MAT 152 REVIEWER

LESSON 1: Articulating the importance of mathematics in the

modern world.

Importance of Mathematics
- Mathematics can teach us how to look for solutions and reasons
logically. A skill applicable to any career and life in general. Math is
essential part of the world.

1. Math is good for the brain, promotes logical and analytical thinking.
2. Math helps you with your finances.
3. Math makes you a better cook.
4. Every career uses math.
5. Time management.
6. Helps you understand the world better.
7. Mathematics is essential in a world of constant change.
MAT 152 REVIEWER -It turns out that simple equations involving
the Fibonacci numbers can describe the most
LESSON 2: Recognizing patters in nature of the complex spiral growth patterns found
and configurations in the world. in nature.

Patterns in nature are visible regularities of SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

form found in the natural world.
1.) 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ?
These patterns recur in different contexts
Simply, 1+2 = 3
and can sometimes be modelled
mathematically. 2+3 = 5
Natural patterns include symmetries, trees, 3+5 = 8
spirals, meanders, waves, foams,
5+8 = 13
tessellations, cracks, and stripes.
8+13 = 21
13+21 = 34
SOME PATTERNS IN NATURE:
 Fractals
2.) 3, 3, 6, 9, 15, ?
 Spiral
 Voronoi 9+5 = 24

3.) 5, 5, 10, 15, 25, ?, ?

Iteration – is the process of infinitely
repeating them. 15+25 = 40
25+40 = 65

Fibonacci Sequence
- The Fibonacci sequence named after the
Italian mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci
of Pisa, who in 1202 introduced the
sequence.
NOTES:
A fractal is a simple pattern repeated over
and over.
Spiral is a curve that starts at a center point
and moves away from the center.
Voronoi is a pattern provides clues due to
nature’s tendency to favor efficiency.
An example of fractal patterns found in
nature, Snowflakes.
QUESTIONS:

1. What is a pattern?
-a group of recurring objects or shapes.
2. NOT an example of Fibonacci numbers found in nature.
-mountain range
3. Fibonacci spirals (generated by drawing a quarter-circle in each box, where a larger box lays
adjacent to a smaller one, and the lengths of these boxes are Fibonacci numbers) are claimed to
appear in the arrangements and patterns of fruits, vegetables, pine cones, seed heads and shells.
-True
4. The first few Fibonacci numbers are 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13…. These numbers are named after
Fibonacci, whose real name is?
-Leonardo da Pisa
5. What is the missing Fibonacci number? 610, ?, 1597, 2584
- 987
6. Fibonacci sequence looks like this:
- 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13…
7. What pattern follows the rule?
RULE: Start with 3 and multiply by 3 each time until there are 4 numbers.
-4, 12, 36, 108
8. What are the next three numbers in the pattern? 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ?, ?, ?
-30, 35, 40
9. What is the rule for this pattern? 32, 36, 40, 44
-Add 4 in each number
MAT 152 REVIEWER
LESSON 3: Differentiating Inductive and
Deductive Reasoning
TWO TYPES OF REASONING:
o Deductive Reasoning
-is the process of drawing a conclusion from
something known general to particular.
-General to Specific “Top-down Logic”
o Inductive Reasoning
-a set of individual cases (or specific cases)
is studied by experimental method and from
the observations made a general principle is
formed.
-Specific to General “Bottom-up Logic”
Deductive Reasoning
Ex. 1: All word processors will type the
symbol @. I have a word processor. I can
type the symbol @.
-Here the premises are “All word processors
will type the symbol @.”and “I have a word
processor.” The conclusion is “I can type the
symbol @.” Again, this reasoning goes from
general to specific, so deductive reasoning is
used.
Inductive Reasoning
Ex. 1: 1 x 9 = 9
2 x 9 = 18 and 1 + 8 = 9
3 x 9 = 27 and 2 + 7 = 9
4 x 9 = 36 and 3 + 6 = 9
5 x 9 = 45 and 4 + 5 = 9
Therefore, the sum of the digits of the
product of a natural number and 9 is equal
to 9.
The conclusion “Therefore the sum of the
digits of the product of a natural number and
9 is equal to 9” is a generalization of the
result of observing the specific cases in
multiplying 9 by a number and adding the
digits of the products. So, it’s from specific
cases to generalization. It’s inductive
reasoning.
Ex. 2: Our house is made of redwood. Both
of my next-door neighbors have redwood
houses. Therefore, all houses in our
neighborhood are made of redwood.
The premises are “Our house is made of
redwood.” and “Both of my next-door
neighbors have redwood houses.” They are
both observation statements. The conclusion
“Therefore, all houses in our neighborhood
are made of redwood.” is a general
statement.
NOTE: although it may very well have a
false conclusion because inductive reasoning
is probabilistic.
DEDUCTIVE or INDUCTIVE REASONING:

1. Christian is a grandfather. Christian is bald. Therefore, all grandfathers are bald.

- Inductive or Deductive
2. The garbage truck comes every other Tuesday. It came last Tuesday. It will not come this
Tuesday.
- Inductive or Deductive
3. James Cameron’s last three movies were successful. His next movie will be successful.
- Inductive or Deductive
4. Flight stewards know how to swim. Ronald knows how to swim. Hence, Ronald is a flight
steward.
- Inductive or Deductive
(Take note that this argument is not valid. Though it’s deductive reasoning.)
[Better/Valid: Flight stewards know how to swim. Ronald is a flight steward.
Hence, Ronald knows how to swim.]
5. The next probable number in the sequence 2, 5, 9, 14, 20 is 27.
Specific Observations:
5–2=3
9–5=4
14 – 9 = 5
20 – 14 = 6
Hence, 2+3=5
5+4=9
9 + 5 = 14
14 + 6 = 20
20 + 7 = 27
Therefore, the statement (whether true or false) is inductive reasoning.
6. The sun has risen in the east every day in Angelo’s life. It will rise in the east tomorrow.
- Inductive or Deductive
MAT 152 REVIEWER

LESSON 4: Illustrating Polya’s Four Step 3: Carry out the plan. (Solve for x)
Steps in Problem Solving
2x = (48-x) + 6
2x + x = 48 + 6
Polya’s 4 Steps in Problem Solving
3x = 54
Process:
3 = 3
Step 1: Understand the problem.
x = 18  smaller part
Step 2: Devise a plan (Translate).
Step 3: Carry out the plan (Solve). Then, 48-x
Step 4: Look Back (Check and interpret) 48-18 = 30  largest part

Example 1: Number Relations Step 4: Look back (Check and Interpret)

Problem 1: Separate 48 into two parts such
that twice the smaller part is 6 more than the
larger part.
Solution: (Applying Polya’s 4 steps)
Step 1: Understanding the problem
(The number 48 is the to be divided into two
parts. Twice the smaller is 6 more than the
larger part. Hence, the two parts are not
numerically equal; one smaller and the one
is larger.)
Let x --- be the smaller part
48-x ---- be the larger part
Step 2: Devise the plan
(Twice the smaller is 6 more than the larger
part.)
In symbol/equation: 2x = (48-x) + 6
48 = smaller part + larger part
48 = 18 + 30
48 = 48
Hence, the numbers are 18 and 30.
Example 2: Age Problem
Problem 2: A man is three time as old as his
son is. In 12 years, the father will be twice
as old as his son. How old I each person
now?
Solution:
x --- the son’s age (now)
3x --- the father’s present age (now)
x + 12 --- the son’s age 12 years from now
3x + 12 --- the father’s age 12 years from
now
In 12 years, the father’s age will be twice as
the son’s age. In symbol,
3x + 12 = 2(x+12)
Representing Consecutive Numbers:
3x + 12 = 2(x+12)
1. Represent 3 consecutive numbers if x is
3x + 12 = 2x + 24 the first number.
 x = the first number
3x -2x = 24 – 12  x + 1 = the second number
 x + 2 = the third number
x = 12  the son’s age NOW
example: 1, 2, 3 or 8, 9, 10

Then, 3x
3(12) = 36  the father’s age NOW 2. Represent 3 consecutive numbers EVEN
integers if x is the first even integer.
 x = the first number
In 12 years, the father’s age is twice his
 x + 2 = the second number
son’s age?
 x + 4 = the third number
3x + 12 = 2 (x + 12)
example: 2, 4, 6 or 8, 10, 12
36 + 12 = 2 (12 + 12)
3. Represent 3 consecutive ODD integers if
48 = 2 ( 24 ) x is the first number.

48 = 48  x = the first number

 x + 2 = the second number
Hence, the son’s and father’s ages now are
 x + 4 = the third number
12 and 36, respectively.
example: 1, 3, 5 or 13, 15, 17