Journal of Advanced Research in Vol. 6, Issue. 4, 2014, pp.

114-123
Pure Mathematics doi: 10.5373/jarpm.1975.021814
Online ISSN: 1943-2380

Ideals in ordered AG-groupoids

Venus Amjad1 , Murad ul Islam Khan2 , Faisal Yousafzai3,∗
1
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Abbottabad, Pakistan.
2
School of Mathematical Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.
3
School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of
China, Hefei, China.

Abstract. In this paper, we have characterized a strongly regular ordered AG-

groupoids in terms of left (right, two-sided, interior, bi-) ideals and shown that if
i+1
S is a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid, then A = (A ], for any left ideal A of
S, where i = 1, ..., n.

Keywords: Ordered AG-groupoid; Strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid and ideals.

Mathematics Subject Classification 2010: 20M99.

1 Introduction
The idea of generalization of a commutative semigroup was first introduced by Kazim
and Naseeruddin in 1972 (see [5]). They named it as a left almost semigroup (LA-
semigroup). It is also called an Abel-Grassmann’s groupoid (AG-groupoid) [14].
An AG-groupoid is a non-associative and non-commutative algebraic structure mid
way between a groupoid and a commutative semigroup. This structure is closely related
with a commutative semigroup, because if an AG-groupoid contains a right identity,
then it becomes a commutative semigroup [9]. The connection of a commutative inverse
semigroup with an AG-groupoid has been given by Faisal et al. in [18] as, a commutative
inverse semigroup (S, .) becomes an AG-groupoid (S, ∗) under a ∗ b = ba−1 r−1 , ∀
a, b, r ∈ S. An AG-groupoid S with left identity becomes a semigroup under the binary
operation ”◦e ” defined as, x ◦e y = (xe)y, ∀ x, y ∈ S [19]. An AG-groupoid is the
generalization of a semigroup theory [9] and has vast applications in collaboration with
semigroup like other branches of mathematics.

∗
Correspondence to: F. Yousafzai, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science and Technol-
ogy of China, Hefei, China. Email: yousafzaimath@gmail.com
†
Received: 18 February 2014, revised: 9 May 2014, accepted: 21 July 2014.
http://www.i-asr.com/Journals/jarpm/ 114 ⃝2014
c Institute of Advanced Scientific Research
 V. Amjad, M.I. Khan and F. Yousafzai 115

An AG-groupoid is a groupoid S whose elements satisfy the left invertive law (ab)c =
(cb)a, ∀ a, b, c ∈ S. In an AG-groupoid, the medial law [5] (ab)(cd) = (ac)(bd), ∀ for all
a, b, c, d ∈ S holds. An AG-groupoid may or may not contains a left identity. The
left identity of an AG-groupoid allow us to introduce the inverses of elements in an
AG-groupoid. If an AG-groupoid contains a left identity, then it is unique [9]. In an
AG-groupoid S with left identity, the paramedial law (ab)(cd) = (dc)(ba), ∀ for all
a, b, c, d ∈ S holds. If an AG-groupoid contains a left identity, then by using medial
law, we get a(bc) = b(ac), ∀ a, b, c ∈ S. If an AG-groupoid S satisfy a(bc) = b(ac), ∀
a, b, c ∈ S without left identity, then S is called an AG ∗∗ -groupoid. Several examples and
interesting properties of AG-groupoids can be found in [19] and [9], also see [2,3,7,15,16].
Yaqoob and Gulistan [17], defined partial odering on left almost semihypergroups.

2 Preliminaries
Definition 2.1. An ordered AG-groupoid (po-AG-groupoid) is a structure (S, ., ≤) in
which the following conditions hold.
(i) (S, .) is an AG-groupoid.
(ii) (S, ≤) is a poset.
(iii) For all a, b and x ∈ S, a ≤ b implies ax ≤ bx and xa ≤ xb.

Let S be an ordered AG-groupoid. For H ⊆ S, we define

(H] = {t ∈ S | t ≤ h f or some h ∈ H} .

For H = {a}, usually written as (a] .

Lemma 2.2. Let S be an ordered AG-groupoid, then the following are true.
(i) A ⊆ (A] , for all A ⊆ S.
(ii) If A ⊆ B ⊆ S, then (A] ⊆ (B] .
(iii) (A] (B] ⊆ (AB] for all A, B in S.
(iv) (A] = ((A]] for all A ⊆ S.
(v) For every left (resp. right) ideal or bi-ideal T of S, (T ] = T.
(vi) ((A] (B]] = (AB] for all A, B in S.

Proof. It is same as in [6].

Definition 2.3. An element a of an ordered AG-groupoid S is called a right regular

element of S if there exists x ∈ S such that a ≤ a2 x = (aa)x and S is called right regular
if all elements of S are right regular.

Definition 2.4. An element a of an ordered AG-groupoid S is called a left regular

element of S if there exists x ∈ S such that a ≤ xa2 = x(aa) and S is called left regular
if all elements of S are left regular.
116 Ideals in ordered AG-groupoids

Definition 2.5. An element a of an ordered AG-groupoid S is called an intra-regular

element of S if there exist some u, v, x, y ∈ S such that a ≤ (ua)(av) = (ua2 )v and S is
called intra-regular if all elements of S are intra-regular.

Definition 2.6. An element a of an orderedAG-groupoid S is called a strongly regular

element of S if there exists x ∈ S such that a ≤ (ax)a and ax = xa. S is called strongly
regular AG-groupoid if all elements of S are strongly regular.

Example 2.1. Let S = {a, b, c, d, e} be an ordered AG-groupoid with left identity b in

the following multiplication table.

. a b c d e
a a a a a a
b a b c d e
c a e b c d
d a d e b c
e a c d e b

Let us define the order relation as {(a, a), (a, b), (a, c), (a, d), (a, e), (b, b), (c, c)(d, d), (e, e)}
It is easy to verify that S is strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid.

It is shown in [20], that left, right and intra-regular classes coincide in an ordered
AG-groupoid with left identity.

Remark 2.7. A strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid is right and left regular.

Indeed

a ≤ (ax)a = (xa)a = (aa)x = (xa)a ≤ (xa)((aa)x) = (xa)((xa)a) = (x(xa))(aa).

However the converses are not true in general which can be seen from the following
example.

Example 2.2. Let S = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} be an AG-groupoid with the following multi-

plication table.

. a b c d e f g
a b d f a c e g
b e g b d f a c
c a c e g b d f
d d f a c e g b
e g b d f a c e
f c e g b d f a
g f a c e g b d
 V. Amjad, M.I. Khan and F. Yousafzai 117

Let us take the trivial order on above mentioned AG-groupoid

By routine calculation it is easy to see that S is right ( left ) regular but S is not
strongly regular, because ax ̸= xa, ∀ a ∈ S and for any x ∈ S.

Corollary 2.8. A right regular ordered AG-groupoid becomes a left regular.

In [20], it has been shown that the concepts of left and right regularity coincide in
an ordered AG-groupoid with left identity.

Lemma 2.9. If S is a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid, then S = (S 2 ].

Proof. It is straightforward.

The converse is not true in general which can be followed from example 2.2.

Definition 2.10. A non-empty subset A of an ordered AG-groupoid S is called a left

(resp. right) ideal of S if

(i ) SA ⊆ A (resp. AS ⊆ A), and

(ii) If a ∈ A and b is in S such that b ≤ a, then b ∈ A.
Equivalently: A non-empty subset A of an ordered AG-groupoid S is called a left
(right) ideal of S if (SA] ⊆ A ((AS] ⊆ A).
By two-sided ideal or simply ideal, we mean a non-empty subset of an ordered AG-
groupoid S which is both left and right ideal of S.

Definition 2.11. A non-empty subset A of an ordered AG-groupoid S is called idem-

potent if A = (A2 ].

Definition 2.12. Let S be an AG-groupoid. By an ordered AG-subgroupoid of S, we

means a non-empty subset A of S such that (A2 ] ⊆ A.

Definition 2.13. A non-empty subset B of an ordered AG-groupoid S is called a gen-

eralized bi-ideal of S if

(i) (BS)B ⊆ B
(ii) if a ≤ b ∈ B then a ∈ B.
Equivalently: A non-empty subset B of an AG-groupoid S is called a generalized
bi-ideal of S if ((BS)B] ⊆ B and an AG-subgroupoid B of an AG-groupoid S is called a
bi-ideal of S if ((BS)B] ⊆ B.

Definition 2.14. A non-empty subset Q of an ordered AG-groupoid S is called a quasi

ideal of S if (SQ] ∩ (QS] ⊆ Q.

Definition 2.15. A non-empty subset I of an ordered AG-groupoid S is called an

interior ideal of S if ((SI)S] ⊆ I.

Proof. It is simple.
118 Ideals in ordered AG-groupoids

Lemma 2.16. A non-empty subset A of a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid S with

left identity is a left ideal of S if and only if A is a right ideal of S.

Proof. It is straightforward.

Lemma 2.17. Every two-sided ideal of a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid S with
left identity is idempotent.

Proof. Let S be a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid with left identity and A be a
two-sided ideal of S, then (AS] ⊆ A and (SA] ⊆ A. Let a ∈ A, then there exists some
x ∈ S such that

a ≤ x(aa) = a(xa) ∈ A(SA) ⊆ AA ⊆ (A](A] = (A2 ].

Now let a ∈ (A2 ], then a ≤ yz, where y, z ∈ A, therefore

a ≤ yz ∈ AA ⊆ SA ⊆ A,

which implies that A = (A2 ].

Corollary 2.18. Every left (right) ideal of a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid S
with left identity is idempotent.

Definition 2.19. A non-empty subset A of an ordered AG-groupoid S called semiprime

if and only if a2 ∈ (A] =⇒ a ∈ (A].

Lemma 2.20. Every two-sided ideal of a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid with
left identity is semiprime.

Proof. It is simple.

Theorem 2.21. If S is a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid with left identity, then
A = (A3 ], for any two-sided ideal A of S.

Proof. Let S be a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid with left identity and A be any
two-sided of S. Let x ∈ (A3 ] then x ≤ (ab)c where a, b, c ∈ A, therefore

(ab)c ∈ (AA)A ⊆ SA ⊆ A.

Now let a ∈ A. Since (a2 S] is two-sided of S such that a2 ∈ (a2 S], therefore by using
lemma 2.20, we have

a ∈ (a2 S] = ((aa)S] = ((Sa)a] ⊆ ((S(a2 S))a] = ((a2 (SS))a]

= (((aa)S)a] = (((Sa)a)a] ⊆ ((((SA])A)A] ⊆ (((A]A)A]
⊆ (((A](A])(A]] ⊆ (A3 ],

which is what we set out to prove.

 V. Amjad, M.I. Khan and F. Yousafzai 119

Corollary 2.22. If S is a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid with left identity, then
A = (A3 ], for any left ideal A of S.

Theorem 2.23. If S is a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid with left identity, then
A = (Ai+1 ], for any two-sided ideal A of S, where i = 1, ..., n.

Proof. It can be easily followed by generalizing the proof of theorem 2.21.

Corollary 2.24. If S is a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid with left identity, then
A = (Ai+1 ], for any left ideal A of S, where i = 1, ..., n.

Lemma 2.25. A non-empty subset A of a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid S with

left identity is a two-sided ideal of S if and only if (AS] = (SA] = A.

Proof. Let S be a strongly regular AG-groupoid with left identity and let A be a two-
sided ideal of S then, (AS] ⊆ A and (SA] ⊆ A. Now by using Lemma 2.17, A =
(AA] = (A](A] ⊆ (A](S] ⊆ (AS], which implies that (AS] = A. Similarly we can show
that (SA] = A.
The converse is simple.

Proposition 2.26. If S is an ordered AG-groupoid with left identity e then (xy)2 =

(x2 y 2 ) = (y 2 x2 ), for all x, y in S.

The proof is easy. Consequently (a2 S] is an ideal of S.

Theorem 2.27. In a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid S with left identity, the
following are true.

(i) B is a bi-(generalized bi-) ideal of S ⇐⇒ ((BS)B] = B = (B 2 ].

(ii) Q is a quasi ideal of S ⇐⇒ (SQ] ∩ (QS] = Q.
(iii) I is an interior ideal of S ⇐⇒ ((SI)S] = I.

Proof. (i) : Let B be a bi-ideal of a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid S, then

((BS)B] ⊆ B. For b ∈ B there exists some x ∈ S such that

b ≤ x(bb) = b(xb) ≤ (x(bb))(xb) = (b(xb))(xb) = ((xb)(xb))b

= ((bx)(bx))b = (b((bx)x))b ∈ (BS)B ⊆ ((BS)B].

Thus ((BS)B] = B holds.

Now

b ≤ x(bb) = b(xb) ≤ (x(bb))(xb) = (b(xb))(xb) = ((xb)(xb))b = ((bx)(bx))b

= (b((bx)x))b = (b((xx)b))b ≤ ((x(bb))((xx)b))b = ((b(xx))((bb)x))b
= ((((bb)x)(xx))b)b = (((xx)(x(bb)))b)b = (((xx)(b(xb)))b)b = ((b((xx)(xb)))b)b
⊆ ((BS)B)B ⊆ BB ⊆ (B 2 ].

Hence B = (B 2 ] holds. The converse is obvious.

120 Ideals in ordered AG-groupoids

(ii) : Let Q be a quasi ideal of a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid S with left
identity, then (SQ] ∩ (QS] ⊆ Q. Let q ∈ Q, then there exists some x ∈ S and y ∈ Q
such that
yq ≤ y(x(qq)) = y(q(xq)) = q(y(xq)) ∈ QS ⊆ (QS].
Now let qy ∈ QS, then

qy ≤ (x(qq))y = (q(xq))y = (y(xq))q ∈ SQ ⊆ (SQ].

Hence (QS] = (SQ]. As q = x(qq) = q(xq) ∈ (QS], therefore q ∈ (SQ] ∩ (QS] implies
that (SQ] ∩ (QS] = Q. The converse is obvious.
(iii) : Let I be an interior ideal of a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid S with
left identity, then ((SI)S] ⊆ I. Let i ∈ I, then there exists some x ∈ S such that

i ≤ x(ii) = i(xi) ≤ (x(ii))(xi) = ((xi)(ii))x = ((ii)(ix))x

= (((ix)i)i)x ∈ (SI)S ⊆ ((SI)S].

Hence ((SI)S] = I. The converse is simple.

In the following lemma, we have shown that all the ideals coincide in a strongly
regular ordered AG-groupoid with left identity.

Lemma 2.28. Let S be a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid with left identity and
X ⊆ S such that X = (X ], then the following holds.

(i) A non-empty subset X of S is a left ideal of S ⇐⇒ it is a right ideal of S.

(ii) A non-empty subset X of S is a two-sided ideal of S ⇐⇒ it is a quasi ideal of S.
(iii) A non-empty subset X of S is a two-sided ideal of S ⇐⇒ it is an interior ideal
of S.
(iv) A non-empty subset X of Sis a two-sided ideal of S ⇐⇒ it is a bi-ideal (
generalized bi-ideal) of S.

Proof. (i) : Let X be a right ideal of a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid S with left
identity. Let y ∈ (SX ], then there exist some z, x ∈ S and a ∈ X such that

y ≤ za ≤ z(x(aa)) = z(a(xa)) = a(z(xa)) ∈ X S ⊆ (X S] ⊆ (X ] = X,

which shows that X is a left ideal of S.

Conversely assume that X is a left ideal of S. Let y ∈ (X S], then there exist some
a ∈ X and x, z ∈ S such that

y ≤ ax ≤ (z(aa))x = (a(za))x = (x(za))a ∈ SX ⊆ (SX ] ⊆ (X ] = X ,

which shows that X is a right ideal of S.

(ii) : It is an easy consequence of Lemma 2.25.
 V. Amjad, M.I. Khan and F. Yousafzai 121

(iii) : Let X be a two-sided ideal of a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid S with

left identity. Now

((SX )S] ⊆ ((SX ]S] ⊆ ((X ]S] ⊆ ((X ](S]] = (X S] ⊆ (X ] = X ,

which implies that X is an interior ideal of S.

Conversely assume that X is an interior ideal of S, then ((SX )S] ⊆ X . Let a ∈ X ,
then there exists some s, x ∈ S such that

sa ≤ s(x(aa)) = s(a(xa)) = a(s(xa)) ≤ (x(aa))(s(xa)) = ((s(xa))(aa))x

= ((aa)((xa)s))x = ((((xa)s)a)a)x ∈ (SX )S ⊆((SX )S] ⊆ ((SX ]S]
⊆ ((X ]S] ⊆ ((X ](S]] = (X S] ⊆ (X ]= X ,

which shows that (SX ] ⊆ X . Therefore X is a left ideal of S, and by (i), X is a

two-sided ideal of S.
(iv) : Let X be a bi-(generalized bi-) ideal of a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid
S with left identity, then ((X S)X ] ⊆ X , therefore

(X S] = ((X X ](SS]] = (((X X )(SS)]] = (((SS)(X X )]]

= ((SS](X X ]] = ((S](X ]] = ((SX ]] = (SX ]

and

(X S] = ((X X ]S] = ((X X )S] = ((SX )X ] = (SX ](X ] = (X S](X ] = ((X S)X ] ⊆ X .

Hence X is a two-sided ideal of S.

Conversely, assume that X is a two-sided ideal of S. Let x ∈ ((X S)X ], then there
exist some a ∈ X and x, p ∈ S such that

a ≤ (ax)a ≤ (ax)((p(aa)) = (ax)(a(pa)) ∈ (X S)((X (SX ))⊆ (X S](X (SX )]

⊆ ((X S)(X (SX ))] ⊆ (X S] ⊆ X , for some p ∈ S.

Similarly we can show that (X 2 ] = X . Hence X is a bi-ideal (generalized bi-ideal) of

S.

Theorem 2.29. For a strongly regular ordered AG-groupoid S with left identity, the
following statements are equivalent.
(i) X is a left ideal of S.
(ii) X is a right ideal of S.
(iii) X is a two-sided ideal of S.
(iv) X is a bi-ideal of S.
(v) X is a generalized bi-ideal of S.
(vi) X is an interior ideal of S.
(vii) X is a quasi ideal of S.
(viii) (X S] = (SX ] = X .
122 Ideals in ordered AG-groupoids

Proof. (i) ⇐⇒ (ii) and (ii) ⇐⇒ (iii) are obvious from Lemma 2.28 (i).
(iii) ⇐⇒ (iv) and (iv) ⇐⇒ (v) are obvious from Lemma 2.28 (iv).
(viii) ⇒ (vii) is simple.
(vii) ⇒ (vi) : Let X be a quasi ideal of a left regular ordered AG-groupoid S with
left identity and let z ≤ (sa)s ∈ ((SX )S], then there exist some x, y ∈ S such that

(sa)s ≤ (sa)(y(ss)) = ((ss)y)(as) = a(((ss)y)s) ∈ X S ⊆ (X S],

and

(sa)s ≤ (s(x(aa)))s = (s(a(xa)))s = (a(s(xa)))s = (s(s(xa)))a ∈ SX ⊆ (SX ].

Therefore (sa)s ∈ (X S] ∩ (SX ] ⊆ X , which shows that X is an interior ideal of S.

(iii) ⇐⇒ (viii) is obvious from Lemma 2.25.
(vi) =⇒ (v) : Let X be an interior ideal of S, then by Lemmas 2.28 (iii) and 2.17,
X is a two-sided idempotent ideal of S. Therefore

((X S)X ] = ((X S)(X X ]] ⊆ ((X S](X X ]] ⊆ (((X S)(X X )]] = ((X S)(X X )]
= ((X X )(SX )] ⊆ ((X X ](SX ]] ⊆ ((SX ](S]]
⊆ (((SX )S]] ⊆ ((SX )S] ⊆ X .

Hence X is a generalized bi-ideal of S.

Acknowledgments
The last author is highly thankful to CAS-TWAS President’s Fellowship and USTC
China.

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