LH]KRHE ]FE@HOVLVHE CG]HJPF@ PFFPO

H. ]FENFRPCHE

Nini hgphdsi h`hlho nini yhen frupsieyh tfrohlhen klfo nini tfthennh,
tulhen sfdithr, jhrienhe phtklknis `he nini yhen pksisieyh ti`hd sfsuhi `fenhe lfenduen
rhohen.

Nini pfrghefe gheusih yhen phlien sfrien gfenhlhgi igphdsi h`hlho nini gklhr dftinh

bhwho, lhlu nini gklhr dftinh hths sflhejuteyh nini jheieus hths. Hrjofr gfeulis bhowh

irfdwfesi igphdsi nini gklhr dftinh hths yhen tfrbheyhd `ibhe`iendhe `fenhe gklhr

dftinh bhwho (Rusli, 2=8:)

Irfdwfesieyh bfrturut-turut nini gklhr dftinh bhwho, nini gklhr dftinh hths, nini

jheieus hths, nini prfgklhr bhwho, nini jheieus bhwho, nini prfgklhr hths, nini iejisivus

hths hthu bhwho (Rusli, 2=8:)

B. F]C@FGCKLKNC

Dhsus-dhsus nini igphdsi sfrien `ijugphi `hlhg prhdtfd `kdtfr nini sfohri-ohri.

]fenfrtihe nini igphdsi bfrghjhg-ghjhg tfthpi hrtieyh ohgpir shgh. ]h`h priesipeyh

nini igphdsi h`hlho nini yhen ti`hd `hpht frupsi sfluruoeyh hthu sfbhnihe dhrfeh tfrtutup
 klfo tulhen hthu jhrienhe luehd hthu df`uheyh (). Zfguh jfeis nini `hpht gfgilidi

dfguendiehe uetud ti`hd `hpht tugbuo. Pfrsfrien h`hlho nini gklhr dftinh rhohen

bhwho `he rhohen hths, nini dheieus `he nini prfgklhr. ]h`h ugugeyh nini gklhr dftinh

hdhe tugbuo gfefgbus nusi ph`h hwhl usih 88-2= thoue dhrfeh 28 nini
pfrghefe lhieeyh su`ho tugbuo dfsfluruoheeyh, sfoiennh nini gklhr dftinh sfrien
sfdhli ti`hd

gfgpfrklfo judup tfgpht uetud tugbuo dhrfeh tfrthohe klfo nini gklhr df`uh

`i`fpheeyh. Zfoiennh nini gklhr dftinh hdhe tugbuo sfbhnihe hthu shlho hrho. Dfh`hhe

sfghjhg iei `idfehl `fenhe sfbuthe nini tfrthehg hthu nini igphdsi (Jkfe 2=86)

J. FPCKLKNC

8. ]feyfbhb lkdhl1

h. ]ksisi yhen ti`hd tfrhtur `hri nini-nflini `hlhg lfenduen rhohen.

b. @fesiths (dfph`hthe) tulhen `i hths `he sfdithreyh.

j. Dfrh`henhe yhen gfehoue `he tfrus gfefrus sfoiennh `hpht gfeyfbhbdhe

bfrthgbhoeyh jhrienhe gudksh `i sfdithreyh.

`. Phennhleyh nini suluen yhen tfrlhlu jfpht, iei gfenhdibhtdhe oilhen hthu

bfrdurheneyh tfgpht uetud nini pfrghefe pfennhetieyh.

2. ]feyfbhb sistfgid 1

h. Ofrf`itfr 1 @igheh rhoheneyh sfgpit sf`hendhe nini nflinieyh bfshr.

b. Gisjfnfehtike (pfrjhgpurhe rhs) 1 Gishleyh, pfrdhwiehe jhgpurhe `hri shtu

rhs yhen gfgpueyhi nfe `kgiehe,

j. nini bfshr `he rhs lhieeyh `kgiehe ph`h rhohen yhen dfjil hthu sfgpit.

:. ]feyfbhb pkstehthl
 Zfguh dfh`hhe-dfh`hhe yhen `hpht gfennhennu pfrtugbuohe hehd, gishleyh

pfeyhdit1 rijdftsih, hefgih, sypoilis, PBJ, nhennuhe dflfejhr fe`kdrie, ghleutrisi.

Dfh`hhe yhen jhrhen `itfgudhe1

h. Jlfi`kejrheihl `iskstksis
Dfh`hhe dkenfeithl yhen jhrhen `itfgudhe, `igheh tfrlioht jhjht kssiiidhsi `hri

tulhen tfendkrhd, oilheneyh sfbhnihe hthu sfluruoeyh tulhen jlhvijulh,

tfrlhgbhteyh fxiklihsi nini suluen, nini pfrghefe ti`hd frupsi `he

tfr`hpht ru`igfetfr supfreugfrhry tffto.

b. Kxyjfpohli

Zuhtu dfh`hhe `igheh tfrlioht dfphlh yhen gfruejien sfpfrti dfrujut.

]h`h dfh`hhe iei tfr`hpht nhennuhe ph`h tulhen-tulhen dfphlh.

j. ]rknfrih

Bfetud tubuo yhen dfdhehd-dhehdhe `ithe`hi `fenhe pfrhwhdhe dfjil, ti`hd

h`heyh rhgbut pubis, dulit bfrdfrut, rhgbut bfrwhreh dfhbu-hbuhe tfthpi whjho,

sidhp sfrth tiendho lhdueyh sfpfrti krhen tuh.

@. ]HPKICZCKLKNC

Nini gklhr : h`h fgpht buho, ghsien-ghsien tfrlfthd `i bhnihe dhehe, diri, hths

`he bhwho rkennh gulut. @ipfrdirhdhe sfdithr 26% gheusih gfgilidi nini gklhr :

durhen `hri fgpht yhen tfrjh`i dhrfeh bfrbhnhi ohl, gishleyh ghshlho nfeftid, dftih`hhe

bfeio, bfeio tfrbfetud ehgue igphdsi `he yhen ti`hd dhlho pfetien h`hlho

pfenhruo eutrisi. Ghshlho nfeftid bihsheyh gfruphdhe dke`isi yhen `iwhrisi `hri krhen

tuh bhid

`hri hyho ghupue ibu. Jketkoeyh krhen tuh yhen gfgilidi lfenduen rhohen dfjil,

`fenhe udurhe nini nflini rflhtii bfshr `hpht gfeuruedhe dke`isi tfrsfbut ph`h
 dfturueheeyh. Zfsfkrhen bihsheyh `fenhe gu`ho `i`unh gfgilidi nini gklhr : igphdsi

bilh nini `i bhnihe hetfrikr thgphd bfrjfjhl.

Nini gklhr : tugbuo sfgpureh ph`h usih pubfrths hthu `fwhsh gu`h yhitu shht

pfrtugbuohe rhohen tflho sflfshi, `he sfluruo nini nflini tflho gfenouei rhohen. ]h`h
shht itu, pksisi bfeio `he pfgbfetudheeyh tflho gfejhphi thohp hdoir. Zflhie
itu,

dhlsiiidhsi tulhen tflho sfgpureh `he dkgphd, yhen sulit uetud `itfgbus klfo bfeio nini

sfoiennh tfrjh`i nhennuhe frupsi.

Ihdtkr lhie yhitu eutrisi, tfruthgh bfroubuenhe `fenhe bfetud ghdhehe. Ghdhehe

yhen `idkesugsi gheusih gk`fre jfe`fruen lfbio luehd sfoiennh durhen gfrhenshen

pfrtugbuohe `he pfrdfgbhenhe lfenduen rhohen. ]rksfs gfenueyho ghdhehe

yhen dfrhs `ihennhp `hpht gfrhenshen pfrtugbuohe rhohen dhrfeh tfrjh`i

hdtivhsi ktkt ghstidhsi sfoiennh rhohen tfrhenshen uetud tugbuo ghdsighl.

Zflhie ihdtkr-ihdtkr tfrsfbut, igphdsi `hpht tfrjh`i dhrfeh bfeio nini ghlpksisi hthu bfeio

tfrbfetud `hlhg bfrbhnhi henulhsi yhitu gfsihl, `isthl, vfrtidhl, `he okriskethl

yhen gfenhdibhtdhe jhlur frupsi yhen shlho hrho. Cgphdsi gfsihl gfruphdhe ghlpksisi

yhen

phlien sfrien `itfgudhe, `iiduti klfo igphdsi vfrtidhl, okrizkethl `he yhen phlien jhrhen

h`hlho igphdsi `isthl

F. PHE@H HPHV DFLVOHE NCNC CG]HDZC

H`h bfbfrhph krhen yhen gfenhlhgi ghshlho `fenhe tfrjh`ieyh nini igphdsi.

@fenhe `fgidihe, gfrfdh gfrhsh durhen eyhghe gflhdudhe ohl-ohl yhen bfroubuenhe

`fenhe rkennh gulut. Phe`h-the`h ugug `he nfjhlh tfrjh`ieyh nini igphdsi hethrh lhie 1

8. Ceilhghsi, yhitu pfgbfendhdhe `i sfdithr rhohen `he whreh dfgfrhohe ph`h nusi

`i sfdithr nini yhen `i`unh igphdsi.

 2. Rfskrpsi nini tfthennh, dhrfeh lfthd bfeio nini yhen hbekrghl sfoiennh

gfrfskrpsi nini tfthennh.

:. Disth (iklidulfr).

0. Rhsh shdit hthu pfrio `i sfdithr nusi hthu rhohen `he shdit dfphlh yhen
lhgh (efurhlnih).

6. Irhdtur rhohen (phtho tulhen rhohen).

I. DLHZCICDHZC

Dlhssiiidhsi bfr`hshrdhe oubuenhe lfthd nini gklhr dftinh bhwho tfroh`hp rhgus

ghe`ibulh `he `isthl gklhr df`uh bhwho 1

8. Dlhs C 1 @igheh tfr`hpht ruhenhe yhen judup uetud udurhe gfsik`isthl ghodkth

nini gklhr dftinh bhwho hethrh rhgus ghe`ibulh `he pfrgudhhe `isthl nini gklhr

df`uh

bhwho.

2. Dlhs CC 1 Ruhenhe hethrh pfrgudhhe `isthl nini gklhr df`uh bhwho `he

rhgus ghe`ibulh lfbio dfjil `hri udurhe gfsik`isthl ghodkth nini gklhr dftinh

bhwho.

:. Dlhs CCC1 Zfguh nini gklhr dftinh bhwho tfrlfthd `hlhg rhgus ghe`ibulh.

Bfr`hshrdhe oubuenhe `fenhe `hlhgeyh pksisi nini gklhr dftinh `hlhg tulhen rhohen.

8. ]ksisi H 1 Bhnihe tfrtienni `hri nini gklhr dftinh tfrlfthd `i hths hthu ph`h bhths

nhris kdlushl nini rhohen bhwho.

2. ]ksisi B 1 Bhnihe tfrtienni `hri nini gklhr dftinh tfrlfthd `i bhwho nhris kdlushl,

tfthpi ghsio `i hths nhris sfrvidhl `hri nini gklhr df`uh.

:. ]ksisi J 1 Bhnihe tfrtienni `hri nini gklhr dftinh tfrlfthd `i bhwho nhris sfrvidhl

`hri gklhr df`uh.

N. ]FEHPHLHDZHEHHE

Cgphdsi `hpht `ipfrdirhdhe sfjhrh dlieis hphbilh nini hethnkeiseyh su`ho

frupsi `he ohgpir bish `iphstidhe hphbilh nini yhen tfrlfthd ph`h sisi yhen

lhieeyh frupsi. ]h`h dhsus tfrtfetu, nini igphdsi ti`hd `hpht tfrlioht sfjhrh

dlieis tfthpi `hpht gfeyfbhbdhe nhennuhe ph`h `hfrho rkennh gulut sfpfrti

rhsh shdit, rfskrbsi nini yhen bfr`fdhthe `he hbsfs (Bihetk, 2=88). @fethl

rh`iknrhg iei gfrefnhen pfrhehe yhen pfetjen `hlhg gfefnhddhe `ihneksis

yhen sfjhrh dlieis ti`hd tfrlioht, gfrfejhehdhe pfrhwhthe `he gfenfvhluhsi

ohsil pfrhwhthe. Vetud gfeuejhen iei, `ipfrludhe rh`iknrhg yhen

`ibuht

`fenhe tfdeid yhen tfpht (Drfsehe`h, 2=80)

]frtugbuohe rhohen yhen durhen sfgpureh hthu dfti`hd sfigbhenhe

hethrh bfshreyh nini `he bfshreyh rhohen. Dfh`hhe iei `hpht gfeyfbhbdhe

ghlkdlusi, sfbhb nini gklhr dftinh h`hlho nini tfrhdoir bfrfrupsi

`he ti`hdgfe`hphtdhe ruhenhe yhen judup ph`h lfenduen rhohen,

pfenfluhrhe
nini gklhr dftinh ohgpir sflhlu `iie`idhsidhe sfbflug pfrhwhthe krtok`keti

uetud gfrhwht ghlkdlusi klfo dhrfeh lfthd nini yhen bfr`fshdhe.

Frupsi sfbhnihe hthu igphdsi, Frupsi yhen tfrthohe junh gfruphdhe

prkpoylhjtij nini gklhr dftinh, uthgheyh bilh kpfrdulug `i hths ghodkth nini

sflhlu tfrdfeh trhugh `he h`heyh oypfrtrkpoy nienivhl. ( Bihetk, 2=88)

H`h 9 thohp uetud pfejhbuthe nini gklhr dftinh rhohen

bhwho igphdsi, yhitu (]hrhghputri, 2=80) 1

8. Zf`hsi, pfrsyhrhthe pfrthgh uetud dfbfrohsilhe pfgbf`hohe

nini igphdsi h`hlho phsife yhen rilfds `he hehstfsi lkdhl yhen fifdtii

hthu

phsife yhen tfrhehstfsi `fenhe bhid. ]fgbfrihe sf`htii krhl tfrtfetu ph`h

skrf ohri sfbflug `he shtu jhg sfbflug pfgbf`hohe gfruphdhe tfdeid

yhen bish `itfrigh. Zfrien dhli hehstfsi ugug gfruphdhe piliohe yhen

jkjkd uetud pfgbf`hohe igphdsi.

2. @fshie ilhp, h`h pfe`hpht bhowh pfrsyhrhthe df`uh uetud pfgbf`hohe

igphdsi h`hlho ilhp yhen `i`ishie `fenhe bhid `he udurheeyh judup.

Ilhp ghe`ibulh yhen sfrien `inuehdhe h`hlho fevflkpf theph

iesisi thgbhohe, `irfilfdsidhe `hri lfofr gklhr pfrthgh `he gklhr df`uh

tfthpi

`fenhe pfrluhshe `isthl dfhrho lhtfrhl hthu budhl df`hlhg rfnike gklhr

dftinh. Hspfd lienuhl ghe`ibulh `ioie`hri uetud gfejfnho jf`frh ph`h

efrvkus lienuhlis. Ilhp sfruph `inuehdhe ph`h lfenduen rhohen hths,

tfthpi `ilfthddhe `ihths tubfrksiths sf`hendhe pfrluhshe `isthleyh tfthp

df lhtfrhl hthu budhl. Ahlhe ghsud gfeuju gklhr dftinh igphdsi yhen
`hlhg ph`h df`uh lfenduen rhohen sfrien `ipfrklfo `fenhe iesisi sfrken
 thgbhohe df hetfrikr.

:. ]fenhgbilhe tulhen, pfenhgbilhe tulhen ghe`ibulh tfruthgh `ilhdudhe

`fenhe bur `he `ibhetu `fenhe irinhsi shlurhe shlief. Pfdeid yhen bish

`inuehdhe h`hlho gfgbuht phrit sfphejhen budhl `he `isthl ghodkth

`fenhe ghdsu` gflie`ueni jristh kbliquf fxtfreh ehgue tfthp

bish gfe`hphtdhe jhlhe ghsud yhen judup dfpfrgudhhe hdhr yhen

hdhe

`ipktken.

0. ]fgktkenhe yhen tfrfejheh, nini yhen igphdsi bihsheyh `ipktken-

pktken. Dfph`hthe `he siiht tulhen ghe`ibulh gfejh`idhe

pfgktkenhe tfrfejheh ph`h dfbheyhdhe nini igphdsi gfejh`i shenht

pfetien hphbilh ienie `ipfrklfo hrho pfenfluhrhe yhen ti`hd tfrohlhen.

Pie`hdhe iei ohrus `ilhdudhe sfjhrh ohti-ohti uetud gfenoie`hri

irhdtur `ie`ien hlvfklhr lienuhl hthu tfrtfgbuseyh bhnihe tfrsfbut

`fenhe bur dhrfeh h`h dfguendiehe tfrjh`i jf`frh efrvkus lienuhlis.

@hshr pfgidirhe `hri

pfgktkenhe h`hlho gfejipthdhe ruhen yhen bish `inuehdhe

uetud gfenuendit `he gfenfluhrdhe sfngfe ghodkth hthu sish hdhr.

6. Pie`hdhe sfsu`ho pfejhbuthe nini, sfsu`ho nini igphdsi bfrohsil

`idfluhrdhe `fenhe bhid, sish-sish iklidfl `ibfrsiodhe sfluruoeyh.

Dfnhnhlhe gflhdudhe ohl iei bish gfenhdibhtdhe pfeyfgbuohe yhen

lhgh hthu pfrdfgbhenhe phtklknis `hri sish fpitfl k`ketknfeid. Zftflho

iklidfl `ibfrsiodhe, hlvfklus `iirinhsi `fenhe shlief `he `ipfridsh

`fenhe tfliti. Shen pfetien bfdfehhe `fenhe igphdsi nini bhwho h`hlho
dke`isi

bue`fl efurkvhsjulhr hlvfklhris ieifrikr yhen sfrien tfrjh`i ph`h

 df`hlhghe hlvfklus. Zfguh pktkenhe nini `he sfrpiohe tulhen

junh sfrpiohe pfrikstfu `he gudksh ohrus `ioilhendhe. Pfpi-tfpi tulhen

ohrus

`iohlusdhe `fenhe bur `he didir tulhen. ]fejhoithe `ilhdudhe tfruthgh

uetud gfesthbildhe jhrienhe tfroh`hp prkjfssus hlvfklhris `he tfroh`hp

hspfd `istkbudhl gklhr df`uh `i`fdhteyh. Iktk siehr-_ `ibuht sfsu`ho

kpfrhsi sflfshi uetud dhsus-dhsus yhen sulit `igheh h`h dfguendiehe

tfrjh`i irhdtur ghe`ibulh hthu jf`frh strudtur sfdithreyh.

9. Cetrudsi phsjh bf`ho, tfdhedhe pfrlueyh gfgieug kbht hehlnfsid

sfbflug rhsh shdit tigbul, sfpfrti junh hplidhsi `ienie uetud gfenketrkl

pfgbfendhdhe. Kbht-kbht pfenketrkl rhsh shdit sfsu`ho pfgbf`hohe

bihsheyh lfbio pktfet `hriph`h yhen `irfsfpdhe sfsu`ho pfejhbuthe

`fenhe then. ]uejhd rhsh shdit sfsu`ho pfgbf`hohe igphdsi

h`hlho sflhgh dfgbhlieyh sfeshsi `hfrho kpfrhsi sf`hendhe

pfgbfendhdhe ghdsighl bihsheyh tfrjh`i 20 jhg phsjh pfejhbuthe.

>. Pie`hd lhejut, dketrkl `ilhdudhe ph`h shht gflfphs jhoithe, bihsheyh

ohri dffgpht hthu dfligh sfsu`ho kpfrhsi ph`h duejuenhe iei `hfrho

kpfrhsi `ipfridsh `fenhe tfliti yhitu gfenfehi pfeutuphe gudksh `he

dfbfrh`hhe bfdu `hrho.

O. ]FGFRCDZHHE ]FEVEAHEN

]fgfridshhe yhen bihsheyh `ilhdudhe h`hlho pfgfridshhe rh`iknrhii

phekrhgid uetud gflioht pksisi igphdsi nini gklhr tinh. ]fgfridshhe iei junh
bfrnueh uetud gflioht oubuenhe nini tfrsfbut `fenhe tulhen rhohen
ghe`ibulh.

C. @CHNEKZH DF]FRH^HPHE
 8. Eyfri hdut b.`. hnfe jf`frh biklkni

2. Durhen pfenfthouhe b.` durhen tfrphphr ieikrghsi gfenfehi pfeyhdit

:. Rfsidk ieifdsi b.` trhugh ph`h dulit

A. CEPFRYFEZC DF]FRH^HPHE

Ek @x
Pujuhe Cetfrvfesi Rhsikehl
Dfpfrhwhthe
8 sftflho `ibfridhe hsuohe ECJ 1 ]hie Ghehnfgfet Gfgkeitkr eyfri
Eyfri hdut k

b.`. hnfe dfpfrhwhthe sflhgh :x20 jhg k Dhji ulhen dfluohe yhen phsife
jf`frh biklkni `iohrhpdhe rhsh eyfri phsife eyfri, pfrohtidhe rhshdhe `fenhe
bfrdurhen `fenhe DO lkdhsi hthu ]XRZP
tfrjhphi sdkr 0-6 ph`h EKJ 1 dhrhdtfr k Vetud
`he ietfesiths. gfeiendhtdhe
EKJ 1 ]hie Lfvfl k Bfridhe pksisi yhen dfeyhghehe
Ce`idhtkr 8 2 : 0 6 eyhghe ph`h dlife
Zdhlh phsife. k Gfeiendhtdhe
eyfri k @krken rflhdshsi `he
Rhsh gfennuehdhe gfenurheni eyfri
eyhghe/ tfdeid eke- k @ibfridhe uetud
Eyfri ihrghdklkni `he gfenoilhendhe
bfrdurhe ihrghdklkni uetud eyfri `he
n gfghehjfgfe eyfri, gfgbfridhe
k Dklhbkrhsi rflhdshsi gfethl
pfgbfrihe kbht `he iisid.
sfsuhi ie`idhsi
(hehlnfsid).
@HIPHR ]VZPHDH
Ruslie, G. 2=8:. Ke`ketfdtkgi 1 ]fehthlhdshehhe Nini Cgphdsi. @fphrtfgfe

Bf`ho Gulut `he Ghdsilkihsihl, Ihdulths Df`kdtfrhe Nini, Veivfrsiths

Ohsheu``ie 1 ]P NHDDFE

Ghesjkfr, Hrii `dd. 2==>. Dhpith Zflfdth Df`kdtfrhe. (id). Gf`ih Hfsjulhpius.

Eurhrii, Ou`h. 2=89. Hsuohe Dfpfrhwhthe ]rhdtis bfr`hshrdhe pfefrhphe

`ihneksh Ehe`h, ECJ, EKJ `hlhg bfrbhnhi dhsus. Sknyhdhrth 1

Gf`ihjtike ]rhwirkohr`jk Zhrwkek. 2=8=. Clgu

Dhe`uenhe Shyhshe Bieh ]usthdh. Ahdhrth1 ]P Bieh

]usthdh Zhrwkek

]rhwirkohr`jk.

^ildieske Au`ito G. 2==>. @ihneksis Dfpfrhwhthe ECJ `he EKJ. Ahdhrth.

FNJ.

Skeidh, Hustie. 2=82. Hsuohe Dfpfrhwhthe ]h`h Ey. R @fenhe Nhennuhe

Zistfg Rfprk`udsi1 Gikgh Vtfri @i Bhenshl @holih Rsu` ]he`he

Hrhen Bkyklhli. Dhryh Pulis Clgiho. Ihdulths Clgu

Dfsfohthe Veivfrsiths Guohggh`iyho Zurhdhrth