EXPERIMENT NO-2

AIM: To identify the different passive and active components

Apparatus:
1. Different types of resisters
2. different types of capacitors
3. different types of inductors
4. BJT
5. FET
6. MOSFET

Active Electronic Components

Active electronic components are those that can control the flow of electricity. Different Types
of Printed Circuit Boards have at least one active component. Common examples of active
components include: Voltage sources, Current sources, Generators (such as alternators and DC
generators), All different types of transistors (such as bipolar junction transistors, MOSFETs,
FETs, and JFET), Diodes (such as Zener diodes, photodiodes, Schottky diodes, and LEDs)

Passive Electronic Components

Passive electronic components are those that don’t have the ability to control electric current
by means of another electrical signal. Common examples of passive components include:
Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors and Transformers
Resistor
A Resistor is an electrical device that resists the flow of electrical current. It is a passive device
used to control or impede the flow of, electric current in an electric circuit by providing
resistance, thereby developing a drop in voltage across the device.

Capacitor

A capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in the electric field between
a pair of conductors called “plates”. The process of storing energy in the capacitor is known as
“charging“. The ability of a capacitor to store charge is measured by its capacitance. Capacitors
are used in electronic circuits as energy storage devices.
 Fig. Capacitors

Inductor
Inductors, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component
that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. An inductor
typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil around a core.

Fig. Inductors
Potentiometer
A potentiometer is a passive electronic component. A potentiometer (also known as a pot or
potmeter) is defined as a 3 terminal variable resistor in which the resistance is manually varied
to control the flow of electric current. A potentiometer acts as an adjustable voltage divider

Fig. Potentiometer

Thermistor
Thermistors act as a passive component in a circuit. A thermistor is a specific type of resistor
that uses sensors to help regulate cold and heat. They are an accurate, cheap, and robust way
to measure temperature. A thermistor (or thermal resistor) is defined as a type of resistor whose
electrical resistance varies with changes in temperature. Although all resistors’ resistance will
fluctuate slightly with temperature, a thermistor is particularly sensitive to temperature
changes.

Fig. Thermistor
Transformer
A transformer is defined as a passive device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly used to increase
(‘step up’) or decrease (‘step down’) voltage levels between circuits.

Fig. Transformers
 EXPERIMENT NO-3
AIM: Colour code of resistors, finding the types and values of capacitors
Apparatus:
1. Different types of resisters
2. Different types of capacitors
Theory
There are two ways to find the resistance value of a resistor. The colour bands on the body of
the resistor tell how much resistance it has. As shown in the following diagram figure (1), there
are 5-band resistors and 4-band resistors. From both 5- and 4-band resistors, the last band
indicates tolerance in Table (1). Consult with the “Resistor Tolerance” in the table (2) chart for
finding the tolerance value.

Fig.( 1) 5- Band and 4- Band resistors

Fig.(2) First method read resistor

 Table 1. Resistor Color

Table 2. Resistor Tolerance

View the resistors and based on the color bands determine their value. Below is an example:

Procedure
1. Measure and record twenty resistors' value with the help of colour code
2. Find the R max., R min. then calculate the percentage error.
Discussion
1. Comment for your results.
2. Determine the value and tolerance of the 10 resistors as shown in the following tables for
chart fig. (3):

Fig.(3)