Jahnika Blair

620131434

Stream 2

26/01/21

a.
The differences observed between the operculum of the Anchovy and that of the Tilapia is
that the Anchovy has one operculum opening while the Tilapia has two operculum openings:
a preopercle and an operculum.

b. DRAWING

c. DRAWING

d. The differences observed between the structure of the gill of the filter-feeding anchovy and
that of the non-filter feeding teleost are:

1. The gill of the anchovy extends with a an upper and lower arch while this is not seen in
the gill of the teleost.
2. The gill of the anchovy has gill filaments that are long, thin and widely spaced in
comparison to the gill filaments of the teleost which are more closely packed together.
There are two rows of gill filaments on the gill arch of the teleost while on the anchovy
there is only one row.
3. The gill rakers of the anchovy are long, thin and closely arranged in the entirety of the
buccal cavity as compared to the gill rakers of the teleost which are short and more
widely spaced.
e. The reason for each difference in the physiology of the gills is to serve the type of feeding
the organism does i.e., whether it filter feeds or not. Gill rakers serve as the main
appendage in separating or combing through food in filter feeding. They are seen as comb-
like structures. The gill rakers of the anchovy are long, thin and closely arranged in the
entirety of the buccal cavity. This is because the anchovy is a filter feeder and it feeds on tiny
particles, as the water current sweeps these tiny particles into the mouth and onto the gills
the tiny particles are filtered by the rakers into the food grooves. The gill rakers of the
teleost are short and more widely spaced this is because this fish is not a filter feeder and
does not need to use its rakers to filter small particles into the gills and feeds on larger prey.
The gill of the anchovy extends with a an upper and lower arch while this is not seen in the
gill of the teleost. This is because while the teleost is not a filter feeder and its food are
larger and just passes through the gill rakers. The rakers are thought of as a comb, and there
does not need to be an extensive and looping comb that is supported by the gill arch if it
does not filter feed. The gill arch of the anchovy creates a wish-bone-like loop to create a
surface that is more efficient at filtering the small particles. There is a bigger surface area for
 filtering and the rakers are more densely packed in a sort of cavity that allows for better
filtering. The gill of the anchovy has gill filaments that are long, thin and widely spaced in
comparison to the gill filaments of the teleost which are more closely packed together.
There are two rows of gill filaments on the gill arch of the teleost while on the anchovy there
is only one row. This is because the teleost is not a filter feeder and it takes in large prey so
the filaments are tightly packed so the food does not pass into them and clog the filaments
also not a lot of water will through it as it doesn’t filter feed. The filaments in the anchovy
are more widely spaced as a lot of water passes through it to be filtered and the small
particles need to pass through.

Section 2

a. DRAWING

b. Bivalves filter feed, they feed by ‘suctioning’ water into their incurrent siphon by means of
ciliary action (lateral cilia) of the gills. This food-water suspension passes along the mucous
covered ciliated gills and the food is trapped by the mucous by the action of the lateral and
frontal cilia. This trapped food is moved towards the food grooves (ciliated tracts) by the
ciliary action of the frontal cilia and it then moves towards the mouth which are bordered by
labial palps which form the cavity that is the mouth.

c. The structure of the gills of the bivalves are related to gaseous exchange and filter feeding
by:

1. The gills are ciliated which helps to move food along the cilia on the gills and
into/towards the digestive tract by ciliary action and this cilia on the gills also move
water with gases to be exchanged into the cavity of the bivalve along with increasing the
surface area of the gills for gaseous exchange.
2. The entirety of the elongated and ciliated gill filaments of the bivalve are
arranged/folded in the W-like shape resulting in a pair of gills, two on either side of an
axis. This results in an increase in the surface area of the gills which increases filter
feeding and gas exchange.

Section 3

d. From the feeding video on OURVLE of the observed feeding movements of the barnacles it is
seen that they feed by a mechanism which involves the rapid extension and retraction of a
hand-like/feather-like appendage known as the cirri. The appendage extends from inside the
opening or mouth of the barnacle and ‘sweeps’ the water for food as the water currents
move food past the organism which it then retracts the appendage with any food it ‘grabs’
into the mouth and body of the barnacle.
e. The materials the tubes of the fan worms are made of mucus, sand and sediments or
calcium carbonate and chitin.

f. By the mechanism of water currents food is brought to the fan which are a group of
tentacle-like mucous coated ciliated appendages called radioles. As the cilia on these
radioles beat food the food-water suspension is sorted into 3 different sizes, some cilia beat
in the direction of the mouth carries small particles that are easily ingested and digested.
Another set of cilia will beat in the direction back towards the fan to be ejected because
these particles are too large to be suitably ingested and digested. Medium sized particles are
then brought to storage in the tube which helps in building the structure of the tube.

g. You would observe the ciliary tracts of the fan worm beating in different directions because
this is a mechanism for sorting of food brought into the body of the organism by the fan, by
their sizes. The food-water suspension is sorted into 3 different sizes, some cilia beat in the
direction of the mouth carries small particles that are easily ingested and digested. Another
set of cilia will beat in the direction back towards the fan to be ejected because these
particles are too large to be suitably ingested and digested. Medium sized particles are then
brought to storage in the tube. The mechanism by which this is done is similar to a conveyor
belt in a factory that perhaps sorts candy of different sizes.