Landscape Archi

Definition

 Landscape, originates from French word ‘paysage’

which means scenery.
 Design is the creative process of responding to
conditions and concentrating meaning.

 landscape design is the creation of responsive, meaningful,

sustainable, and regenerative landscapes.
 Elements

 The features can be physically described by the visual

qualities of line, form, color, texture, composition—
proportion, repetition, and unity
URBAN DESIGN
Color theory
Hue is the easiest one; it's basically just
another word for color.
Saturation refers to intensity—in other words,
whether the color appears more subtle or
more vibrant. Highly saturated colors are
brighter or richer. Desaturated colors have less
pigment and therefore less oomph.
Value has to do with how dark or light the
color is, ranging from black to white.
 The easiest formula for harmony
is monochromatic because it only uses one
color or hue.
 An analogous color scheme uses colors that
are next to each other on the wheel, like reds
and oranges or blues and greens.
Complementary colors are opposite
each other on the wheel;
A split-complementary color scheme uses
the colors on either side of the
complement.
A triadic color scheme uses three colors
that are evenly spaced, forming a
perfect triangle on the wheel.
Tetradic color schemes form a rectangle on
the wheel, using not one but two
complementary color pairs.
The Research Problem
 What is a research problem?

 A problem can be anything that a person finds

unsatisfactory or unsettling, a difficulty of some sort,
a state of affairs that needs to be changed, anything
that is not working as well as it might.

 It is basically the focus of the research investigation`

Research Questions
 Characteristics of good research questions

 Research questions have to be:

 Feasible

 Clear

 Significant

 ethical
Hypotheses
 What is a hypothesis?

 A hypothesis is a prediction of the possible outcome

of a certain study.
Abstract
 The purpose is to give the reader a brief overview of
the article/thesis/monograph and what they expect
to find in the pages that follow.

 An abstract will normally contain a number of

elements as follows:
 Background (context of the study)
 Aims (this study seeks to …)
 Sample …
 Results ..
 Conclusions
Writing an Abstract:
1. Remember that an abstract typically contains: topic, research
question, methods, results, and conclusion.

2. Read your paper in its entirety. Keep the above categories in mind
and underline key points (outlined in #1) as you read.

3. After you finish reading, create your abstract step-by-

step based on your underlined material.
Proposal writing
 The major sections of a research proposal

I. THE BACKGROUND
 The problematic
 The framework
 The purpose :
 the contribution to the field
 The justification
 The worth
 implications
 The question(s)
 The hypotheses
 The key words
 II THE REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 In a research proposal, it is a partial summary of

previous work related to the hypothesis or focus of
the study.
 The aim is to show how familiar you are with the
field under study.
 Try to show where your research falls within
academia.
 III PROCEDURES

 Research design
 Sample
 Instruments
 Procedure
 IV. Data analysis
 V. Results/findings
Chairing a meeting
Opening
 If we are all here, let’s get started

 Let’s get down to business

 Let’s get the ball rolling

The objective
 We’re here today to …..

 Our aim today is to …..

 I’ve called this meeting in order to …

Introducing the agenda
 There are X item on the agenda today. First …..
Second, …. Third ….. Lastly …..

 On today’s agenda, we will discuss the following

items ….
Closing an item
 Shall we leave that item?

 Why don’t we move on to the next item ?

 If no one has anything else to add, let’s move on to

the next point..;
Summarizing
 Before we close today’s meeting, let me just
summarize the main point

 Let me quickly go over today’s main points. To sum

up….

 In brief…..

 Why don’t we quickly summarize what we’ve done

today.
Closing the meeting
 If there are no other comments, I’d like to wrap
this meeting up.

 Let’s call it a day!

 Let’s bring this to a close for today.

Architecture
 Architecture
• Prehistoric architecture can be traced back to early man
living in caves and tents.

http://www.bozzle.com/perClassicOrders.html
 Prehistoric Architecture Examples
Then moving to round houses and walled dwellings.

http://www.bozzle.com/perClassicOrders.html
 Architecture – Ancient Egypt

The architects of these pyramids were very skilled in mathematics, in technical drawing, and in
knowledge of the position of the sun and stars.

The pyramids were carefully designed to be in a straight line with, for example, a certain star
constellation at a certain time of year, or sunrise on a particular day.
 Architecture – Ancient Greek
• Greek architecture is a very specific and influential type of
design, which was based off of the post-and-lintel system.

• The post-and-lintel system is made up of columns.

 Architecture – Roman

One of the most important additions that the Romans

brought to architecture is the arch.
 Architecture – Gothic
Castles
• Early medieval architecture was a continuation of Roman architecture,
relying on the rounded arch and barrel vaults.
 Architecture – Gothic
Churches and Cathedrals
• Thanks to new innovations, later medieval buildings allowed the
weight of the building to be transferred from the walls to support
columns outside the main structure.
Architecture – The Chinese,
Japanese and Indian Achievements
• In 19th century, architecture flourished greatly thanks to
the development of resources.
 Architecture – Modern Designs
• The Combination of early and modern architecture took place as
years went by.

• People started incorporating the ancient architecture with the

modern architecture to create eye catching buildings.

• As a result, architecture became a mixture of past and present.