SPE-181850-MS

Fracturing Evaluation for Fractured-Caved Carbonate Reservoirs through

Pressure Transient Analysis and Rate Transient Analysis

Yong Li, Qi Wang, and Baozhu Li, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina;
Xingliang Deng, Zhicheng She, and Zhiliang Liu, Tarim Oilfield Company, PetroChina

Copyright 2016, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Asia Pacific Hydraulic Fracturing Conference held in Beijing, China, 24-26 August 2016.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents
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Abstract
Naturally fractured-caved carbonate reservoirs in China have some distinctive characteristics: deeply buried,
multi-scale fractures, vugs and caves developed, strong heterogeneity, poor reservoir connectivity and no
oil in matrix. Hydraulic fracturing is commonly used in order to connect offset fracture-cave system with
wellbore and improve well performance for this kind of reservoirs, while how to properly evaluate hydraulic
fracturing efficiency is still a major challenge. This paper presents an integrated evaluation method to solve
this problem.
The method mainly involves pressure transient analysis and rate transient analysis. Firstly, typical
diagnostic curves of different fracture-cave patterns with and without hydraulic fracturing respectively are
established through design analysis of numerical conceptual models. Then the curves are used for actual well
stimulation and evaluation. Finally, reservoir properties of fracturing wells such as OOIP, hydraulic fracture
properties, reservoir permeability, etc. are evaluated based on the integrated pressure transient analysis and
rate transient analysis method.
This new method has been applied to Tazhong No.I fractured-caved carbonate gas condensate reservoir
in China. The reservoir's mid-depth is around 6000m and is currently under primary depletion development
with an average annual production declining rate higher than 25%. Based on the understanding of seismic
interpretation and geological study, 3 major reservoir patterns and 7 sub-patterns are classified. Then
corresponding conceptual numerical models of these patterns with and without hydraulic fracturing are
established, and typical diagnostic curves of pressure transient analysis and rate transient analysis for
identification of these patterns are generated. And then, the results are applied to the actual well fracturing
evaluation in Tazhong NO. I carbonate gas condensate reservoir.
This systematic technique has been successfully applied to Tazhong No. I fractured-caved carbonate
reservoir in Tarim Basin of China, which properly and correctly evaluates the properties of the hydraulic
fracturing wells. It also provides a reliable method for decision making of hydraulic fracturing, which is
helpful for effective and economic development of the reservoir.
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Introduction
As the increasing demand of oil and gas to support the industrial boom grows in the China, the
unconventional, in particular, extremely fractured-caved carbonate reservoirs are playing significant role.
However, the exploitation of these resources is still an economical and technical challenge, which can be
dealt with the incisive use of current resources. Effective fracturing techniques are one of the solutions that
make the development of these resources economical when a lot of wells failed. For fracturing evaluation,
J.A. Rushing and T.A. Blasingame have integrated short-term pressure buildup testing and long-term
production data analysis to evaluate hydraulically-fractured gas well performance in 2003(J.A. Rushing
and T.A. Blasingame, 2003). Both pressure transient analysis and production transient analysis are very
useful tools for dynamic reservoir characterization. So then LI Yong et al. used well test analysis, rate
transient analysis and material balance analysis for reservoir dynamic characterization in Tazhong No.I
reservoir (Yong, L., Bao-zhu Li, Hu, Y., et al., 2009). In the paper, it fully integrated with the long-term low
accuracy data of dynamic production and short-term high-precision data of transient well testing, in order
to correctly evaluate the properties of the reservoir around the well, such as the formation permeability,
well skin, oil drainage radius and dynamic reserve and so on. It is all known that well test analysis is one
of the methods for reservoir evaluation for a long time, it mainly uses the short-term high-precision data
of transient well testing. Especially for the well buildup test analysis, it evaluates the reservoir parameters
around the wells which are important for the geologic modeling and reservoir simulation. So well test is very
important for the evaluation of carbonate reservoirs and fracturing wells (A.C. Gringarten, M. Bozorgzadeh,
S. Daungkaew, et al., 2006; Freddy H. E., Humberto G.R., Ivan M.S., et al., 2007). Production analysis
can integrate the production rate data with the bottomhole pressure data, and Fetkovich (Fetkovich, 1980),
Blasingame (Blasingame, T.A., Johnston, J.L. and Lee, W.J., 1989; Blasingame, T.A, McCray, T.L and Lee,
W.J., 1991), Agarwal-Gardner (Agarwal, R.G et al, 1998) have generated different type curves method and
the flowing material balance method (L. Mattar and D.M. Anderson, 1998) using for reservoir dynamic
characterization. Tazhong No.I carbonate gas condensate reservoir is in Tarim Basin, which is the biggest
land oil/gas-bearing basin in China and covers about 560000km2 (Xinquan, W., Feng, Y., Mengchuan, D.,
et al, 2004). And because there is no oil in the matrix, reservoir connectivity is very poor. It is common
that well fails to drill the target reservoir. So fracturing, especially acid fracturing, is used to enhance well
performance. And vertical well with acid fracturing and horizontal well with segregated completion and
multi-stage fracturing are taken as an efficient technology to exploit this kind of reservoir (Mingguang, C.,
Fu-xiang, Z., Yonghui, W., et al., 2015; Liu, H., Yang, X., Yuan, X., et al., 2016).

Background
Tazhong No.I gas reservior is located in the northern slope of Tazhong low bulge of central uplift in
the Tarim Basin, with NW-SE direction and about 210 km length, and currently the main development
targets are the upper Ordovician and the lower Ordovician. The drill-through formations are the Caenozoic
Quaternary and Tertiary, the Mesozoic Cretaceous and Triassic, the Palaeozoic Permian, Carboniferous,
Devonian, Silurian and Ordovician. However, it is lack of Jurassic formation. The target Ordovician system
is further divided into the upper Ordovician Sangtamu formation, the Lianglitage formation, and the lower
Ordovician Yingshan formation. There are both uncomfortable contacts among upper Ordovician strata,
overlying Silurian strata and underlying lower Ordovician strata. Reef flat facies limestone of the upper
Lianglitage (series of strata), and limestone of the lower Ordovician are the main developing reservoir.
Sangtamu formation with the mud bed is the cap rock of these formations.
Based on modern sequence stratigraphy theory and methodology, Lianglitage formation would be divided
into five members from top to bottom: from Liang member 1 to Liang member 5. The main Ordovician
hydrocarbon intervals of Tazhong No.I gas field are Lang member 1, Lang sub-member 2, Lang sub-
member 3, Lang sub-member 5 and the top of Yingshan member. The oil bering formations are mainly
SPE-181850-MS 3

in the following three formations: the upper formation is bioclastic limestone and psepholite limestone of
Lang sub-member 1 and Lang sub-member 2; the middle one is cryptite containing bioclast and microclastic
limestone, and this formation is located in Lang sub-member 3; The lower one is a karst formation, from
100m above weathered crust and 200m below weathered crust, which corresponds to Lang sub-member 5
and the top of Yingshan formation.
Continental shelf was developed along Tazhong No.I belt in the mid-late deposition of Lianglitage
formation in Tazhong region, toward north becoming slope and deep-water basin (Figure 1). Reef was
developed along Tazhong No.I belt to form continental shelf reef community. Reef was characterized by
the development of the biological skeleton, and types of sedimentary subfacies mainly included organic
framework reef, lime mud mound, fine debris beach and interbank sea (reef knoll). While at the same time,
bio clastic beach, sand and gravel beach were also developed around the reef. To the south, the sand and
gravel beach gradually changed into interbank sea and lime mud mound.

Figure 1—Seismic profile of Tazhong No.1 faulted slope break

The observation results from core and thin sections show that vugs, fractures and caves are the main
reservoir pore-space of the limestone formation in the break slope area of Tazhong No.I. Analysis of
petrophysics shows that the matrix of limestone strata has completely low porosity, most of which belongs
to low or extra low porosity. Its permeability is in a wide range, but overall is low permeability. The
sedimentary facies, tectonic action, digenesis are the key factors impact on reservoir quality. And due to the
influence of these three factors, the reservoirs in different stratigraphic positions or in different well blocks
are of a much difference.
By using single well analysis, interwell profile comparison, and visual research and analysis of separate
frequency of seismic data, it is able to conclude that the upper Ordovician reef flat of target area has the
following characteristics: the frequency-division response of good quality reservoir is relatively higher
tuning amplitude, however the frequency-division response of poor quality reservoir is used to be lower
tuning amplitude (Figure 2).
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Figure 2—Frequency division profile of Tazhong zone 82 of Tazhong gas field 1

From Figure 2, it also can be seen that the caved reservoir are usually bean string reflection, and reservoir
connectivity is very poor, which is totally different from the sandstone reservoir and porous carbonate
reservoir all over the world. And this is why sometimes the drilling well fail to the target. And once the
well fails to the target reservoir, acid fracturing or fracturing then could be one of the tool to connect the
target reservoir.

Fluid Properties and Reservoir Types

The buried depth of Lianglitage reservoir is 4711.5-5381.0m, and original reservoir pressure is between
58.31MPa and 64.98MPa. And the buried depth of Yingshan reservoir is 5553.3m, and original pressure
is 61.59MPa. Both reservoirs belong to normal temperature and pressure system. Lianglitage reservoir is
condensate gas reservoir with medium-high condensate oil content, which is mainly controlled by lithology.
And there are volatile oil-black oil reservoirs in some local areas. The driving forces are mainly primary
depletion drive and elastic water drive in some local area. Yingshan reservoir, condensate gas reservoir with
low condensate oil content, is mainly controlled by lithology and structure. And elasic water drive is also
the source of driving force in some local areas. As Figure 3 and Figure 4 show, the PVT samples of the two
wells from Tazhong No.I, respectively corresponding to two kinds of fluids, condensate gas and black oil.

Figure 3—Phase diagram of TZ B well(condensate gas)

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Figure 4—Phase diagram of TZ H well(volatile-black oil)

In fact, the existence of complexity in Tazhong fractured-caved carbonate reservoir forced better
integration among the geologic, geophysical, and engineering aspects of the area to arrive at a realistic
methodology for reservoir modeling. Thus, the ultimate conclusions and model developed are based on an
evaluation and understanding of the uncertainties in the area of investigation, as well as on interpretation and
evaluation of hard data. So the study of reservoir types is a product of integration with different disciplines,
including petrophysics, geophysics, and reservoir engineering. This integration is necessary to achieve
the overall goals. In particular, integration with geophysics was highly important because geology could
identify factors controlling reservoir quality through examination core description, thin section evaluation,
FMI interpretation, well-log correlation, etc. But seismic interpretation was necessary to evaluate the lateral
extent of reservoir areas, and understand the reservoir architecture and identify reservoir type. In addition,
reservoir engineering evaluation, along with petrophysical analysis, determined rock type, reservoir quality,
connectivity, etc. So the evaluation of reservoir type, reservoir architecture, or reservoir pattern should
integrate these disciplines, which can generate a reliable results. Figure 5 shows the integration of different
methods in order to correct reservoir classification and characterization.

Figure 5—Integration of geological interpretations of cores and conventional and FMI logs
with petrophysical analysis, seismic interpretation, and reservoir engineering analysis
6 SPE-181850-MS

Based on the integrated method, the reservoir type of Ordovician carbonate reservoir in Tazhong No.I is
divided into four types: caved type, fractured-caved type, porous type, fractured-porous type and fractured
type, and the caved type, fractured-caved type are the two major type. Figure 6 shows the typical reservoir
characteristics of fractured-caved reservoir and fractured-porous reservoir.

Figure 6—Typical reservoir type characteristis

Type Curves of Different Reservoir Patterns

The reservoir of Tazhong No.I is characterized by deeply burying, high temperature, complex reservoir
structure and complex fluid property. After the above evaluation, it is known that the main reservoir styles
for Tazhong No.I are the caved style reservoir, fractured-vuggy style reservoir, porous-vuggy style reservoir,
fractured style reservoir, fractured-porous style reservoir. Currently, position selection of new wells strongly
depends on the seismic interpretation and fracture-cave engraving and imaging. In fact, it is greatly difficult
for seismic interpretation for this kinds of complex reservoirs, which unavoidably brings out some errors
into results. There usually exits the deviation between drilling trajectory and true reservoir location, duo
to the uncertain target formation or reservoir interpreted by seismic, which result in failed well drilling.
The proportion of drilling failure wells for fractured-caved carbonate reservoir is much higher than that
of sandstone reservoirs, even more than 40%. But the acid fracturing technology can be considered to
connect and communicate those fracture-cave system in the far distance, after the previous drilling failed.
Actually this technology would be able to increase the drilling efficiency and greatly improve the reservoir
development performance.
SPE-181850-MS 7

In order to conduct effective acid fracturing, pressure build-up test or drill-stem test analysis need be done
before acid fracturing. In this respect, the style of reservoir would be preliminarily defined by interpreting
well test data, then based on the understanding to determine whether to conduct further acid fracturing or
not. The pressure build-up test should be launched again for the same well after acid fracturing. By analyzing
the data from the second test, effect of acid fracturing can be evaluated, and reservoir type and reservoir
properties can also be evaluated. For reservoir type evaluation, firstly it is necessary to establish type
curve for identification different types of reservoir before and after acid fracturing. Based on the reservoir
characteristics of Tazhong No.I, numerical models of different types of reservoirs have been established
through numerical well test technique. Then the conceptual type curves of both well test analysis and rate
transient analysis can be generated for different type of reservoir before and after acid fracturing. While,
this chart in turn is able to be used for acid fracturing evaluation in the next stage.
Figure 7 shows the reservoir models and corresponding type curves. This chart is composed of three
reservoir types: single caved reservoir, single fractured-porous reservoir and multi-reservoir type. And the
multi-reservoir type can also be further divided into five sub-types based on several key factors, such as
drilling location, number of reservoirs, reservoir type combination and well type et al. So actually this chart
comprises seven sub-type reservoirs in total.
Though analysis of type curves in Figure 7, some conclusions can be drawn as follows:
Single cave type reservoir: this style of reservoir is reflected as bean string characteristic on seismic
section (Figure 7-a). The true well trajectory did not drill the cave reservoir, but drilled through around the
edge of the reservoir, which caused by seismic interpretation error. From well test design, it can be found
that well test log-log curve is in the wellbore storage for most of time, and derivative curve appears a small
concave for the later period. It represents there is a response of cave reservoir around the well. But the
response is weak, which shows the characteristics of low permeability around the well. This action of acid
fracturing makes the hydraulic fracture connect with the cave reservoir, which greatly influences the shape
of log-log graph. After wellbore storage stage, the log-log graph of well testing has an infinite conductivity
characteristic, which is the response for the artificial fracture, and then the derivative curve begins to decline,
which is the response for cave reservoir, and the whole process representing good fracturing performance.
Based on the Blasingame type curve of rate transient analysis in well test design, the well data basically
conform to the transient segment of the type curve, then basically conforming to the boundary control flow
period which slope is -1, but deviating from this -1 slope curve slightly in the final period. From material
balance flowing curve, there are two lines appeared after transient flow, and the slope of these two lines are
not quite different due to the fracture connected with reservoir. In general, for this kind of reservoir, acid
fracturing would have a good effect on well performance.
Single fractured reservoir: Fractured reservoir is mostly composed by fractures, micro fracture is the
main rock space. Its response is patchy and clutter reflection on the seismic cross section. Well test log-
log curve shows some reservoir responses before acid fracturing, but curve opening is small because of bad
connection with reservoir. While, well test log-log curve shows the characteristic of infinite conductivity
and lasts for a long time. For the fractured reservoir, its effect of acid fracturing is not good, which caused
mainly by its bad reservoir capacity. This kind of reservoir has a high oil production, but its production
decreases quickly. From Blasingame curve of fractured reservoir connected by acid fracturing, early data
and late data both deviate from the type curves, and the curve of flowing material balance also shows a much
difference between the slope of the two lines. This is due to the complexity of connectivity for fractured
reservoir, leading to the response of misleading two connected reservoirs.
8 SPE-181850-MS

Figure 7—typical curve comparison for different reservoir styles before and after acid fracturing
SPE-181850-MS 9

Figure 7 (continued)—typical curve comparison for different reservoir styles before and after acid fracturing
10 SPE-181850-MS

Multi fractured-caved reservoir: Due to the strong reservoir heterogeneity in Tazhong No.I, many
reservoirs, which exist nearby with each other, are connected by high permeable and narrow fracture.
Consequently, these reservoirs are called multi fractured-caved reservoir. The response characteristics of
well test curves with different well locations are different, when reservoir is developed by vertical well.
When vertical well is located in one side of two fractured-caved reservoirs(Figure 7.c), there is a weak
response of two fractured-caved reservoir in the log-log graph before acid fracturing, while there would
appear two significant concaves after acid fracturing during the radial flow period. This characteristic is the
result for good fracturing effect. When the location of two cave reservoirs are close, or when well is located
between the two reservoirs, the early stage log-log curve would show the linear flow response caused by
high permeable fracture, while the latter stage curve is the response of single cave reservoir, caused by the
short distance between well and reservoirs. When three reservoirs are connected with each other (Figure
7.e), well test log-log curves shows different response characteristics based on different well locations. Well
test log-log curve only reflects two reservoir response characteristic, but another one cave response would
be covered. Horizontal well would be a suitable development scheme for multi fractured-caved reservoir,
but actually horizontal well used to be drilled at the top of reservoir, and then multi-segments fracturing
usually is conducted, which is a general mode for horizontal well development. Well test curve after acid
fracturing is shown as Figure 7.f, and the derivative curve on log-log graph appear several fluctuations,
which is the response for horizontal well connecting different reservoirs at different time. If there are two
reservoirs with one fractured reservoir and the other one caved reservoir, which would be connected by acid
fracture, the log-log curve of vertical well shows complex characteristic. The response of fracture would
exist in the early stage of radial flow, then the response of the second caved reservoir would appear, but the
response time is short. Except Figure 7.d and Figure 7.f, the Blasingame type curve characteristic of multi
fractured-caved reservoirs firstly conform to a line whose slope is -1 in the boundary control flow stage,
and then deviating from this line to a second -1 slope in the later stage. In fact, the flowing material balance
curve shows two lines with a different slope, representing this well connecting two different reservoirs. But
it is concluded from Figure 7.d that when the vertical well is located between two reservoirs, which are
connected by fracture, time of fluid flowing to these two reservoir is similar, and actually only one reservoir
can be reflected. Similarly, in Figure 7.f, the horizontal well production is from the three fractured-caved
reservoir at the same time, due to the horizontal well connecting the three reservoirs through fracture, and
these three reservoirs reflect as one reservoir response. So Blasingame curve of these two type of reservoir
both conform to one type curve, and flowing material balance curve response in a linear characteristic.

Application
When well fails to drill the reservoir, if there are oil or gas show in well testing, well test analysis can be
interpreted by drill stem test data. Well test curve is a reflection of reservoir performance, and reservoir
property and contamination around well can be evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by drill stem test.
This evaluation can be used to conduct carbonate reservoir stimulation or decide whether the reservoir need
to be stimulated. The type of reservoir connected by fracture can be judged by analyzing the data difference
before and after fracturing, evaluating reservoir property before and after fracturing in order to evaluate
fracturing performance.
Through the establishment of the type cure chart as shown in Figure 7, the results can be applied to
Tazhong No. I. At the same time, the characteristics of well-testing curve and rate transient curve can be
summarized before and after fracturing in Tazhong No.I, the fracturing effect can be evaluated, including
reservoir style and reservoir properties.
As shown in Figure 8, this is a comparison between typical well test curve and typical FMB curve for multi
fractured-caved reservoir. The well test log-log curve before fracturing show some response of fractured-
caved reservoir, and it is necessary to conduct acid fracturing due to its poor connection situation. From well
SPE-181850-MS 11

test log-log curve after fracturing, it can be seen that well is well connected with two reservoirs, which shows
a good fracturing performance. This well production also shows good performance, the oil production is
1m3/d before fracturing, while the oil production is up to 37m3/d and gas production of 30321m3/d after
fracturing.

Figure 8—Well test and FMB curve for typical multi-caved reservoirs before and after fracturing

Figure 9 shows typical well testing log-log curve and typical FMB curve for the cave reservoir. From
well test curve before fracturing, the wellbore storage period lasts a long time, and the pressure and pressure
derivative curves have an opening in the later stage. It is a response of connecting single cave reservoir,
but both the reservoir property and connection are poor, so it is necessary to conduct acid fracturing. From
well test curve after fracturing, the connection between well and single cave reservoir significantly changes
better. And fracturing effect is good, but the range of cave reservoir is limited. The well performance is not
good with declined production rate at the beginning of production.

Figure 9—Well test and FMB curve for typical caved reservoirs before and after fracturing

Figure 10 shows the typical well test curve and FMB curve for single fractured reservoir. From well
test analysis curve before fracturing, the pressure log-log curve is always in the wellbore storage stage,
and there is no response of radial flow. It shows a quite small opening in the later stage, which shows a
possible response of single reservoir. The reservoir property and connection are both very poor, and whether
to conduct acid fracture should be considered based on the further understanding about reservoir. Usually
fracturing is not suggested. Figure 10 shows the result of one acid fracturing well. This well is connected
with a fractured reservoir based on well test curve analysis after fracturing, but the volume of this fractured
reservoir is quite limited. Well test log-log curve after fracturing shows the characteristic of strip boundary,
and the rectangular permeable area is fractured around well bottom with linear flow characteristic. Table 1
shows the results of well test interpretation after fracturing. The well performance is poor with only several
days' production.
12 SPE-181850-MS

Figure 10—Well test and FMB curve for typical fractured-porous reservoirs before and after fracturing

Table 1—Well test interpretation results for typical fractured reservoir after fracturing

Well storage + skin factor + homogeneity + U

Well test model
boundary

Permeability, mD 0.12
3
Well storage factor, m /MPa 3.15

Skin factor 5.41

Distance from boundary, m 94, 103, 89

Mid-depth pressure, MPa 62.94

Conclusion
Through the above research, the following conclusions are drawn:

• By detailed analyzing static and dynamic data from Tazhong No.I, the reservoir types of the
fractured-caved carbonate reservoir are classified into three types and seven sub-types;
• Through numerical well test design, type curves for reservoir type identification have been
established, including well test log-log type curve, Blasingame type curve and flowing material
balance type curve, which can be used for evaluation and identification of different reservoir
patterns;
• The type curves of well test log-log curve and rate transient analysis, can be used to guide acid
fracturing and fracturing evaluation. Actual well data validates the results.

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