Evo. Exams

Exam1
in which of the following regions has AIDS killed the largest number of individuals?
Sub-Saharan Africa
The HIV virus contains all of the following components except ________.
double-stranded RNA
The acronym HIV stands for which of the following?
human immunodeficiency virus
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for transcribing viral RNA into DNA?
reverse transcriptase
The proteins that enable the HIV virus to bind to cells are typically CD4 and CCR5. On what type of cells
are these proteins typically observed?
both effector helper T cells and memory helper T cells
The AIDS phase of HIV infection begins when the concentration of CD4 T cells in the blood drops below
what concentration?
200 cells per cubic millimeter
Which of the following drug categories are used to treat HIV infections?
DNAse inhibitors
Coreceptor inhibitors block HIV infection by preventing which of the following?
binding of the HIV virion onto the CCR5 receptor

What is the effect of the ∆32 allele of CCR5 on HIV binding?
does not appear on the surface of CD4 T cells
The ∆32 allele of CCR5 is found at the highest frequency in which of the following populations?
europeans
HIV-1 is believed to have been transmitted to humans from which of the following organisms?
chimpanzees
HIV-1 Group M is responsible for 95% of human infections. When is it estimated that HIV-1 Group M was
transferred to humans?
1930
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Antibodies and killer T cells recognize HIV or HIV-infected cells by binding to short pieces of viral proteins
displayed on the virus or the infected host cell. These short pieces of viral proteins are called ________.
epitopes
Tetherin is an important protein produced by the host. What is the function of tetherin in protecting a
host cell from HIV?
ties maturing virions to the membrane of the host cell, thereby preventing the release of the mature
virus
Early in the infection with HIV, most virions bind to the host cell using CCR5 as a coreceptor. As the
infection progresses, the HIV population evolves to use an alternate coreceptor. What is the alternate
coreceptor these X4 viruses utilize?
CXCR4
In response to environmental conditions, the average beak size in a population of birds may change
between successive generations. This process of change is referred to as ________.
microevolution
After several generations of selectively breeding mice in a laboratory, Ted Garland and his colleagues
established populations of mice that voluntarily chose to run great distances on exercise wheels. The
process of establishing these populations of mice is termed ________.
artificial selection
A useless or rudimentary body part that is thought to have been important in ancestral populations but
no longer has a known function is termed a(n) ________.
vestigial structure
The coccyx, a tiny tailbone found in humans, is believed to be a ________ structure.
vestigial
The biological species concept, formalized by Ernst Mayr in 1942, defined a species as a ________.
population within and among which individuals actually or potentially interbreed and outside of which
they do not interbreed
Andrew Hendry and colleagues demonstrated that the process of speciation is gradual by studying the
distribution and variation in gill raker length in ________.
threespine sticklebacks
The comparative anatomist Georges Cuvier confirmed the concept of extinction in 1812 when he
demonstrated that there were no extant species anatomically related to the fossilized remains of the
________.
irish elk
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The transitional fossil Archaeopteryx shows a combination of traits consistent with the hypothesis that it
shared a common ancestor with ________.
dinosaurs and birds
Large evolutionary changes that result in the placement of related organisms into different genera or
higher-level taxa occur via the process of ________.
macroevolution
Anatomical features that show an underlying structural similarity even though their superficial structure
is different are termed ________ structures.
homologous
Nonfunctional copies of normal genes, which lack both introns and promoters, and are important in
estimating evolutionary ages of phylogenetic relationships, are ________.
processed pseudogenes
Processed pseudogenes are useful for testing Darwin's theory of descent with modification because they
________.
accumulate mutations at a constant rate, and thus older processed pseudogenes should be shared by a
greater variety of species
The concept of uniformitarianism, articulated by James Hutton in the late 1700s, states that ________.
current geological processes on Earth operate in the same manner as those that operated in the past
The amount of time it takes for a radioactive element to decay to 50% of its daughter isotope is called
________.
half-life
Radioactive dating techniques have demonstrated that Earth was formed approximately ________ years
ago.
4.6 billion
The theory that species do not change over time, are created separately and independently, and that the
Earth and life on Earth are young is called the ________. [four words]
theory of special creation.
The radioactive isotope ________ has a half-life of 5,730 years, and has an effective dating range of 100
to 100,000 years.
carbon-14
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Evolution by natural selection was conceived and written about in the 1800s by ______.
all of these
A) Alfred Russel Wallace
B) Charles Darwin
C) W. C. Wells
D) Patrick Matthew
Natural selection ________.
works on individuals, but its long-term effect is rendered on populations
Darwin studied and wrote extensively about the mechanism known as artificial selection. Artificial
selection is similar to natural selection, except that ________.
artificial selection produces varieties that would be less likely be favored in nature
Varieties produced under domestication via artificial selection most generally have traits that ________.
are not typically well adapted in a wild setting
Tomatoes carry a gene called fw2.2 that encodes a protein made during early fruit development―the
job of which is to repress cell division. Additionally, researchers have identified a second gene called fas
that controls the number of compartments in the mature fruit. Artificial selection leading to the
production of very large tomatoes has apparently capitalized on ________.
alleles associated with low production of the repressor protein and an increase in the number of fruit
compartments
When the Darwin/Wallace theory of natural selection is summarized, four central postulates emerge.
Which of the following is NOT one of these four natural selection postulates?
Variations in traits are produced by mutations.
Which of the following statements best summarizes natural selection?
Traits that promote survival and reproduction become more frequent in species from one generation to
the next.
A trait that confers a greater level of fitness, relative to those who lack it, is called a(n) ________.
adaptation
In the accompanying figure of Jones and Reithel's work with snapdragons, what is the most likely
outcome if these plants were in a natural setting? (HAS CHART)
Yellow flowers will continue to increase in frequency, as compared to white flowers, over time.
Evolution by natural selection ________.
both.
- can be tested experimentally
- can be tested observationally

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Which of the following issues constitute a threat(s) to estimating the heritability of the Galapagos Island
finches?
all of these.
- bisidentified paternity
- conspecific nest parasitism
- shared environments
- maternal effects
The accompanying figure shows data on composite values for beak size, beak shape, and body size for
the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) inhabiting Daphne Major. Complete data sets were collected
from 1973 onward.
For each of the three graphs in the accompanying figure, the 95% confidence intervals are shown as
vertical bars extending above and below each data point for each year. The fact that many of these 95%
confidence intervals do not overlap with the data from 1973 (the original reference point for this study)
do not overlap reveals that ________.
detectable evolution by natural selection did occur
The accompanying figure shows data on composite values for beak size, beak shape, and body size for
the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) inhabiting Daphne Major. Complete data sets were collected
from 1973 onward.
The figure shows that ________.
the population of Geospiza fortis evolved a bigger beak in response to the 1977 drought and then
evolved a smaller beak in response to the 2003-04 drought
Regarding the nature of natural selection, which of the following is NOT an accurate statement?
Populations evolve traits by natural selection that will be useful for future environmental changes.
Darwin developed his theory of natural selection despite having an incomplete and/or inaccurate
knowledge base from which to work. Which of the following were problems for Darwin?
all of these.
- the source of variations in populations
- an understanding of inheritance patterns from one generation to the next
- The accepted age of the Earth was far too young to allow for the gradual changes Darwin envisioned.
Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court decisions struck down laws prohibiting the teaching of
evolution?
Epperson v. Arkansas, 1968
Darwin confirmed the concept of evolution under domestication himself by experimenting with pigeons.
This mechanism is more commonly known as ________. [two words]
artificial selection
An attribute that increases an organism's fitness, as compared to individuals lacking it, is called a(n)
________.
adaptation
________, in general terms, is an individual's ability to survive and reproduce.
fitness
________ can be defined as the fraction of the variation in a population that is due to differences in
genes.
heritability
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Occasional traits, such as the insect-capturing features of carnivorous plants, emerge because existing
traits become used in novel ways. Such traits are known as ________.
exaptations
Before Mendel's work was rediscovered, some argued that natural selection would not work because
favorable traits would merge into existing traits over time and become lost. This hypothesis is known as
________. [two words]
blending inheritance
Beginning around 1930, the ________ [two words] developed as a reformulation of Darwinian natural
selection based on the ways in which knowledge in genetics has informed us about heredity.
modern synthesis
Social, political, and legal controversy surrounding acceptance of evolution goes back to the decade of
the ________, when teacher John Scopes was tried for teaching evolution.
1920s
Proponents of ________ [two words] argue that the complexities of living systems can only be
accounted for by the creative acts of a conscious entity.
Intelligent design (ID)
The illustration in the accompanying figure represents an early phylogenetic tree as depicted by
________.
Darwin
The label "1" in the accompanying figure represents ________.
the "root" for the tree and the common ancestor for the hypothetical lineage
Every node in a phylogenetic tree represents a(n) ________.
common ancestor
In determining the evolutionary relationships of current species, one needs to ________.
read "back" to nodes connecting species to determine common ancestry

Phylogenetic trees can always be regarded as ________ about evolutionary relationships.
hypotheses
A novel, derived character is also referred to as a(n) ________.
apomorphy
A preexisting, ancestral character is also known as a(n) ________.
plesiomorphy
A derived character that is shared among two or more lineages is also called a(n) ________.
synapomorphy
An ancestor and all of its descendants are known as a monophyletic group or a(n) ________.
clade
A phylogenetic tree grouping that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants is known as a
________ group.
monophyletic
A group consisting of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants is known as a
________ group.
paraphyletic
In constructing phylogenetic trees, it is useful to think of monophyletic groups as being defined by

________.
synapomorphies
The wings of bats and birds and the streamlined body form of sharks and whales represent examples of
________.
convergence
Estimating the uncertainty of phylogenetic trees using computer-generated replicates from an original
data set is known as ________.
bootstrapping
In the case study involving the phylogeny of whales, ________.
fossil discoveries confirmed what molecular data already suggested: whales are cetaceans
Which of the following phylogeny inference tools is the best at reconstructing the most accurate
phylogenetic trees?
- parsimony
- maximum likelihood
- Bayesian inference
!!answer!! - All of these methods have pros and cons.
The use of phylogenetic trees in answering questions about the spatial distribution of living things is
called ________.
phylogeography
A ________ [two words] is the evolutionary history of an ancestral lineage and its descendants
phylogeny/phylogenetic tree
Two closely related species that share a recent common ancestor are called ________ species.
sister
A(n) ________ [two words] is a novel feature that evolved in a lineage and may be unique to a species or
shared among species.
derived character
________ evolution is the independent evolution of similar derived characters in different lineages.
convergent
Complications in constructing phylogenetic trees due to reversals and convergent evolution are known
collectively as ________.
homoplasy
In the accompanying figure, the three "dashes" in the fourth row of nucleotides represent a(n) ________
that was corrected for in this example of molecular data analysis.
deletion
After correcting for the noted deletion in slots 62-64, it becomes clear that mutations in the ________
triplet have the most effects on changes in phenotype.
third
Analysis of neutral mutation rates to answer interesting questions such as "When did humans begin to
wear clothes?" relies on the ________ [two words] hypothesis, which states that molecular traits change
at a steady rate.
molecular clocks
Exam 2
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of variation that occurs within individuals?
normalizing variation
Daphnia pulex grows protective armor upon sensing chemicals produced by the predatory phantom
midge by the process of ________.
inducible defense
The patterns of phenotypes an individual may develop upon exposure to different environments is called
its ________.
reaction norm
Many studies on genetic variation in humans have been done with the perception of taste. The chemical
phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) has been used extensively in these studies. Although many individuals
cannot taste PTC, many individuals find the taste of PTC to be ________.
bitter
In DNA, the substitution of a purine for a purine or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine is called a(n) ________.
transition
In DNA, the substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine for a purine is called a(n) ________.
transversion
The genetic code, which specifies the three-letter codons that specify particular amino acids, is said to be
redundant because ________.
some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
Genes that are duplicated within a genome and later diverge in function, such as the RNASE1 and
RNASE1B genes in douc langur monkeys, are described as ________.
paralogous genes
Genes that are derived from a common ancestral sequence, and are separated by a speciation event
such as the RNASE1 gene in douc langur monkeys and the RNASE1 gene in humans, are described as
________.
orthologous genes
A hypothetical population has two alleles for a gene: A and a. In a random sample of 50 individuals, 20
are homozygous for a, 20 are homozygous for A, and 10 are heterozygous. What is the frequency of A?
50%
Chromosome inversions often result from a multistep process that begins when radiation causes
________.
two double-stranded breaks in a chromosome
Organisms with more than two chromosome sets are said to be ________.
polyploid
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Frequencies of inversions and/or allele frequencies often vary regularly when examined over a
geographic area changing in either latitude or climate. This type of regular change is called a ________.
cline
According to the studies of Eyre-Walker and Keightley (2007), there appear to be four types of mutations
observed in most organisms. Which of the following is NOT a type of mutation that is observed?
additive
The haploid human genome contains approximately 3.2 billion base pairs. How many mutations, on
average, does each individual inherit from each of the gametes that united to form the zygotes from
which he or she grew?
36
A hypothetical population has two alleles for a gene: A and a. In a random sample of 100 individuals, 20
are homozygous for a, 20 are homozygous for A, and 60 are heterozygous. What is the frequency of A?
50%
In the mating of an Aa female and an Aa male, the genotypic outcome predicted by a Punnett square is
________.
one-quarter AA, one-quarter aa, and one-half Aa

The probability that two mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by ________.
adding the probability of each individual event
If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following statements is correct?
Allele frequencies must remain the same from generation to generation.
The null hypothesis, which demonstrates that evolution is not occurring from generation to generation,
is known as the ________ model.
hardy-weinberg
In large populations, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle can be used to determine whether
evolution is occurring. For instances where allelic frequencies are indicated by p and q, the resultant
genotype frequencies are indicated by which of the following equations?
p2 + 2pq + q2
Cavener and Clegg (1981) demonstrated natural selection by observing the cumulative change in allele
frequencies in populations of Drosophila melanogaster that were subjected to high levels of ________.
alcohol
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If there were a high allele frequency for the CCR5-32 coreceptor, and the rate of infection with HIV was
high as well, one would expect the frequency of the CCR5-32 coreceptor allele to ________.
rise quickly and confer resistance on a large part of the population
In experiments with laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster, Mukai and Burdick (1959)
observed that a lethal allele maintained a higher than expected frequency. The explanation for this
observation is that, at equilibrium, the selective advantage of the lethal allele when it occurs in
heterozygotes balances the disadvantage of the allele in homozygotes, and is termed ________.
overdominance
In the study of Gigord and colleagues using Elderflower orchids, the allele frequencies of yellow and
purple flowers varied such that when the yellow allele started to become rare, the reproductive success
of purple flowers decreased and the reproductive success of yellow- flowered individuals increased in a
process known as ________.
requency-dependent selection
The point at which the rate that a deleterious allele is being eliminated from a population by natural
selection is in equilibrium with the rate at which the deleterious allele is being replaced by a new
mutation is termed ________.
mutation-selection balance
Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common genetic diseases among individuals of European ancestry, and
affects one newborn in approximately how many?
2,500
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive loss-of-function mutation that encodes a protein called the
________.
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
An analysis showing the heterozygote superiority of the ΔF508 allele of CFTR demonstrates increased
resistance to infections with the bacteria that cause ________.
typhoid fever
Chun-Hong Chen and colleagues (2007) designed a new gene that would carry a strong selective
advantage and confer the resistance to malaria on free-living mosquitoes. The gene was termed Medea,
and this acronym stands for which of the following?
Maternal-effect dominant embryonic arrest
A group of interbreeding individuals and their offspring is known as a(n) ________.
population
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle is often referred to as the ________, [two words] which
indicates that if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, that population is not evolving.
null model
The statistical test used to determine whether the quantitative allele frequency results of an experiment
fall within reasonable limits, or whether the null hypothesis is violated and the measured outcomes are
significantly different than those expected is called the ________. [three words]
chi-square test (χ2)
Two processes that can maintain rare or deleterious alleles in populations are ________ [four words] and
________. [two words]
negative frequency-dependent selection; heterozygote superiority
Although selection tends to eliminate deleterious alleles from populations, these mutations often persist
because they are frequently created again. The rate at which deleterious alleles are being eliminated by
selection is exactly equal to the rate at which new copies are being created by creation is termed
________. [three words]
mutation-selection balance
Cystic fibrosis in humans is caused by a recessive loss-of-function mutation in a locus on chromosome 7

that encodes for a protein called ________. [five words]
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)
The assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle include all of the following except
________.
limited population size
Gene flow through migration ________.
may have the largest impact on small populations, such as those on islands
Suppose a founding population carries an allelic frequency not typical of the original population. Which
of the following effects would most likely lead to homogenization?
migration between the original and founding populations

Data in the accompanying figure shows the results of allelic frequency analysis of an insect- pollinated
plant whose seeds are transported by wind and water, therefore making this plant one of the first
colonizers of new islands. The data―particularly the lower variation of allele frequencies of
intermediate-aged populations―supports the hypothesis that ________.
migration tends to homogenize populations and gene flow tends to homogenize populations
Figure 7.6 from your text, shown below, is a set of histograms showing the frequency of different color
patterns of water snakes of Lake Erie (Nerodia sipedon). Type A snakes are unbanded, Type B are
strongly banded, and Types C and D are intermediates. Given that natural selection favors unbanded
snakes on the islands, how can you account for the presence/perpetuation of banded snakes on the
islands?
Natural selection favors banded snakes on the mainland, which occasionally migrate to the islands.
In terms of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genetic drift results from a violation of ________.
the infinite population size assumption
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Although most of the mechanisms of evolution are nonrandom, the one that is absolutely random is
________.
genetic drift
There are occasions when theoretical expectations do not match with actual outcomes, as you see in the
case of zygote formation leading to genetic drift. This discrepancy is known as ________.
sampling error
The accompanying figure details the possible outcomes in a scenario in which 10 zygotes are formed
from a gene pool where frequency of the allele A1 is 0.6, and A2 is 0.4. This graph is shown here.
According to this graph, the probability that the frequency of A1 will remain the same in the next
generation is about ________.
18%
The accompanying figure details the possible outcomes in a scenario in which 10 zygotes are formed
from a gene pool where the frequency of the allele A1 is 0.6, and A2 is 0.4. This graph is shown here.
According to this graph, the probability that the frequency of A1 will increase to 0.7 in the next
generation is about ________.
12%
Unusually high rates of rare heritable traits, such as achromatopsia in the Pingelapese people, is often
due to ________.
the founder effect
If genetic drift is not accompanied by natural selection, mutation, or migration, then the frequencies of
alleles will "wander" between 0 and 1. Using the accompanying figure, which of the following is an
accurate statement?
The effects of genetic drift are more immediate, and more pronounced, on small population sizes.
The results of an experiment on genetic drift on Drosophila melanogaster are illustrated in the
accompanying figure. These data show ________.
all of these
- the loss of heterozygosity in the population over time
- the fixation of alleles in the population over time
- the permanent loss of alleles from the population over time
With enough time and in the absence of other evolutionary mechanisms, genetic drift will ________.
reduce the genetic variation in a population
The neutral theory of molecular evolution, as developed by Kimura, posits that ________.
functionally neutral mutations that become fixed in populations occur in much larger numbers than
those that become fixed by natural selection
At present, the neutral theory of molecular evolution ________.
is inclusive, as enough data has not yet been evaluated

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The effects of inbreeding depression has been documented in ________.
both plants and animals
In an evolutionary sense, ________ is the transfer of alleles from one population to another.
migration
The fact that blind luck (more technically known as sampling error) can account for changes in allelic
frequencies in populations is the evolutionary mechanism called ________. [two words]
genetic drift
The random discrepancy between theoretical predictions and actual outcomes is called ________. [two
words]
sampling error
Suppose a large population exists on a continent, and a new population is formed by the migration of a
few individuals to an island some distance away. The fact that the alleles being carried to this island are
not going to be a complete and representative set, as compared to the continental population, is a case
of genetic drift known as the ________. [two words]
founder effect
A locus at which different individuals in a population carry different alleles is known as a(n) ________.
polymorphism
A phenomenon known as ________ [one or two words] occurs under conditions where a strong
selection pressure acts on a particular change in an amino acid, which results in the corresponding
increase in frequency of a closely linked neutral (or even mildly deleterious) mutation.
hitchhiking or selective sweep

A phenomenon known as ________ [two words] occurs under conditions where a selection pressure
works against deleterious mutations, resulting in the corresponding decrease in the frequency of a
closely linked neutral mutation.
background selection
When we track alleles from lineages backwards in time, we see them ultimately fuse into one lineage.
The result is a gene tree, which is produced by a process called ________.
coalescence
________, the most common type of nonrandom mating, will not change allelic frequencies, but it will
change genotypic frequencies toward homozygosity.
inbreeding
The survival and fertility rates of the offspring of related individuals are commonly reduced. This is
known as ________. [two words]
inbreeding depression
When genotypes at one locus of a chromosome are independent of genotypes at another locus of the
same chromosome, the two loci are _______
in linkage equilibrium
When genotypes at one locus of a chromosome are nonrandomly associated with the genotypes at
another locus of the same chromosome, the two loci are ________.
in linkage disequilibrium
Which of the following can produce linkage disequilibrium?
All of these choices can create linkage disequilibrium.
- genetic drift
- selection on genotypes of more than one locus

- mixing two disparate populations, each of which is in linkage equilibrium
The creation of new combinations of alleles, as a consequence of sexual reproduction with meiosis, is
called ________.
genetic recombination
According to the accompanying figure, we can conclude that ________.
the rate of decline in disequilibrium occurs more slowly with a lower rate of recombination
An advantage to studying linkage disequilibrium is that ________.
it provides another tool enabling the reconstruction of the history of genes and populations and it can
be used to identify alleles that have been recently selected by natural selection
Certain loci that are in linkage disequilibrium with alleles of interest can be used as markers, which can
then be useful in reconstructing the history of those alleles in populations. One such marker/allele is
described in your text, where the allele in question has an insertion mutation, rendering an enzyme
(glucocerebrosidase, or GBA) nonfunctional. The decay curve for linkage disequilibrium between this
marker (named D1S305) and the nonfunctional GBA allele is shown in the accompanying figure. The
orange lines show the present level of linkage disequilibrium and the inferred number of generations
elapsed since the most recent common ancestor. Assuming an average generation time of 25 years, what
is the best estimate for how long ago the most recent common ancestor existed?
about 1375 years ago
certain loci that are in linkage disequilibrium with alleles of interest can be used as markers, which can
then be useful in reconstructing the history of those alleles in populations. One such marker/allele is
described in your text, where the allele in question has an insertion mutation, rendering an enzyme
(glucocerebrosidase, or GBA) nonfunctional. The decay curve for linkage disequilibrium between this
marker (named D1S305) and the nonfunctional GBA allele is shown in the accompanying figure. The
orange lines show the present level of linkage disequilibrium and the inferred number of generations
elapsed since the most recent common ancestor. Assuming an average generation time of 25 years, how
many years total will be required for the linkage disequilibrium reach 0.2?
about 2500 years total
Alleles that are relatively new to a population and have been subject to positive natural selection are
characterized by having ________.
high frequency and high linkage disequilibrium
Which of the following choices is NOT a potential disadvantage to sexual reproduction?
!!none of the above!!
- Finding a mate is energetically expensive.
- Finding a mate may increase the risk of predation.
- Copulation may not produce offspring.
- Sexual reproduction reduces linkage disequilibrium.
A principle advantage of sexual reproduction is that it ________.
!!all of the above!!
- reduces linkage disequilibrium
- helps to recreate genotypes that are either rare or missing in a population, but are favored by selection
- regenerates genotypes in the evolutionary "arms race" between parasites and hosts
Which of the following reduces linkage disequilibrium by disrupting overrepresented haplotypes and by
generating new ones?
!! all of the above !!
- sexual reproduction
- genetic recombination
- crossing over
Muller's ratchet posits that in a finite asexual population, the number of deleterious alleles will increase
over time. The accumulation of these deleterious alleles is called ________.
genetic load
Mathematical analysis of Muller's ratchet reveals that the most important parameter in the rate at which
the ratchet works is ________.
population size
Research and analysis has documented that Muller's ratchet works ________.
!!all of the above!!
- in mathematical modeling
- in empirical studies
- in a natural setting
Which of the following conditions accurately represent Muller's ratchet, in terms of the selective
advantage of sexual reproduction?
!!All of the above accurately represent the conditions of Muller's ratchet.!!
- Deleterious mutations accumulate in asexual populations, resulting in a significant genetic load.
- Sexual reproduction is selected because it reintroduces no-mutation genotypes that have been lost
from the population.
- Linkage disequilibrium increases in populations by genetic drift because no-mutation multilocus

genotypes are lost by chance.
When considering two loci on a chromosome, the loci are said to be in ________, [two words] when the
genotype at one locus is independent of the other.
linkage equilibrium
If there is a nonrandom association between the genotypes at two loci on a chromosome, the loci are
said to be in ________. [two words]
linkage disequilibrium
Haploid genotypes involving two loci, such as AB, Ab, aB, and ab, are known as an organism's ________.
haplotype
The principal advantage of sexual reproduction is that it "reshuffles the genetic deck." The creation of
new combinations of alleles during sexual reproduction-complete with outbreeding and meiosis with
crossing over-is called ________. [two words]
genetic recombination
When a locus is discovered to be in linkage disequilibrium with nearby markers, and this allele is also
found to occur in high frequency, it is logical to assume that this allele has been favored by ________.
[two words]
positive selection
The mode of reproduction in which females produce genetically identical offspring from unfertilized eggs
is known as ________.
parthenogenesis
The explanation for the accumulation of deleterious alleles in asexual populations over time, with the
resulting genetic load, is known as ________. [two words]
muller's ratchet
In cases where a perpetual "arms race" occurs between biological antagonists, such as parasites and
their hosts, sex is favored because it reduces linkage disequilibrium by recreating missing genotypes in
an oscillating fashion. This hypothesis is called the ________ [two words] hypothesis.
red queen
exam 3
Conventional wisdom holds that oxpeckers remove ticks from the backs of cattle on which they feed in a
mutualistic relationship, and the cattle tolerate the oxpecker's presence because the birds help remove
parasites. Weeks (2000) performed observational experiments in Zimbabwe and demonstrated that the
relationship between oxpeckers and cattle was not the removal of parasites but that the oxpeckers are
________.
in fact parasitic, and create and feed on wounds they make, and also feed on earwax in the cattle
Choose the incorrect statement regarding adaptation from the following:
If a trait is adaptive, it will perfectly fit a need that confers an evolutionary advantage.
In experiments by Greene and colleagues (1987) with the tephritid fly Zonosemata vittigera and the
jumping spider Phidippus apacheanus, carefully controlled experiments demonstrated that ________.
both wing-waving and wing markings on the tephritid fly mimicked the spider, and thus prevented
predation
In experiments by Greene and colleagues (1987) with the tephritid fly Zonosemata vittigera and the
jumping spider Phidippus apacheanus, the purpose for gluing housefly wings onto the bodies of the
tephritid fly was to ________.
test for effect of wing markings in preventing predation
In experiments with Caenorhabditis elegans by Anderson and colleagues (2011), the relationship
between physiological performance and temperature was measured. This type of measurement is
termed a ________.
thermal performance curve
The data of Huey and colleagues (1989) on thermoregulation in garter snakes is an example of the
________ method evolutionary biologists use to test hypotheses about adaptations.
observational
As demonstrated by the experiments of Huey and colleagues (1989) on thermoregulation in garter

snakes, snakes have a wide range of options for behavioral thermoregulation during the day―so long as
they avoid thin rocks or direct sunlight at noon―but during the evening they are most often observed
________.
on or under rocks that are of medium (20-40 cm) or thick (>40 cm) thickness
The method used to plot the divergence that arises between sister species as they evolve farther and
farther from their common ancestor is termed ________.
phylogenetically independent contrasts

Bush and colleagues (2010) photographed body and head lice on several cockatoos and compared the
________ of the lice on the bird's bodies and heads.
luminosity
To demonstrate the response of several Daphnia genotypes across a wide range of environments, Luc De
Meester (1996) measured the change in phototactic behavior of Daphnia sampled from lakes that
contained different numbers of predatory fish. Some genotypes altered their behavior in the presence
versus absence of fish. The variation in response is termed
genotype-by-environment interaction
In the Kotukutuku plant, fuchsia excortiata, pollinated flowers turn colors from ________ to ________ in
order to signal pollinators that nectar is no longer being produced.
green; red
Futuyma and colleagues (1995) used the herbivorous leaf beetles of the genus Ophraella to study
constraints in genetic diversity. Ophraella beetles feed and lay eggs on only certain members of the
sunflower family because the beetles are unable to ________.
detect and detoxify chemical defenses produced by nonhost plants
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Futuyma and colleagues (1995) demonstrated that host shifts by the herbivorous leaf beetles of the
genus Ophraella in feeding on members of the sunflower family are due to the ________.
availability of genetic variation sufficient for evolutionary change
Clayton and colleagues (2003) examined the frequency of host shifts observed among both wing feather
and body lice that infect doves. They observed that body lice rarely shift host species, whereas wing
feather lice often shift from one species to another. The higher frequency of host shifts observed in wing
feather lice is due to the observation that ________.
the lice that infect wing feathers often move from host to host on a parasitic fly
Goriely and colleagues (2003) studied a genetic disease caused by a mutation in the gene coding for
fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). This disease, known as ________ syndrome, is a dominant
mutation that causes premature fission of the joints in the skull, facial malformations, and fusion of the
fingers and toes.
Apert
Oxpeckers have long been thought to have a mutualistic relationship with cattle in Zimbabwe, whereby
the birds remove ticks from the backs of cattle, and the cattle benefit due to the removal of parasitic
ticks. The observational experiments of Weeks (2000) in Zimbabwe demonstrated that the relationship
between oxpeckers and cattle was not mutualistic, but in fact parasitic. What two oxpecker behaviors did
Weeks observe?
Weeks observed a parasitic relationship, where oxpeckers create open wounds in the cattle's skin and
feed on the blood from these wounds; additionally, the oxpeckers feed on the cattle's earwax.
To determine the role of mimicry in the behavior of the tephritid fly Zonosemata vittigera and the
jumping spider Phidippus apacheanus, Greene and colleagues (1987) conducted carefully controlled
experiments to correlate appearance and behaviors with the deterrence of predation. What two factors
were found important in preventing predation of the tephritid fly by the jumping spiders?
They determined that both wing-waving and wing markings are important deterrents to predation.
The replication of experiments or observations allows researchers to control for two important factors
when considering experimental design. These two factors are ________ and ________.
reducing the amount of distortion in the estimate caused by unusual individuals or circumstances;
understanding how precise their estimate is by measuring the amount of variation in the data.
What is the purpose of the null hypothesis in experimental design?
The null hypothesis is formulated to predict a situation where nothing of interest or significance is
occurring. If the null hypothesis can then be rejected by the experimental data, the researcher has
demonstrated that the null hypothesis has been violated and that an interesting or significant event has
been measured or observed.
Explain the role of behavioral thermoregulation in the experiments performed with Caenorhabditis
elegans by Anderson and colleagues (2011).
Caenorhabditis elegans is an ectothermic organism, and its body temperature is determined by its
environment. Since body temperature has significant effects on both performance and fitness, the
worms will move to a temperature that optimally supports maximal performance and fitness.
Felsenstein (1985) developed a method to plot the divergence that arises between sister species as they
evolve farther and farther from their common ancestor. This method enables researchers to better
evaluate cross-species correlations among traits. The resultant plot provides divergences that arise
between pairs of sister species as they evolve away from a common ancestor, and are known as
phylogenetically independent contrasts
To demonstrate the response of several Daphnia genotypes across a wide range of environments, Luc De
Meester (1996) measured the change in phototactic behavior of Daphnia sampled from lakes that
contained different numbers of predatory fish. The lines drawn between control and fish-induced water
are termed ________. [two words]
reaction norms
Futuyma and colleagues (1995) demonstrated that host shifts by the herbivorous leaf beetles of the
genus Ophraella in feeding on members of the sunflower family are constrained by what?
a lack of genetic diversity that would enable the beetles to detect and detoxify chemical defenses
produced by nonhost plants
In their experiments with the flowers of Begonia involucrate, Agren and Schemske (1991) observed that
there was a trade-off between what two characteristics?
large individual flowers and more flowers per inflorescence
In the Kotukutuku plant, fuchsia excortiata, why do pollinated flowers remain attached to the plant for
several days after pollination occurs and nectar is no longer produced?
so that the pollen tube can grow for a sufficient amount of time to reach the ovary
The differences between males and females of a species are called ________.
sexual dimorphism
Darwin called differential reproductive success due to variation among individuals in success at getting
mates ________.
sexual selection
In general, when sexual selection is strong for one sex and weak for the other, we can predict that
members of the sex subject to strong sexual selection will be ________, and members of the sex subject
to weak sexual selection will be ________.
competitive; choosy
Adam Jones and colleagues (2000) studied the mating behaviors of broad-nosed pipefish (Syngnathus
typhle) in a laboratory situation. For which sex is sexual selection a more potent evolutionary force?
females
Selection for the ability to successfully compete with members of their own sex to mate with opposite
sex is termed ________.
intrasexual selection
Small, nonterritorial male marine iguanas typically have their mating interrupted by larger males prior to
ejaculation. What alternative mating strategy have these small males developed to compensate for this?
Small males induce ejaculation prior to copulation, and store the ejaculate in their cloacal pouches.
Which of the following has NOT been observed as a trait of sperm competition?
A) applying pheromones that reduce the female's attractiveness
B) the production of large ejaculates containing many sperm
C) depositing a copulatory plug
D) prolonged copulation during mating
ALL OF THE ABOVE!
In his study of the Mediterranean fruit flies (Ceratitis capitata), Matthew Gage (1991) found that
________.
males allowed to mate alone produced 2 1/2 times less sperm than those mating in the presence of
other males
Experiments by Steve Tanner and colleagues (2000) with gray tree frogs demonstrated that female frogs
preferentially mated with male frogs exhibiting ________.
longer calls rather than shorter calls
John Hoogland (1998) studied Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) and observed that an
increase in litter size was observed when females ________.
mated with more than one male
A mating system in which at least some females mate with more than one male is termed ________.
polyandry
In studies on the pipefish Nerophis ophidion, females are larger than males and appear to be under
greater sexual selection pressure than males. The females have two traits that male pipefish of the
species lack. What are these two traits?
dark blue stripes and skin folds on their bellies
Which of the following statements is true regarding the involvement of sexual selection on male function
(pollen donation) leading to sexual dimorphism in flowers?
A) Female flowers typically receive far more pollen than is needed to fertilize their seeds.
B) Delph and colleagues (1996) found that out of 42 animal-pollinated plant species, 29% of females had
the largest reproductive parts, but males had the largest perianths.
C) Studying wild radishes, Stanton and colleagues (1996) found that reproductive success through pollen
donation was limited by pollinator visits, whereas reproductive success through seed production was
not.
ALL OF THE ABOVE!
Maureen Stanton and colleagues (1986), experimenting with wild radishes (Raphanus raphanistrum),
demonstrated that sexual selection on male flowers has led to ________.
showy flowers that attract male pollinators

Pawlowski and colleagues (2000) gathered data from over 3,000 Polish men, and investigated the
hypothesis that sexual dimorphism in humans is the result of female choice. They found that there was a
slight but significant level of sexual selection on ________.
the height of men in their twenties, thirties, and forties for both marriage and producing offspring
In general, mothers typically make a larger parental investment in each offspring than males do. What is
meant by the term parental investment?
Parental investment is the energy and time expended constructing and caring for offspring, and is
typically measured in fitness.
Adam Jones and colleagues (2002) demonstrated that in rough-skinned newts, all females tend to mate
with at least one male, and often with several. What is the overall mating success for male rough-
skinned newts, and what physical characteristic was selected for in males?
The majority of males failed to mate, and most mated just once or twice. Males that mated displayed
significantly larger tail crests than males that failed to mate, indicating that sexual selection is a much
stronger force in males than females among rough-skinned newts.
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The energy and time expended constructing and caring for offspring is known as ________. [two words]
parental investment
A key event that determines reproductive success involves members of one sex choosing their mates
from among the opposite sex, and is termed ________. [two words]
intersexual selection
In male-male combat observed in marine iguanas, why do males tend to grow to sizes that exceed the
optimal size for survival?
Male iguanas become larger than optimal for sizes for survival because larger males tend to have more
mates, and thus pass on traits that favor larger sizes.
Explain why male lions, after they have entered a new pride of female lions, will often engage in the
practice of infanticide.
Male lions often kill offspring that have not yet been weaned from their mothers so that the females will
physiologically be receptive to mating, thus improving the entering male's reproductive success.
Natural selection would appear to act against long tails in male red-collared widowbirds, given that
longer tails reduce body condition over the mating season. Based on the experiments of Pryke and
Andersson (2005), why do long tails appear to be favored despite their obvious disadvantage?
Long tails are favored in male red-collared widowbirds because females of the species are choosy, and
they select mates based on longer tail length.
When male and female hangflies mate, the number of sperm transferred to the female increases linearly
with an increased time of mating. What determines the length of time that male and female hangflies
mate?
The size of the prey items provided as nuptial gifts presented by the male to the female.
According to the experiments of Delph and colleagues (1996), is sexual selection often stronger for male
or female flowers, and what tends to drive this selection?
Sexual selection is stronger in males, and is due to the need to attract pollinators.
Describe the unusual pollination system used by orchids of the genus Catasetum, which are pollinated by
male euglossine bees.
The male flower attracts the bee by using a chemical similar to that used by bees to attract mates, and
then shoots a pollinarium that adheres to the back of the bee. This pollinarium is then carried to the
female flower, where it lodges onto the stigmatic cleft.
To study sexual dimorphism in humans, Napoleon Chagnon (1988) studied the Yąnomamö, a premodern
tribe that live in the Amazon rain forest in Venezuela and Brazil. What specific trait of the Yąnomamö
correlated with an increased number of wives a corresponding increased number of children?
Men who have participated in a homicide (unokais) have significantly increased numbers of wives and
children than those who had never killed (non-unokais).
Social interaction between animals where one individual imposes a penalty on another, and in so doing
suffers a loss, is termed ________.
spite
Social interaction between animals that benefits both the actor and the recipient is known as ________.
mutual benefit
Social behavior between animals where the actor benefits at the expense of the recipient is called
________.
selfishness
When one animal makes a sacrifice to support or benefit another, we call this ________.
altruism
One of the keys to understanding altruistic behavior is that ________.
other members of the population will share alleles with the "actor"
The form of natural selection that leads to an increase in the frequency of alleles which promote the
fitness of genetic relatives is called ________.
kin selection
A measure of the reproductive fitness of an individual without the help of others is known as ________.
direct fitness
A measure of the reproductive fitness of genetic relatives resulting from the actions of an individual is
called ________.
indirect fitness
The accompanying figure shows that the rate of alarm calls made by black-tailed prairie dogs is
dependent on a perceived threat by a predator. This behavior most closely approximates that predicted
by ________.
altruism
The accompanying figure shows that the rate of alarm calls made by black-tailed prairie dogs is
dependent on a perceived threat by a predator. This behavior affects ________.
both the direct and indirect fitness of the caller
The success of altruistic behavior hinges on the ability to distinguish kin from unrelated individuals.
Hamilton proposed that an allele that produces a distinctive trait (i.e., the greenbeard effect), along with
altruistic behavior directed at the bearers of this trait, could drive such an altruistic allele to high
frequencies in a population. This scenario has been discovered and studied in ________.
slime molds
Multilevel selection/cooperation has been documented in ________.
A) bacteria
B) plants
C) humans
ALL OF THE ABOVE!
One would expect that conflicts between parents and offspring over parental investment would be the
most pronounced in ________.
birds
The analysis of parent—offspring conflict in birds has generated some interesting observations. For
example, researchers hypothesized that chicks should beg to be fed by their parents more loudly when
their nestmates are less closely related. (See Figure A, where Of =
optimal parental investment where the lost siblings are full sibs, and Oh for an offspring whose lost
siblings are half sibs.) Do the data collected bear this out (Figure B)?
Yes, species that evolve extra-pair parentage also tend to evolve louder begging chicks.
Which hypothesis has been proposed to explain the evolution of eusociality?
A) the haplodiploidy hypothesis
B) the Monogamy hypothesis
C) the ecology/life history hypothesis

ALL OF THE ABOVE!!!
Social behavior in which both the "actor" and the "recipient" benefit is known as ________. [three
words]
mutualism/mutual benefit
Social behavior in which the "actor" makes a sacrifice for the benefit of the "recipient" is called
________.
altruism
Social behavior in which the "actor" benefits at the expense of the "recipient" is termed ________.
selfishness
Social behavior in which a penalty is imposed on the "recipient," while the "actor" also suffers a loss, is
called ________.
spite
Hamilton's Rule is a simple expression that specifies the conditions under which altruism will increase in
frequency. What is this expression?
Br - C > 0, where B = benefit to the recipient, r = a measure of the genetic similarity of the individuals,
and C = cost to the actor.
The sum total of an individual's direct and indirect fitness is known as ________. [two words]
inclusive fitness
The existence of a hypothetical allele that confers a distinctive, recognizable trait, along with altruistic
behavior toward others with this trait, was coined the ________ [two words] by Richard Dawkins.
greenbeard effect
All cases of altruism (along with some cases of mutual benefit) in which we find behaviors that are
selected for because they are beneficial to the recipient are collectively known as ________.
cooperation
The exchange of favors between genetically unrelated individuals, to the benefit of both, is termed
________.
reciprocity
The descriptive term ________ was coined to refer to animals that have overlapping adult generations in
which nonreproductive individuals cooperate to care for young.
eusociality
In an "ideal" world, organisms that are fine-tuned for reproduction would ________.
All of the above, taken together:
A) mature at birth
B) produce high-quality offspring continuously and in high numbers
C) live forever
At the most fundamental of levels, differences in life histories (that is, reproductive strategies)
are trade-offs that are based on differences in the ________.
allocation of energy between individuals
What does the accompanying figure represent?
(image of flies: short winged females vs. long winged females)
the average energy budget values between long-winged and short-winged crickets in low v.
medium v. high food environments
Female sand crickets are known to produce two phenotypic variants: long-winged and short-
winged. Moreover, these two variants have been shown to allocate different amounts of their energy
budget to flight or ovary development, respectively. The development of female crickets into one or the
other of these variants is due to ________.
All of the above.

A) genetic mechanisms
B) developmental mechanisms
C) physiological mechanisms
The theory of aging that posits that aging is caused by irreparable damage to the cells, tissues,
and organs of an organism brought about by such things as errors in protein synthesis and the
accumulation of toxic metabolites is the ________.
rate of living theory of aging
The theory of aging that posits that aging is caused either by the accumulation of deleterious
mutations later in life or by a trade-off between repair to damaged tissues and reproduction is
called the ________.
evolutionary theory of aging
According to the data shown in the accompanying figure, the reduction in reproduction rates
most closely correlates with a corresponding reduction in survival in ________.
(image of bird, deer, drosophila)
male red deer
Telomeres, tandem repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes, generally get shorter after
every cell division. The resulting mechanism involves a protein called p53, which ________.
All of the above.
A) puts the cell into a permanently nondividing state
B) causes the cell to enter cell senescence
C) may induce the cell to undergo programmed cell death
Some researchers argue that short telomeres actually facilitate a longer life span in mammals.
The reasoning for this argument includes the idea that ________.
All of the above are included in this idea.

A) the activity of telomerase expression―the enzyme that can restore lost bits of telomeres―is
repressed
B) a reduction in the telomere size for every DNA replication event can serve as an accurate
counting mechanism for the number of times a cell has divided
C) reducing the number of divisions a cell will go through will also reduce the likelihood of
mutation events occurring in the cell's DNA
The conclusion, "Mutation hypothesis notes that mutations causing premature senescence are
selected against weakly," makes more sense if we consider that ________.
mutations causing death after reproduction has begun are selected against less strongly
Positive correlations have been found between ________.
telomere lengths and longevity among individuals within populations
The accompanying figure represents Lack's hypothesis on clutch size. According to this hypothetical data,
________.
A and C are both true.
A) the probability of survival for individual nestlings decreases linearly with each successive
increase in the clutch size
C) the optimal clutch size in terms of survival rates is intermediate
Researchers have tested Lack's hypothesis on clutch sizes, and the results are shown in the
accompanying figure. In this graph, the histogram shows actual clutch sizes over 22 years for the
Great Tit (Parus major), whereas the individual data points reflect results of manipulation of
clutch size. According to this data, ________.
there is an ideal clutch size in terms of survival; however, this species of bird is not producing
as many offspring as could survive, therefore Lack's hypothesis is not supported
Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions of Lack's hypothesis?

All of these are assumptions of Lack's hypothesis.
A) There is no trade-off between a parent's reproductive effort in one year and its survival or
reproductive performance in future years.
B) The only effect on clutch size of offspring is in determining whether the offspring survive.
C) The discrepancy between Lack's hypothesis and the behavior of individual birds may
sometimes be more apparent than real.
In terms of the size of offspring, data from different (a) fish families and (b) fruit fly species
are represented in the accompanying figure. Evaluation of this data reveals that ________.
Both C and D are accurate statements.
C) the larger the number of offspring, the smaller the eggs that are produced
D) there is an apparent trade-off between egg size and number of offspring
Traits which by logic should show less genetic variation because of their close association
with reproduction fall into which category?
life-history traits
Living things show a wide range of diversity where reproductive strategies are concerned.
The branch of evolution devoted to the analysis of this diversity is known as ________ analysis.
life-history
At the most fundamental of levels, differences among life histories are due to differences in
the allocation of ________.
energy
The decline in an individual's fertility, with a corresponding decrease in the likelihood of
survival, is known as ________.
senescence
Tandem repeat sequences found at the ends of chromosomes, such as TTAGGG as found in
vertebrates, are known as ________
telomeres
Alleles that influence more than one trait are referred to as ________.
pleiotropic
The hypothesis that predicts that parents will attempt to rear the number of offspring that
maximizes the survival rates of offspring is known as ________. [two words]
Lack's hypothesis
Studies by Elgar and Berrigan (shown in the accompanying figure show a ________[positive/negative]
correlation between the number of ________ and the size of ________.
(graph between relative clutch size and relative egg volume)
negative; eggs; eggs
When reproductive interests between males and females of the same species differ, as in the
case of fruit flies, sexual selection may actually favor adaptations arising in one sex but that are
detrimental in the other sex. This, in turn, leads to subsequent "counter-measure" adaptations in
the sex that are subject to harm or detriment. This kind of antagonistic sexual adaptation has
been termed ________ sexual selection.
chase-away
The maintenance of genetic variation in sea-squirts (Botryllus scholosseri) has been studied
by Richard Grosberg. Interestingly, these sea-squirts have two genetically determined life history
forms. In one, called ________ the modules in a colony reproduce once and then die. In the other
morph, called ________ colonies reproduce sexually at least three times before they die.
semelparous; iteroparous
In reading the accompanying figure from left to right, the data reveal that as herbivorous
mammals get ________, their litter sizes get ________.
larger; smaller
Initial studies of the influenza A virus by Walter Fitch and colleagues showed that ________.
selection by the immune system drives change in hemagglutinin's antigenic sites
The specific parts of foreign proteins that the immune system recognizes and "remembers" are
called ________.
antigenic sites
The biggest issue facing the successful production of influenza vaccines is that ________.
All of these are serious issues.
A) flu virus populations evolve rapidly
B) flu vaccines can take months to prepare
C) researchers must successfully predict which flu strain(s) will survive from among the existing
strains to become the next season's epidemic
Analysis of the phylogeny of flu viruses reveals that the two 1968 strains (see the
accompanying figures) both carry neuraminidase N2, but their hemagglutinins are distantly
related (H2 and H3). Moreover, before the global pandemic of 1968, human flu viruses had
never carried H3. This observation suggests that ________.
All of these conclusions are supported by this data.
A) H3 was acquired from a nonhuman strain which, in turn, allowed the virus to infect humans
on a global scale
B) flu strains, when present together in the same host cell, can trade genes
C) the 1968 human flu strain acquired its H3 gen from a bird virus
Analysis of the 1918 and 2009 flu epidemics reveals that the most likely scenario was that
________.
the virus ultimately arose in birds, jumped to pigs, and then was able to switch to humans
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the percentage of Icelandic children whose bacterial
infections were caused by bacteria resistant to penicillin rose at an alarming rate. After public
health officials initiated a campaign to reduce the use of penicillin, resistance dropped off. (See
the accompanying figure.)
bacterial populations evolve in response to the selection pressure imposed by antibiotics
Evidence for the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has been evaluated ________.
in all of the above examples
A) in populations of bacteria within individual patients
B) in studies comparing newly diagnosed patients v. patients who have relapsed after antibiotic
treatment
C) in studies comparing the fraction of patients with resistant bacteria and society-wide use of
antibiotics
Despite some evidence that antibiotic resistance can confer a fitness disadvantage to bacteria
in nonantibiotic environments as compared to susceptible strains, research has also documented
that ________.
compensatory evolution by way of mutation events in other genes may very well make
antibiotic resistant strains as fit, or even more fit, than sensitive strains
Which of the following are NOT one of Stuart Levy's guidelines for limiting the development
of antibiotic resistance?
Consumers should always use antibacterial soaps and cleaners, even when no perceived
bacterial threat is present.
The statement "The virulence of many pathogens in humans may not be a target of selection
itself, but rather an accidental by-product of selection on other traits" describes ________.
the coincidental evolution hypothesis
The statement "Natural selection should favor pathogens that strike an optimal balance
between the costs and benefits of harming their hosts" describes ________.
the trade-off hypothesis
Multicellular organisms such as humans could be thought of as populations of cells, where
each member of the population is derived from a single ancestor: the zygote. In such populations,
we would expect to see that ________.
Both C and D are possible outcomes.
C) mutations could occur in any cell, and if so, they may be still be capable of division, leading
to cells with heritable genetic variation
D) mutation events that lead to increased cell survival or more rapid reproduction could, in
effect, develop into tissues which evolve by natural selection within the organism
Given that humans shifted from hunter-gathers to an agriculturally based society within the
last 10,000 years does NOT mean that ________.
humans are unique in that we have the capacity evolve by natural selection much more
rapidly in response to changes in our environment than other organisms do
The modern lifestyle of humans has generated an apparent increase in the frequency of some
conditions, as compared to our hunter-gatherer ancestors. Which of the following is NOT one of
them?
lactose intolerance
Research on conditions that are relatively new to human populations such as myopia, breast
cancer, and obesity support the conclusion that ________.
these conditions are indeed "diseases of civilization" and are likely caused by the interaction
between genes (genetic susceptibility) and novel environments
Two evolutionary hypotheses on the function of fever have been suggested: A fever may
reflect manipulation of the host by the pathogen, to the pathogen's benefit, or a fever may be an
adaptive response by the host to help to control the pathogen itself. Studies on whether the use of
fever-reducing drugs were helpful or interfered with the body's ability to fight the pathogen
________.
were inconclusive
Determining the effects of natural selection on human behavior is much more robust if
________.
data is collected cross-culturally to eliminate the effects of culture on behavior
The immune system recognizes and reacts to ________, [two words] specific parts of a
foreign protein.
antigenic sites
A group of lineages―such as viral strains―that all descend from a common ancestor makes
up a ________.
clade
An unusually dangerous strain of flu that infects humans was reported from China in the
spring of 2013. The strain is called H7N9. In this coding scheme, H and N refer to ________ and
________ proteins.
hemagglutinin; neuraminidase
The frequency of antibiotic-resistant bacteria tends to go down when the bacterial population
is no longer being exposed to the antibiotic. This implies that bacterial antibiotic resistance
mechanisms have a significant ________ to the bacterial population.

cost
The ________ [two words] hypothesis for the evolution of virulence states that pathogens
may evolve traits that enhance their chances of survival within a host, but that decrease their
chances of being spread to a new host.
shortsighted evolution
An insect or other organism that transmits disease from one host to another is called a ________.
vector
Strokes, cancer, and heart disease are sometimes called ________ [three words] because they
are/were rare in hunter-gatherer populations.
diseases of civlization
Your text discusses one of the most well-known examples in which human populations have
evolved in response to selection imposed by changes in lifestyle. Specifically, this example has
to do with a change toward the life-long production of an enzyme that allows humans to digest
something our ancestors normally would have ingested only as infants. What is the name of this
enzyme?
lactase
The idea that fundamental aspects of human behavior are "hardwired" or "programmed" by
human genes is sometimes called ________. [two words]
genetic determinism
The relation between the variation in a phenotypic trait and the variation in an environmental
variable―in other words, the pattern of phenotypic plasticity in a trait―is called a ________. [two
words]
reaction norm
exam4
What is a key difference between prokaryote genomes and the genomes of multicellular eukaryotes?
Multicellular eukaryote genomes have larger intergenic regions than prokaryote genomes.
Which statement BEST describes the role and importance of mobile genetic elements in genomes?
Mobile genetic elements almost always have either neutral or deleterious consequences for their host.
What is the relationship between mobile genetic elements and DNA methylation?
DNA methylation is a form of post-transcriptional silencing of mobile genetic elements.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the relationship between RNA interference and mobile
genetic elements?
RNA interference is a mechanism for silencing mobile genetic elements that exist in many kinds of
organisms.
Methylation and RNA interference are both involved in regulating mobile genetic elements. Which of the
following statements is TRUE?
RNA interference is a form of post-transcriptional silencing, whereas methylation is a form of pre-

transcriptional silencing.
Which statement accurately describes a relationship between mutation rate and genome size?
Mutation rate increases with genome size in multicellular organisms.
What processes have been hypothesized to influence the evolution of mutation rates?
- natural selection only
- genetic drift only
- both natural selection and genetic drift, acting in the same direction to either increase or decrease
mutation rates
!!answer!! - both natural selection and genetic drift, acting in opposing directions: one process favors
increasing mutation rates and the other favors decreasing mutation rates
Laboratory experiments about bacterial mutation rates have demonstrated which of the following?
In short-term laboratory experiments, bacterial mutation rates often evolve to be higher because higher
mutation rates result in higher fitness.
Immediately following a gene duplication event, what is the most likely evolutionary outcome for a
duplicated gene?
Most gene duplication events are selectively neutral and are therefore lost due to drift.
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the relationship between gene duplication
and mobile genetic elements?
Mobile genetic elements can cause gene duplication, but most gene duplication events are caused by
other mechanisms.
Under most models for the preservation of duplicated genes that eventually perform new functions,
what is the proposed order of events and evolutionary reasoning behind them?
After a gene is duplicated, it must rise to high frequency in a population due to drift; only after it has
risen to high frequency will it then be likely to evolve to perform a new function favored by natural
selection.
Which of the following most accurately describes the preservation of duplicate genes via the
subfunctionalization model?
The ancestral gene performs two different functions, and eventually the two duplicate copies evolve so
that one copy performs one function, and the other copy performs the other function; both copies are
therefore required for the organism to have optimal fitness.
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Why have gene families evolved? Choose the most accurate answer for gene families in general.
Although in some cases researchers have inferred that gene families are adaptive, gene families may also
evolve due to genetic drift.
What is meant by adaptation from standing genetic variation in natural populations?
A population adapts to an environmental change by the rise to high frequency of an existing genetic
variant that was already present in the population at low frequency before the environmental change.
How does a gene tree differ from a species tree?
A gene tree is a phylogeny of individual genes, and can include multiple genes from a single species
and/or samples of the same gene from multiple species; in a species tree, each species is represented by
only a single branch.
The species concept based on careful analysis of the anatomical details of the specimen in question is
________.
the morphospecies concept
The species concept based on analysis of character states that indicate the smallest monophyletic group
is ________.
the phylogenetic species concept
The species concept defined as a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile
offspring is ________.
the biological species concept
A disadvantage of the morphospecies concept is ________.
- it can be difficult to apply to organisms with small, difficult to distinguish features
- species definitions may become arbitrary if the concept is not applied carefully
- species definitions applied by different researchers may not be comparable
!!answer!! - All of these are potential problems with this species concept.
Early classification systems from Aristotle to Linneaus would have been most like what we now call
________.
the morphospecies concept
The species concept that relies most heavily on the criterion that species are evolutionarily independent
units that are isolated by gene flow is ________.
- the morphospecies concept
- the phylogenetic species concept
- the biological species concept
!!answer!! - This criterion is common to all of these concepts.
Organisms such as prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)―along with some eukaryotes―reproduce

asexually. In the case of bacteria and archaea in particular, which exchange DNA but do not reproduce
utilizing conventional sexual reproduction, the BEST way in which to define species is with ________.
an ecological species concept
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There are two closely related populations of squirrels living in the Grand Canyon area―one lives on the
north rim, the other lives on the south rim. Speciation in these squirrels BEST fits which model?
vicariant allopatric speciation
Which of the following models of speciation hinges on a physical barrier which prevents gene flow
between populations?
A) dispersive allopatric
B) dispersive sympatric
C) vicariant allopatric
D) vicariant sympatric
!! answer!! - Both A and C.
Your textbook authors make the claim that "sympatric species with matching chromosome numbers are
rare." Why is this?
because coexisting populations need a boundary to gene flow before divergence can occur, and
differences in chromosome numbers provide this
Isolating mechanisms leading to speciation have been documented by ________.
- geographic isolation
- polyploidy
- temporal isolation
- a mutation in a single gene
!! answer !! - All of the above.
It now seems clear that the strongest factor in speciation events is ________.
natural selection
Research on speciation of Hawaiian crickets, shown in the accompanying figure, has led researchers to
conclude that ________.
- these cricket species have diverged by a mechanism known as assortative mating
- females of different species have strong preferences for the singing pulse rate of the males of their own
species
- female preference for male singing pulse rate is genetically linked to the combination of genes
regulating the singing pulse rate of males
!! answer!! - All of the above are accurate.
Factors such as behavioral, temporal, or ecological isolation mechanisms that prevent two closely related
sympatric populations from interbreeding can be grouped together and classified as ________.
prezygotic isolating mechanisms

Hybridization between populations upon secondary contact may result in ________.
- reinforcement of the two original species by way of pre- or post-zygotic isolating mechanisms
- the creation of one or more new species as hybrids between the two parental species
- the creation of a hybrid lineage that has higher fitness than either of the parental species
!! answer!! - All of the above are possible.
-None of the above are possible.
The accompanying figure most closely represents speciation by ________.
hybridization
From an ecological perspective, the dispersal of fruit flies (Drosophila) on the Hawaiian islands, which
has resulted in speciation, is BEST termed ________.
adaptive radiation
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Groups of organisms that cannot be distinguished morphologically but have no gene flow between
them, and are indeed evolutionary independent units, are known as ________ species.
cryptic
The classical hypothesis of speciation is comprised of a three-step process. What are the three steps?
Isolation of populations; divergence in traits; reproductive isolation.
The model of speciation that hinges on a physical barrier preventing gene flow is ________ speciation.
allopatric
Geographic isolation of populations can generally come about in two ways. What are they?
dispersal and vicariance
Speciation events that occur when the geographic ranges of the populations involved overlap are termed
________.
sympatric
Species divergence due to mating behavior and sexual selection, as has been documented in the
Hawaiian crickets, is termed ________. [two words]
assortative mating
Relative to chromosome numbers, hybridization can produce speciation in two ways. What are they?
polyploidy hybrid speciation and homoploid hybrid speciation
Selection that reduces the frequency of hybridization and/or the fitness of hybrids between populations
following secondary contact is termed ________.
reinforcement
Proteins carry out much of the biochemistry of life, including DNA replication, but DNA stores the
information needed to build correct proteins. Early life forms would have needed both proteins and
DNA, but neither can exist without the other. The RNA world hypothesis is an appealing solution to this
problem, because it states that ________.
some RNA molecules both store information and catalyze chemical reactions
Could a varying, self-replicating population of RNA molecules be considered alive?
Yes, because such a population would show variation, inheritance, and selection.
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The Murchison meteorite was a significant discovery for the study of the origin of life, because it
________.
contained significant amounts of amino acids
A famous experiment that generated organic molecules from a mixture of gases thought to resemble the
early Earth's atmosphere was carried out in 1953 by ________.
stanley miller
A problem with the basic Oparin-Haldane model for the origin of life (though not necessarily an
unsolvable one) is that ________.
- it does not explain the origin of chirality
- the early Earth is now not thought to have had a highly reducing atmosphere
- monomers have to be chemically activated before they will polymerize
- purine bases can attach to sugars in many equally probable ways
!!answer!! - All of the above.
Minick Rosing's analysis of microscopic globules of carbon found in rocks 3.7 billion years
old showed that they were somewhat higher in 12C as opposed to 13C. This is significant because
________.
living things that fix carbon preferentially incorporate 12C over 13C
Which of these is NOT an evolutionary advantage of the first cell membranes?
Membranes allow cells to move independently.
The earliest fossil records of bacteria-like organisms, dated at over 3 billion years, ________.
are too spotty to allow us to trace lines of descent to present-day organisms
The gene that encodes small-subunit ribosomal RNA is useful for reconstructing the phylogeny of all
organisms, because ________.
- the gene is subject to strong stabilizing selection
- the gene's function has stayed unchanged in all organisms
- all organisms have ribosomes with similar composition and structure
- all organisms have the gene
Carl Woese is BEST known for discovering that ________.
prokaryotes comprise two very different branches: Bacteria and Archaea
Lateral gene transfer means that phylogenetic analyses of different individual genes from the same set of
organisms often yield results that are inconsistent with each other. What technique seems to avoid this
problem and give us the clearest, most consistent view of the "tree of life"?
whole-genome phylogenetic analysis
The minimum age of the LUCA (last unique common ancestor) is the age of the oldest fossils that can be
identified with certainty as close relatives of present-day prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Such fossils are
about ________.
2 billion years old
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According to Patrick Forterre's hypothesis, viruses are ultimately responsible for ________.
introducing DNA into the ancestors of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya
Carl Woese has controversially proposed that all three domains of life evolved from a(n) ________.
universal gene-exchange pool

James Ferris discovered that clay minerals are capable of ________.
catalyzing the polymerization of activated nucleotides
The organisms formerly classified in the Kingdom Protista ________.
are scattered throughout all branches of the eukaryote family tree
The accompanying figure shows the history of large meteorite impacts on both the earth and the moon.
What is the graph's major implication for the origin of life on Earth?
Huge impacts make it unlikely that life arose and survived on Earth before about 3.8 billion years ago.
Deductive reasoning generates the conclusion that because we are here to think about and ask
questions about the first living thing on Earth, it must have existed. This first living thing presumably gave
rise to multiple lineages, at least one of which served as the ancestor for all of life on Earth. The acronym
IDA has been applied to the first living thing, and LUCA to the ancestor that gave rise to all of life. What
do IDA and LUCA stand for?
initial Darwinian ancestor; last universal common ancestor
Important molecular discoveries in the 1980s have led researchers to hypothesize that the original, vital
organic molecule shaping living things was not what was first thought. What molecule is currently
supported as the candidate for the vital molecule for early life?
RNA
The model of life's origins, which posits that all of the necessary ingredients for the origin of life were
present on early Earth, has been named after two early twentieth-century scientists. This model is called
the ________ [two words] model.
Oparin-Haldane
Estimates of the age of Earth, taken from meteorites, date our planet to be approximately ________
years old. The BEST estimate of when life emerged, based on extrapolation of known and verifiable
fossils, is approximately ________ years ago. In essence, then, life emerged approximately ________
years after Earth formed.
4.5 to 4.6 billion; +/- 4 billion; +/-500 million

Analysis of the sequences of the small subunit rRNA generated a shift in our current taxonomic scheme,
with the addition of three levels called domains. What are the three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya
In attempting to construct a universal phylogeny, researchers analyzed several different gene sets. The
results of this analysis are not congruent (see accompanying figure). The most likely explanation for this,
as proposed by Carl Woese and others, is ________ [three words] in early populations, which would
account for these discrepancies.
horizontal/lateral gene transfer
An estimate of the universal phylogeny, based on the small subunit rRNA, is reproduced in the
accompanying figure. According to this reconstruction, the domain that Eucarya shares the most recent
common ancestor with is ________.
Archaea
It is now thought that the last common ancestor of the three domains was not a single lineage. Rather, it
was ________.
a community of organisms/species that readily exchanged genes with each other
Fossil evidence suggests that the latest possible date for root of the universal phylogeny predates the
________ billion-year mark.
The explanation linking viruses to the origin of the three domains, which includes the conversion of
cellular genomes from RNA to DNA, is known as the ________.
three viruses OR three domains hypothesis
Why was developmental biology left out of the "modern synthesis" of evolution as it developed in the
1930s and 1940s?
- Many developmental biologists believed that evolution progresses by rapid jumps, not slow and
gradual change.
- It was widely felt that development and genetics had to be "properly separated" for either to make any
progress.
- Many developmental biologists focused on "structuralist" explanations of evolution.
- The genetic mechanisms of development were poorly understood at the time.
According to a database kept by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, there are currently six genes
in the human genome for different variants of the protein collagen IV. Assuming that all these genes are
derived from an ancestral gene, the most precise term for these genes would be ________.
paralogous
The concept of developmental constraint may be defined as ________.
a bias toward certain kinds of variation in phenotype
In early human embryos, the gene HoxB7 is involved in patterning the central nervous system. In later
embryos, HoxB7 plays a critical role in growth and development of the kidney. These different functions
of the same gene at different times and places are an example of ________.
pleiotropy
All of the following factors can cause rapid evolutionary "jumps" except ________.
stabilizing selection on homeotic genes
François Jacob and Jacques Monod discovered ________.
a mechanism for how proteins regulate gene activity
The simplest hypothesis for the original function of Hox genes is that the common ancestor of bilateral
animals had Hox genes that were ________.
expressed in the canonical spatial pattern
Which of the following is a good example of two genes that are orthologous?
the gene for the photosynthetic enzyme RuBisCO in a fern and in an oak
The hindwing eyespots of the butterfly Bicyclus anyana responded to artificial selection for increased
gold color in both or increased black color in both, but artificial selection could not produce increased
gold in one spot and increased black in the other. This is an example of ________.
constraint
The most significant conclusion of the experiments on Heliconius butterfly mimics is that ________.
the same developmental genetic mechanisms underlie a great range of variants
The ectodysplasin gene of stickleback fish in fresh and salt waters provides a good example of pleiotropy,
because it ________.
affects both growth rate and bony armor of a stickleback
Libbie Hyman's comprehensive study of invertebrates, beginning in the 1940s, was noteworthy for being
one of the few major works at the time to ________.
integrate development with adult morphology to understand adaptation
The discoverer of "homeotic mutations," who also resisted the growing "modern synthesis" model of
evolution, was ________.
William Bateson
A "structuralist" biologist would explain an organism's features as the result of ________.
principles of mathematics and physics that determine form and function
Genes in the NK4 class are involved in heart development in both vertebrates and fruit flies. They are
also involved in the development of pumping organs in organisms that lack a heart, such as roundworms
and cnidarians. Available information suggests that in early animals, the ancestral NK4 gene and its
associated regulatory network ________.
governed the development of some fluid-filled pumping structure
The embryonic nervous systems of peanut worms (Sipuncula) and spoon worms (Echiura) show that
these worms ________.
are descended from segmented ancestors
Unlike all other honeybees, worker bees in the South African subspecies Apis mellifera capensis can lay
eggs that develop asexually into queens, which makes it possible for them to "nest parasitize" other
subspecies of honeybees. This is due to ________.
a deletion of nine nucleotides in the gemini transcription factor gene
Evolutionary shifts in the relative rates and timing of developmental events are known as ________.
heterochrony
Mutations of ________ [two words] in fruit flies can cause appendages to appear in the wrong places,
such as legs growing in place of antennae.
homeotic genes
Genes of both the ANT-C and BX-C clusters encode proteins that all include a common sequence of
amino acids that interact with DNA, known as the ________.
homeodomain
Despite a great deal of variation across the animal kingdom, Hox genes tend to appear along a
chromosome or chromosomes in the same order that they are expressed in along the anteroposterior
axis of an embryo. This pattern of Hox gene expression is called the ________. 4 words
canonical spatial expression pattern
South American anteaters have no teeth and a long sticky tongue; they rip open anthills and termite
mounds and capture insects with their tongues. An Australian marsupial known as the numbat
(Myrmecobius fasciatus) is not closely related to anteaters, but it too has highly reduced teeth and a long
sticky tongue, and it feeds by ripping open termite burrows and lapping the insects up. Such similarities
between species that are not inherited from a common ancestor are known as ________.
homoplasy
The simplest hypothesis for the original function of Hox genes is that they were expressed in the
________ [two words] in early animals.
nervous system
A ________ is one who believes that major evolutionary change happens, or can happen, by large
"jumps" or bursts, such as mutations with large effects.
saltationist
The evolutionary conversion of a structure, gene, or gene complex from one function to another was
called ________ by Stephen Jay Gould and Elisabeth Vrba.
exaptation
When selection increases one feature of an organism at the expense of another, we speak of an
evolutionary ________.
trade-off
Which of the following organisms is NOT considered a great ape?
baboon
Vincent Sarich and Allan Wilson estimated that humans diverged from their closest living primate
relatives about 5 million years ago. What line of evidence did they use initially?
reactions between primate serum proteins and antibodies to human serum
Most DNA-based phylogenetic analyses place humans and chimpanzees (including bonobos) as each
other's closest relatives, but a persistent minority of studies place gorillas and chimpanzees as sharing a
common ancestor that was not a human ancestor. The reason is incomplete lineage sorting, which
simply means that ________.
the ancestral species of all great apes was genetically variable at some loci, and each descendant species
lost different random combinations of ancestral alleles
Chimpanzees and gorillas share the trait of knuckle-walking, which humans do not generally have. Why
do most scientists NOT classify chimpanzees and gorillas as each other's closest relatives?
- The majority of genetic evidence places chimpanzees closest to humans, not to gorillas.
- Fossil evidence suggests that knuckle-walking was present in ape ancestors and is not a uniquely
derived trait for chimpanzees and gorillas.
- Chimpanzees and humans share more unique features in common than either share with gorillas.
- Fossil apes that are thought to be closest to humans show adaptations for knuckle-walking, implying
that humans have secondarily lost the trait.
!! answer !! - all of the above
The accompanying figure shows how levels of a microRNA called miR-320b change with age in the
prefrontal cortex of the brains of humans, chimps, and macaques (African monkeys). This may be
important for understanding the genetic features that make us human, because microRNAs ________.
influence gene expression by binding to messenger RNAs
Judging by the nature of modern humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos, which of these traits did the last
common ancestor of all three probably NOT show?
strictly heterosexual mating patterns
The fossil Sahelanthropus tchadensis from the Djurab Desert of Chad, dated at 6 to 7 million years ago,
may be a hominin (i.e., share more recent common ancestry with humans than with any other ape
because of ________.
its relatively flat face
Which genus or genera of hominin is/are most consistently associated with stone tools?
homo
All of the following traits are shared by all great apes, except ________.
spoken language
Although attempts to date the divergence between humans and chimpanzees using molecular sequence
data do not perfectly agree, a rough consensus from multiple analyses would place the divergence date
at ________.
5 to 7 million years ago

"Robust australopithecines," now classified in the genus Paranthropus, are distinctive as compared to
other hominins because of their ________.
huge teeth, faces, jaws, and jaw muscles
Which piece of evidence BEST supports the "multiregional evolution" model of the evolution of modern
humans?
Both Asian fossil Homo erectus and modern Asian human populations show a high frequency of shovel-
shaped incisors.
Which piece of evidence BEST supports the "out of Africa" model of the evolution of modern humans?
African populations show the greatest diversity in numbers at a short tandem repeat (STR) locus on
chromosome 12.
The accompanying figure shows the percentage of pairwise genetic comparisons within sample
populations of living hominids, graphed against the percentage of sequence divergence for each pair. We
can conclude from the figure that ________.
any randomly selected pair of humans in the world should differ in their mitochondrial DNA sequences
by less than 6%
All non-African humans today show evidence of a limited amount of past interbreeding with ________.
Neandertals
The accompanying figure shows that humans have thicker thumb metacarpals than chimpanzees or
bonobos, with broader heads. This is directly correlated with humans' ________.
more elaborate thumb musculature and better precision grip
Modern humans have lost the system of air sacs that other great apes have. Whatever the reason for
this loss, one resulting effect on human behavior was ________.
the ability to pronounce sounds more clearly
Your textbook, and many (but not all) paleoanthropologists, refer to a species more closely related to
humans than to chimps as a(n) ________.
hominin
The first close human relative known to have dispersed out of Africa was ________. [two words]
Homo erectus/ergaster
Short sequences of nucleotides (typically 4 to 8 bases) that are repeated a variable number of times at a
locus are known as ________. [three words]
short tandem repeats (STRs)
Human populations vary genetically, but the variation is subtle and not easy to find without large data
sets. Most of the genetic variation in the human species exists between ________.
individuals
________ are fragmentary hominids 30,000 to 50,000 years old, found in a Siberian cave, who
astonishingly appear to have interbred with the ancestors of modern Melanesian human populations.
Denisovans
Green and colleagues assessed the degree of past interbreeding between modern Homo sapiens
populations and extinct premodern populations by looking at an aspect of genetic diversity known as
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
In humans and possibly even in chimpanzees, there seems to be a neurological correlation between
________ and ________.
language; tool use
The only hominid skeletal feature that is fairly clearly correlated with the ability to speak is the shape of
the ________.
hyoid
The earliest style of stone tools, dating as far back as 2.6 million years, is called ________.
Oldowan

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Exam1

The acronym HIV stands for which of the following?

human immunodeficiency virus

both effector helper T cells and memory helper T cells

200 cells per cubic millimeter

Coreceptor inhibitors block HIV infection by preventing which of the following?

binding of the HIV virion onto the CCR5 receptor

does not appear on the surface of CD4 T cells

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The coccyx, a tiny tailbone found in humans, is believed to be a ________ structure.

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Discounts for safe driving?

dinosaurs and birds

theory of special creation.

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A) Alfred Russel Wallace

Natural selection ________.

works on individuals, but its long-term effect is rendered on populations

Variations in traits are produced by mutations.

Which of the following statements best summarizes natural selection?

Evolution by natural selection ________.

- can be tested experimentally

- can be tested observationally

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- conspecific nest parasitism

detectable evolution by natural selection did occur

The figure shows that ________.

- the source of variations in populations

- an understanding of inheritance patterns from one generation to the next

Epperson v. Arkansas, 1968

________, in general terms, is an individual's ability to survive and reproduce.

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Intelligent design (ID)

The label "1" in the accompanying figure represents ________.

Every node in a phylogenetic tree represents a(n) ________.

In determining the evolutionary relationships of current species, one needs to ________.

read "back" to nodes connecting species to determine common ancestry

A novel, derived character is also referred to as a(n) ________.

A preexisting, ancestral character is also known as a(n) ________.

In constructing phylogenetic trees, it is useful to think of monophyletic groups as being defined by

In the case study involving the phylogeny of whales, ________.

!!answer!! - All of these methods have pros and cons.

two double-stranded breaks in a chromosome

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one-quarter AA, one-quarter aa, and one-half Aa

adding the probability of each individual event

If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following statements is correct?

Allele frequencies must remain the same from generation to generation.

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rise quickly and confer resistance on a large part of the population

cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

Maternal-effect dominant embryonic arrest

A group of interbreeding individuals and their offspring is known as a(n) ________.

chi-square test (χ2)

negative frequency-dependent selection; heterozygote superiority

Cystic fibrosis in humans is caused by a recessive loss-of-function mutation in a locus on chromosome 7

cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)

limited population size

Gene flow through migration ________.

migration between the original and founding populations

the infinite population size assumption

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