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构图进阶指南
构图进阶指南
Have you ever wondered why some pictures are more appealing than others . . .
你是不是曾经困惑于...
为什么有些图片比另外一些更有吸引力?
why some are left hanging in galleries for months or even years to be enjoyed
by thousands?
为什么有些挂在画廊中的画经年累月地令数以千计的人陶醉?
Have you ever wondered why some photographers consistently win the praises
of judges and critics?
你是不是曾经困惑于为什么有些摄影家总是赢得鉴赏家和评论家的赞赏?
One of the main reasons why some pictures are more outstanding than others
is because of their strong composition. That's what this program is all about.
We're going to consider how composition can improve your photographs.
为什么一些图片比另一些优秀,一个主要原因就是它们结实的构图。这就是本教
程所要告诉你的。我们将要考虑怎样构图才能改善你的图片。
Good composition is a subject with a history of its own. The Greeks and
Romans were practicing it 2,000 years before photography! It's obvious in their
architecture.
好的结构是一个有着自己故事的主体。希腊人和罗马人在摄影术发明之前已经实
践了 2000 年!这在他们的建筑中体现得很明显。
After you've learned the guidelines, you'll realize that well-composed pictures
often take careful planning and sometimes patient waiting.
一旦学习了这些法则,你将认识到好的构图作品经常需要周密计划,有些情况下
还需要耐心等待。
You'll find that the composition guidelines will become part of your thinking
when you're looking for pictures, and soon they will become second nature to
you.
当你在寻找图片时,你会发现这些构图法则将成为你思考的一部分,并且不久它
们将成为你的习惯。
n this program, we'll discuss:
在本教程中,我们将讨论:
Simplicity
简洁
The Rule of Thirds
三分法
Lines
线条
Balance
平衡
Framing
框架
Guidelines for
Better Photographic Composition:Simplicity
Let's see how we can improve this photo by looking for visual simplicity. First
let's decide if we want our center of interest to be the public telephone, the
bridge, or the cactus.
我们看一下怎样通过寻找视觉上的简洁化来提高图片的质量。首先,让我们决定
一下把谁作为图片的兴趣中心点,是公用电话,是桥,抑或仙人掌?
We chose the cactus as the main subject. And by moving in closer and using
the plain sky as the background, we have simplified and improved the
appearance of this photograph.
我们选择仙人掌作为主体,把朴素的天空作为背景,再靠近些拍摄,我们就使画
面更简洁,并提高了它的表现力。
We're certainly close enough to our subject in both pictures, but the busy
background on the left camouflages the seagull. Just change your point of view
Compose your photograph so that your reason for taking the picture is clearly
seen. Arrange other parts of the picture area in such a way as to complement
what you choose to be the center of interest. Most of us would prefer the
picture on the right because the parking lot tends to contradict the feeling of
antiquity related to this mission.
对图片进行构图从而使你照相的意图清楚地体现。安排图片上的其它部分作为你
选择的兴趣中心点的补充。我们中的大多数更喜欢右图,因为(左图中)停车场
和教堂古遗迹的气氛相抵触。
Or perhaps you'd prefer to frame your subject in the vertical format, as we've
indicated with these frame lines. The choice is yours.
也许你更喜欢竖向构图,就象我们用框线框出的部分。选择权在你。
So, you can simplify your pictures and strengthen your center of interest by
selecting uncomplicated backgrounds, avoiding unrelated subjects, and moving
in close. If you want to make your center of interest even more dynamic, place
it slightly off center in your frame as we have done with this young artist.
Generally, pictures with subjects directly in the center tend to be more static
and less interesting than pictures with off-center subject placement.
通常,主体直接处于中心位置的图片,趋向于更加静止,比起主体偏离中心位置
的图片,少了些趣味性。
Guidelines for
Better Photographic Composition: Rule of Thirds
构图进阶指南:三分法
You can use the rule of thirds as a guide in the off-center placement of your
subjects. Here's how it works.
可以使用三分法指导我们主体怎样偏离中心位置。下面详细介绍。
Before you snap the picture, imagine your picture area divided into thirds both
horizontally and vertically. The intersections of these imaginary lines suggest
four options for placing the center of interest for good composition. The option
you select depends upon the subject and how you would like that subject to be
presented.
拍照之前,假想把你的画面横向和纵向分为三部分。这些假想的分隔线的交叉点
为放置趣味中心点提供了好的构图的四个选择。选择依赖于主体和你想把主体放
置于那个位置。
We picked the upper-right position for this subject so that we could see the full
shadow and most of the tracks that lead to the seagull.
我们选择把主体放置在右上交叉点,这样我们可以看到海鸥的整个阴影和指向海
鸥的大部分足迹。
The lighthouse seems well placed in the upper right just because the rest of the
scene fits nicely into the format.
灯塔放置在右上点看起来不错,因为景色的其余部分和这种形式配合的恰到好
处。
Here's a case where you have excellent subject control. You can have the
model pose anywhere along the walkway. The rule of thirds indicates this
placement which also gives the model a definite path to follow within the
You should always consider the path of moving subjects and, generally, leave
space in front of them into which they can move.
你可能经常要考虑主体移动的路径,并且,通常还要在他们移动方向的前方留下
一定空间。
If you don't, here's what can happen! This jogger looks like she's going to run
right out of the picture.
如果不这样做,就是这种效果!图中的慢跑者看起来马上要向右跑出画面。
By placing the subject in the lower-left position, we've used the rule of thirds
and given the jogger plenty of room to run within the picture.
我们使用三分法,把主体放置在左下角,给慢跑者在画面中留下大量空间。
Here's another action shot where it's important to leave more space in front of
a moving subject than behind it.
You can also apply the rule of thirds guidelines to the placement of the horizon
in your photos. Here the center position of the boat and horizon results in a
static feeling.
你也可以运用三分法在你的图片中处理地平线的位置。这里船和地平线处于中心
位置给人以静止的感觉。
Let's move the horizon to the upper third and the sailboat to the left.
Remember, these are the only guidelines. So if you don't like this subject
placement, try another.
我们把地平线移到上面三分之一处,帆船移到左边。记住,这只是些法则。所以
如果你不喜欢主体的位置,试试另外一个位置。
Like this. We've moved the horizon line to the lower third. In general, place the
horizon high or low in your scenics, but rarely in the middle.
就象这样。我们把地平线移到下面三分之一处。通常,把地平线置于你的风景图
片的上面或者下面,但是很少放中间。
Just as it's usually best to place horizons off center, it's also best to place
verticals off center. For instance, in the picture on the left, the subject is
centered, but on the right, the photographer got a more effective photograph
by simply changing the viewpoint.
就象我们通常把地平线偏离中心放置,把垂直线放置得偏离中心效果一样好。例
如,在左图,主体在中间放置,但在右图,拍摄者通过简单地改变视角使图片的
效果更令人印象深刻。
Now we can look up and see the lines against a clear blue sky. The picture on
the right is much more dynamic because of the strong diagonal lines.
现在我们可以向上看,线条背衬着干净的蓝天。右图因为强有力的斜线显得更富
于动感。
Imagine this view without the diagonal rays of sunlight and you'll probably
agree: diagonal lines are dynamic!
想象一下如果没有斜照的日光,画面会是怎么样。由此你可能会同意:斜线就是
动感!
You can use diagonals as leading lines to provide a way into the picture. It's a
simple and easy path for the eye to follow to the main subject.
你可以使用斜线作为引导线,为进入画面提供一种方法。这是一种把视线指向主
体简单又容易的途径。
You can also use repetitive lines to draw viewers' attention to your center of
interest.
你也可以使用重复的线条吸引观众去注意趣味中心点。
One of the most common and graceful lines used in composition is called the S
curve.
在构图中,一种极普通而优美的线叫做 S 曲线。
Here's another S curve that forms a diagonal leading line. This picture is also
improved with a well-placed center of interest, and the result is a photograph
that's easy to look at.
这是另一种 S 曲线,它形成了一条对角指引线。这张图片也因为趣味中心点被很
好的放置而有所改进,结果是,图片很耐看。
Guidelines for
Better Photographic Composition:Balance
构图进阶指南:平衡
Here's what we're looking for. The flamingo has relaxed, and his neck now
forms a pleasing S curve against a better background. So, the S curve is an
attractive shape to look for when you compose a photograph.
You can use other simple geometric shapes to help your picture composition.
Can you see the triangle you get by connecting imaginary lines between the
three nuns? This triangle adds strong visual unity to this picture.
其它简单的几何形状也能帮助你构图。你能看到连接这三个修女形成的一个假象
的三角形吗?三角形给你的图片增添了一种强烈的视觉上的和谐。
Notice how many triangles are formed by this couple and their reflections. You
can help yourself develop an artistic eye by studying pictures to find the
strength of their lines, geometric shapes, and balance.
注意一下这对情侣和他们的倒影组成了多少个三角形。通过观察图片来发现线
条、几何形状和平衡的力量,能够培养你一双艺术之眼。
Achieving good balance is another one of our guidelines for better picture
composition. Notice how the leaves, the window, and the couple all seem to be
in the right place. The camera viewpoint and subject placement were all
carefully selected to create this well-balanced photograph.
达到好的平衡是获得好的构图的另一法则之一。注意一下树叶,窗户和这对情侣,
他们的位置看起来都恰到好处。要创作这样一张具有好的平衡的图片,相机的视
角和主体的位置都要精心选择。
. . . lopsided like this. Karen looks like she's going to fall right out of the picture
due to lack of visible support.
象这一样不平衡。由于缺少视觉上的支撑物,卡伦看起来要向右倒出画面。
Imagine that these two couples are standing at either end of a pair of scales.
They are evenly balanced, so this is a classic example of symmetrical balance
想像一下这两对情侣正站在一副天平的两端。他们达到了均匀的平衡,这是一个
对称平衡的经典例子。
For example, this is a balanced photograph, but the subjects can be separated
into two vertical pictures-which tends to divide the viewer's attention.
There are usually several ways to arrange or balance your subjects. You may
choose the style on the left because you'd like to convey a feeling of
formality-or you may prefer the more relaxed informal pose. They're both well
balanced.
通常有几种方法来安排或者平衡你的主体。如果想表达一种正式的感觉,你可以
选择左图的风格。否则,你可以选择更加放松自然的姿势。它们都能很好地平衡。
Guidelines for
Better Photographic Composition: Framing
构图进阶指南:框架
Our fifth guideline for improving photographic composition is framing.
改善构图的第五个法则是框架。
No, this is not what we mean by framing, although the principle is the same.
不,这不是我们所讲的框架的含义,尽管法则是一样的。
What we mean is to frame the center of interest with objects in the foreground.
This can give a picture the feeling of depth it needs to make it more than just
another snapshot.
我们所说的框架是指用前景中的物体把兴趣中心点“框”起来。这使一张图片看起
来比另一些快照更具所需要的深度感。
Whether or not you use a frame for a picture will depend on each new subject.
What you choose as a frame for the scene will, of course, vary as well.
一张图片使用框架与否取决于每一个新的主体。当然,使用什么作为场景的框架,
也是多种多样。
Both of these interpretations of the Iwo Jima Monument effectively use framing
for added dimension and interest. No matter what subjects you choose to
photograph, you should avoid mergers.
这两张图片对 Iwo Jima 纪念碑的阐述,都有效地使用了框架,增添了观察维度
和兴趣点。不管在图片中选择什么主体,你都应该避免合并。
Guidelines for
Better Photographic Composition: Avoiding Mergers
构图进阶指南:避免合并
The merger of this tree with Dave's head is so obvious, you probably think no
one could avoid seeing it before snapping the shutter. Remember: we see
things in three dimensions, so it's easier than you might guess to focus our eyes
on the principal subject only and not see that background at all. Avoiding
mergers is our sixth guideline for better composition.
戴夫的头和这棵树明显合并到一起,按下快门前你可能会想没人能避免看到它。
记住:我们是以三维的角度观察事物,因此你很容易将视线聚集在主要的物体上,
根本没有看到背景。避免合并是改善构图的第六个法则。
You can be sure the camera always sees mergers, so look for plain
backgrounds before you pose your subject. In this case the correction was
simple because the two settings were only a few feet apart.
可以肯定的是:照相机总是能看到合并,因此在你的主体摆好姿势之前你要寻找
朴素的背景。在这个例子中,因为这两个背景只有几英尺远,就可以简单地进行
修正。
This is a fun picture, but when we cut people in half or trim their heads or feet,
we've committed a border merger. This is often caused by poor alignment of
the photographer's eye in the camera viewfinder. To avoid border mergers, line
your eye up squarely behind the viewfinder and adjust the picture format to
leave a little space around everyone.
这是一个有趣的图片,但是当我们把人部分分割出来或者修整他们的头和脚,我
Near mergers may not be quite as objectionable, but they can steal attention
from your center of interest. Near mergers are objects or lines that are just too
close to the principal subject. In this case the ball and umbrella tip are near
mergers.
紧密合并可能不会引起极度反感,但是他们能把你的注意力从兴趣中心点引开。
紧密合并是指物体或者线条距离主体太近。在这个例子里球和伞尖就是紧密合
并。
Guidelines for
Better Photographic Composition: Discussion
构图进阶指南:讨论
Now let's look at a few prizewinning photos and see why the judges gave them
such high scores. In this picture titled Afternoon Chat, the photographer
arranged the subjects in a simple, well-balanced composition. He also made
good use of diagonal lines. Remember, of course, that these are only guidelines;
so you can bend or even break them and still create fine photographs . . .
现在,让我们看一些获奖的图片,理解一下为什么评委会给它们打高分。这张图
片标题是“午后聊天”,摄影者以一种简单,极平衡的构图来安排主体。他也很好地
运用了斜线。当然我们要记住,这仅仅是法则,因此你可以遵循它,甚至打破它
来创作好的图片。
碰撞-又是一张。这里面有令人难以捕捉的人类情趣。因此,做一个机会主义者,
捕捉这些飞逝而过的瞬间,即使你忘了一些法则。拍完你可以做些修正。例如,
你可以裁剪或者放大你的图片的某一部分,就象我们用线裁取的那样。
This picture is cropped to a square format. Is that really the way you'd like it?
To see if you'd like to change its proportions, hold your hands out in front of
you and try cropping this as a vertical. You've probably seen artists do this.
Now try a horizontal cropping. This is a good way to look at pictures, improve
them, and develop your photographic eye.
这张图裁切不正成了方格式。这真是我们喜欢的方式吗?如果你愿意改变它的比
例,伸出手在你面前,试着把它裁成竖格式。你可能见过艺术家这样做。现在试
着再做一个横向的裁剪。看图,改善它们,培养你照相的眼睛,这是一个好方法。
Here's a simple cropping guideline. Include the portions of your subject that
you feel are most interesting and important. For instance, you may like this
portrait of Pat in a square format, or cropped to a horizontal.
这是个简单的裁剪法则。把主体中你认为最重要和最令人感兴趣的部分包含进
However, many people prefer portraits of individuals that are cropped vertically.
The subjects seem to fit better. The choice, of course, is yours.
然而,许多人喜欢裁成竖幅的个人肖像。主体看起来更合适。当然,选择权在你。
Here's a photograph that has simplicity and a strong center of interest. The
photographer composed it with plenty of extra space around the subject to
permit a variety of print croppings. How would you crop this picture-horizontal
or vertical? And where would you place the center of interest?
这里有幅图片。简洁,并且有一个很强的兴趣中心点。摄影者构图时在主体周围
Do the flags contribute to the composition of this picture? Are those flags really
needed? To find out, hold a pencil up in front of you and block out the flaps.
Can you explain why the flags help or hinder good composition?
这些旗真的需要吗?要寻找答案,拿根铅笔在面前屏蔽掉这些旗。你能解释为什
么这些旗帮助或者损害了好的构图吗?
(2)
You can use your talents in photographic composition in many different ways.
Now it's your turn.
你可以以多种不同的方式在摄影构图上发挥你的才能。
好了,现在看你的了。
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