READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 HISTORY - is the study of the past, specifically the people, societies, events and
problems of the past as well as our attempts to understand them.

 HISTORY was derived from the Greek word “historia” which means knowledge
acquired through inquiry or investigation.

 "HISTORIA” became known as the account of the past of a person or of a group of

people through written documents and historical evidences.

 Existed round 2,400 years

 HISTORIOGRAPHY, the writing of history, especially the writing of history based

on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the
authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a
narrative that stands the test of critical examination. The term historiography also
refers to the theory and history of historical writing (Vann, 2020).

 HISTORIOGRAPHY is the history of history

 HISTORIAN – writes History, to interpret data. They follow certain techniques and
rules called “historical methodology”

 TRADITIONAL HISTORIAN – They lived in the mantra of “No Document, No history”

 ROLES OF HISTORY IN THE PAST

1. Unite Nations
2. Tool to legitimize regimes and forge sense of collective identity through
collective memory
3. Used to make sense of the present
4. Not to repeat the mistakes of the past
5. Inspire people to keep their good practices to move forward.

 5 QUESTIONS IN HISTORIOGRAPHY

1. How was certain Subject written?

2. Who wrote it?
3. What was the context of it’s publication?
4. What particular method was employed?
5. What are the sources used?
 PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT

POSITIVISM

A. AUGUSTE COMTE

 was born on January 19, 1798 and died on September 5, 1857

 A philosopher, mathematician, and social scientist, Comte was best known
as the ORIGINATOR OF POSITIVISM
 Positivism is a school of thought that emerged between the 18th and 19th
century.
 Positivism use brief, clear, concise discussion and does not use a descriptive
story from human feelings or subjective interpretation
 Positivism is a philosophical system that holds that every rationally justifiable
assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical
proof, and that therefore rejects metaphysics and theis

Positivism focuses on
 Scientific Explanation / Scientific Method
 Factual knowledge from observation
 Science, a way to learn the truth
 And the best way to learn the truth is to Experiment

POSITIVISM ~ The school of thought that emerged between the 18th and 19th century.

2 stages of Positivism that are connected to each other are the Logical Positivism and the
Instrumental Positivism

>POST COLONIALISM
 The school of thought that emerged in early 20th century.
 Larena (2018) cited that POSTCOLONIALISM is the school of thought that emerged in the
early 20th century when formerly colonized nations grappled with the idea of creating their
identities and understanding their societies against the shadows of their colonial past.

>EDWARD SAID is a pioneer of postcolonial studies and also the 'Father of Post
Colonialism'.

 Post colonialism – broadly, the study of the effects of colonialism on cultures and
societies.
 Post colonialism is critique of western representations of race, ethnicity, culture, and human
identity, AFTER colonization.
 It is the political or cultural condition of a former colony.

>POSTCOLONIAL HISTORY
 is therefore a reaction and an alternative to the colonial history that colonial powers created
and taught to their subjects. One of the problems confronted by history is the accusation
that the history is always written by victors.
 A response to and a substitute for the colonial history that colonial rulers produced and
indoctrinated into their subjects.

Postcolonial Period of the Philippines - The Philippines is a postcolonial republic that

gained independence from the United States in 1946

ANNALES SCHOOL OF HISTORY

 Originates with a French academic publication, the analyst history, economic and social.
 Concerned with social history and studied longer historical periods.
 It is best known for incorporating social scientific methods into history.
 The school of history born in France that challenge the canons of history
 It refers to look at the medium long term trends of social and economic history rather than
political or diplomatic history.

A. Social History
-How people in the past lived and worked.

B. Economic History
-World of innovation
-Growth and Development

 HISTORICAL SOURCES - Historical sources are historian's most important research

tools.

 SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA - HISTORICAL DATA are sourced from artifacts

have been left by the past

-Relics or “remains”
-Testimonies or witnesses

The historian deals with the dynamic or genetic (the becoming) as well as the static (the
being) and aims at being interpretative (explaining why and how things happen and
interrelated) as well as descriptive (telling what happened, when and where, and who took
part)

 WRITTEN SOURCES OF HISTORY

Written sources are usually categorized in three ways:
(1) narrative or literary
(2) diplomatic or juridical and
(3) social documents.

 NON-WRITTEN SOURCES OF HISTORY

Unwritten sources are as essential as written sources. They are two types:
(1) material evidence
(2) and oral evidence.
 THE THREE HISTORIAL SOURCES

1. PRIMARY SOURCES - Healey Library (2020) states that Primary Sources are
immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct
connection. These are sources produced at the same time as the event, period,
or subject being studied.

2. SECONARY SOURCES - depends on primary

3. TERTIARY SOURCES – sources that index. Compiled, organized or combined

other sources.

 HISTORICAL CRITICISMS - examines the origins of earliest text to appreciate the

underlying circumstances upon which the text came to be (Soulen and
Soulen,2001)

TO TEST VALIDITY OF SOURCES

A. EXTERNAL CRITICISM:

Is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining it’s physical

characteristics and materials used for evidence.

1. Authorship’ the first question

2. Secondly, “Date of Document”
3. Thirdly, the historian confronts the textual errors

B. INTERNAL CRITICISM:

Is the examining of the truthfulness of the evidence by looking at the author of the
source, it’s context and the agenda beyond it’s creation.

PANTAYONG PANANANAW
This perspective highlights the importance of facilitating an internal conversation
and discourse among Filipinos about our own history, using the language that is
understood by everyone.

PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY

Philippine Historiography Shaver (2017) defines Historiography as the study of the

methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension
as anybody of historical work on a particular subject. Philippine historiography
underwent several changes since the pre-colonial period until the present. Ancient
Filipinos narrated their history through communal songs and epics that they passed
orally from a generation to another. When the Spaniards came, their chroniclers started
recording their observations through written accounts

“CORAZON AQUINO’S SPEECH BEFORE THE JOINT SESSION

OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS”

 September 18, 1986 – delivered speech by Maria Corazon “Cory” Cojuango Aquino
 She also acknowledged the 26 billion-dollar debt acquired by the Marcos regime
 Her speech written by Teodoro Lopez Locsin, Jr.
 Three times lost His husband

1. Ninoy was locked up in military camp for fourty-three days without update
2. 40 days fast of Ninoy
3. Ninoy’s death, Aug 21, 1983

 Before the speech, February of 1986, The EDSA People Power Revolution or the
EDSA Revolution, millions of Filipinos from all walks of life to march along Epifanio de
los Santos Avenue (EDSA), the main artery of Metro Manila, to end the dictatorship of
President Ferdinand E. Marcos and begin a new era marked by true freedom and
democracy.

“THE PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE”

 Proclaimed by General Emilio Aguinaldo

 On June 12, 1898 between four and five in the afternoon, declared the Philippine
independence.
 proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at Cavite el Viejo (Kawit)
 Written and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
 For the first time, the Philippine National Flag, made in Hongkong by Mrs. Marcela
Agoncillo, assisted by Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza, was officially hoisted
and the Philippine National March played in public.
 The Philippine Declaration was signed by ninety-eight person (98), among them an
American army officer (L.M. Johnson, Colonel of Artillery.) who witnessed the
proclamation.
 333 years of being colonized by Spain
 The performance of Marcha Filipina Magdalo as national anthem knowns as Lupang
Hinirang was composed by Julián Felipe and played by the San Francisco de
Malabon marching band.
 The white triangle stands for equality; the blue stripe stands for peace, truth, and
justice; and the red stripe represents patriotism and valor. The white triangle
stands for liberty, equality and fraternity.
 The eight sun rays symbolize the first eight provinces in the Philippines that revolted
against Spanish colonization- Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija,
Laguna, Tarlac, and Batangas
  The three stars represent Luzon, Visayas, and Panay, the main islands of the
Philippines
 Promulgated on August 1
 The Treaty of Paris (1898) officially ended the period of Spanish colonization in the
Philippines and granted possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to
the United States.
 Following world war II, The US granted independence to the Philippines on July 4,1946
via the Treaty of manila
 Emilio was accompanied by General Artemio Ricarte and Pedro Paterno
 Hilaria del Rosario de Aguinaldo - the first Philippine first lady

“THE VOYAGE OF MAGELLAN”

“Five hundred years ago, five ships set sail on Ferdinand Magellan's expedition in search of a
new route to the Maluku Islands and their highly prized spices. The ships' names were
Trinidad, Santiago, Victoria, Concepción, and San Antonio”

 Written after ANTONIO PIGAFETTA escaped from the war

 PIGAFETTA’S TRAVELOGUE – One of the most important primary sources in the study
of precolonial Philippines.
 ANTONIO PIGAFETTA – an Italian nobleman who accompanied Magellan in his
circumnafication around the world.
 FERDINAND MAGELLAN – a portugese explorer
 Published after Pigafetta returned to Italy.
 Antonio Pigafetta wrote his firsthand observation and general impression of the Far East
including their Experiences in the Visayas.-
 In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet reached what he called the Ladrones Islands or the
“Islands of the Thieves” Presently known as Marianas Islands.--It is located south-
southeast of Japan, west-southwest of Hawaii, north of New Guinea, and east of
Philippines

“These people have no arms, but use sticks, which have a fishbone at the end. They are poor,
but ingenious, and great thieves, and for the sake of that we called these three islands the
Ladrones Islands”

MARCH 16, 1521

 Pigafetta reported that they reach the isle of Zamal, now Samar, but Magellan decided
to land in another uninhabited island for greater security where they could rest for a few
days.
 After two days, March 18, nine men came to them and show joy and eagerness in
seeing them and welcomed them with food, drinks, and gifts.
 The natives gave them: -Fish, Palm wine ( uraca), figs, 2 cochos, Rice (umai), cocos
(Pigafetta described what seemed like a coconut)
 “very familiar and friendly”
 Willingly showed them different islands and the names of this islands.
  They went to Humunu Island (Homonhon) (Watering Place of Good Signs) where
they found the first signs of gold in the island. They named the island with the nearby
islands as the Archipelago of St. Lazarus
 March 25, they saw two ballangai (balangay).

BALANGAII (Balangay)
 A long boat full of people in Mazzava/ Mazaua.
 The leader (king) (Raia Siagu) sent his men to the ship of Magellan.
 The king offered to give Magellan a bar of gold and chest of ginger, Magellan declined.
Instead Magellan asked for money for the needs of his ships.
 The king responded by giving them the needed provisions and food in chinaware.-
Magellan exchanged gifts of robes in Turkish fashions, red cap, knives and mirrors.
 The two men expressed their desire to become brothers.
 Magellan also boasted of his men in an armor who could not struck with swords and
daggers. The king was fascinated and remarked that men in such armor could be worth
one hundred of his men.
 Magellan showed other weapons, helmets and artilleries. He also shared his charts and
maps and how they found the islands.
 Magellan was introduced to the king’s brother who was also king of another island.
 They went to this island and they saw mines of gold.
 The gold was abundant that the parts of the ship and the house of the second king were
made of gold

RAIA CALLAMBU
 House made of Gold
 Brother of raia siagu
 King of Zuluan and Calagan ( Butuan and Caragua)
 Pigafetta described him as the most handsome of all men that he saw in this place.
 He was adorned with sick and golden accecories like golden dagger, which he carried
with him in a wooden polished sheath

MARCH 31 (Easter Sunday)

 Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass by the shore.
 The king sent two dead pigs and attended the Mass with the other king. “…when the
offertory of the mass came, the two kings, went to kiss the cross like us, but they offered
nothing, and at the elevation of the body of our Lord they were kneeling like us, and
adored our Lord with joined hands.”
 After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be brought with nails and crowned in
place.
 Magellan explained that the cross, the nail, and the crown were the signs of his
emperor and that he was ordered to plant it in the places that he would reach and the
cross would be beneficial for their people because once the Spaniards saw this cross,
then they would know that they had been in this land and would not cause them
troubles, and any person who might be held captives by them would be released

APRIL 7, 1521
 Learned the island of Ceylon – Leyte.
  Magellan and his men reached the port of Cebu (Bohol and Zzubu) the largest and
the richest of the islands with the helped of Raia Calambu/Callambu
 The king of Cebu (Rajah Humabon) demanded that they pay tribute as it was
customary but Magellan refused.
 Magellan said that he was the captain himself and thus would not pay tribute to the other
king

APRIL 14
 The people gathered with the king and other principal men of the island.
 Magellan spoke and encouraged the king to be a good Christian by burning all the idols
and worship the cross instead.
 The king of Cebu was baptized as Christians. “To that the king and all his people
answered that thy would obey the commands of the captain and do all that he told them.
The captain took the king by the hand, and they walk about on the scaffolding, and when
he was baptized he said that he would name him Don Charles (Carlos), as the emperor
his sovereign was named: and he named the Prince Don Fernand (Fernando), after the
brother of the emperor, and the king of Mazavva Jehan: to the Moor he gave the name
of Christopher, and to the others each a name of his fancy.”
 After eight days, all of the islands inhabitant were already baptized.
 Pigafetta admitted that they burned a village down for obeying neither the king nor
Magellan.
 The Mass was conducted by the shore everyday.When the queen (Hara Amihan)
came to the Mass one day, Magellan gave her an Image of the Infant Jesus made by
Pigafetta himself

APRIL 24
 Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan (Mactan) went to see Magellan and ask
him a boat full of men so that he could fight the chief name Silalapulapu (Lapulapu).
 According to Zula, Lapulapu refused to obey the king and was also preventing him from
doing so.
 Magellan offered three boats and went to Mactan himself to fight Lapulapu.
 They arrived in Mactan in daylight with 49 in numbers while the islanders of Mactan
were estimated to number 1500.
 Magellan died in the battle.
 The natives perceiving that the bodies of the enemies were protected with armors,
aimed for their legs instead.
 Magellan was pierced with a poisoned arrow in his right leg.
 A few of their men charges at the natives and tried to intimidate them by burning an
entire village but this only enragedthe natives further.
 Magellan was specifically targeted because the native knew he was the captain general.
 Magellan was hit with a lance in the face. Magellan retaliated and pierced the same
native with his lance in the breast and tried to draw his sword but could not lift it because
of his wounded arms. One native with a great sword delivered a blow in Magellan’s left
leg, brought him face down and the natives ceaselessly attacked Magellan with lances,
swords and even their bare hands
 Duarte Babosa – The new captain, brother in law of Magellan.
 Henry, the Black Enrique of Malacca – native of the Malay archipelago. He was
Magellan’s personal servant and interpreter.
 24 men attended.
 Juan Serrano – A royal pilot, joined Magellan as captain and pilot of Santiago (The
smallest in five ships).