REPRODUCTION KEYNOTES 2.0@ Reproduction is the production of young ones by an organism. Humans are sexually reproducing and viviparous. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1D MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM icone of pad tests Accessory dct, Accessory glands & external genitalia (penis). 9 PAIRED TESTES ee bier yjsex (or gas) toat|ecodicelsectes ‘Seminiferous tubule is lined internally & testosterone. with spermatogonia Testes are formed within the abdomen. @ Sertol calls give shape and nourishment Soon after the birth or at the 8th month to developing spermatogonia (male germ of pregnancy they descent into the * scrotal sac (scrotum) through inguinal calaper! Setaiicaiaiaannatinanaies @ The low temperature of scrotum (2.25 Si than the bot degren.Celsiuniess temperature) helps for proper functioning of testes and for spermatogenesis. Each testis is oval shaped. Length: 4-5 Q Levalg cells secrete testicular hormones ceany widthardeferm (androgens). (@ Each testis has about 250 testicular Each lobule contains 1-3 coiled lobules. (Caxeeo a ACCESSORY DUCTS (DUCT SYSTEM) 1 Inde rte testis vata efferent, ey nd vas deferens. They conduct sperms rom testi at allows: vasa efferentia - epididymis Seminiferous amt A> “series of fine am) (stores sperms ‘temporarily) join with duct of urethral Seminal vesicle to ee Uy Urethra receives ducts of prostate and Cowper's glands. eo ‘t.me/anandmani0ot @ anandmani.com9 ACcEssory GLANDS 0 Include a prostate gland, a pair of seminal vesicles and a pair Their 0 Seminal plasma + sperms - semen ‘© Functions of seminal plasma: Provides Secretions of Helps for Supplies. alkalinity to Cowper's ‘transporting nutrients to counteract the i ‘sperms. ‘sperms, acidity of tubitcate the uterus. aad © Secretions of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle & a PENIS (EXTERNAL GENITALIA) © It is a copulatory organ made of erectile spongy tissue. Prepuse ~ Uiruunausion NIN WANN ® Bees PS spongy rhe conesnape tip © Ejudtsr~ Sen called een 2. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM © It includes Ovaries, Accessory ducts & External genitalia. 7 PAIRED OVARIES @ Primary sex organs which produce ova (female gamete) & steroid ovarian hormones (estrogen & progesterone). Q cach ovary is 2-4 emin length: @ They are located on both side of the lower abdomen and @ Each ovary is covered by a thin epithelium which encloses the ovarian stroma, @ The stroma has outer cortex and inner medulla. @ Ovary contains groups of eels (Ovarian follicles). Each placed ovum follicle carries a centrallya ACCESSORY DUCTS (DUCT SYSTEM) Include 2 oviducts (Fallopian tubes), a uterus & vagina. @ ovroucts o Each ovidct Os ERTaRGUNGF Opa Q F) Funnel-shaped prowed eth way finger-like Fimbriae Wider part. (7. helps to collect the ovum. Sake. op Fernlirottéa ; Utuix © The ciliated epithelium lined the lumen of the oviduct drives the ovum towards the uterus. @ uterus «wone) © It is inverted pear shaped. It is supported by ligaments attached to the pelvic wall. (0 Uterus has 3 parts- I 2m So 0 Cervix opens to V: © The uterine wall has 3 layers: Endometrium: Inner glandular & vascular layer. ‘Myometrium: Middle thick layer of smooth muscle. @ vacrna It opens to the exterior between urethra & anus. The lumen of vagina is lined by a glycogen-rich mucous membrane consisting of sensitive papillae & Bartholin’s glands. Bartholin’s glands secrete mucus that lubricates the penis during sexual act. @ EXTERNAL GENITALTA (VULVA OR PUDENDUM) © Consist of Mons pubis, vestibule, hymen & clitoris. ‘© Mons pubis: A cushion of fatty tissue covered by © vestibule: A median channel. It includes: t epy = ‘and hairy outer folds. sageaflesiy. Labia minora: Small, thin and ‘Surrounds vaginal opening. hairless inner folds. ic hair. eo t.me/anandmani0ot @ anandmani.com© Hymen (Maiden head) - A membrane which partially cover th ig It is often torn during the isIt may also be broken by a sudden fall or jolt, insertion of a waginl tampons active items etc. In some women, hymen persists after coitus. So the hymen is not ator of virginity. 0 Clitoris: A highly sensitive organ lying just in front of the urethral opening a MAMMARY GLANDS (BREASTS) A pair of mammary glands contains glandular tissue & fat. Milt produsion — Peolackion () Glandular tissue of each breast has 15-20 mammary — Px te lobes contanng clusters of cells mammary a cea Cells of alveoli secrete milk. It is stored in lumen of alveoli. The alveoli open into mammary tubules q Q (i ‘The tubules of each lobe join to form a mammary duct Several mammary ducts join to form a wider ‘mammary ampulla which is connected to lactiferous duct through GAMETOGENESIS formation of gametes in the gonads. ©lIt is 2 types: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis. a SPERMATOGENESIS It is the process of formation of sperms (spermatozoa) in seminiferous tubules of testis. It hae 2 etages: @ FORMATION OF SPERMATIDS In this, 5) SPERMIOGENESIS Renae, 04 spe from, Serlols allg SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF SPERMATOGENESIS Pubuity, rman @), Mitosis eifferentiation 1 Foo S ZN tess 7 N ind mat sn oO ® spon et rt (0 4 spermatids are formed from each primary spermatocyte. © After spermiogenesis, sperm heads become embedded in the Sertoli cells. Then they are released to lumen of seminiferous tubules. It is called spermiation ROLE OF HORMONES IN SPERMATOGENESIS ‘© Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). (© GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete 2 and gonadotropins such as Luteinizing hormone (LH) a FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) LH acts on the Leydi cele and state reenact secretion of Qetalicantls and stimulates secretion “androgens. Androgens stimulate G of some factors for spermatogenesis. ‘the spermiogenesis. INHIGIN @ KH eo ‘t.me/anandmani0o1@ STRUCTURE OF SPERMATOZOA (SPERM) 0 A mature sperm is about 60 y (0.06 mm) long. — © A plasma membrane envelops the whole body of sperm. 0 A sperm has 3 regions: Proximal Confrals ~ Neck. a) Head: Oval b) Middle piece: ) Tail: Consists of a shaped. Formed of Composed of axial central axial filament surrounded filament. The sperm by mitochondria & moves in fluid cytoplasm. medium and female Mitochondria genital tract by the produce energy for undulating movement the sperm motility. of the tail. Neborniton Shobhy ‘0 Man ejaculates 200-300 million sperms during a coitus. © For normal fertility, at least 60% sperms must have normal shape and size. ° s . @ OOGENESIS @ Itis the process of formation and maturation of ovum. ® It takes place in Graafian follicles. g ininnitates jstage when milions of epg mother eal ® No more oogonia are formed and added after birth. g ‘Sogonia multiply to form primary oocytes. They enter prophase Cs ic Of the meiosis and get temporarily arrested at that stage. (liplotem Each primary oocyte gets surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells to form primary follicle. ® Many primary follicles degenerate during the phase from birth to puberty. Therefore, at puberty, only 60,000 - 80,000 primary. follicles are left in each ovary. NIN NN NIN a The primary oocyte in Primary follicles onmiammialices tertiary follicle grows and get surrounded by follicle thas a fluid aaa ioee ional a filled cavity (antrum). large secondary oocyte ‘anew theca to ecallayeg (n) & a tiny first polar form secondary forms an inner theca body In). So, secondary follicle. interna and an outer oocyte retains nutrient theca outerna rrich cytoplasm of primary oocyte.NN \\\\\Y NN NN It is unknown i that whether Pea Secondary the first polar Ree arn oocyte forms body divides ee iee anew further or aa membrane degenerates. “ OVULATION. @ scHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF OOGENESIS OOGENESIS “oogonia -2n (46 chromosomes) Mitosis differentiation (at foetal stage) reac (grows insize) 1st meiotic division (orior to ovulation) 2nd meiotic division (during terization) ‘Ovum (n) & second Polar body {n) STRUCTURE OF OVUM (EGG) (© Spherical and non-motile. © About 02 mm in diameter. (0 Ovum has 3 membranes: Plasma Membrane: innermost layer. Zona pellucida: Outer to the plasma membrane. Perivitelline space Corona radiata: Outer layer formed of follicle cells oe ‘t.me/anandmani0ot @ anandmani.comSPERMATOGENESIS & OOGENESIS - A COMPARISON Occurs in testis Limited growth phase Each primary spermatocyte gives 4 sperms No polar body formation Begins at puberty & extends up to selinity, Occurs in ovary Elaborated growth phase Each primary oocyte gives 1 ovum Polar bodies are formed ins at embryonic stage but suspends upto puberty cence sour the age of ty. MENSTRUAL CYCLE (REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE) Iti th ccc aats starting fon on mantutin the ct dung the reproductive period ( 2 woman's life. Gout - Monaevdae, Its duration is 28 to 29 days. Menstrual cycl A) MENSTRUAL PHASE: + The cycle starts with menstrual flow (bleeding) Ie lasts for 9-5 days. — Menstruation occurs if the released ovum — |i ot fertize. rests in breakdown of ‘eeiel hat comet out through vag Wemay seo bu ented oe 19 stest,poor health ete. + Menarche - The first menstruation during puberty. ludes Ovarian cycle (cha oviduct & vagina). - Menstrual cycle has the nges in ovary) & Uterian cycle changes in uterus, following phases B) FOLLICULAR (PROLIFERATIVE) PHASE: 5 13TH DAY + It starts from Sth day after menstruation & completed within 8-12 days. _ + In this phase, the action of gonadotropins (FSH &LHI from pituitary occurs. FSH stimulates Development of primary follicles into. Graafian follicles. Section of cesrogens by Crain olen endometrium and mucus ting of oviduct & vagina ‘0 Development of secondary sexual “characters. ‘0 Suppression of FSH secretion. {9 Secretion of LH (Luteinizing rerone 7 ‘anand_manité€) OVULATORY PHASE: THTH DAY © LH & FSH attain a peak level in the middle of cycle. © Rapid secretion of LH (LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle and thereby ovulation (on 14th day). D) SECRETORY (LUTEAL) PHASE: 15-28TH DAY © After ovulation, Graafian folicle is transformed into 2 yellow endocrine mass called Corpus luteum. It secretes progestrone. © Functions of progestrone: ‘Makes the endometrium maximum vascular, thick} and soft. Thus, the uterus gets ready for implantation, Pale yubso Inhibits the FSH secretion to prevent development of a second ovarian follicle. LW Rlpe On maintaining Uo Pad, ultium: SS ex [2 © U #e= [= AAA nn a © If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates. It causes disintegration of endometrium. It leads to next menstruation and new cycle. © If a woman becomes pregnant, all events of menstrual cycle stop and there is no menstruation. ‘© Menstrual cycle ceases around 50 years of age. It is called Menopause. FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION © During copulation, semen is released by the penis into the vagina. It is called insemination. © Fusion of a sperm with ovum is called fertilization. It occurs in Ampullaryisthaticjonction. of fallopian tube. Tegion, |] sperms > DQ vagina mb Zi SnsM > Lf uterus mb G isthmus J isthmic F Fertiizaion ges 2 Amputtary QD fimbriae ap % infundibulum wp [LJ ampulla @ anandmani.comFertilization happens only if ovum and sperms are transported simultaneously. So all copulations do not lead to fertilization & pregnancy. ‘A sperm contacts with zona pellucida. It induces changes in the membrane that block entry of additional sperms. The secretions of the acrosome help sperm to center the egg cytoplasm via zona pellucida & plasma membrane. This causes second meiotic division of secondary oocyte to form an ovum ootid) and a second polar body. The haploid nucle! together to form a Zygote undergoes mitotic division (cleavage) as it ‘moves through the isthmus towards the uterus and forms 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter cells called blastomeres. ‘The embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called a morula. (vee) ‘Morula continues to divide and transforms into blastocyst. In blastocyst, blastomeres are trophoblast (outer layer) and an inner cell mass attached to trophoblast. ‘The trophoblast layer gives nourishment to inner cell mass. Also, it gets attached to ‘endometrium. After attachment, uterine cells divide rapidly and cover the blastocyst. Thus, the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium. This is called implantation. The inner cell mass gets differentiated to 3 ‘germ cells. (outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm & inner endoderm). This layered structure (gastruta) forms the embryo. PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT ‘After implantation, finger-like projections (chorionic vil) ‘appear on the trophoblast which is surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal blood. The chorionic vili & uterine tissue are interdigitated to form placenta. It is a structural and functional unit b/w ‘embryo (foetus) and ‘maternal body Placenta is connected to the embryo by an UMBEI CAC (01>. It transports substances to and from the embryo. @ FUNCTIONS OF PLACENTA + Acts as barrier between the foetus and mother. + Supply ©, nutrients etc. from mother to foetus. + Remove CO 2 and excretory wastes from foetus. + Acts as an endocrine gland. It secretes human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL) QO vvvneneees — Gee enOESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE AND RELAXIN Relaxin is also secreted by ovary. During pregnancy, levels of estrogens, progestogens, cortisol, prolactin, thyroxin etc. are also increased in maternal blood. They support the fetal growth, metabolic changes in the mother and maintain pregnancy. ‘The germ layers give rise to all tissues (organs). The stem cells in inner cell mass have the potency to give rise to all the tissues and organs. Human pregnancy (gestation period) lasts 9 months (for cats: 2 months, dogs: 2 months, elephants: 21 months) CHANGES IN EMBRYO DURING PREGNANCY End of 12 weeks (first ] sno After one month End of foetus and ooh eyalie Ready for ‘delivery. “sma SD See 24 weeks hace pe escond civestar) End of 9 months: PARTURITION AND LACTATION Parturition (labour): Process of giving birth to After parturition, the umbilical cord is cut off. | The clacentasdhaamaantaehupbllenlsr'd are ‘expelled from the maternal body after parturition. It is called "after birth". The signals originating from the ig eginating co re ejection reflex). This causes the release of, ]eprct) cases stronger uterine muscle = The yellowish milk produced during the initial ns which in turn stimulate further few days of lactation is called It secretion of oxytocin. This process is continued contains several antibodies essential to develop resistance for the new born babies. uterus through the birth canal. Teh eo ‘t.me/anandmani0ot it @ anandmani.com