzees have a rudimentary sense of number and appear to have some sort of summing ability
c. humans are the only animals who can acquire behaviors from their parents
d. Many animals use species-specific languages to communicate
Answer: b
Topic: Animal Minds
intelligence.
Rationale: Laboratory studies have shown that chimpanzees have a rudimentary sense of number.
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98. __________ is a system of beliefs about the way one’s own mind and the minds of others work, and of how
individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings.
a. Theory of mind
c. Triarchical intelligence theory
d. Anthropomorphism
Answer: a
Topic: Animal Minds
intelligence.
Rationale: Theory of mind is a system of beliefs about the way one’s own mind and the minds of others
work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings.
99. __________ allows one to form conclusions about intentions, beliefs, and feelings held by others.
a. Theory of mind
c. Triarchical intelligence theory
d. Anthropomorphism
Answer: a
Topic: Animal Minds
intelligence.
Rationale: Theory of mind is a system of beliefs that allows one to draw conclusions about the intentions,
feelings, and beliefs of others.
100. In humans, theory of mind begins to develop around age __________.

a. two
b. five
c. ten
d. fifteen
Answer: a
Topic: Animal Minds
intelligence.
Rationale: Theory of mind begins to develop around the second year in humans.
101. It has been discovered that __________ console other animals experiencing distress, embrace deceptive
tactics when fighting for food, and point when they want to draw attention to certain objects.
a. dolphins
b. dogs
c. birds
d. chimpanzees
Answer: d
Topic: Animal Minds
41
intelligence.
Rationale: Chimpanzees have been observed consoling other chimps who are experiencing distress, using
deceptive tactics when they are competing for food, and pointing to certain objects to draw attention there.
102. A central element in human cognition is __________, the ability to combine elements that are meaningless
into numerous utterances that express meaning.
a. language
b. metacognition
c. tacit knowledge
d. displacement
Answer: a
Topic: Animal Minds
Learning Objective: 9.4.B Summarize the evidence supporting and refuting the concept of animal language
use.
Rationale: Human language seems to be unique in that it involves the ability to understand and express an
infinite number of novel utterances. Attempts to teach animals to use aspects of language have been mixed.
103. Research on animals and language indicates that __________.

a. dolphins are able to express an infinite number of novel utterances through whistles and other sounds
b. bonobos seem to be able to produce original sentences through a variety of grunts and screeches
c. humans are the only species that evolved with the natural ability to express and comprehend an infinite
number of novel utterances
d. nonhuman animals don’t have their own languages, but clearly demonstrate human-like abilities when
taught to communicate
Answer: c
Topic: Animal Minds
use.
Rationale: Human language seems to be unique in that it involves the ability to understand and express an
infinite number of novel utterances. Attempts to teach animals to use aspects of language have been mixed.
104. Irene Pepperberg worked with an African gray parrot named Alex. Her research revealed that
__________.
a. Alex was capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems, showing an innate
understanding of numbers
b. Alex was able to make requests and to answer simple questions about objects
c. Alex’s linguistic abilities were limited to the “parroting” of phrases that he heard Irene speak
d. Alex showed no evidence of cognitive abilities, which isn’t surprising given his brain was the size of a
walnut
Answer: b
Topic: Animal Minds
use.
42

Rationale: Alex had the ability to make requests and to answer simple questions about objects.
105. __________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.
a. Anthropomorphism
b. Anthropodenial
Answer: a
Topic: Animal Minds
Learning Objective: 9.4.C Explain the limitations of both anthropomorphism and anthropodenial as
approaches to understanding animal cognition.
Rationale: Anthropomorphism is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings
without considering simpler explanations for the animals’ behavior.
106. Tawanda tells her husband that she thinks their dog is embarrassed to be walked around the neighborhood
in the sweater that she knitted for him. This is almost certainly an example of __________.
a. divergent thinking
b. stereotype threat
c. anthropodenial
d. anthropomorphism
Answer: d
Topic: Animal Minds
literacy
107. Jessica tells Frank that her cat is excited to wear the Halloween costume that she purchased for her. This is
an example of __________.
b. stereotype threat
c. anthropodenial
d. anthropomorphism
Answer: d
Topic: Animal Minds
literacy
108. Davey tells his mom that the reason his puppy is moping around the house is because the puppy cannot go
43
trick-or-treating with him tomorrow night. This explanation is an example of __________.

b. anthropomorphism
c. anthropodenial
d. a stereotype threat
Answer: b
Topic: Animal Minds
literacy
109. __________ is the tendency to falsely believe that human beings have nothing in common with other
animals.
a. Anthropomorphism
b. Anthropodenial
Answer: b
Topic: Animal Minds
Rationale: Anthropodenial is the tendency to think, mistakenly, that human beings have nothing in common
with other animals.
110. Duane doesn’t believe that chimpanzees have anything at all in common with humans. This mindset is an
example of __________.
b. anthropomorphism
c. anthropodenial
d. stereotype threat
Answer: c
Topic: Animal Minds
literacy
with other animals.
111. Fancy told her mom that apes will never have anything in common with the human race. Her logic is an
example of __________.
a. anthropodenial
b. anthropomorphism
c. divergent thinking
44
d. stereotype threat
Answer: a
Topic: Animal Minds
literacy
with other animals.
45
True-False Questions
1. A prototype is a mental category that groups objects or activities that have common properties.
Answer: False
2. Propositions represent the relationships of concepts to one another.

Answer: True
3. A proposition is a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea.
Answer: True
4. Research on visual images shows that people are able to manipulate the images in their imaginations.
Answer: True
5. People have reported visual and auditory mental images, but mental images do not occur in other sensory
modalities.
Answer: False
6. Many people report mental images in the sensory modalities of smell, touch, taste, and pain.
Answer: True
46

7. Research on human cognition reveals that not all mental processing is conscious.
Answer: True
8. Multitasking increases the time required to complete tasks.

Answer: True
9. Nonconscious processes occur outside of conscious awareness but are accessible to consciousness when
necessary.
Answer: False
10. An algorithm is a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but does not
guarantee an optimal solution.
Answer: False
11. A cake recipe is one example of an algorithm.

Answer: True
12. A heuristic is a rule of thumb that guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution.
Answer: True
47
13. In formal reasoning problems, the information needed for reaching a solution is specified clearly and there
is a single right answer.
Answer: True
14. Reflective judgment is basically another term for what has been called critical thinking.
Answer: True
15. People tend to judge the probability of an event by how easy it is to think of examples of the event.
Answer: True
16. When people have strong feelings on an issue, they usually try to consider all of the information relevant to
that issue.
Answer: False
17. Affect heuristic refers to the tendency to consult one’s emotions instead of estimating probabilities
objectively.
Answer: True
18. Availability heuristic refers to the tendency to consult one’s emotions instead of estimating probabilities
objectively.
Answer: False
48

19. Catastrophes usually evoke strong emotions within people and will stand out in their minds quite easily.
Answer: True
20. People usually underestimate the frequency of deaths from tornadoes and overestimate the frequency of
deaths from asthma attacks.
Answer: False
21. The framing effect is one’s tendency for choices to be affected by how they are presented.
Answer: True
judgments.
22. The framing effect reflects one’s tendency to embrace incurring losses when they make decisions.
Answer: False
judgments.
23. People usually try to avoid incurring losses when they make decisions.
Answer: True
judgments.
24. Relying on heuristics and being swayed by framing effects can become barriers for reasoning rationally.
Answer: True
49

25. Confirmation bias explains why so many people examine all available information when seeking to make a
decision.
Answer: False
26. Confirmation bias explains why so many people hold on to a belief when evidence exists that demonstrates
the belief is wrong.
Answer: True
27. The tendency to find patterns in events is a common mental set.

Answer: True
28. Research on overcoming our cognitive biases shows that people tend to be equally irrational in all
situations.
Answer: False
Learning Objective: 9.2.D Discuss the conditions under which cognitive biases can be beneficial as well as
29. Scientists agree that a general ability underlies the specific abilities and talents measured by intelligence
tests.
Answer: False
30. Mental age is a measure of mental development expressed in terms of the average mental ability at a given
age.
50
Answer: True
31. Mental age is a measure of mental development expressed in terms of the average mental ability throughout
the person’s entire life.
Answer: False
32. Intelligence quotient (IQ) is a measure of mental development expressed in terms of the average mental
ability at a given age.
Answer: False
33. Stanford psychologist Lewis Terman revised Binet’s test and established norms for American children.
Answer: True
34. After Stanford psychologist Lewis Terman revised Binet’s test in 1916, it has never undergone another
revision.
Answer: False
35. Stereotype threat is a burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative
stereotypes about his or her group’s abilities.
Answer: True
51

Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry
36. In studies of business managers and salespeople, tacit knowledge is a strong predictor of effectiveness on
the job.
Answer: True
37. Tacit knowledge refers to the knowledge of one’s own cognitive processes and how they can be used
effectively.
Answer: False
38. Tacit knowledge about how to be a good student predicts academic success in college as well as entrance
exams do.
Answer: True
39. Metacognition is when you have to problem-solve something that is above your intelligence level.
Answer: False
scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.
40. Analytic, creative, and practical intelligence are the three parts of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
Answer: True
52
scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena
41. A theory of intelligence that emphasizes many different ways of processing information is known as the
multiple intelligences theory.
Answer: True
42. A person who is low in emotional intelligence is likely to misread the nonverbal signals of others.
Answer: True
43. Differences between the performances of Asian and American children on mathematics tests can be
accounted for by educational resources.
Answer: False
motivation, hard work, and intellectual achievement. Even with a high IQ, emotional intelligence, and
practical know-how, you
44. Compared to Asians, Americans are much more likely to think that a person either has mathematical
intelligence or doesn’t.
Answer: True
45. Japanese schoolteachers and students are much more likely than their American counterparts to believe that
the secret to doing well in math is working hard.
Answer: True
53

46. Asian students generally value education more than American students.
Answer: True
47. Cognitive ethology is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, especially in natural
environments.
Answer: True
Topic: Animal Minds
intelligence.
48. Cognitive psychology is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, especially in natural
environments.
Answer: False
Topic: Animal Minds
intelligence.
49. Explanations of animal behavior that rely solely on instinct would have difficulty interpreting the fact that
mother chimpanzees show their young how to use stone tools to open nuts.
Answer: True
Topic: Animal Minds
intelligence.
50. Research conducted with chimpanzees suggests that they have a rudimentary sense of number.
Answer: True
Topic: Animal Minds
intelligence.
51. In early studies, researchers teaching language to primates unwittingly gave nonverbal cues that might have
54
enabled the apes to respond correctly.

Answer: True
Topic: Animal Minds
use.
52. The tendency to think that human beings have nothing in common with other animals is called
anthropomorphism.
Answer: False
Topic: Animal Minds
53. The tendency to think that human beings have nothing in common with other animals is called
anthropodenial.
Answer: True
Topic: Animal Minds
54. Historically, human beings think of themselves as the smartest species.

Answer: True
Topic: Animal Minds
55
Short Answer Questions

1. The text discusses four elements of cognition: concepts, mental images, cognitive schemas, and
propositions. In the diagram below, fill in the appropriate labels to create a visual summary of the elements
of cognition.
Answer: A correct answer will include the following labels.
Concepts
Propositions Mental Images
Cognitive Schemas

2. Randy’s mental representation for Valentine’s Day includes knowledge, beliefs, and expectations. Which
term is used to describe these characteristics? Develop an example that describes Randy’s mental
representation for Valentine’s Day, making sure that each of the three aspects mentioned above is included.
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
• A cognitive schema is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations
concerning a particular aspect of the world. Randy’s cognitive schema for Valentine’s Day may
include the following elements:
o Knowledge—“Valentine’s Day is celebrated on February 14.”
o Beliefs—“I like it. It’s mainly for people in love.”
o Expectations—“It will be fun. I will purchase my lady some flowers and candy.”
56
3. Explain some of the hazards of multitasking.

• Instead of saving time, toggling between two or more tasks that require attention increases the time
required to complete them.
• When multitasking, stress goes up, errors increase, and reaction times lengthen.
• Multitasking when driving, such as using a cell phone, applying makeup, etc., is hazardous to your
health.
4. Distinguish between formal and informal reasoning.

• In formal reasoning, there is a clear solution available, and the information needed for drawing a
conclusion or reaching a solution is specified clearly.
• In informal reasoning, there is often no clear solution.
• Informal reasoning involves dialectical thinking.
literacy, 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes
5. How does the availability heuristic lead people to believe that catastrophic events, such as plane crashes,
occur more frequently than they actually do?
• The availability heuristic is the tendency to judge the probability of an event by how easy it is to think
of examples or instances.
• Catastrophic events evoke a strong emotional reaction and so stand out in our minds.
• Therefore, they are more mentally “available” to us and we overestimate their probability.
6. In general, people try to avoid losses when making a decision. Explain why this cognitive bias may affect a
person’s decision about accepting or rejecting various aspects of medical treatment.
• The framing effect is the tendency for people’s choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, or
framed, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains.
• When a choice is framed as the risk of losing something, people will respond more cautiously than
when the very same choice is framed as a potential gain.
57
• Medical treatment decisions are commonly presented to us in terms of their potential risks.
• For example, literature distributed with prescription medications describes the probabilities of various
negative side effects.
• These descriptions are stated as possible risks rather than possible gains. For example, 3 of 100 people
will get an ulcer rather than 97 of 100 people will not get an ulcer.
• Similar probabilities of successful treatment are usually not presented.
judgments.
literacy
7. Carla’s method of studying worked effectively throughout high school until she took her first foreign
language course. In this course, her grades were much lower than usual. How could her mental set for
studying have played a role in Connie scoring low grades?
• A mental set is a tendency to try to solve new problems by using the same heuristics, strategies, and
rules that worked in the past.
• Carla had developed successful study methods for her high school courses.
• Studying a foreign language requires a different type of studying than courses such as English and
history.
• Carla’s mental set for studying hurt her grade because the “problem” of studying for her new class
required a different “solution.”
literacy
8. In the early 1900s, at the request of the French Ministry of Education, Alfred Binet constructed a testing
instrument that eventually became the first widely used intelligence test. For what purpose was the test
developed?
• Binet was commissioned to find a way to identify children who were slow learners so they could be
given remedial work.
• An objective approach to identifying these children was needed because the teachers might be biased if
they were to make the decision.
9. At the age of 66, Harriet is worried when researchers ask her to take an IQ test. She knows that older
people are assumed to have failing cognitive abilities. Which term is used to describe Harriet’s anxiety?
How could Harriet’s test performance be affected by her worries?
58
• This is an example of stereotype threat.

• Because of increased anxiety, Harriet might not perform as well as she might have if she was not
experiencing stereotype threat.
literacy
10. Contrast the behaviors of college students who are weak in metacognition with those for whom
metacognition is a strength.
• Metacognition is the knowledge or awareness of one’s own cognitive processes and the ability to
monitor and control those processes.
• Common behaviors of students who are weak in metacognition include:
o They may not notice when a passage in a textbook is difficult,
o They do not always realize that they don’t understand what they have read and thus may
spend too much time on material they already know and too little time on difficult material,
and
o They are overconfident about their comprehension and memory and are surprised when they
do poorly on exams.
• Common behaviors of students who are strong in metacognition include:
o They check their comprehension by restating what they have read,
o They backtrack when necessary, and
o They question what they are reading.
59
Essay Questions
1. One type of mental representation is the concept. How do concepts allow us to relate to the world around us
in a manageable way? Create an example to show what a person’s experience in a novel situation could be
like if humans didn’t organize the world based on concepts.
• Concepts simplify and summarize information about the world so that it is manageable.
• Because of concepts, we can make decisions quickly and efficiently.
• Without concepts, in a novel environment we would have to carefully examine every object to
determine what it was and what purpose it served.
• With concepts, we might be in a totally new environment, but we would still have some idea of how to
react to the objects around us.
• For example, we might recognize some objects as furniture. We might recognize a small moving
object as an animal. We might recognize some objects as food.
• Thus, we would know how to react because we know something about the general categories of
objects around us, even though we might not be familiar with the specific examples.
2. Alfred Binet’s insight regarding a method of measuring mental development had an international impact in
the twentieth century. Summarize why he was measuring children’s mental abilities, how he did it, and how
he calculated the child’s mental abilities. What scoring system did later researchers base on Binet’s method,
and how was it originally calculated?
• Binet’s test included items ranging from those that most young children could do easily to those that
only older children could handle.
• The test was given to large numbers of children and the typical performance for each age was
determined.
• This allowed him to determine a child’s mental age, the level of intellectual development relative to
other children.
• The purpose of Binet’s test was to determine which children were slow learners so that they could be
given remedial work and brought up to the average.
• Later researchers used Binet’s concept of mental age to calculate an intelligence quotient (IQ) score for
individuals.
• Originally, IQs were calculated by dividing a child’s mental age by his or her chronological age and
then multiplying by 100.
3. Your classmate Carla calls you very excited about having found her true calling. She believes that after
taking her Introduction to Psychology class, that she is prepared to create the perfect intelligence test. She
wants your advice before beginning. To your best ability, summarize the challenges in creating a non-
biased test using the topics covered in your text. Provide some ideas for how to overcome these specific
challenges.
60
• The primary challenges are:

o Cultures differ in the problem-solving strategies they emphasize, and
o Cultural values and experiences affect many things besides responses to specific test items
(e.g., attitudes toward exams, motivation, and competitiveness).
o Suggestions for overcoming the challenges will vary.
a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy,
2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry
4. Lavelle is a 15-year-old African American male. He is preparing for the SAT test. If Lavelle succumbs to a
cultural stereotype, what is most likely to happen to his test performance and why?
• Stereotype threat is a burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative
stereotypes about his or her group’s abilities.
• If Lavelle succumbs to the stereotype that African Americans do poor academically, he may feel the
stereotype threat when taking the SAT.
• The increased anxiety Lavelle may feel from the stereotype threat may impact his performance on the
test or curtail his motivation to try to do well.
a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy,
2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry
5. One well-known theory of intelligence, the triarchic theory proposed by Robert Sternberg, distinguishes
three different aspects of intelligence. Explain each of these aspects in detail.
• Analytical intelligence refers to the information-processing strategies a person draws on when thinking
intelligently about a problem.
• Creative intelligence refers to creativity in transferring skills to new situations.
• Practical intelligence refers to the practical application of intelligence, which requires that the context
be taken into account.
6. One of the longest-running psychological studies ever conducted was begun by Lewis Terman in 1921 in
order to learn about children who scored in the top 1 percent of the IQ distribution. As they reached
adulthood, some of these “Termites,” as they were called, fulfilled their early promise, but others did not.
Compare and contrast the differences between those who were successful and those who were not.
• Motivation made the difference between the most successful and the least successful men.
61
• The successful men were ambitious, were socially active, had many interests, and were encouraged by
their parents.
• The unsuccessful men drifted casually through life.
• There was no difference in IQ between the two groups.
7. Animals solve problems in ways that fascinate us. Summarize the research that has led some researchers to
conclude that animals can think, including in your essay information regarding:
• The chimpanzees studied by Wolfgang Kohler;
• Kanzi, the bonobo who uses a computer keyboard;
• Alex, the African gray parrot who vocalized English words.
• Kohler tested chimpanzees by placing bananas in sight but out of reach.
• Some chimps demonstrated sudden insight and were able to solve the problem.
• Kanzi, a bonobo, learned to understand English words, short sentences, and keyboard symbols without
formal training, simply by observing others use language.
• Kanzi responded correctly to commands even when he had never heard the specific combination of
words before.
• Kanzi also learned to use a computer keyboard and produce symbols requesting favorite foods or
activities and announcing his intentions.
• Alex, the gray parrot, learned to count, classify, and compare objects by vocalizing English words.
• He showed evidence of linguistic and cognitive ability.
• Alex also made requests and answered simple questions about objects.
Topic: Animal Minds
intelligence.
62
Integrative Essay Questions: Linking the Chapters

1. In Chapter 1, we learned that being able to define what you are thinking about is important to successful
critical thinking. However, intelligence is one of those terms that seems to have multiple definitions. From
your reading in Chapter 9, distinguish between the various theorists who have tried to establish a reliable
definition for intelligence. After summarizing the various definitions, express what you believe is the best
definition and defend your answer.
• Intelligence has been defined in many ways.
• Abilities that are often included in a definition of intelligence are:
o The ability to reason abstractly;
o The ability to learn and profit from experience in daily life;
o The ability to think rationally; and
o The ability to act purposefully.
• Some theorists view intelligence as a single thing (a general intellectual ability or g factor).
• Others view intelligence as a combination of multiple abilities.
o Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence includes analytic intelligence, creative intelligence,
and practical intelligence.
o Others distinguish between the traditional intellectual intelligence and emotional intelligence.
• Finally, some people solve the problem by saying that intelligence is that which is measured by
intelligence tests.
• Clearly there is little agreement on exactly what intelligence is.
Topic: 1.2 Thinking Critically about Psychology, 9.3 Measuring Intelligence
Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should
also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and
give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. 9.3.A Define intelligence and the
difference between its crystallized and fluid forms. 9.3.B Summarize the notion of IQ, how it is measured,
some of its limitations, and the challenges to assessing it across cultures.
a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains, 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret
psychological phenomena, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy
2. When the word psychologist comes up in a conversation, often the media and people picture a
clinical/counseling psychologist. These are the psychologists who generally assist people who might be
suffering from emotional issues or are having problems with everyday life. How does the concept of
prototypes, discussed in Chapter 9, help to explain this phenomenon?
• The general public commonly thinks of a psychologist as someone who helps people who are mentally
ill, yet there are many other types of psychologists.
• A prototype is a representative example of a concept.
• Though a person may know about other types of psychologists, he or she still typically views the
psychotherapist as a prototypical psychologist.
• This is probably because it is much more common to hear about clinical psychologists in the media
and in everyday conversation.
Topic: 1.5 What Psychologists Do, 9.1 Thought: Using What We Know
Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners,
such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. 9.1.A
Explain the basic elements of cognition: concepts, prototypes, propositions, schemas, and mental images.
63

3. In Chapter 9, the authors note that many adults take one position and stick with it no matter what. How
does this lack of reflective judgment and dialectical thinking relate to the critical thinking guidelines
explained in Chapter 1?
• Dialectical reasoning is the process of comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to
resolve differences.
• Dialectical reasoning is a form of critical thinking and is subject to the same guidelines as critical
thinking in general.
• Many adults have trouble thinking dialectically.
• Reflective judgment typically develops gradually and is not apparent until people are in their middle or
late twenties, if at all.
• The ability to reason requires practice to develop.
• Although most adults have the capacity to think logically, reason dialectically, and make judgments
reflectively, they do not always do so.
• There are many barriers and biases that block rational thinking.
Topic: 1.2 Thinking Critically about Psychology, 9.1 Thought: Using What We Know
Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each
applies to the science of psychology. 9.1.D Note the defining characteristics of formal reasoning, informal
reasoning, dialectical reasoning, and stages of reflective judgment.
literacy
4. In Chapter 2, we learned that in survey research, the phrasing of questions needs to be considered. How
might this be applied to the importance of wording as noted in Chapter 9, especially with regard to the
tendency to avoid loss and minimize risk?
• In general, people try to avoid or minimize risks and losses when they make decisions.
• When a choice is framed as the risk of losing something, people will respond more cautiously than
when the very same choice is framed as a potential gain.
• Survey questions need to be carefully worded to avoid biasing the responses that are received.
• For example, a survey about a newly developed medication might get very different results to the
following two questions, even though they are asking the same thing:
o What is the likelihood that you would buy a new medication if there were an 80 percent
chance that it would help you?
o What is the likelihood that you would buy a new medication if there were a 20 percent chance
that it would not help you?
Topic: 2.2 Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts , 9.2 Barriers to Reasoning Rationally
Learning Objective: 2.2.E Discuss the advantages and limitations of using surveys in data collection. 9.2.B
Explain how the framing effect leads people to avoid loss in probabilistic judgments.
literacy, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
64
Revel Quizzes
The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology,
13e.
End of Module Quiz: 9.1 Thought: Using What We Know
EOM Q9.1.1
Which of the following concepts is the most basic?

a) chair
b) furniture
c) recliner
d) high chair
Consider This: Basic concepts are easy to acquire mentally and have a moderate number of instances. 9.1.A Explain
the basic elements of cognition: concepts, prototypes, propositions, schemas, and mental images.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.1.A Explain the basic elements of cognition: concepts, prototypes, propositions, schemas, and
mental images.
Module: The Elements of Cognition
EOM Q9.1.2
Which example of the concept chair is prototypical?

a) dining room chair
b) high chair
c) rocking chair
d) beanbag chair
Consider This: Prototypes are representative or "most typical" examples of a concept. 9.1.A Explain the basic
elements of cognition: concepts, prototypes, propositions, schemas, and mental images.
Answer: a
mental images.
EOM Q9.1.3
Some researchers have suggested that a better name for multitasking would be __________.
a) task switching
b) dual processing
c) channel surfing
d) attention narrowing
Consider This: Our ability to truly process and pay attention to two tasks simultaneously is not as strong as we often
assume it is. 9.1.B Distinguish between subconscious thinking and nonconscious thinking, and explain what is
meant by multitasking and implicit learning.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.1.B Distinguish between subconscious thinking and nonconscious thinking, and explain what
is meant by multitasking and implicit learning.
Module: How Conscious Is Thought?
65
EOM Q9.1.4
Cindy is solving a long-division problem in her math class, so she follows the steps that her teacher showed her to
accomplish that task. Cindy's problem-solving strategy is an example of __________.
a) an algorithm
b) heuristic reasoning
c) a proposition
d) nonconscious processing
Consider This: Some problem-solving strategies guarantee a solution when the steps or procedures are followed.
9.1.C Contrast algorithms and heuristics as decision strategies, and explain how insight and intuition contribute to
solving problems.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.1.C Contrast algorithms and heuristics as decision strategies, and explain how insight and
intuition contribute to solving problems.
Module: Problem Solving and Decision Making
EOM Q9.1.5
Mina thinks the media have a liberal political bias, and Mariam thinks they are too conservative. "Well," says Mina,
"I have my truth and you have yours. It's purely subjective." Which of King and Kitchener's types of thinking
describes Mina's statement?
a) quasi-reflective
b) prereflective
c) reflective
d) formal reasoning
Consider This: There are several stages of reflective judgment that people might engage in. 9.1.D Note the defining
characteristics of formal reasoning, informal reasoning, dialectical reasoning, and stages of reflective judgment.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.1.D Note the defining characteristics of formal reasoning, informal reasoning, dialectical
reasoning, and stages of reflective judgment.
Module: Reasoning Rationally
End of Module Quiz: 9.2 Barriers to Reasoning Rationally
EOM Q9.2.1
In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported four diagnoses of the Ebola virus in the United
States. Three of the patients recovered, although one person unfortunately died from the disease. Nonetheless,
people nationwide feared for their health and safety, although the probability of any one individual contracting the
disease was extremely small. Which barriers to reasoning rationally help explain this panicked reaction?
a) the affect heuristic and the availability heuristic
b) the fairness bias and the hindsight bias
c) the hindsight bias and the confirmation bias
d) the bias blind spot and the hindsight bias
Consider This: Shortcuts in mental reasoning can sometimes lead us to overestimate the likelihood of events
happening to us. 9.2.A Describe how the affect heuristic and the availability heuristic illustrate the tendency to
exaggerate the improbable.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.2.A Describe how the affect heuristic and the availability heuristic illustrate the tendency to
66

Module: Exaggerating the Improbable
EOM Q9.2.2
Lou hears on a news broadcast that a proposed recycling program for his city will reuse 80 percent of household
waste. Dee, watching a different news broadcast at the same time, learns that the same proposed program will send
20 percent of household waste to the local landfill. Lou thinks the new program is great, but Dee thinks it is horrible.
What barrier to reasoning rationally could be affecting their diverging conclusions?
a) the framing effect
b) the availability heuristic
c) the affect heuristic
d) the hindsight bias
Consider This: Both Lou and Dee are receiving identical information in slightly different forms. 9.2.B Explain how
the framing effect leads people to avoid loss in probabilistic judgments.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.2.B Explain how the framing effect leads people to avoid loss in probabilistic judgments.
Module: Avoiding Loss
EOM Q9.2.3
Adnan meets a young woman at the gym. They hit it off and eventually get married. Says Adnan, "I knew when I
woke up that morning that something special was going to happen." What cognitive bias is affecting his thinking,
charmingly romantic though it is?
a) the hindsight bias
b) the fairness bias
c) the confirmation bias
d) the framing effect
Consider This: There are many barriers to reasoning rationally; think about which one would best explain the
situation described here. 9.2.C Summarize and give an example of the fairness bias, hindsight bias, confirmation
bias, and mental sets.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.2.C Summarize and give an example of the fairness bias, hindsight bias, confirmation bias,
and mental sets.
Module: Biases and Mental Sets
EOM Q9.2.4
Which of the following types of research would have the least potential for demonstrating that the fairness bias has
an innate or genetic component?
a) studies involving adults playing the Ultimatum Game
b) studies involving nonhuman primates
c) studies involving human babies
d) studies involving brain activity while people are involved in a negotiation
Consider This: What type of population or method is needed in order to draw conclusions about innate aspects of
human behavior? 9.2.C Summarize and give an example of the fairness bias, hindsight bias, confirmation bias, and
mental sets.
67
Answer: a
and mental sets.
EOM Q9.2.5
Keisha and Michelle are having a heated discussion. "Keisha, you are so biased! You only look at evidence that
supports your beliefs and ignore information that doesn't. In my psychology class we call that the confirmation bias,
and you do it all the time. You should be more open-minded, fair, and even-handed, like I am," decrees Michelle.
What makes both you and Keisha think that Michelle is incorrect in her assessment?
a) Most people have a "bias blind spot"; they think other people are biased, but they themselves are not.
b) People rarely fall prey to the confirmation bias; Michelle has used an obscure example to make her case.
c) Michelle has proposed an unfalsifiable argument; Keisha cannot provide evidence regarding her biases one way
or another.
d) Michelle is not wrong in her assessment; there are some people who never resort to biased thinking, and Michelle
is likely to be one of them.
Consider This: Most people succumb to some kind of cognitive bias sometimes; no one is really immune to biased
forms of thinking. 9.2.D Discuss the conditions under which cognitive biases can be beneficial as well as
Answer: a
Module: Overcoming Our Cognitive Biases
End of Module Quiz: 9.3 Measuring Intelligence
EOM Q9.3.1
The capacity to reason and use information to solve new problems is referred to as __________.
a) fluid intelligence
b) crystallized intelligence
c) adaptive insight
d) metacognition
Consider This: Crystallized intelligence refers to knowledge and skills that accumulate over time. 9.3.A Define
intelligence and the difference between its crystallized and fluid forms.
Answer: a
Module: Measuring the Invisible
EOM Q9.3.2
The adult population of an entire city agrees to take the same standardized intelligence test. Even before the
outcomes are known, what percentage of that population would you predict would have test scores above 130?
a) about 2 percent
b) about 16 percent
c) about 50 percent
d) about 68 percent
Consider This: An IQ test score is standardized such that the vast majority of individuals score between 70 and 130.
68
9.3.B Summarize the notion of IQ, how it is measured, some of its limitations, and the challenges to assessing it
across cultures.
Answer: a
Module: The IQ Test
EOM Q9.3.3
Logan understands the material in his statistics class, but on tests he spends the entire period on the most difficult
problems and never even gets to the problems he can solve easily. Which ingredient of intelligence does he need to
improve?
a) metacognition
b) working memory
c) triarchic skills
d) creative intelligence
Consider This: Logan seems to be lacking some awareness of his own intellectual strengths and weaknesses. 9.3.C
Describe how metacognition, the triarchic theory of intelligence, multiple intelligences, and emotional intelligence
shed light on the diversity of what "intelligence" means.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.3.C Describe how metacognition, the triarchic theory of intelligence, multiple intelligences,
and emotional intelligence shed light on the diversity of what "intelligence" means.
Module: Elements of Intelligence
EOM Q9.3.4
Traci does not have an unusually high IQ, but at work she is quickly promoted because she knows how to set
priorities, communicate with management, and make others feel valued. Traci has __________ knowledge about
how to succeed on the job.
a) tacit
b) componential
c) triarchic
d) analytical
Consider This: What Traci lacks in traditional areas of intelligence (such as verbal or quantitative skills) seems to be
made up for with practical skills for achieving goals at her job. 9.3.C Describe how metacognition, the triarchic
theory of intelligence, multiple intelligences, and emotional intelligence shed light on the diversity of what
"intelligence" means.
Answer: a
EOM Q9.3.5
In a study of eighth graders, __________ was more strongly correlated with school performance than __________
was.
a) self-discipline; IQ
b) IQ; self-discipline
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c) IQ; self-compassion
d) self-compassion; IQ
Consider This: A group of ethnically diverse eighth graders was studied over time, and researchers learned that
some factors contributed more to grades and academic achievement than did others. 9.3.D Outline how longitudinal
and cross-cultural studies shed light on the interplay of motivation, hard work, and intellectual achievement.
Answer: a
Module: Motivation, Hard Work, and Intellectual Success
End of Module Quiz: 9.4 Animal Minds
EOM Q9.4.1
The study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals is called __________.

a) cognitive ethology
b) tacit anthropomorphism
c) metacognition
d) displacement
Consider This: There is a specific term that summarizes this field of study; think about the general term for the study
of animal behavior, especially in natural environments. 9.4.A Summarize the evidence supporting and refuting the
concept of animal intelligence.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.4.A Summarize the evidence supporting and refuting the concept of animal intelligence.
Module: Animal Intelligence
EOM Q9.4.2
Which of the following animals has not been shown (so far) to have the ability to acquire language skills?
a) mice
b) bonobos
c) chimpanzees
d) African gray parrots
Consider This: There are some well-documented cases of animals acquiring language skills in order to communicate
with humans. 9.4.B Summarize the evidence supporting and refuting the concept of animal language use.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.4.B Summarize the evidence supporting and refuting the concept of animal language use.
Module: Animals and Language
EOM Q9.4.3
A honeybee performs a little dance that communicates to other bees the direction and distance of food. Because the
bee can "talk" about something that is located elsewhere, its communication system shows __________. But
because the bee can create only utterances that are genetically wired into its repertoire, its communication system
lacks __________.
a) displacement; productivity
b) productivity; displacement
c) meaning; displacement
d) displacement; meaning
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Consider This: There are some basic requirements that a communication system must have in order to be considered
a language. 9.4.B Summarize the evidence supporting and refuting the concept of animal language use.
Answer: a
EOM Q9.4.4
Barnaby thinks his pet snake Curly is harboring angry thoughts about him because Curly has been standoffish and
will not curl around his neck anymore. What error is Barnaby making?
a) anthropomorphism
b) anthropodenial
c) anthropometry
d) anthropocentrism
Consider This: Barnaby is attributing human qualities to Curly, who is not human. 9.4.C Explain the limitations of
both the anthropomorphism and anthropodenial approaches to understanding animal cognition.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.4.C Explain the limitations of both the anthropomorphism and anthropodenial approaches to
understanding animal cognition.
Module: Thinking About the Thinking of Animals
EOM Q9.4.5
Humans share an evolutionary past with other animals; as such, it is unwise to assume that other animals possess no
cognitive skills, and that humans are the only ones with such abilities. This is a caution against the notion of
__________.
a) anthropodenial
b) anthropocentrism
c) anthropometry
d) anthropomorphism
Consider This: Refusing to believe animals have cognitive skills is as dangerous as attributing skills where none
exist. 9.4.C Explain the limitations of both the anthropomorphism and anthropodenial approaches to understanding
animal cognition.
Answer: a
Chapter 9 Quiz: Thinking and Intelligence
EOC Q9.1
A representative instance of a concept is called a __________.

a) prototype
b) basic concept
c) schema
d) heuristic
Consider This: Although there might be many instances of a given concept, people usually agree on a "best case" or
71
most representative instance. What term is used for that representative example? 9.1.A Explain the basic elements of
cognition: concepts, prototypes, propositions, schemas, and mental images.
Answer: a
mental images.
EOC Q9.2
Mental processes that occur outside of conscious awareness (but are accessible to consciousness when necessary)
are called __________ processes, whereas mental processes that occur outside of conscious awareness (but are not
available to conscious awareness) are called __________ processes.
a) subconscious; nonconscious
b) nonconscious; preconscious
c) preconscious; subconscious
d) nonconscious; subconscious
Consider This: Much mental processing is not conscious, but there are different terms used for those forms of
processing. 9.1.B Distinguish between subconscious thinking and nonconscious thinking, and explain what is meant
by multitasking and implicit learning.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.1.B Distinguish between subconscious thinking and nonconscious thinking, and explain what
is meant by multitasking and implicit learning.
Module: How Conscious Is Thought?
EOC Q9.3
Manoosh wants to make a lot of money after she graduates from college. When deciding which major to pursue, she
narrows her choices to pre-med, business, pre-law, engineering, and computer science. Although she is not sure
exactly what she wants to study, nor which type of work will make her happiest, she at least narrowed the field of
options considerably in solving her problem. What type of decision-making strategy did Manoosh rely on?
a) heuristics
b) algorithms
c) mental images
d) prereflective thinking
Consider This: Many times problems are fuzzy or poorly defined, such as trying to determine the best major to
produce future happiness. What approach to problem solving do people use in such cases? 9.1.C Contrast algorithms
and heuristics as decision strategies, and explain how insight and intuition contribute to solving problems.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.1.C Contrast algorithms and heuristics as decision strategies, and explain how insight and
intuition contribute to solving problems.
Module: Problem Solving and Decision Making
EOC Q9.4
Gerald thinks politicians have too much influence on people's daily lives, and Edgar thinks they have too little.
"Well," says Gerald, "I suppose there are many ways to look at this issue. The important thing is that we're both
thinking it through and offering cohesive arguments for our points of view." Which of King and Kitchener's types of
thinking describes Gerald's statement?
72
a) reflective
b) prereflective
c) quasi-reflective
d) formal reasoning
Consider This: There are several stages of reflective judgment that people might engage in. 9.1.D Note the defining
characteristics of formal reasoning, informal reasoning, dialectical reasoning, and stages of reflective judgment.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.1.D Note the defining characteristics of formal reasoning, informal reasoning, dialectical
reasoning, and stages of reflective judgment.
Module: Reasoning Rationally
EOC Q9.5
Jaisal is asked whether English words that end in -ing are more common than words that have n as the second-to-last
letter. He mentally generates a long list of -ing words ( running, jumping, reading, laughing) but can only think of a
few that have n as the second-to-last letter ( drink, second). He therefore incorrectly concludes that -ing endings are
more common. Which barrier to rational reasoning did Jaisal fall prey to?
a) the availability heuristic
b) the affect heuristic
c) the framing effect
Consider This: Jaisal is basing his decision on how quickly or easily he can think of instances of an event. 9.2.A
Describe how the affect heuristic and the availability heuristic illustrate the tendency to exaggerate the improbable.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.2.A Describe how the affect heuristic and the availability heuristic illustrate the tendency to
Module: Exaggerating the Improbable
EOC Q9.6
Inga listens intently as her economics professor describes the 4 percent unemployment rate in her county. Troubled
by this statistic, she later talks with her friend Josué, who is enrolled in a different section of the same economics
course. "Unemployment in our county is horrible!" laments Inga. "What do you mean?" replies Josué. "The
professor clearly told us that 96 percent of people in our county have a job, which sounds pretty good to me." Which
barrier to reasoning rationally could be affecting Inga's and Josué's conclusions?
a) the framing effect
b) the availability heuristic
c) the affect heuristic
Consider This: Inga and Josué received identical information in slightly different forms. 9.2.B Explain how the
framing effect leads people to avoid loss in probabilistic judgments.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.2.B Explain how the framing effect leads people to avoid loss in probabilistic judgments.
Module: Avoiding Loss
EOC Q9.7
Franco and Carla are walking down the street when they spy a paper bag. Carla is the first to pick it up and discovers
73
20 one-dollar bills inside. "This is great!" says Carla. "Here; you take $5 and I'll keep $15." Franco indignantly
huffs, "You're nuts! Either give me half or put the bag back down. I'd rather have nothing than take your lousy
offer!" Which barrier to rational reasoning is Franco illustrating?
a) the fairness bias
b) the affect heuristic
c) the confirmation bias
d) the availability heuristic
Consider This: A smart choice for Franco would be to take something rather than nothing, yet he does not. Why?
9.2.C Summarize and give an example of the fairness bias, hindsight bias, confirmation bias, and mental sets.
Answer: a
and mental sets.
EOC Q9.8
When is people's reliance on cognitive biases likely to diminish?

a) when they are doing things in which they have some expertise, or when the decisions being made have serious
personal consequences
b) when they are judging the behavior of others, but not when they are judging their own behavior
c) when they are judging their own reasons for making a decision, but not when they try to understand the decision-
making of others
d) when they are faced with a quantitative decision, but not when they are faced with a qualitative judgment
Consider This: Reliance on shortcuts, biases, and heuristics is pretty pervasive, but there are circumstances under
which such reliance is reduced. 9.2.D Discuss the conditions under which cognitive biases can be beneficial as well
as detrimental to reasoning.
Answer: a
Module: Overcoming Our Cognitive Biases
EOC Q9.9
The cognitive skills and specific knowledge that a person acquires over a lifetime are called __________.
a) crystallized intelligence
b) fluid intelligence
c) theory of mind
d) mental age
Consider This: The skills and knowledge that contribute to doing well on intelligence tests are usually fairly stable.
9.3.A Define intelligence and the difference between its crystallized and fluid forms.
Answer: a
Module: Measuring the Invisible
EOC Q9.10
Which of the following statements best captures the spirit of what intelligence tests measure and how intelligence
tests should be used?
74
a) Intelligence tests sample intelligence, but do not measure everything associated with that concept; as such, they
should be used in conjunction with other forms of evidence when evaluating an individual.
b) Intelligence tests measure innate ability; their accuracy in predicting basic levels of inherited intellectual skills
has been well documented.
c) Intelligence tests should be used primarily to categorize people along a dimension of "smartness."
d) Intelligence tests have demonstrated their applicability to testing people from all over the world; the long history
of intelligence testing has shown uniformity in the way the tests measure innate abilities.
Consider This: Intelligence tests, like most tests, are taken within a particular environmental, cultural, and
experiential setting at a single point in time. 9.3.B Summarize the notion of IQ, how it is measured, some of its
limitations, and the challenges to assessing it across cultures.
Answer: a
Module: The IQ Test
EOC Q9.11
According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, which component refers to utilizing information-processing skills
such as recognizing and defining a problem, comparing and contrasting solutions, and evaluating the results of a
problem-solving strategy?
a) analytical intelligence
b) experiential intelligence
c) emotional intelligence
d) creative intelligence
Consider This: The component described here is the type of intelligence often measured on standardized tests or
associated with academic work. 9.3.C Describe how metacognition, the triarchic theory of intelligence, multiple
intelligences, and emotional intelligence shed light on the diversity of what "intelligence" means.
Answer: a
EOC Q9.12
Sara has slightly above-average intelligence, but she sets and attains daily study goals for herself, is willing to work
late into the night, and maintains a positive attitude about her progress in school. Which of the following statements,
supported by research findings, best summarizes Sara's situation?
a) IQ is a useful measure of intellectual success, but hard work, motivation, and self-discipline also predict
achievement.
b) Without a solid core component of raw intelligence, Sara is unlikely to achieve much success later in life.
c) Hard work makes people feel a sense of accomplishment, but it only leads to success when coupled with high
intellect.
d) Sara is demonstrating all the components of emotional intelligence; as such, she is likely to be "people smart" but
not "book smart."
Consider This: Intellect is a combination of what you've got and what you do with it. 9.3.D Outline how longitudinal
and cross-cultural studies shed light on the interplay of motivation, hard work, and intellectual achievement.
Answer: a
Module: Motivation, Hard Work, and Intellectual Success
75
Test Bank for Psychology, 13th Edition, Carole Wade, Carol Tavris Samuel R Sommers Lisa M. S

EOC Q9.13
A system of beliefs about the way the minds of others work is called __________.
a) theory of mind
b) contextual intelligence
c) the framing effect
d) g factor
Consider This: Understanding that others also understand is an important hallmark of cognition. This ability may or
may not be present in nonhuman animals. 9.4.A Summarize the evidence supporting and refuting the concept of
animal intelligence.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 9.4.A Summarize the evidence supporting and refuting the concept of animal intelligence.
Module: Animal Intelligence
EOC Q9.14
The ability to communicate about objects that are not currently physically present, but rather are elsewhere in either
space or time, is called __________.
a) displacement
b) reflective judgment
c) dialectical reasoning
d) g factor
Consider This: One of the points of debate regarding animal language is whether nonhuman animals can
demonstrate the ability described here. 9.4.B Summarize the evidence supporting and refuting the concept of animal
language use.
Answer: a
EOC Q9.15
The story of Clever Hans, the supposedly math-savvy horse, serves as a cautionary tale warning scientists of the
dangers of __________.
a) anthropomorphism
b) anthropodenial
c) anthropometry
d) anthropocentrism
Consider This: Clever Hans turned out not to be as clever as some erroneously believed him to be. 9.4.C Explain the
limitations of both the anthropomorphism and anthropodenial approaches to understanding animal cognition.
Answer: a
76
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Topic/ Remember the Understand the Apply What Analyze It

Chapter 9 – Pop Quiz 1

3. Informal reasoning involves __________.

6. __________ is the knowledge or awareness of one’s own cognitive processes.

8. Without __________ intelligence, it is difficult to acquire tacit knowledge.

Chapter 9 – Pop Quiz 1

2. c Rationale: An algorithm is a problem-solving strategy guaranteed to produce a correct solution

principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information

Chapter 9 – Pop Quiz 2

3. Which of the following statements is true of formal reasoning?

9. Research on animals and language indicates that __________.

Chapter 9 – Pop Quiz 2

1. c Rationale: A cognitive schema is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and

7. b Rationale: Analytical intelligence refers to the information-processing strategies you draw on

Multiple Choice Questions

3. Which of the following statements defines basic concepts?

6. An especially representative example of a concept is called a(n) __________.

schemas, and mental images.

13. A mental image is __________.

Topic: Thought: Using What We Know

26. Which of the following is a characteristic of formal reasoning?

27. Which of the following statements is true of formal reasoning?

c. Formal reasoning involves dialectical reasoning.

28. Informal reasoning involves __________.

29. Dialectical reasoning involves __________.

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

33. Prereflective thinkers tend to assume that __________.

35. A quasi-reflective thinker would be most likely to say that __________.

whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains.

49. Which of the following best describes the hindsight bias?

64. The Binet intelligence test was originally developed to __________.

65. A young boy’s mental age would be __________.

like a 30-year-old does not have low intelligence.

71. Stereotype threat refers to __________.

75. __________ is the knowledge or awareness of one’s own cognitive processes.

79. __________ intelligence refers to the application of intelligence.

Demonstrate psychology information literacy

83. Tacit knowledge refers to __________.

84. Without __________ intelligence, it is difficult to acquire tacit knowledge.

85. Who proposed the idea of multiple intelligences theory?

b. Chinese children have better schools

a. Chinese children have more innate mathematical ability

97. Investigations of animal behaviors indicate that __________.

100. In humans, theory of mind begins to develop around age __________.

103. Research on animals and language indicates that __________.

a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

trick-or-treating with him tomorrow night. This explanation is an example of __________.

2. Propositions represent the relationships of concepts to one another.

schemas, and mental images.

8. Multitasking increases the time required to complete tasks.

11. A cake recipe is one example of an algorithm.

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts