History of Simulation

1. Early Antecedents(Ancient Times - 17th Century)

- ancestors used mechanical devices to model celestial movements.
- chinese developed the earliest form of abacuses for calcu.
2. Military and Training Simulations- (18th to 19th Century)
- emergence of military and training simulations
- flight simulators in early 20th century
3. Computer Simulations (20th Century to 1950s)
- simulate physical systems and mathematical models
4. Digital Simulation and Video Games (1960s to 1980s)
- marked the development of digital simulations
- video games industry emerged
- simulation become powerful tool in physics, economics, social sciences.
5. Advancement in Graphics and Realism (1990s - 2000s)
-significant advancement in computer graphics leading to more realistic
simulations
-fligh simulator, driving simulator and virtual reality experience
- medical simulations
6. Growth in Serious Games and Training Simulations(2000s - Present)
- Simulators are used extensively in fields such as healthcare, aviation,
military training and disaster preparedness
- virtual reality and augmented reality
7. Simulation in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (2000s - Present)
- Crucial in development and testing of AI and ML
- Used to train, test, predict
8. Simulation in Social Science and Economics (2000s - Present)
- Agent based models and other simulation techniques to study behavior and
make predictions
9. Future Directories
- Future Simulations is likely to be shaped by advancements in AI, VR ,AR,
computing power.
- will become even more realistic.

SYSTEM: user -> input -> Application Software -> Operating Systems -> Output

- derived from the greek word "Systema" means organized relationship among
functioning units
- designed to achieve one or more objectives

3 Basic Implications of System

1. must designed to achieve a pre determined objectives
2. Interrelationships and Interdependence must exist
3. Objectives of the system as a whole is top priority than subsystem
objectives.

Model: Simplified Representation of Real or Theoritical Systems

TRADE OFF IN LEVEL OF MODEL DETAIL
1.Too little detail - risk of missing relevant interactions
2.Too much detail - complicated to understand

Simulation: program that mimics or imitates the real system.

-experiment in computer where the real system is reaplaced by execution
- this model takes the form of set of assumptions
Assumptions are Expressed in:
1.Mathematical Relationships
2. Logical Relationships
3.Symbolic Relationship between entitiesd of the System.
Modeling and Simulation
- understanding and evaluating the interaction parts of a real or
theoriticcal system
*Designing its Representation (Model)
*Executing the model including timeand space dimensions

Why Simulations?
- Accurate Depiction or Reality
- Insightful System evaluation

Uses of Simulations
1.Analyze systems before building it
2. Reduce design mistakes
3. Optimized Design
4. Analyze Operational Systems
5. Create virtual environments for training etc

Simulation is NOT APPROPRIATE

1. When the problem can be solved by common sense
2. If the problem can be solved Analytically
3. If it is easier to perform direct experiments
4. If the costs exceed the budget
5. If the resources or time are not available
6. No data is available
7. Not enough time or people
8. If system behaviour too complex

Advantages of Simulation
1. Imitates behaviour of systems in situations that cant be experienced
directly
2. Represents real systems
3. Requires limited resoureces in terms of data
4. Allows experimentation in limited time
5. Easily Interpretable
6. "what if" questions can be answered

Disadvantages of Simulation
1. Not exact Results of the Systems
2. Could be complex, difficult to identify
3. Could be laborious, may take long time
4. Results depends on quality of input data
5. Complexing of simulation depends on complexity of system

Areas of Application
1.Manufacturing
2.Business
3.Military Application
4.Healthcare Application
5.Communication Application
6.Computer Application
7.Economic Application
8.Transportation Application
9.Environment Application
10.Biological Application
11.Business process Re-engineering

Terminology
1. System: entity or process being modeled
2. Model: Abstraction or representation of system behaviour
3. Iput: Data, parameters, variable
4. Output: Results generated by simulation
5. Time Step(Time Increment): time used in simulation
6. Event: occurence or actions that affects the system
7. State: current condition of the system
8. Simulation Clock: mechanism that keeps track of progress
9. Simulation Run: execution of the simulation model
10. Replication: repeating simulation
11. warm-up period: initial period of simulation
12. Random Number Generator: function that generates sequences of random number
13. Performance Measure: metrics used to quantify the performance
14. Expirements: Series of simulation runs
15. Model validation: Ensuring the model accurately represents real-world system
16. Model verification: confirming model has been implemented correctly
17. Sensitivity Analysis: Evalutaing how changes in input affects the output
18. Scenario Analysis: Examining how the system behaves under different assumptions
19. Optimization: finding optimal system performance
20. Model Debugging: identifying and resolving errors