Antoine lavoisier biografia pdf

(1743/08/26 - 1794/05/08) –En la naturaleza nada se crea, nada se pierde, todo cambia– Considerado el creador de la química moderna. Aportaciones: Ley de la conservación de la masa, descubrimiento del oxígeno y el hidrógeno... Obras: Tratado elemental de química, Ley de conservación de la materia... Nombre: Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
Antoine Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier nació el 26 de agosto de 1743 en París en el seno de una familia acomodada.PadresHijo de Jean Antoine Lavoisier, abogado y de Emilie Punctis, descendiente de una familia de juristas. Su madre falleció cuando él tenía cinco años.Desde muy joven dio muestras de poseer una inteligencia poco común que le permitió
asimilar con gran facilidad el saber científico de la época. Estudió en el Instituto Mazarino adquiriendo una buena base científica y una sólida formación humanística. Cursó estudios de Derecho licenciándose como abogado en 1764. Se orientó a la investigación científica.Se le considera como el creador de la Química como ciencia.Demostró que, en
una reacción química, la cantidad de materia es la misma al final y al comienzo de la reacción. Estos experimentos proporcionaron pruebas para la ley de la conservación de la materia. Además, investigó la composición del agua y denominó a sus componentes oxígeno e hidrógeno.Algunos de sus experimentos examinaron la naturaleza de la
combustión, demostrando que es un proceso en el que se produce la combinación de una sustancia con oxígeno. También reveló el papel del oxígeno en la respiración de los animales y las plantas. Junto al químico francés Claude Louis Berthollet y otros, concibió una nomenclatura química, o sistema de nombres, que sirve de base al sistema moderno.
La describió en Método de nomenclatura química (1787). Lavoisier identificó más de veinte elementos químicos y clasificó en metales, no metales, metales de transición y metaloides. En 1789 publicó una lista de treinta y tres elementos químicos.En Tratado elemental de química (1789), aclaró el concepto de elemento como una sustancia simple que
no se puede dividir mediante ningún método de análisis químico conocido.Escribió Sobre la combustión (1777) y Consideraciones sobre la naturaleza de los ácidos (1778). En la Academia de Ciencias se publicaron más de 60 comunicaciones suyas.Miembro de la Academia de Ciencias desde 1768. Ocupó diversos cargos públicos, como los de director
estatal de los trabajos para la fabricación de la pólvora en 1776, miembro de una comisión para establecer un sistema uniforme de pesas y medidas en 1790 y comisario del tesoro en 1791.Tuvo el mejor laboratorio de su época. Lugar de encuentro de científicos franceses o de celebridades que visitaban el país, como Benjamin Franklin. Actualmente el
laboratorio se encuentra en el Museo Nacional de la Técnica de París. Casado el 16 de diciembre de 1771 con Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, científica, mencionada frecuentemente como esposa de Antoine Lavoisier, aunque menos por sus logros científicos en química.Dirigente de los campesinos, se encargó del cobro de las contribuciones. Invirtió en
la Ferme Genérale, una sociedad financiera privada que prestaba dinero a la corona a cambio de recaudar para sí los impuestos. Por ello, sería arrestado en 1793, siendo juzgado por el Tribunal Revolucionario y guillotinado el 8 de mayo de 1794 en la Plaza de la Concordia, París.Parece que Halle expuso al tribunal todos los trabajos que había
realizado Lavoisier, y se dice que, a continuación, el presidente del tribunal pronunció una famosa frase: «La República no necesita sabios». *buscabiografias.com Artículo: Biografía de Antoine Lavoisier Autor: Víctor Moreno, María E. Ramírez, Cristian de la Oliva, Estrella Moreno y otros Website: Buscabiografias.com URL: 20Lavoisier Publicación:
2007/01/29 -dateModified- Última actualización: 2022/05/26 Lavoisier was a French chemist who was a key figure in the chemical revolution of the 18th-century. Amongst his pioneering achievements, he recognised and discovered oxygen and hydrogen – discovering the role of oxygen in combustion. Lavoisier helped bring a new scientific rigour to
the subject of chemistry, using quantitative methods rather than relying on hypothesis. He constructed a list of elements and helped to construct the metric system. Using the work of other scientists, Lavoisier was able to combine into a new common framework which broke with previous classical beliefs. He ushered in a new era of modern
chemistry.Lavoisier was a wealthy French noble who used his position in the Ferme Generale to fund both his chemistry experiments and social works. Despite his efforts in the field of water sanitation, agriculture and street lighting, his position in the hated Ferme Generale made him a target during the French Revolution, and in 1794 he was
guillotined for ‘tax fraud and selling adulterated tobacco.’ A year later he was exonerated.Lavoisier was born in a noble French family in Paris on 26 August 1743. His mother died when he was just five years old, but this left him very rich as he inherited her wealth. He studied at the College des Quatre-Nations, University of Paris and became
interested in the sciences chemistry, botany, astronomy and mathematics. After college, he studied for his law degree, but despite being admitted to the bar, never practised as a lawyer.Lavoisier was more interested in pursuing his interest in chemistry, geology and the natural sciences. He was influenced by the ideals of the French Enlightenment.
His interest in chemistry was influenced by Etienne Condillac. Lavoisier was also concerned with issues of social welfare. He used his fortune and time to consider some of the pressing social issues of the time. In 1765, he wrote an essay on the problem of street lighting which received the attention and praise of the king. In 1768, he proposed an
aqueduct to bring clean water to the citizens of Paris. When this was not built, he switched to investigations into whether the water could be purified – something that was relevant to his chemistry knowledge.Lavoisier also made contributions to suggesting improving the hygiene of prisons and the effect of gun powder on air quality. In 1772, he
prepared a study on how to improve the airflow for the Hotel-Dieu hospital when it was rebuilt.Lavoisier also bought a share in the Ferme generale. This organisation collected tax on behalf of the king – and was widely hated for its power and abuses in collecting taxes. Lavoisier commissioned the building of a wall around Paris to help the collection of
customs taxes entering the city.In 1771, he married Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, who was just 13 at the time, but another member of the nobility. Despite her young age, she came to play an important role in his scientific career, translating many English scientific documents into French. She also helped his work in the laboratory.An important
business for the Ferme Generale was its monopoly on the distribution of tobacco. Lavoisier devised a method for improving the quality of tobacco and detecting adulteration. He enforced higher standards for tobacco and stopped many from adultering its composition. However, he became unpopular with many tobacco retailers and this would be used
against him during the French Revolution.During the revolution, Lavoisier helped fund a patriotic Republican paper run by Pierre S. DuPont, and in 1791 he chaired a commission on the introduction of a new metric system. However, he was later removed on political grounds due to a groundswell of opposition to the former nobility. As the French
Revolution gained momentum, there was an increasing persecution of those associated with the old regime. On 24 November 1793, he was arrested with many other tax farmers and were accused of defrauding the government and adultering tobacco. After a summary trial, Lavoisier and 22 co-defendants were sentenced to death by guillotine.Work as
a chemistIn 1772, Lavoisier experimented with the burning of substances. He found burning phosphorus and sulphur led to an increase in their weight – something he attributed to ‘metallic calces’. He also repeated previous experiments of other scientists such as Joseph Black on burning alkalies, such as chalk and quicklime. Lavoisier frequently
repeated experiments of other scientists (not always with proper attribution). This gave him a wide understanding of different chemistry experiments. He often came to different conclusions to the original scientists.In 1774, Lavoisier continued experiments on lead and tin. Lavoisier undertook these experiments in sealed containers. He deduced from
the experiments that the increase in weight of the metals was due to a combination with atmospheric air. In this year, he met with English scientist Joseph Priestley, who was visiting Paris. Priestly had isolated oxygen – something he termed ‘dephlogisticated air.’ or an especially pure form of air.This meeting encouraged Lavoisier to further
investigate this property. He found that Mercury calx gave off this ‘pure air’ which supported respiration and combustion. He would later term this element oxygen from the Greek words meaning “acid former.” Lavoisier also gave term hydrogen – from the Greek ‘water former’. In an experiment he was able to make water from burning jets of
hydrogen and oxygen – this was the first proof that water was not a basic element, but actually composed of two gases. He would also show that this element oxygen was used in respiration and heat was generated by animals who breathed in this air.An important contribution to the science of chemistry was Lavoisier’s careful experiments which
introduced a new quantitative rigour into the experiments.“We must trust to nothing but facts: These are presented to us by Nature, and cannot deceive. We ought, in every instance, to submit our reasoning to the test of experiment, and never to search for truth but by the natural road of experiment and observation. “Elements of Chemistry (1790)He
developed his own gasometer which could weigh gases and elements to a fine level of detail. He later made cheaper versions available to other chemists. With this device, he carefully weighed products in sealed gases so that no gases could escape. This led him to the important observation that although matter can change its state in a chemical
reaction – nothing is lost or gained. Net weight remains the same. In other words, matter merely changes form. This is sometimes referred to as Lavoisier’s Law which is often paraphrased as: “Rien ne se perd, rien ne se crée, tout se transforme.” (“Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed.”)“We may lay it down as an incontestible
axiom, that, in all the operations of art and nature, nothing is created; an equal quantity of matter exists both before and after the experiment; the quality and quantity of the elements remain precisely the same; and nothing takes place beyond changes and modifications in the combination of these elements.”Antoine Lavoisier, Elements of Chemistry
(1790) p. 226Chemical elementsAnother pioneering development of chemistry was the development of a new way of classifying chemical elements. Up until that time, elements had been lumped into very broad categories, which had changed little since the time of Aristotle – these were earth, air, fire and water. However, Lavoisier was acutely aware
of the grave limitations of this. Together with other scientists, he developed a list of 55 substances which could not be decomposed into simpler elements. These elements included the gases of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. It also included acids, alkalies and organic acids.Lavoisier’s quantification and the law of conservation of matter was
controversial as it challenged existing orthodox beliefs of other scientists. Whilst not disputing his experiments, other scientists disputed his reasoning. However, Lavoisier’s methods and new ideas of practising chemistry spread rapidly.In 1789, he published Traité élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise on Chemistry), this used his new
chemistry terminology and can be considered the first chemistry textbook. It was translated into English and although the older generation of scientists rejected some of its conclusions, it became a standard port of reference for future generations of chemists.Citation: Pettinger, Tejvan. “Antoine Lavoisier Biography”, Oxford, UK.
www.biographyonline.net Published 19 April 2019.100 Scientists Who Shaped World History100 Scientists Who Shaped World History at AmazonRelated pages Scientific Renaissance – The key people involved in the Scientific Renaissance of 1450-1687, including Copernicus, Galileo, Francis Bacon, Newton and Sir Robert Boyle. Famous French – A
list of famous French men and women. Includes politicians, generals, artists, sportsmen and cultural figures, such as Napoleon, Marie Antionette, De Gaulle, Claude Monet, and Coco Chanel.Famous Scientists – Famous scientists from Aristotle and Archimedes to Albert Einstein and Charles Darwin. Including mathematicians, biologists, physicists and
chemists.
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