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Noland White
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Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
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7 Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level
Type
A=Applied
C=Conceptual
F=Factual
Level
(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult
LO=Learning Objective
SG=Used in Study Guide
p=page
MULTIPLE CHOICE
The Life of Alex
1. On September 6, 2007, Alex the African gray parrot died. He was an important part of the work conducted by
researcher Irene Pepperberg in _________________.
a. cognition and communication research
Correct. Alex was a research animal in cognition and communication research.
b. animal genetics
Incorrect. Alex was a research animal in cognition and communication research.
c. motivation
d. recall and recognition
ANS: a, p. 252, F, LO=Prologue, (1)
% correct 78 a= 78 b= 0 c= 0 d= 21 r = .37
% correct 83 a= 83 b= 0 c= 2 d= 14 r = .55
APA: LO 1.2
2. The research involving Alex the African gray parrot was based on the groundbreaking work of researcher
_______________.
a. Premack
b. Pepperdine
Incorrect. The researcher’s name is Dr. Irene Pepperberg.
c. Pepperberg
Correct. The researcher’s name is Dr. Irene Pepperberg.
d. Popplin
ANS: c, p. 252, F, LO=Prologue, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
How People Think
Learning Objective 7.1 - How are mental images and concepts involved in the process of thinking?
3. When people are asked to say how many windows they have in their dwelling, the amount of time people take to
come up with the answer ______________.
a) doesn’t depend on the number of windows
Incorrect. The more windows there are, the longer they take to answer.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
b) depends on the number of windows
Correct. The more windows there are, the longer it takes for them to answer because people mentally walk through
the house and count each one. Counting each mentally takes time just as it does in real life.
c) depends on the size of the windows
d) depends on whether the house had one or two stories, not the number of windows
ANS: b, p. 254, C, LO=7.1, (2)
% correct 75 a= 18 b= 75 c= 4 d= 3 r = .39
% correct 68 a= 16 b= 68 c= 17 d= 0 r = .32
APA: LO 1.2
4. You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room. The most likely way in which he will do this is to
_________.
a) recite a rote list of directions he memorized
Incorrect. He is most likely to walk through a mental image of the path.
b) give you the GPS location of his dorm room
c) walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does it
Correct. He is most likely to walk through a mental image of the path that he has in his head and describe it to you
as he “moves” along it.
d) none of these
ANS: c, p. 254, A, LO=7.1, (2)
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4
5. In Kosslyn’s “imaginary island” study, researchers found that it does take longer to view a mental image that
_____________.
a) is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact
Correct. Researchers did find it takes longer to view a mental image that is larger or covers more distance than one
that is smaller and more compact.
b) has more items in it
Incorrect. Researchers were comparing size and distance, not numbers of items.
c) has more colors in it
d) contains living things as compared to nonliving items
ANS: a, pp. 254-255, F, LO=7.1, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
6. PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image ____________.
a) the image is generated by the retinal ganglion cells and sent to the cortex
b) the image is generated by the thalamus and sent to the brain
c) the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex
Correct. PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image the areas associated with stored
knowledge send information to the visual cortex.
d) there is no locus in the brain that can be determined for the generation of visual images
Incorrect. PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image the areas associated with stored
knowledge send information to the visual cortex.
ANS: c, p. 255, F, LO=7.1, (1)
% correct 68 a= 12 b= 11 c= 68 d= 4 r = .36
% correct 75 a= 17 b= 7 c= 75 d= 2 r = .33
APA: LO 1.2
7. Kosslyn asked subjects if frogs have lips and a stubby tail. What did the subjects report?
a) They visualized a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”) and mentally rotated the image to look for the
stubby tail.
Correct. The subjects reported visualizing a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”) and then visualizing the frog for
a second time with its backside to them.
b) They visualized a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”), had it disappear, and then visualized a
completely new frog for a second time with its backside to them.
c) They knew the answer but did not have to generate an image.
d) They felt that that task was impossible to accomplish.
Incorrect. The subjects reported visualizing a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”) and then visualizing the frog
for a second time with its backside to them.
ANS: a, p. 255, F, LO=7.1, (2)
% correct 89 a= 89 b= 2 c= 9 d= 0 r = .43
% correct 76 a= 76 b= 14 c= 11 d= 0 r = .55
APA: LO 1.2
8. Concepts are ideas that represent ___________.

a) a class or category of objects, events, or activities
Correct. Concepts are defined as ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities.
b) patterns of behavior
Incorrect. Concepts are mental categories and do not involve behavior.
c) higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers
d) none of these
ANS: a, pp. 255-256, F, LO=7.1, (1) SG
% correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 4 d= 0 r = .20
% correct 79 a= 79 b= 4 c= 4 d= 14 r = .46
APA: LO 1.2
9. What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common
characteristics?
a) classes
b) concepts
Correct. Mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common
characteristics are called concepts.
c) attributes
Incorrect. Mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common
characteristics are called concepts.
d) classifications
ANS: b, pp. 255-256, F, LO=7.1, (1)
% correct 75 a= 7 b= 75 c= 9 d= 9 r = .48
% correct 76 a= 2 b= 76 c= 4 d= 17 r = .43
APA: LO 1.2
10. Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why, because he is familiar with
the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars. Ray is using
mental categories called ________.
a) classes
b) concepts
Correct. Ray is using mental categories called concepts, which are ideas that represent a category of objects or
events.
c) attributes
d) classifications
Incorrect. Ray is using mental categories called concepts, which are ideas that represent a category of objects or
events. Classifications is not a term used for this process.
ANS: b, pp. 255-256, A, LO=7.1, (2)
% correct 82 a= 0 b= 82 c= 11 d= 8 r = .46
11. Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Gary’s idea of psychological disorders had been influenced
primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows. What an eye-
opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the
course had on Gary’s idea of psychological disorders?
a) Gary learned the value of algorithms.
b) Gary now uses heuristics.
Incorrect. A cognitive psychologist would say that the course altered his concept of psychological disorders.
Heuristics are rules of thumbs used in problem solving.
c) The course increased Gary’s ability to use visual imagery.
d) The course altered Gary’s concept of psychological disorders.
Correct. A cognitive psychologist would say that the course altered his concept of psychological disorders because
of the new information presented to him.
ANS: d, pp. 255-256, A, LO=7.1, (2)
% correct 95 a= 0 b= 2 c= 2 d= 95 r = .59
% correct 90 a= 2 b= 3 c= 5 d= 90 r = .37
12. Compared to formal concepts learned in science and math, natural concepts tend to be ____________.
a) easier to learn
b) very clear and well defined
Incorrect. Natural concepts tend to be fuzzy with unclear boundaries.
c) fuzzy with unclear boundaries
Correct. Natural concepts tend to be fuzzy with unclear boundaries.
d) good fits with a rigid classification system
ANS: c, p. 256, F, LO=7.1, (1)
% correct 68 a= 0 b= 27 c= 68 d= 6 r = .47
APA: LO 1.2
13. Which is the most likely prototype for the concept “vehicle”?
a) glider
b) car
Correct. The most likely prototype for the concept “vehicle” is a car, because it is most familiar to folks today.
c) scooter
d) bicycle
Incorrect. The most likely prototype for the concept “vehicle” is a car. Bicycles aren’t as commonly used as cars.
ANS: b, pp. 256-257, A, LO=7.1, (1)
% correct 89 a= 3 b= 89 c= 4 d= 3 r = .20
% correct 96 a= 4 b= 96 c= 0 d= 0 r = .39
APA: LO 1.2
14. Which example would most people take longest to identify as a fruit (even though it technically is a fruit)?
a) grape
b) apple
c) orange
Incorrect. An orange closely matches the prototype of fruit.
d) olive
Correct. Most people would take longest to identify an olive as a fruit because it has the fewest characteristics of the
prototype of fruit.
ANS: d, pp. 256-257, A, LO=7.1, (2)
% correct 97 a= 0 b= 3 c= 0 d= 97 r = .20
% correct 98 a= 1 b= 0 c= 1 d= 98 r = .21
APA: LO 1.2
15. The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example from a category is called the ________.
a) schema
b) prototype
Correct. A prototype refers to the most typical example of a concept.
c) concept marker
Incorrect. Concept markers are not discussed in this chapter.
d) category marker
ANS: B, p. 256-257, C/F, LO=7.1, (1)
Section: Means of Thinking: The Mental Tool Kit
APA: LO 1.2
Learning Objective 7.2 - What are the methods people use to solve problems and make decisions?
16. The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as ______________.
a) the use of a heuristic device
Incorrect. A heuristic device is a rule of thumb.
b) the use of algorithms
c) the mechanical solution
Correct. The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as the mechanical solution.
d) the A.I. solution
ANS: c, p. 258, F, LO=7.2, (1) SG
% correct 85 a= 9 b= 6 c= 85 d= 0 r = .23
% correct 86 a= 8 b= 3 c= 86 d= 2 r = .21
APA: LO 1.2
17. What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists?
a) heuristic method
Incorrect. The heuristic strategy is called a “rule of thumb” and does not guarantee a solution.
b) algorithmic method
Correct. The systematic problem-solving method that guarantees a solution is the algorithmic method. For example,
the Pythagorean theorem is algorithmic in a Euclidean space.
c) mnemonic device
d) cognitive shortcut
ANS: b, p. 258, F, LO=7.2, (1)
% correct 86 a= 14 b= 86 c= 0 d= 0 r = .42
% correct 90 a= 10 b= 90 c= 0 d= 0 r = .32
APA: LO 1.2
18. Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door. She is using what
type of problem solving strategy?
a) an algorithm
Correct. An algorithm is a set of steps that, if followed methodically, will guarantee that the correct solution to a
problem will be achieved.
b) a heuristic
Incorrect. A heuristic is a rule-of-thumb strategy that does not guarantee the correct solution to a problem but offers
a likely shortcut to that solution.
c) a means-end strategy
d) a hunch
ANS: A, p. 258, A, LO=7.2, (2)
19. Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as “drawing figures and figuring
drawings.” In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure
such as its area. Each time Sally uses a formula she is making use of what psychologists call ___________.
a) heuristics
Incorrect. Sally is making use of algorithms because the geometric rules always work. Heuristics don’t guarantee a
solution.
b) logarithms
c) algorithms
Correct. Sally is making use of algorithms because the rules will always produce a solution.
d) convergence
ANS: c, p. 258, A, LO=7.2, (2)
% correct 82 a= 14 b= 4 c= 82 d= 0 r = .49
% correct 92 a= 3 b= 5 c= 92 d= 0 r = .28
20. What problem-solving strategies don’t guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time?
a) heuristics
Correct. Heuristics don’t guarantee a solution but make efficient use of time.
b) algorithms
c) mnemonic devices
d) cognitive shortcuts
Incorrect. Cognitive shortcuts is an appealing term but it is not a definitional one used in the study of problem
solving.
ANS: a, p. 258-259, C/F, LO=7.2, (1)
% correct 71 a= 71 b= 4 c= 4 d= 22 r = .39
% correct 77 a= 77 b= 7 c= 9 d= 7 r = .65
APA: LO 1.2
21. An advantage of algorithms over heuristic is ________

a) algorithms are much faster
Incorrect. Generally speaking, heuristics are faster than algorithms.
b) algorithms guarantee a correct answer
Correct. Algorithms guarantee that if a correct solution is available, it will be achieved. Heuristics make no such
guarantee.
c) algorithms are short-cuts
d) algorithms use rules-of-thumb
ANS: B, p. 258-259, C/F, LO=7.2, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
22. An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is ________.

a) the heuristic insures a correct answer
Incorrect. A heuristic is a shortcut, but it does not guarantee that the correct answer to a problem will be achieved.
b) the heuristic takes longer and is more accurate
c) the heuristic can be quicker
Correct. A heuristic is a mental shortcut, so it is often faster than an algorithm.
d) the heuristic always works the same way
ANS: C, p. 258-259, C, LO=7.2, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
23. In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ______________.

a) heuristics
Correct. The term rule of thumb refers to heuristics.
b) algorithms
c) mnemonic devices
d) cognitive shortcuts
Incorrect. The term rule of thumb refers to heuristics.
ANS: a, p. 258-259, F, LO=7.2, (1)
% correct 70 a= 70 b= 1 c= 4 d= 14 r = .55
% correct 89 a= 89 b= 6 c= 0 d= 4 r = .55
APA: LO 1.2
24. Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is described as
ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student?
a) They are using the availability heuristic.
Incorrect. Availability refers to whether an item is easy to remember.
b) They are using the representativeness heuristic.
Correct. They are using the representativeness heuristic because being male and being ambitious, athletic, and
assertive are more typical and, thus, representative.
c) People seek only confirming information.
d) People tend to make relative comparisons.
ANS: b, p. 259, A, LO=7.2, (2)
% correct 51 a= 14 b= 51 c= 10 d= 25 r = .21
APA: LO 1.2
25. Frank mistakenly believes that there are more words that begin with the letter “k” than there are with the letter
“k” in the third position due to the ________.
a) representativeness heuristic
b) availability heuristic
Correct. The availability heuristic is a strategy in which we judge objects or events as more likely, common, or
frequent if they are easier to retrieve from memory.
c) planning fallacy
d) confirmation bias
Incorrect. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it
is called confirmation bias.
ANS: B, p. 259, A, LO=7.2, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
26. In a heuristic called ___________, a person determines the difference between the current situation and the goal
and then tries to reduce that difference by various methods.
a) means–end analysis
Correct. In a means–end analysis, a person determines the difference between the current situation and the goal and
then tries to reduce that difference by various means, or methods.
b) availability heuristic
c) representative heuristic
d) rule of linked arms
Incorrect. The correct heuristic is a means—end analysis. The rule of linked arms sounds like trying to reduce
differences by linking items, but it is not a term that is used.
ANS: a, p. 260, F, LO=7.2, (2)
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 5 c= 7 d= 2 r = .43
% correct 96 a= 96 b= 4 c= 0 d= 0 r = .43
APA: LO 1.2
27. A seemingly arbitrary flash “out of the blue,” through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes
apparent to you, but you do not consciously know how you “figured it out,” is called ______.
a) brainstorming
b) priming
c) insight
Correct. A flash of problem solving is called insight.
d) a mental set
Incorrect. A flash of problem solving is called insight. Mental set refers to being stuck in a problem-solving mode.
ANS: c, p. 260, F, LO=7.2, (1)
% correct 89 a= 0 b= 4 c= 89 d= 7 r = .20
% correct 100 a= 0 b=0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
28. Kohler demonstrated “Aha!” or insight behavior with ______________.

a) birds
b) dogs
Incorrect. Kohler used chimps.
c) cats
d) chimps
Correct. Kohler used chimps.
ANS: d, p. 260, F, LO=7.2, (1)
% correct 83 a= 11 b= 4 c= 2 d= 83 r = .28
% correct 83 a= 14 b= 3 c= 0 d= 83 r = .21
APA: LO 1.2
Learning Objective 7.3 - Why does problem solving sometimes fail, and what is meant by creative thinking?
29. What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to
ignore evidence that might disprove it?
a) confirmation bias
Correct. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it
b) convergent thinking
c) availability heuristic
d) representativeness heuristic
Incorrect. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it
ANS: a, p. 262, F, LO=7.3, (1)
% correct 91 a= 91 b= 2 c= 4 d= 4 r = .41
% correct 93 a= 93 b= 2 c= 4 d= 0 r = .31
APA: LO 1.2
30. A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a
screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he
uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?
a) relative comparison
b) functional fixedness
Correct. Ben overcame the problem of functional fixedness.
c) poor problem representation
d) the representative heuristic
Incorrect. Ben overcame the problem of functional fixedness.
ANS: b, p. 262, A, LO=7.3, (2)
% correct 90 a= 0 b= 90 c= 0 d= 10 r = .19
% correct 81 a= 11 b= 81 c= 2 d= 7 r = .23
31. Riley has figured out how to unlock his bedroom door with a paper clip. What has he most likely overcome in
his new use of the paper clip?
a) functional fixedness
Correct. Functional fixedness refers to getting mentally stuck in the idea that a particular object can only be used in
a singular way.
b) the representational problem
c) the representative heuristic
d) the confirmation bias
Incorrect. The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to actively seek out information that supports our existing
beliefs, while disregarding information that disconfirms our beliefs.
ANS: A, p. 262, A, LO=7.3, (2)
32. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called
__________.
a) mental set
Correct. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called mental set.
b) means–end analysis
c) noncompensatory modeling
d) prototypical idealization
Incorrect. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called mental set.
ANS: a, p. 262, F, LO=7.3, (1)
% correct 72 a= 72 b= 4 c= 14 d= 11 r = .37
% correct 85 a= 85 b= 6 c= 0 d= 9 r = .46
APA: LO 1.2
33. Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social
scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go to
the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local
newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the “bad guy” used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating
____________.
a) mental set
Incorrect. Mental set is defined as the tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have
worked in the past, which is not relevant to what Agatha is demonstrating in this example.
b) confirmation bias
Correct. Agatha is demonstrating confirmation bias by concerning herself only with information that backs up, or
confirms, what she already believes.
c) stereotype threat
d) mindlessness
ANS: b, p. 262, A, LO=7.3, (2)
% correct 81 a= 7 b= 81 c= 12 d= 0 r = .37
% correct 81 a= 0 b= 81 c= 13 d= 4 r = .34
34. The concept of the confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe________.
a) the scientific method as true
b) information that agrees with our thinking
Correct. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it
c) information that refutes our thinking
d) logical thinking
Incorrect. One of the greatest misfortunes of the confirmation bias is that one often takes leave of logic when
applying this bias.
ANS: B, pp. 262-263, C, LO=7.3, (2)
35. The ability to solve problems by combining behaviors and ideas in new ways is called ____________.
a) creativity
Correct. The ability to produce solutions to problems that are unusual, inventive, novel, and appropriate is called
creativity.
b) insight
Incorrect. The ability to produce solutions to problems that are unusual, inventive, novel, and appropriate is called
creativity. Insight is a rapid solution to a problem.
c) heuristics
d) latent learning
ANS: a, p. 263, F, LO=7.3, (1) SG
% correct 89 a= 89 b= 3 c= 4 d= 4 r = .34
APA: LO 1.2
36. ___________ thinking works well for routine problem solving but may be of little use when a more creative
solution is needed.
a) Heuristic
b) Divergent
Incorrect. Divergent thinking is often the best thing to use when a more creative solution is needed.
c) Insightful
d) Convergent
Correct. Convergent thinking works pretty well for routine problem solving but not when a more creative solution is
needed.
ANS: d, p. 263, C, LO=7.3, (1)
% correct 55 a= 22 b= 17 c= 5 d= 55 r = .44
% correct 83 a= 4 b= 0 c= 3 d= 83 r = .54
APA: LO 1.2
37. A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. The
person is engaging in ______.
a) functional thinking
b) circular thinking
c) convergent thinking
Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer.
d) divergent thinking
Correct. The person is engaging in divergent thinking as the solutions spread out from a starting point.
ANS: d, p. 263, F, LO=7.3, (1)
% correct 89 a= 2 b= 4 c= 4 d= 89 r = .35
% correct 93 a= 2 b= 2 c= 3 d= 93 r = .22
APA: LO 1.2
38. What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a
question?
a) decisive
b) convergent
Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer. All lines of
thinking converge on that one answer.
c) heuristic
d) divergent
Correct. Divergent thinking involves taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question.
ANS: d, p. 263, F, LO=7.3, (1)
% correct 97 a= 3 b= 0 c= 0 d= 97 r = .39
% correct 82 a= 0 b= 11 c= 6 d= 82 r = .39
APA: LO 1.2
39. A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. The
person is engaging in ______.
a) functional thinking
b) circular thinking
c) convergent thinking
Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer.
d) divergent thinking
Correct. The person is engaging in divergent thinking as the solutions spread out from a starting point.
ANS: D, p. 263, C/F, LO=7.3, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
40. Coming up with as many different uses of a brick as possible, such as using them for
doorstops, is a type of ________ thinking.
a) disordered
b) divergent
Correct. Divergent thinking occurs when you come at a problem from a number of different angles. It often results
in several answers to a single question.
c) associative
d) convergent
Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when you narrow from the many options down to a single answer to a
question.
ANS: B, p. 263, A, LO=7.3, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
41. Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking?
a) “What is a stapler?”
b) “How do you spell stapler?”
c) “How many uses can you think of for a stapler?”
Correct. “How many uses can you think of for a stapler?” will produce more divergent thinking because there are
many possible answers.
d) “What does a stapler look like?”
Incorrect. “How many uses can you think of for a stapler?” will produce more divergent thinking.
ANS: c, p. 263, A, LO=7.3, (3)
% correct 91 a= 2 b= 0 c= 91 d= 7 r = .20
APA: LO 1.2
42. Which type of thinking is most closely related to creativity?

a) heuristic
b) divergent
Correct. Divergent thinking is most closely related to creativity.
c) insightful
d) convergent
Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer. All lines of
thinking converge on that one answer.
ANS: b, p. 263, F, LO=7.3, (1)
% correct 82 a= 0 b= 82 c= 16 d= 3 r = .36
% correct 79 a= 11 b= 79 c= 9 d= 2 r = .32
APA: LO 1.2
43. A group of businessmen and women get together to try to solve the problem of decreased sales of their
company’s products. One of them suggests that they generate as many ideas as they can in a short period of time
without being critical of any of them. This technique of stimulating divergent thinking is called _____________.
a) brainstorming
Correct. The technique of generating as many ideas as possible in a short period of time without being critical of
any of them is called brainstorming.
b) keeping a journal
c) free writing
Incorrect. Free writing is a literary technique to get someone started in writing an essay.
d) mind or subject mapping
ANS: a, p. 264, A, LO=7.3, (1)
% correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 2 d= 2 r = .29
44. The divergent thinking technique of starting with a central idea and drawing a “map” with lines from the center
to other related ideas and then forming a mental image of the concepts and their connections is known as
__________.
a) brainstorming
Incorrect. Brainstorming is a technique that involves generating as many ideas as possible in a short period of time
without being critical of any of them.
c) free writing
Correct. The technique of starting with a central idea and drawing a “map” with lines from the center to other
related ideas and then forming a mental image of the concepts and their connections is known as mind or subject
mapping.
ANS: d, p. 264, F, LO=7.3, (1)
% correct 68 a= 32 b= 0 c= 0 d= 68 r = .30
% correct 70 a= 27 b= 0 c= 3 d= 70 r = .29
APA: LO 1.2
45. The divergent thinking technique of writing down everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising
or proofreading until all of the information is recorded and then organizing it later is known as _____________.
a) brainstorming
Incorrect. Brainstorming is a technique that involves generating as many ideas as possible in a short period of time
without being critical of any of them.
c) freewriting
Correct. The technique of writing down everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising or
proofreading until all of the information is recorded and then organizing it later is known freewriting.
ANS: c, p. 264, F, LO=7.3, (1)
% correct 61 a= 12 b= 0 c= 21 d= 61 r = .37
APA: LO 1.2
46. Which is NOT a characteristic of creative people?

a) They usually have a broad range of knowledge about a lot of subjects and are good at using mental
imagery.
b) They are often conventional in their personal lifestyles and take few social risks.
Correct. This is not mentioned in the text as a characteristic of creative people.
c) They aren’t afraid to be different, are more open to new experiences than many people, and tend to have
more vivid dreams and daydreams than others do.
d) They value their independence.
Incorrect. They do value their independence.
ANS: b, p. 264, C/F, LO=7.3, (2)
% correct 92 a= 0 b= 92 c= 5 d= 3 r = .21
APA: LO 1.2
Intelligence
Learning Objective 7.4 - How do psychologists define intelligence, and how do various theories of intelligence
differ?
47. The ability to think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems
is the psychologist’s working definition of ____________.
a) divergent problem solving
b) creative thinking
Incorrect. Creative thinking is a term that encompasses many types of problem solving.
c) heuristic usage
d) intelligence
Correct. The ability to think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or
problems is a psychologist’s working definition of intelligence.
ANS: d, p. 265, F, LO=7.4, (1) SG
% correct 79 a= 14 b= 8 c= 0 d= 79 r = .33
% correct 67 a= 23 b= 9 c= 1 d= 67 r = .33
APA: LO 1.2
48. Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is ________.

a) the ability to speak different languages
b) the Y chromosome
Incorrect. If this ridiculous answer was correct, then only men would have intelligence. Certainly some of you
reading this question would know that that is not a correct statement. If you believe it is a correct statement, you are
probably a man.
c) the ability to adapt to the environment
Correct. Our ability to adapt to changes in our environments is a crucial aspect of intelligence.
d) only accurate for males
ANS: C, pp. 265-266, C, LO=7.4, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
49. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of ____________.

a) verbal and mathematical abilities
Incorrect. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of general intelligence and specific abilities.
b) crystallized and visual-motor abilities
c) general intelligence and specific abilities
Correct. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of general intelligence and specific intelligence.
d) analytical, creative, and practical intelligence
ANS: c, p. 266, F, LO=7.4, (1)
% correct 47 a= 32 b= 8 c= 47 d= 13 r = .33
% correct 49 a= 11 b= 0 c= 49 d=40 r = .47
APA: LO 1.2
50. Which of these is one of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences?

a) poetic
b) digital
c) creative
Incorrect. Creative intelligence is not one of Gardner’s intelligences.
d) naturalistic
Correct. Naturalistic intelligence is one of Gardner’s intelligences.
ANS: d, p. 266, F, LO=7.4, (1)
% correct 60 a= 9 b= 3 c= 29 d= 60 r = .48
APA: LO 1.2
51. Gardner and his associates are known for proposing ______.
a) the generalized theory of intelligence
b) the Triarchic theory of intelligence
Incorrect. Sternberg proposed the Triarchic theory of intelligence.
c) the theory of multiple intelligences
Correct. Gardner and his associates are known for proposing the theory of multiple intelligences.
d) the theory of emotional intelligence
ANS: c, p. 266, F, LO=7.4, (1)
% correct 76 a= 11 b= 5 c= 76 d= 8 r = .39
% correct 73 a= 6 b= 9 c= 73 d= 12 r = .38
APA: LO 1.2
52. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into ______ independent abilities.
a) three
Incorrect. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into nine independent abilities.
b) five
c) seven
d) nine
Correct. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into nine independent abilities.
ANS: d, p. 266, F, LO=7.4, (1)
% correct 92 a= 3 b= 0 c= 4 d= 92 r = .34
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00
APA: LO 1.2
53. A theory of intelligence with nine components was postulated by ________.

a) Gardner
Correct. A theory of intelligence with nine components was postulated by Gardner.
b) Spearman
c) Sternberg
Incorrect. Sternberg postulated a three-part theory of intelligence.
d) Terman
ANS: a, p. 266, F, LO=7.4, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
54. Criticisms of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences include ________.

a) the fact that it relies too heavily on g
b) there are no concerns
Incorrect. You would be hard-pressed to find a single theory in all of psychology that presents no concerns of any
kind.
c) it appears to describe only those with brain damage
d) concerns over measuring and whether these intelligences only refer to talents
and skills.
Correct. Some suggest that Gardner’s theory does not refer to concepts that should truly be considered
intelligences.
ANS: D, p. 267, C, LO=7.4, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
55. Sternberg has found that __________ intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship
to ___________ intelligence.
a) practical; analytical
Correct. Sternberg has found that practical intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low
relationship to analytical intelligence.
b) practical; creative
c) analytical; practical
Incorrect. Sternberg has found that practical intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low
relationship to analytical intelligence.
d) academic; creative
ANS: a, p. 267, C, LO=7.4, (2) SG
APA: LO 1.2
56. What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of intelligence?
a) global, intuitive, and special
b) general, global, and specific
c) analytical, creative, and practical
Correct. Analytical, creative, and practical are Sternberg’s three types of intelligence.
d) mathematical, reasoning, and verbal
Incorrect. Analytical, creative, and practical are Sternberg’s three types of intelligence.
ANS: c, p. 267, F, LO=7.4, (1) SG
% correct 83 a= 2 b= 1 c= 83 d= 14 r = .54
% correct 93 a= 0 b= 1 c= 93 d= 6 r = .34
APA: LO 1.2
57. Which of the following is NOT one of the three areas of intelligence described by Sternberg?
a) analytical
Incorrect. Sternberg did consider analytical intelligence one of the three areas of intelligence.
b) exponential
Correct. Exponential intelligence is not a term used by Sternberg.
c) practical
d) creative
ANS: b, p. 267, F, LO=7.4, (1)
% correct 66 a= 2 b= 66 c= 12 d= 19 r = .33
APA: LO 1.2
58. According to Robert Sternberg, __________________ refers to the ability to break problems down into
component parts, or analysis, for problem solving. This is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence
tests and academic achievement tests.
a) analytical intelligence
Correct. Analytical intelligence is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence tests and academic
achievement tests.
b) creative intelligence
Incorrect. Creative intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and come up with new ways of
solving problems.
c) practical intelligence
d) none of these
ANS: a, p. 267, C/F, LO=7.4, (2)
% correct 60 a= 60 b= 12 c= 11 d= 17 r = .19
APA: LO 1.2
59. According to Robert Sternberg, ____________ is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come
up with new ways of solving problems (divergent thinking, in other words).
Correct. Creative intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of
solving problems.
Incorrect. Practical intelligence is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use information to get along in
life.
d) none of these
ANS: b, p. 267, C/F, LO=7.4, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
60. According to Robert Sternberg, _______________ is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use
information to get along in life. People who have it know how to be tactful, how to manipulate situations to their
advantage, and how to use inside information to increase their odds of success.
solving problems.
Correct. Practical intelligence is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use information to get along in
life.
d) none of these
ANS: c, p. 267, C/F, LO=7.4, (2)
% correct 80 a= 7 b= 4 c= 80 d= 9 r = .32
APA: LO 1.2
61. An example of Sternberg’s practical intelligence is ________.

a) academic achievement only
Incorrect. This would demonstrate analytical intelligence.
b) knowing when to plant corn
Correct. This is something that might not be readily available in a textbook, but a farmer who knows his or her craft
would be able to make this decision with high accuracy.
c) having interpersonal and emotional skills
d) learning how to write clearly
ANS: B, p. 267, C/A, LO=7.4, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
62. Shalissa is described as being tactful and able to manipulate situations to her advantage. She is probably high in
______________.
solving problems.
Correct. Practical intelligence is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use information to get along in
life.
d) none of these
ANS: c, p. 267, C/A, LO=7.4, (2)
% correct 57 a= 17 b= 15 c= 57 d= 11 r = .39
63. According to Robert Sternberg, which type of intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic
environment?
Incorrect. Practical intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment.
Correct. Practical intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment.
d) none of these
ANS: c, p. 267, F, LO=7.4, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
Learning Objective 7.5 – How is intelligence measured and how are intelligence tests constructed?
64. Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world. The idea of such testing
came from _____________.
a) France
Correct. The idea of such testing came from France.
b) United States
c) United Kingdom
d) Soviet Union
Incorrect. The idea of such testing came from France.
ANS: a, p. 267, F, LO=7.5, (1)
% correct 91 a= 91 b= 3 c=3 d= 2 r = .41
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 7 c= 4 d= 3 r = .45
APA: LO 1.2
65. People began measuring intelligence through tests roughly__________ years ago.
a) 50
b) 100
Correct. Intelligence testing is roughly 100 years old.
c) 200
Incorrect. Intelligence testing is roughly 100 years old.
d) 500
ANS: b, p. 267, F, LO=7.5, (1)
% correct 67 a= 15 b= 67 c= 15 d= 2 r = .22
APA: LO 1.2
66. Alfred Binet designed the first ______ test.

a) aptitude
Incorrect. Alfred Binet designed the first intelligence test.
b) performance-based
c) perception
d) intelligence
Correct. Alfred Binet designed the first intelligence test.
ANS: d, pp. 267-268, F, LO=7.5, (1)
% correct 93 a= 2 b= 5 c= 1 d= 93 r = .22
% correct 95 a= 0 b=5 c= 0 d= 95 r = .19
APA: LO 1.2
67. Binet and Simon considered children relatively slow if their ________.
a) mental age equals their chronological age
b) mental age is lower than their chronological age
Correct. This was the essential theory that defines intelligence, even today.
c) mental age is higher than their chronological age
Incorrect. Such a child would be called “precocious” or ahead of their years.
d) mental age does not equal their chronological age
ANS: B, pp. 267-268, F, LO=7.5, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
68. The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman’s development of the Stanford-Binet Test was
____________.
a) MA/DA × 100
b) MA/CA ×100
Correct. The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman’s development of the Stanford-Binet Test was
MA/CA × 100.
c) MA/CA
d) CA/MA × 100
Incorrect. The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman’s development of the Stanford-Binet Test was
MA/CA × 100.
ANS: b, p. 268, F, LO=7.5, (1)
% correct 87 a= 3 b= 87 c= 0 d= 10 r = .26
APA: LO 1.2
69. An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a mental age of
________ and an IQ of ________.
a) 8; 80
Incorrect. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 8 and multiplied by 100. This
gives an IQ of 125.
b) 8; 125
c) 10; 100
d) 10; 125
Correct. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 8 and multiplied by 100. This
gives an IQ of 125.
ANS: d, p. 268, A, LO=7.5, (3) SG
% correct 62 a= 22 b= 7 c= 8 d= 62 r = .30
APA: LO 1.2
70. Suppose Maria’s mental age is 20 and her chronological age is 10. What is her IQ?
a) 320
b) 80
Incorrect. The correct application of Stern’s IQ formula could not lead to an IQ of 80 for Maria.
c) 200
Correct. MA/CA*100 = IQ, so Maria’s IQ would be 20/10*100, or 200.
d) 100
ANS: C, p. 268, A, LO=7.5, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
71. Dallas is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 10 years. His IQ would be ___________.
a) 80
b) 100
gives an IQ of 100 for Dallas.
c) 115
d) 130
gives an IQ of 100 for Dallas.
ANS: b, p. 268, A, LO=7.5, (2)
% correct 91 a= 4 b= 91 c= 1 d= 3 r = .27
APA: LO 1.2
72. Jordan is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years. His IQ would be ________.
a) 80
gives an IQ of 80 for Jordan.
b) 100
c) 125
gives an IQ of 80 for Jordan.
d) 140
ANS: a, p. 268, A, LO=7.5, (2)
% correct 85 a= 85 b= 10 c= 4 d= 1 r = .28
APA: LO 1.2
73. To which of the following groups of people is the Stanford-Binet LEAST suited?
a) children
Incorrect. It is least suited to older adults.
b) adolescents
c) young adults
d) older adults
Correct. It is least suited to older adults.
ANS: d, pp. 268-269, F, LO=7.5, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
74. Which of the following tests would be bested suited to an 8-year-old child?
a) WAIS-IV
b) WISC-IV
Correct. The WISC-IV is best suited to an 8-year-old child.
c) WPPSI-III
Incorrect. The WISC-IV is best suited to an 8-year-old child.
d) DSM-IVR
ANS: b, p. 269, F, LO=7.5, (1)
% correct 63 a= 10 b= 63 c= 11 d= 13 r = .29
% correct 76 a= 10 b= 76 c= 11 d= 3 r = .39
APA: LO 1.2
75. Jane is 22 years old. For her job, she needs to take an intelligence test. Which would be the most appropriate test
for her age group?
a) WAIS-IV
Correct. The WAIS-IV is best suited to her age group.
b) WISC-IV
c) WPPSI-III
Incorrect. The WAIS-IV is best suited to her age group.
d) DSM-IVR
ANS: a, p. 269, A, LO=7.5, (1)
% correct 76 a= 76 b= 13 c= 5 d= 5 r = .27
APA: LO 1.2
76. Which of these might be an example of a perceptual reasoning item on the Wechsler intelligence tests?
a) repeating a series of digits
b) defining a word such as lunch
c) adding a series of orally presented numbers
Incorrect. Perceptual reasoning items are usually nonverbal.
d) using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture
Correct. Using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture is an example of a performance item.
ANS: d, p. 269, F, LO=7.5, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
77. Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be __________.
a) valid
Incorrect. Validity refers to the degree to which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure.
b) normed
c) reliable
Correct. Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be reliable.
d) standardized
ANS: c, p. 270, C/F, LO=7.5, (1)
% correct 75 a= 15 b= 0 c= 75 d= 11 r = .45
% correct 75 a= 14 b= 2 c= 75 d= 0 r = .43
APA: LO 1.2
78. If you took the WAIS-IV when you were 18 and again when you were 25, and the scores were the same, what
could you conclude?
a) that you had increased your IQ
b) that the WAIS-IV is reliable
Correct. Reliability refers to the consistency of scores on an assessment tool.
c) that your IQ has decreased
d) that the WAIS-IV is flawed
Incorrect. Because intelligence is a rather static concept, this consistency of scores does not indicate a flaw in the
tool.
ANS: B, p. 270, A, LO=7.5, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
79. A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be ___________.
a) valid
Correct. A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be valid.
b) normed
c) reliable
d) standardized
Incorrect. A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be valid.
ANS: a, p. 270, F, LO=7.5, (1)
% correct 73 a= 73 b= 0 c= 15 d= 12 r = .46
APA: LO 1.2
80. On a newly developed IQ test, an individual scores at the 110 level on the first half of the test, and 150 on the
second half of the test. What does this test appear to lack?
a) reliability
Correct. The test lacks reliability because the scores were so different.
b) standardization
Incorrect. The test lacks reliability because the scores were so different.
c) predictive validity
d) appropriate norms
ANS: a, p. 270, A, LO=7.5, (2)
% correct 56 a= 56 b= 11 c= 29 d= 2 r = .25
APA: LO 1.2
81. A test is said to be reliable if _________________.

a) a person’s score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it
Correct. By test reliability, psychologists mean whether a person’s score on a test is dependable and consistent.
b) it contains an adequate sample of the skills it is supposed to measure
c) its results agree with a more direct measure of what the test is designed to predict
Incorrect. By test reliability, psychologists mean whether a person’s score on a test is dependable and consistent.
d) it is culture-fair
ANS: a, p. 270, F, LO=7.5, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
82. Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that _________.
a) follows the normal curve
Correct. Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that follows the normal curve; in other
words, most of the scores are clustered around the mean, and the number of scores decreases the farther away from
the mean they go in either direction.
b) has a positive skew
c) has a negative skew
Incorrect. Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that appears to follow the normal
curve and is symmetrical.
d) appears bimodal with two peaks of high frequency
ANS: a, p. 270, F, LO=7.5, (1)
% correct 82 a= 82 b= 5 c= 5 d= 8 r = .44
APA: LO 1.2
83. What percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100?
a) 75 percent
Incorrect. Fifty percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100.
b) 50 percent
Correct. Fifty percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100.
c) 35 percent
d) 10 percent
ANS: b, p. 270, F, LO=7.5, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
84. Like most characteristics of a population, WAIS-IV scores are distributed in a bell or normal curve. Which of
the following is an accurate characteristic of those types of curves?
a) Scores are evenly distributed across the population.
b) Scores are clumped around the midpoint.
Correct. The basic premise of a normal distribution is that approximately 2/3 of the population will appear within
one standard deviation of the midpoint.
c) The curve resembles an “S.”
Incorrect. A normal distribution does not resemble an “S,” but rather a wide upside down “U.”
d) Scores are more common at the ends of the distribution.
ANS: B, pp. 270, C, LO=7.5, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
85. Because of the need to measure the IQ of people of varying ages, newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ
on_____________.
a) mental age alone
Incorrect. Newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution.
b) deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution
Correct. Newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution.
c) giving extra points for older folks to compensate for their slower processing times
d) none of these
ANS: b, p. 271, C/F, LO=7.5, (1) SG
APA: LO 1.2
86. Most researchers who study the role of race and IQ testing have concluded that ______________.
a) there are strong genetically based differences between ethnic and racial groups in the area of IQ test
performance
Incorrect. Choice b) explains these differences.
b) although differences between ethnic and racial groups on standardized IQ tests may be demonstrated, the
more likely factor in this difference is environmental
Correct. Environment seems more important than heredity when looking at ethnic and racial groups.
c) the issue should not be studied because of its disruptive nature to society
d) none of these
ANS: b, p. 271-272, C/F, LO=7.5, (2)
APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 2.6d
87. Culture-fair tests attempt to measure ______.

a) the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised
Correct. Culture-fair tests attempt to measure the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which
the test was devised.
b) the intelligence of people coming from inside the culture in which the test was devised
c) cultural background
d) the effects of culture on people’s intellectual and creative skills
Incorrect. Culture-fair tests attempt to measure the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which
the test was devised.
ANS: a, p. 273, F/C, LO=7.5, (2)
% correct 50 a= 50 b= 30 c= 2 d= 19 r = .29
88. Many items on a “culture-fair” test require the use of _______________.

a) nonverbal abilities such as rotating objects
Correct. Nonverbal abilities, such as rotating objects, don’t depend on familiarity with a particular culture and
language.
b) verbal knowledge
c) musical knowledge
d) knowledge of major world historical figures
Incorrect. Ideas as to who are the world’s major historical figures will differ from culture to culture.
ANS: a, p. 273, F, LO=7.5, (1)
% correct 71 a= 71 b= 17 c= 1 d= 10 r = .40
% correct 79 a= 79 b= 11 c= 1 d= 8 r = .44
89. Which of the following is a desirable characteristic of culture-fair tests?
a) They should minimize or eliminate the use of language.
Correct. Culture-fair tests should minimize or eliminate the use of language because language has cultural biases.
b) They should not attempt to measure intelligence.
c) They should be composed of items that vary from culture to culture.
d) They should measure values based on a person’s cultural background.
Incorrect. Culture-fair tests measure intelligence, not values.
ANS: a, p. 273, C, LO=7.5, (2)
% correct 38 a= 38 b= 2 c= 24 d= 36 r = .41
90. Which of the following activities/sports is noted by your textbook as having a concerning number of head
injuries and concussions?
a) Lacrosse
b) Ice hockey
c) Women’s field hockey
d) Cheerleading
ANS: d, p. 274, F, LO=7.5, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
91. When soldiers in the military sustain head injuries, there is a ____% likelihood that these injuries would be
categorized as moderate to severe.
a) 15%
b) 30%
c) 50%
d) 85%
ANS: c, p. 274, F, LO=7.5, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
Learning Objective 7.6 - What is intellectual disability and what are its causes?
92. Which of these is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation?

a) adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the person’s age
Correct. Adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the person’s age is an element of the formal
definition of mental retardation.
b) evidence of brain damage
c) slower than normal reflexes
Incorrect. Reflexes have nothing to do with mental retardation.
d) onset of deficits prior to age 6
ANS: a, p. 276, F, LO=7.6, (1)
% correct 91 a= 91 b= 2 c= 1 d= 6 r = .21
% correct 91 a= 91 b= 4 c= 2 d= 3 r = .21
APA: LO 1.2
93. Which of these is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation?

a) IQ below 70
Correct. An IQ below 70 is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation.
b) evidence of brain damage
c) slower than normal reflexes
Incorrect. Reflexes have nothing to do with mental retardation.
d) onset of deficits prior to age 6
ANS: a, p. 276, F, LO=7.6, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
94. In familial retardation, the degree of retardation is typically _______________.

a) severe
Incorrect. In familial retardation, the degree of retardation is typically mild.
b) deep
c) indeterminate
d) mild
Correct. In familial retardation, the degree of retardation is typically mild.
ANS: d, p. 276, F, LO=7.6, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
95. According to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), diagnosis of
developmental disability should consider _________________.
a) intellectual and adaptive behavior skills
Incorrect. The diagnosis of developmental disability should consider all these factors.
b) psychological and emotional factors
c) physical health and environmental considerations
d) all of these
Correct. The diagnosis of developmental disability should consider all these factors.
ANS: d, p. 276, F, LO=7.6, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
96. Poor nutrition and medical care, poor living conditions (older, cheaper buildings often have lead paint on the
walls), and a lack of intellectual support are thought to lead to ________________.
a) fragile X syndrome
b) Down syndrome
c) fetal alcohol syndrome
Incorrect. Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by exposure to alcohol through the placenta, not by poor living
conditions.
d) familial retardation
Correct. Familial retardation is caused by living in poverty conditions.
ANS: d, p. 276, F, LO=7.6, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
97. Rochelle is 38 years old, but her mental ability is measured as that of a second-grade child. Rochelle would be
classified as ______ developmentally delayed.
a) mildly
b) moderately
Correct. Moderately developmentally delayed people can reach no more than about a second-grade skill level.
c) severely
d) profoundly
Incorrect. Rochelle would be classified as moderately developmentally delayed.
ANS: b p. 277, A, LO=7.6, (2)
% correct 43 a= 1 b= 43 c= 48 d= 8 r = .44
APA: LO 1.2
98. Which of the following people would be classified as having a profound developmental delay?
a) someone with an IQ in the 55—70 range
b) someone with an IQ below 25
Correct. A person with an IQ below 25 is classified as having a profound developmental delay.
c) someone who can perform basic self-care without supervision
d) someone who performs at only a second-grade educational level
Incorrect. Someone who performs at a second-grade educational level would be classified as having a moderate
developmental delay.
ANS: b, p. 277, F, LO=7.6, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
99. Which classification of developmental delay affects most of the population classified in this fashion?
a) mild
Correct. Ninety percent of developmentally delayed people are classified as mildly delayed.
b) moderate
Incorrect. Only 6 percent of developmentally delayed people are classified as moderately delayed.
c) severe
d) profound
ANS: a, p. 277, F, LO=7.6, (1)
% correct 69 a= 69 b= 21 c= 9 d= 1 r = .46
APA: LO 1.2
100. A male has a thin, frail-looking area on his X chromosome of the 23rd pair. As children, people with this
syndrome are typically mildly developmentally delayed but shift to severe or profound developmental delay as
adults. This is known as _______.
a) fragile X syndrome
Correct. Fragile X syndrome results from a defective X chromosome on the 23 rd pair and affects males.
b) Down syndrome
c) fetal alcohol syndrome
Incorrect. Fetal alcohol syndrome is not the result of a genetic defect.
d) familial retardation
ANS: a, p. 277, F, LO=7.6, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
101. Which of the following is a true statement?

a) The mildly retarded can reach the sixth grade level and live independently.
Correct. It is true that the effects of mental retardation can be reduced through education and training.
b) The effects of mental retardation can be eliminated through education and training.
c) Little can be done to reduce the effects of retardation.
d) Nothing can be done to reduce the effects of retardation.
Incorrect. It is true that the effects of mental retardation can be reduced through education and training.
ANS: a, p. 277, F, LO=7.6, (1)
% correct 65 a= 65 b= 9 c= 15 d= 10 r = .36
APA: LO 1.2
Learning Objective 7.7 - What defines giftedness, and does being intellectually gifted guarantee success in life?
102. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above _______.
a) 120
b) 130
Correct. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above 130.
c) 140
Incorrect. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above 130.
d) 150
ANS: b, p. 277, F, LO=7.7, (1)
% correct 54 a= 9 b= 54 c= 19 d= 18 r = .21
APA: LO 1.2
103. What percentage of the population is described as gifted, according to IQ standards?

a) .01 percent
b) 1 percent
Incorrect. Two percent of the population is described as gifted.
c) 2 percent
Correct. Two percent of the population is described as gifted.
d) 10 percent
ANS: c, p. 277, F, LO=7.7, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
104. All parents think their little kids are geniuses. However, to be classified as a genius, the IQ score must be above
__________.
a) 120
b) 130
Incorrect. The IQ of a genius is above 140.
c) 140
Correct. The IQ of a genius is above 140.
d) 150
ANS: c, p. 277, F, LO=7.7, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
105. Which of the following statements about gifted people is true?

a) They are more likely to suffer from mental illnesses.
b) They are physically weaker than non-gifted persons.
c) They are often skilled leaders.
Correct. It is true that gifted people are often skilled leaders.
d) They are socially unskilled.
Incorrect. Gifted people are generally socially well adjusted; only those with IQs above 180 were found to have had
some social adjustment problems as children.
ANS: c, p. 278, F, LO=7.7, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
106. Beliefs that being gifted or a genius lead to being weird, socially awkward, or more likely to suffer from mental
illnesses were put to rest by ___________.
a) Binet’s development of the concept of IQ
Incorrect. Terman’s longitudinal study put the myths about gifted people to rest.
b) the development of the WAIS tests by Wechsler
c) the Army Alpha tests study
d) Terman’s longitudinal study of 1,528 gifted children
Correct. Terman’s longitudinal study put the myths about gifted people to rest.
ANS: d, p. 278, F, LO=7.7, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
107. Which was NOT a finding of the Terman and Oden (1947) study of gifted kids?
a). They were socially well adjusted.
Incorrect. It was found that they were socially well adjusted.
b) They were more resistant to mental illness.
c) They were clearly much more likely to be females.
Correct. It was not found that they were more likely to be females.
d) They were above average in weight, height, and physical attractiveness.
ANS: c, p. 278, F, LO=7.7, (1) SG
APA: LO 1.2
108. The term Terman’s Termites refers to __________ .

a) a set of developmentally delayed students that Terman studied intensively
b) a group of Army soldiers who on the basis of their IQ were followed through their military career
Incorrect. The term Terman’s Termites refers to a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into
adulthood.
c) a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood
Correct. The term Terman’s Termites refers to a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into
adulthood.
d) none of these
ANS: c, p. 278, F, LO=7.7, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
109. What did Terman’s groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish?

a) It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century.
Correct. Terman’s groundbreaking study of gifted children put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the
early part of the twentieth century.
b) It proved that gifted children and adults are more prone to mental illnesses or odd behavior than other
groups.
c) It demonstrated that they also have more than their share of failures.
d) It demonstrated genius is the only factor that influences real success in life.
Incorrect. Terman’s groundbreaking study of gifted children put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the
early part of the twentieth century.
ANS: a, pp. 278-279, F, LO=7.7, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
110. According to the Terman “Termites” study, the gifted population had a median income that was
__________________.
a) equal to the national value
Incorrect. The gifted population had a median income that was about twice the national value.
b) less than the national value
c) slightly above the national value
d) about twice the national value
Correct. The gifted population had a median income that was about twice the national value.
ANS: d, p. 279, F, LO=7.7, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
111. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Terman’s longitudinal study of gifted children?
a) The same children were followed over the length of their life span, and some are still being followed
today.
Correct. In Terman’s longitudinal study of gifted children the same children were followed over the length of their
life span, and some are still being followed today.
b) Gifted people of different ages were all studied at once and their personal values compared.
c) The gifted were found to be socially awkward and had little social success in life.
Incorrect. In Terman’s longitudinal study of gifted children the same children were followed over the length of their
life span and some are still being followed today. Overall, the children were relatively successful as adults.
d) none of these
ANS: a, p. 279, F, LO=7.7, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
112. Having a high IQ doesn’t always guarantee success. Terman and Oden examined the most and least successful
men in their sample of gifted individuals. The most successful were ___________.
a) more goal oriented and persistent
Correct. The most successful were more goal oriented and persistent than the others.
b) introverted
c) less interested in social relationships
Incorrect. The most successful were not any less interested in social relationships than the others.
d) none of these
ANS: a, p. 279, F, LO=7.7, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
113. One might criticize the study of Terman’s termites because it _____________.
a) might have been biased by the principal’s recommendations in the selection of the gifted children
b) did not include students from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds
Incorrect. All of these are reasonable criticisms of the study.
c) Terman may have actively intervened in the lives of his subjects
d) All of these are reasonable criticisms of the study.
Correct. All of these are reasonable criticisms of the study.
ANS: d, pp. 279-280, F, LO=7.7, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
114. The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by
______________.
a) Wechsler
b) Terman
Correct. The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by Terman.
c) Binet
Incorrect. The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by Terman.
d) Merill
ANS: b, p. 279-280, F, LO=7.7, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
115. ____________ intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more
traditional views.
a) Analytical intelligence
b) Creative intelligence
Incorrect. Emotional intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more
traditional views.
c) Emotional intelligence
Correct. Emotional intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more
traditional views.
d) none of these
ANS: c, p. 280-281, C/F, LO=7.7, (1)
% correct 66 a= 6 b= 15 c= 66 d= 13 r = .30
APA: LO 1.2
Learning Objective 7.8 - What is the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence?
116. If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ
scores?
a) fraternal twins
Incorrect. Fraternal twins would not show the highest correlation because they are not genetically identical.
b) identical twins
Correct. Identical twins should show the highest correlation because they are genetically identical.
c) brothers and sisters
d) parents and children
ANS: b, pp. 281-282, C/F, LO=7.8, (1) SG
% correct 72 a= 3 b= 72 c= 1 d= 24 r = .39
% correct 89 a= 2 b= 0 c= 89 d= 7 r = .31
APA: LO 1.2
117. Tim and Jim are identical twins who were raised apart. Ned and Ed are fraternal twins who were raised
together. Which pair of twins will have more similar IQ scores, if either?
a) Tim and Jim
Correct. Tim and Jim share genetic commonalities. Their IQs will probably be the most similar even though they did
not share environments growing up.
b) Ned and Ed
Incorrect. Ned and Ed share environments, but identical genetics.
c) It is impossible to answer based on the given information.
d) All twins have the same IQ
ANS: A, pp. 281-282, A, LO=7.8, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
118. A group of psychologists reviews the literature on the heritability of intelligence. They conclude that most of
the estimates indicate that _______percent of intelligence is due to genetics.
a) 20
b) 30
c) 50
Correct. Most of the psychology literature on heritability of intelligence concludes that 50 percent of intelligence is
due to genetics.
d) 80
Incorrect. Most of the psychology literature on heritability of intelligence concludes that 50 percent of intelligence is
due to genetics.
ANS: c, p. 282, F, LO=7.8, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
119. Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores?
a) identical twins reared apart
Incorrect. Identical twins reared apart have the same genetics but a different environment; therefore, their IQs
would not be as similar as those of identical twins reared together due to their different experiences and education.
b) same-sex fraternal twins
c) siblings reared together
d) identical twins reared together
Correct. Identical twins reared together are most likely to have similar IQs because both their genetics and their
environment are almost the same.
ANS: d, p. 282-283, C, LO=7.8, (2)
% correct 87 a= 4 b= 5 c= 4 d= 87 r = .22
% correct 93 a= 3 b= 3 c= 1 d= 93 r = .20
120. Which of the following reduces the value of twin studies as evidence for the role of heredity in determining IQ?
a) Children tend to be adopted by people who are fairly similar to their natural parents.
Correct. Children do tend to be adopted by people who are fairly similar to their natural parents.
b) There have been so many studies of pairs of identical twins who were separated at birth that the results
are unclear.
c) Identical twins do not share the same prenatal environment.
d) Identical twins who were not reared together usually have very different IQ scores.
Incorrect. Identical twins who were not reared together usually have similar IQ scores.
ANS: a, p. 282, C, LO=7.8, (2)
121. Which of the following statements about heredity and intelligence is TRUE?
a) Similarities in intelligence between identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different
houses must be due to heredity.
b) Differences in intelligence between identical twins must be due to differences in their environments.
Correct. Identical twin differences seem to be due to environment.
c) If identical twins are separated at birth and raised in different homes, yet still have similar intelligence
scores, the similarity in their scores must be due to hereditary influences.
Incorrect. Identical twin differences seem to be due to environment.
d) Prenatal influences have little, if any, influence on intelligence and need not be taken into account when
studying environmental influences.
ANS: b, pp. 282-283, F, LO=7.8, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
122. When we consider intelligence, it is important to remember that although _______ sets limits on a child’s
potential, it is the _______ that permits that potential to be actualized.
a) learning; opportunity
b) opportunity; learning
c) heredity; environment
Correct. It is important to remember that although heredity sets limits on a child’s potential, it is the environment
that permits that potential to be actualized.
d) environment; heredity
Incorrect. It is important to remember that although heredity sets limits on a child’s potential, it is the environment
that permits that potential to be actualized.
ANS: c, p. 282-283, C, LO=7.8, (2)
% correct 63 a= 6 b= 25 c= 63 d= 7 r = .29
APA: LO 1.2
Language
Learning Objective 7.9 - How is language defined, and what are its different elements and structure?
123. A system for combining symbols so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made is called
______.
a) pragmatics
b) language
Correct. Language enables infinite statements to be communicated.
c) semantics
d) grammar
Incorrect. Language enables infinite statements to be communicated.
ANS: b, p. 285, F, LO=7.9 (1)
APA: LO 1.2
124. According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce
language through a device he called
a) Syntax synthesizer (SS)
b) Grammar grabber (GG)
c) Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Correct. Chomsky said that this is “hard wired” in the developing brain.
d. Language Learning System (LLS)
Incorrect. Chomsky called this the LAD, the Language Acquisition Device.
ANS: c, p. 285, F, LO=7.9, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
125. The rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a
language are collectively known as ______.
a) morphemic rules
b) phonemic rules
c) grammar
Correct. Grammar is the collective set of rules that determines how sounds and words can be combined and used to
communicate meaning within a language.
d) linguistic relativity
Incorrect. Linguistic relativity refers to the concept that thought processes within a culture are determined by the
culture’s words.
ANS: c, p. 285, F, LO=7.9, (1)
% correct 30 a= 13 b= 34 c= 30 d= 22 r = .31
APA: LO 1.2
126. The system of rules for combining words and phrases to make meaningful sentences is called ____________.
a) morphology
Incorrect. Morphology is the study of shapes and not of the creation of a meaningful sentence.
b) phonics
c) syntax
Correct. The system of rules for combining words and phrases to make meaningful sentences is called syntax.
d) morphology
ANS: c, p. 285, F, LO=7.9, (1)
% correct 77 a= 4 b= 18 c= 77 d= 2 r = .29
APA: LO 1.2
127. The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called ______.
a) syntax
Correct. The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called syntax.
b) semantics
Incorrect. The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called syntax.
c) morphology
d) phonology
ANS: a, p. 285, F, LO=7.9 (1)
% correct 68 a= 68 b= 18 c= 13 d= 0 r = .33
APA: LO 1.2
128. The sentences “The dog bit the boy” and “The boy was bit by the dog” have the same meaning, but differ in
________.
a) syntax
Correct. Syntax refers, in part, to the order in which words construct sentences. As you see in this example, there
can be two different syntactically correct versions of the same sentence.
b) pragmatics
c) semantics
Incorrect. These sentences have the same meaning, which is another way of saying they share common semantics.
d) morphology
ANS: A, p. 285, A, LO=7.9, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
129. The basic meaningful units of any language are called ______.
a) phonemes
Incorrect. Phonemes are the basic units of sound.
b) morphemes
Correct. The basic meaningful units of any language are called morphemes.
c) semantics
d) sound bytes
ANS: b, p. 285, F, LO=7.9, (1)
% correct 92 a= 3 b= 92 c= 5 d= 0 r = .51
APA: LO 1.2
130. What are the smallest units of meaning in a language?

a) words
b) syntax
c) phonemes
Incorrect. The basic units of meaning in a language are morphemes.
d) morphemes
Correct. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning within a language.
ANS: d, p. 285, F, LO=7.9, (1)
% correct 63 a= 12 b= 7 c= 16 d= 63 r = .43
APA: LO 1.2
131. The phrase “I tried” has ________.

a) one morpheme
b) two morphemes
Incorrect. In fact, there are three morphemes in this sentence.
c) three morphemes
Correct. The three morphemes are “I,” “try,” and “ed.”
d) four morphemes
ANS: C, p. 285, A, LO=7.9, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
132. How many morphemes are there in the sentence “I predicted it”?
a) four
Correct. There are four morphemes: I, predict, ed, it.
b) six
Incorrect. There are four morphemes: I, predict, ed, it.
c) five
d) seven
ANS: a, p. 285, A, LO=7.9, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
133. The sentence, “Colorless ideas sleep furiously” has ________.

a) proper syntax but poor semantics
b) proper syntax and good semantics
c) improper syntax and poor semantics
d) improper syntax but good semantics
ANS: A, pp. 285, A, LO=7.9, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
134. The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called ______.
a) syntax
Incorrect. Syntax is the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences.
b) semantics
Correct. The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called semantics.
c) phonology
d) regularization
ANS: b, p. 285, F, LO=7.9, (1)
% correct 79 a= 13 b= 79 c= 8 d= 0 r = .33
APA: LO 1.2
135. The semantics of the sentence “He ran” refer to its ________.
a) sound
b) meaning
Correct. The semantics of a word, phrase, or sentence refer to its meaning.
c) comprehension
d) syntactic structure
Incorrect. The syntax of a sentence refers to the rules of word order that make the sentence structurally correct.
ANS: B, p. 285, A, LO=7.9, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
136. Language is based on basic sound units called ______.

a) phonemes
Correct. Language is based on basic sound units called phonemes.
b) morphemes
Incorrect. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning within a language.
c) semantics
d) registers
ANS: a, p. 285, F, LO=7.9, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
137. The sounds t, th, and sh are ______.

a) morphemes
Incorrect. The sounds t, th, and sh have no meaning, so they are not morphemes.
b) phonemes
Correct. The sounds t, th, and sh are basic units of sound, or phonemes.
c) semantics
d) sound bytes
ANS: b, p. 285, F, LO=7.9, (1)
% correct 77 a= 19 b= 77 c= 4 d= 0 r = .48
% correct 87 a= 8 b= 87 c= 5 d= 0 r = .49
APA: LO 1.2
138. The words “care” and “bear” differ in one ________.

a) morpheme
Incorrect. The words are actually morphemically identical.
b) phoneme
Correct. The first “sound” of each word differs, and this reflects different phonemes.
c) gesture
d) syntax
ANS: B, p. 285, A, LO=7.9, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
139. You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. Although you are doing a good job recognizing
the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language. Which of the
following aspects of language is giving you trouble?
a) syntax
b) phonemes
Correct. Phonemes are the basic units of sound in a language.
c) morphemes
Incorrect. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language; the problem in this case is with the sounds,
not their meaning.
d) audiograms
ANS: b, pp. 285-286, A, LO=7.9, (2)
% correct 71 a= 8 b= 71 c= 13 d= 8 r = .25
140. Which of the following statements is true about infants?

a) They are not born with the ability to recognize all phonemes.
b) By the time they are 2 months old, they can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are being
brought up in.
c) By the time they are 9 months old, they can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are being
brought up in.
Correct. By the time they are 9 months old, infants can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are being
brought up in.
d) By the time they are 12 months old, they can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are
being brought up in.
Incorrect. By the time they are 9 months old, infants can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are
being brought up in.
ANS: c, p. 286, F, LO=7.9, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
141. Young children sometimes literally interpret sentences like “Do you know where your mommy is?” by
answering “Yes.” They failed to understand the ________ of the question.
a) pragmatics
Correct. Pragmatics refers to the way that words in a sentence convey meaning indirectly, by implying rather than
asserting.
b) propositional representation
c) syntax
Incorrect. Syntax refers to the order of words that are put together to correctly form a sentence.
d) nativism
ANS: A, p. 286, A, LO=7.9, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
142. The practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language, are referred to as
__________.
a) syntax
Incorrect. Syntax is the system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences.
b) grammar
c) morphemes
d) pragmatics
Correct. The practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language, are referred to as
pragmatics.
ANS: d, p. 286, F, LO=7.9, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
143. Pragmatics are defined as _____________.

a) the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language
Correct. The practical aspects of communicating with others or the social “niceties” of language, are referred to as
the pragmatics.
b) the system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences
c) the language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate
meaning within a language
d) the language rules used to solve problems between people
Incorrect. Pragmatics are defined as the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of
language.
ANS: a, p. 286, F, LO=7.9, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
144. The rhythm and emphasis on each word is called ____________.

a) intonation
Correct. Intonation is the use of rhythm and emphasis in communication.
b) syntax
Incorrect. Intonation is the use of rhythm and emphasis in communication.
c) morphemes
d) phonemes
ANS: a, p. 286, F, LO= 7.9 (1)
APA: LO 1.2
145. When adults who are speaking to infants change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their
____________.
a) syntax
b) grammar
Incorrect. When speaking to infants, if adults change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their
intonation.
c) morphemes
d) intonation
Correct. When speaking to infants, if adults change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their
intonation.
ANS: d, p. 286, A/C, LO=7.9, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
Learning Objective 7.10 - Does language influence the way people think, and are animals capable of learning
language?
146. Which developmental psychologist theorized that concepts preceded and aided the development of language?
a) Vygotsky
Incorrect. Vygotsky theorized that language helps to develop concepts.
b) Piaget
Correct. Piaget said that concepts are essential in language development.
c) Sapir
d) Whorf
ANS: b, p. 286, F, LO= 7.10, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
147. What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think?
a) the dynamic hypothesis
b) the language reaction hypothesis
Incorrect. The hypothesis that language influences what we think is called the linguistic relativity hypothesis. There
is no such thing as the reaction hypothesis.
c) the linguistic relativity hypothesis
Correct. The hypothesis that language influences what we think is called the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
d) the cognitive linguistic hypothesis
ANS: c, p. 287, F, LO=7.10, (1)
% correct 77 a= 2 b= 7 c= 77 d= 14 r = .65
APA: LO 1.2
148. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that ______.

a) one’s language determines the pattern of one’s thinking and view of the world
Correct. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that one’s language determines the pattern of one’s thinking
and view of the world.
b) one’s thinking and view of the world determines the structure of one’s language
c) we decide which objects belong to a concept according to what is most probable or sensible, given the
facts at hand
Incorrect. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that one’s language determines the pattern of one’s thinking
and view of the world.
d) perception of surface structure precedes deep structure in understanding a sentence
ANS: a, p. 287, C/F, LO=7.10, (2) SG
% correct 71 a= 71 b= 8 c= 0 d= 21 r = .20
APA: LO 1.2
149. Which of the following statements, BEST describes the general relationship between thinking and language?
a) Language is a tool that may be used in thinking, but it isn’t the sole basis of thought.
Correct. As your authors point out, we think partly by using language, but this is not always the case.
b) Language is the sole basis of thought.
Incorrect. There are thought processes that transcend the use of language.
c) When we think, we always make use of language.
d) Language usually is not required in thought processes.
ANS: A, p. 286-288, C, LO=7.10, (2)
150. Consistent with the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following would most likely be true?
a) People from New England and England think very differently.
b) People from New Mexico and New England think very differently.
c) People from China and New England think very differently.
Correct. This hypothesis suggests that language shapes our perceptions and thoughts; as such, people who speak
different languages will speak very differently.
d) People from China and New England think very similarly.
Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer.
ANS: C, p. 287, C/A, LO=7.10, (2)
151. A famous lecturer argues that because the Hopi Indians have only two nouns for things that fly, one for birds
and another for nonbirds, the Hopi MUST interpret all flying things in terms of these two nouns. This argument is
based on ______.
a) the idealized prototype construct
b) bottom-up processing
Incorrect. This argument is based on the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Bottom-up processing is a concept in
perception and is not relevant here.
c) deep structure elaboration
d) the linguistic relativity hypothesis
Correct. This argument is based on the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which states that language determines
thought patterns.
ANS: d, p. 287, A, LO=7.10, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
152. Researchers have found that despite the number of color names in a language, the basic abilities to perceive
color are unchanged. This finding would be troublesome for the theory of ______________.
a) Piccard and Worf
Incorrect. These are crew members of the starship Enterprise in a television show.
b) Sapir and Whorf
Correct. This finding would be troublesome for the theory of Sapir and Whorf who predict that the color perceptions
should change according to language usage.
c) Skinner and Watson
d) Tolman and Thorndike
ANS: b, p. 287, C, LO=7.10, (3)
153. Researchers have found that ______ influenced by culture.
a) neither language nor thought is
Incorrect. Researchers have found that both language and thought are influenced by culture.
b) language, but not thought, is
c) thought, but not language, is
d) both language and thought are
Correct. Researchers have found that both language and thought are influenced by culture.
ANS: d, pp. 287-288, F, LO=7.10, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
154. The communication between honeybees would not be classified as language because ____________.
a) bees are not animals
b) bee communication seems to be instinctual
Correct. Communication between honeybees would not be classified as language because bee communication seems
to be instinctual.
c) bees do not use a spoken or auditory communication system
Incorrect. The lack of a spoken communication system does not disqualify a method of communication as language,
if it is used deliberately and has arbitrary symbols.
d) none of these
ANS: b, p. 288, A/C, LO=7.10, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
155. In order to conclusively show that animals do use language, one would have to demonstrate that
_____________.
a) the language had an auditory, or sound, component
Incorrect. A language does not have to have an auditory component.
b) the language had a genetic or instinctual base
c) the language used arbitrary symbols
Correct. In order to conclusively show that animals do use language, one would have to demonstrate that the
behavior used arbitrary symbols.
d) the animals have the same vocal abilities as people
ANS: c, p. 288, C/F, LO=7.10, (1)
156. Which of the following statement is true about Kanzi, the bonobo chimp?
a) He was able to learn to understand 150 spoken English words.
Incorrect. Kanzi, the bonobo chimp, was able to do all of these.
b) He could follow complex instructions equivalent to those of a 2-year-old child.
c) He learned how to use the communication keyboard in part from his mother, Matala.
d. all of these
Correct. Kanzi, the bonobo chimp, was able to do all of these,
ANS d, p. 288, F, LO=7.10, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
157. Which of the following is NOT an animal that has been taught to produce behavior that some think is language
like?
a) chimpanzee
Incorrect. Chimps have been taught to use language.
b) parrot
c) armadillos
Correct. Armadillos have not been taught to use language.
d) dolphin
ANS: c, pp. 288-289, F, LO=7.10, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
158. Dolphins, according to TV and movies, are very intelligent and have strong language abilities. They might even
be able to talk! However, which statement is true from the research?
a) Dolphins have been shown to be able to master syntax.
b) Dolphins have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child.
Incorrect. None of the animals that have achieved success so far can compare to the level of language development
of a 3-year-old human child.
c) Dolphin communication with parrots has been firmly established.
d) none of these
Correct. Dolphins have not been shown to master syntax or communicate with parrots; and they do not have the
language abilities of a 3-year-old child.
ANS: d, p. 289, F, LO=7.10, (2) SG
APA: LO 1.2
159. Parrots seem to talk. They utter words that sound like human language. Thus, can this behavior be thought to be
speech? Which statement about parrots is supported by the research?
a) Parrots have been shown to be able to master syntax.
b) Parrots have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child.
Incorrect. None of the animals that have achieved success so far can compare to the level of language development
of a 3-year-old human child.
c) Parrot communication with dolphins has been firmly established.
d) none of these
Correct. Parrots have not been shown to be able to master syntax or communicate with dolphins; and they do not
have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child.
ANS: d, p. 289, F, LO=7.10, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
160. Let’s say we could teach a dolphin to understand the difference between the sentences “The parrot kissed the
dolphin” and “The dolphin kissed the parrot.” If this were demonstrated, it might mean the dolphin had an
understanding of ____________.
a) phonemes
b) morphemes
Incorrect. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language.
c) syntax
Correct. Syntax is the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences.
d) none of these
ANS: c, p. 289, C/A, LO=7.10, (3)
161. At the current time, which statement is true about our knowledge of whether animals can use humanlike
language?
a) It has been clearly shown that animals cannot use humanlike language.
Incorrect. It is still unclear whether animals can use humanlike language.
b) All animal communication is instinctual and, thus, is not language.
c) Only primates, like monkeys and chimps, show any sign of language-like behavior.
d) It is still unclear if animals can show humanlike language at any level of development.
Correct. It is still unclear whether animals can use humanlike language.
ANS: d, p. 289, F, LO=7.10, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
162. Which of the following is one of the animals that has been taught to use language with some success?
a) goat
Incorrect. Goats have not been taught to use language, but quails and dogs have also not been taught language.
b) quail
c) dog
d) none of these
Correct. Goats, quails, and dogs have all not been taught to use language.
ANS: d, p. 289, F, LO=7.10, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Mental and Physical Exercises Combine for Better Cognitive Health
Learning Objective 7.11 - What are some ways to improve thinking?
163. Which of the following is suggested by your authors as helping to substantially improve cognitive health?
a) physical exercise
b) a diet high in beta-amyloids
c) drinking one or two glasses of red wine at least twice each week.
d) the cessation of cigarette smoking
ANS: a, p. 290, F, LO=7.11, (1)
164. Regular aerobic exercise has been found to increase neurogenesis in:
a) the amygdala
b) the cerebellum
c) the prefrontal cortex
d) the hippocampus
ANS: d, p. 291, F, LO=7.11, (1)
TRUE OR FALSE
1. When people are asked to relate how many windows they have in the place where they live, the amount of time to
answer doesn’t depend on the number of windows.
ANS: F, p. 254, LO=7.1
APA: LO 1.2
2. It would take the same amount of time to correctly identify an olive as a fruit as it would to correctly identify an
apple as a fruit.
ANS: F, p. 256-257, LO=7.1
APA: LO 1.2
3. In school, you may have learned the rule of how to determine the area of a circle. The formula was R2. This
formula always guarantees a solution and that you will be able to determine the area. Thus, the formula is an
example of an algorithm.
ANS: T, p. 258, LO=7.2
4. Randall believes that aliens crashed in the western United States in the 1950s. When looking for information
about this on the Internet, he ignores any sites that are skeptical of his belief and only visits and talks with his friends
about the sites that support his belief. This is an example of functional fixedness.
ANS: F, p. 262, LO=7.3
5. When a problem is seen as having only one answer, with all lines of thinking leading to that answer, this is known
as divergent thinking.
ANS: F, p. 263, LO=7.3
APA: LO 1.2
6. If you look at the professors whom you know, you might chuckle at them. They may be very smart but don’t
understand the real world. According to Robert Sternberg, they may be lacking a bit of practical intelligence.
ANS: T, p. 267, LO=7.4
7. A 10-year-old child who scored like an average 8-year-old on an intelligence test would have an IQ of 80.
ANS: T, p. 268, LO=7.5
APA: LO 1.2
8. An IQ test is developed that supposedly measures people’s intelligence. It is given to a large and random sample
of college students. It is found that the test correlates in a highly positive manner with the students’ GPAs. The test
designer may be justified in claiming that the test is valid.
ANS: T, p. 270, LO=7.5
APA: LO 1.2
9. A test can fail in validity while still being reliable.

ANS: T, p. 270, LO=7.5
APA: LO 1.2
10. A test can fail in reliability while still being valid.

ANS: F, p. 270, LO=7.5
APA: LO 1.2
11. Fragile X, Down syndrome, and fetal alcohol syndrome are all forms of mental retardation or developmental
delay.
ANS: T, p. 276-277, LO=7.6
APA: LO 1.2
12. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ exceeds 130.
ANS: T, p. 277, LO=7.7
APA: LO 1.2
13. Terman’s study of gifted children over a long period of their lives clearly demonstrated that the gifted were
lacking in social skills, had poor health, and were generally unhappy.
ANS: F, pp. 279-280, LO=7.7
APA: LO 1.2
14. Language is based on sound units called morphemes.

ANS: F, p. 285, LO=7.9
APA: LO 1.2
15. Animals such as dolphins or chimps have shown some language-like behavior but have not been seen to
demonstrate the language skills equal to that of a 5-year-old human child.
ANS: T, p. 289, LO= 7.10
APA: LO 1.2
SHORT ANSWER
1. Give a brief definition of the term concept.

pp. 255-256, LO=7.1
APA: LO 1.2
2. Give an example of an algorithm.

p. 258, LO=7.2
APA: LO 1.2
3. Give an example of a heuristic.

pp. 258-259, LO=7.2
APA: LO 1.2
4. Give a definition and example of mental set.

p. 262, LO=7.3
APA: LO 1.2
5. What are the three parts of Sternberg’s theory of intelligence?

p. 267, LO=7.4
APA: LO 1.2
Test Bank for Psychology, 4th Edition, Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
6. What is the IQ formula first constructed by William Stern, and what does each term in the formula mean?
p. 268, LO=7.5
APA: LO 1.2
7. What is a “twin study”?

pp. 281-282, LO=7.8
8. What is a morpheme? Give an example of a morpheme.

p. 285, LO=7.9
APA: LO 1.2
9. What is the major premise behind the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

p. 287, LO=7.10
APA: LO 1.2
ESSAY
1. Explain the techniques used when someone tries to solve a problem. How might a person be blocked in trying to
find a solution?
pp. 258-264, LO=7.2-7.3
2. Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social
scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go the
library and research this, using the social science literature. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only
cuts out articles about robberies where the “bad guy” used a firearm. Agatha is using a heuristic device that is
impeding or obstructing her thinking. Define this heuristic device. What might be a better way for her to examine
the issue and avoid this mistake?
pp. 262-263, LO=7.3
APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 3.1; APA: LO 4.4
3. It is commonly thought that people who are “gifted” have various physical, psychological, and personality
problems. What is really known about this common idea and what did a famous study find out about the gifted?
pp. 277-280, LO=7.7
APA: LO 1.2
4. Discuss how heredity is related to intelligence and IQ scores. What is the controversy about the role of race and
ethnicity in IQ and intelligence? Evaluate the claims of those who think race is related to IQ and intelligence.
pp. 281-283, LO=7.8
5. What is the definition of language? What is the evidence, pro and con, as to whether nonhuman animals have a
capacity for language?
pp. 285-289, LO=7.9-7.10
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The Life of Alex

How People Think

8. Concepts are ideas that represent ___________.

21. An advantage of algorithms over heuristic is ________

22. An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is ________.

23. In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ______________.

28. Kohler demonstrated “Aha!” or insight behavior with ______________.

42. Which type of thinking is most closely related to creativity?

46. Which is NOT a characteristic of creative people?

48. Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is ________.

49. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of ____________.

50. Which of these is one of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences?

53. A theory of intelligence with nine components was postulated by ________.

54. Criticisms of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences include ________.

61. An example of Sternberg’s practical intelligence is ________.

66. Alfred Binet designed the first ______ test.

81. A test is said to be reliable if _________________.

87. Culture-fair tests attempt to measure ______.

88. Many items on a “culture-fair” test require the use of _______________.

92. Which of these is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation?

93. Which of these is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation?

94. In familial retardation, the degree of retardation is typically _______________.

101. Which of the following is a true statement?

103. What percentage of the population is described as gifted, according to IQ standards?

105. Which of the following statements about gifted people is true?

108. The term Terman’s Termites refers to __________ .

109. What did Terman’s groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish?

130. What are the smallest units of meaning in a language?

131. The phrase “I tried” has ________.

133. The sentence, “Colorless ideas sleep furiously” has ________.

136. Language is based on basic sound units called ______.

137. The sounds t, th, and sh are ______.

138. The words “care” and “bear” differ in one ________.

140. Which of the following statements is true about infants?

143. Pragmatics are defined as _____________.

144. The rhythm and emphasis on each word is called ____________.

148. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that ______.

9. A test can fail in validity while still being reliable.

10. A test can fail in reliability while still being valid.

14. Language is based on sound units called morphemes.

1. Give a brief definition of the term concept.

2. Give an example of an algorithm.

3. Give an example of a heuristic.

4. Give a definition and example of mental set.

5. What are the three parts of Sternberg’s theory of intelligence?

7. What is a “twin study”?

8. What is a morpheme? Give an example of a morpheme.

9. What is the major premise behind the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

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